Aug2014

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 08

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the most important livestock disease in the world in terms of its

economic impact. FMD status of a country is an important determinant of international trade in livestock

products and the existence of FMD is an effective barrier from the markets with highest prices for these

products. The disease is ranked as number one priority disease to be taken up for the control and

eradication globally. India is a developing nation with vast resources in Livestock sector and has very

large populations of susceptible animals. Indian livestock sector is predominantly composed of small,

marginal and landless farmers who keep livestock as their resource of income and livelihood. Control of

FMD is relevant, for protecting the livestock industries in developed countries and for livelihoods and

income generation in the developing countries like India, where FMD is endemic. Progressive risk

reduction of FMD can help in progressive market access of livestock commodities from developing

countries.

Control of Foot and Mouth disease: Control of FMD is usually achieved by mass vaccination of all the susceptible livestock repeatedly

at regular intervals till the disease incidence comes down to negligible levels. Several countries in

Western Europe followed this strategy of regular coordinated mass vaccination, control of animal

movements, quarantine practices and strict zoo-sanitary measures from early 1950s and successfully

eradicated the disease and further from 1992 stopped vaccination altogether. At present, these countries

(FMD free developed countries) follow the stamping out method in case of any fresh incursion, in which

all the affected and in contact animals are killed and disposed off in order to quickly control the disease.

In developing countries like India, where the disease is endemic, repeated vaccination along with

other control measures such as restriction on animals movement and zoo sanitary measures will be the best

option to build-up herd immunity, which in turn will eliminate the circulating virus from the population

and bring down the incidence.

Newsletter Date : 31 August 2014 Volume No: 3 Issue : 08

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

Raveendra Hegde and Rashmi K.M AICRP FMD Regional centre, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU,

Hebbal, Bangalore ( [email protected])

FMD control programme (FMDCP) in India:

The implementation of FMDCP involves the participation and execution by several agencies

including the DADF, State Govts, ICAR, Vaccine manufacturers, Milk federation, Meat and other industry

and more importantly livestock farmers, the beneficiaries. The action plan will define the role to be played

by each of the participating agency so that the progress of the FMDCP can be monitored and assessed

objectively to attain the goal of control of FMD as per the OIE guidelines. Overall objectives is to control

FMD in India in a systematic fashion to achieve control and eradication of FMD in India in the next 20-30

years and take measures to maintain the status of freedom thus achieved.

Specific objectives: 1. To build up a strong herd immunity in the target populations of the country by repeated mass

vaccination of all cattle, buffaloes and pigs so that the disease incidence comes down and the virus

circus in the population is interrupted to that extent that there is no incidence of the disease

2. All the target animals in FMDCP will be vaccinated twice a year at every six months intervals.

3. Increase the area of vaccination coverage in a defined manner so that we try to achieve freedom from

clinical disease in a few defined zones of the country by 2018-20.

4. Continuous vaccination efforts to include more and more areas of the country without clinical disease

so that the entire country is covered by 2030

5. Maintain the vigil to ensure that the disease is not introduced in areas of freedom from disease.

6. Follow OIE/FAO-PCP pathway to establish defined zones of freedom with vaccination initially and

freedom without vaccination ultimately in the entire country.

Expected results: • Period up to 2010: Gradual reduction in disease incidence with absence of clinical infection in few

clearly defined zones of the country

• Period 2020-2030: Absence of clinical disease in more and more areas. Defined areas of freedom with

vaccination.

• 2031-2035: More areas of freedom with vaccination and parts of the country free without vaccination

• Beyond 2035: More areas or the entire country free without vaccination leading to eradication.

Essential components of FMDCP implementation: • Disease surveillance and diagnosis: timely reporting of the disease without any delay will be an

essential pre requisite for the success of the programme. All concerned stake holders especially the state

AHDs and people engaged in the field should be educated fully about the importance of reporting of the

incidence, collection of clinical samples and sending them to the laboratory for diagnosis and serotype

identification.

• Vaccine availability: the responsibility lies with vaccine manufacturers to supply the vaccine on time as

per the defined schedules every six months and integral to the vaccine supply is associated logistics of

cold chain maintenance at the district/taluk/dispensary level and further to the field level till the vaccine

is administered.

• Vaccination schedule: The vaccination as per the schedule should be carried out in a Pulse Polio like

vaccination campaign so that all the target population is covered in a shortest possible time. The

schedule is defined as per the epidemiology of the disease in a particular state or zone.

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 08

Stage 0 FMD risk not controlled and no reliable information

Stage 1 Understanding of the epidemiology of FMD in the country and develop a risk based approach to reduce the impact of FMD

• Vaccination logistics: the state and district administration should be involved in fully providing the

necessary logistics such as vaccinators, mobility, syringes & needles, farmers education etc. and

ultimately implementation of the programme as scheduled.

• Animal identification: the animals vaccinated are to be given a permanent identification (ear tags/

barcodes).

• Assessment of post vaccinal immune response: since FMDCP involves several rounds of vaccination,

seromonitoring is carried out from the beginning of the programme for which we already have

diagnostic capabilities. The assessment will decide the frequency of vaccinations as we progress in the

programme and also helps in setting up emergency measures in the event of disease incidence.

• Biosecurity and zoo-sanitary measures: restriction on movement of animals have to be strictly enforced

to prevent the spread of disease. As we progress in the programme, the disease incidence to be reported

immediately and strict, biosecurity measures to be implemented including the isolation of affected

animals, sanitation & disinfection, movement control etc. to prevent the spread of disease.

• Extension activities: educating all the stake holders including field veterinarians, farmers, and all other

public good is a necessity for the successful implementation of the programme. Wide media publicity is

necessary to reach to the farmers about the programme and its benefits.

• Economic impact analysis: is essential at regular intervals in order to assess the impact of the

programme

• Regional initiatives: the cooperation and coordination of all the state Govts is necessary in uniformly

implementing the FMDCP which will go long way in achieving the targets in stipulated time lines.

Early disease reporting, imposition of movement restriction between states, sharing information on

disease incidence, simultaneous vaccination in border areas will all contribute to the success of the

programme thereby elimination of the disease in the region.

FMD control programme in India is envisaged as per the FAO’s PCP having following seven stages:


Stage 0 FMD risk not controlled and no reliable information

Stage 1 Understanding of the epidemiology of FMD in the country and develop a risk based approach to reduce the impact of FMD

Stage 2 A strategic FMD control plan that has the aim of reducing the impact of FMD in at least one zone or sector is developed

Stage 3 Implementation of control strategy that has the aim of eliminating FMD from at least a zone of the country

Stage 4 Maintain zero circulation or incursions. It should have the evidence that FMD is not occurring endemically within the zone or country

Stage 5 Maintain zero circulation or incursions and withdraw vaccinations. Once, the OIE requirements for recognition of ‘free with vaccination’ are fulfilled, a dossier has to be submitted to OIE for recognition of this status

Stage 6 Free without vaccinations. Application to OIE for recognition of ‘‘free without vaccination’’ status (zone or whole country)

The control programme (FMDCP) was launched in India during 10th plan period in 2003–2004 in

54 selected districts spread over 8 states of the country covering 30 million cattle and buffalo population

with an objective of creating FMD free zones and then expanding these zones to cover the entire country.

The basic approach is to vaccinate all cattle and buffalo every 6 months. Due to initial success, additional

167 districts (another 80–90 million cattle and buffalo) have been included under the programme in

2010–2011. Currently, this programme includes 221 districts of the country covering states of Southern

peninsula (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducheri, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh), Maharashtra, Goa, Daman

and Diu, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,

Lakshadweep and 16 districts in Uttar Pradesh, and targeting 120 million cattle and buffalo and pigs. The

target of this progressive zoning approach is that all animals are vaccinated twice a year (6 monthly) to

build up strong herd immunity and certain number of random serum samples are tested in each district for

pre and post vaccination SP- antibody level by a liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA (LPB-ELISA) and

concurrent disease surveillance. There is no scope for slaughter of affected and in-contact cattle. It is

expected that the FMDCP will be expanded to cover the entire country (640 districts) targeting 315 million

cattle, buffalo and pigs in a phased manner before the end of 12th plan period. The FMDCP is fully funded

by Govt of India and implemented by state Animal Husbandry Departments. The vaccination of livestock

in non FMD areas were also being done under ASCAD programme of GOVT of India, but not carried out

twice a year.

Impact of vaccination: Due to implementation of the vaccinations covering large number of animals under FMDCP and ASCAD programmes, the incidence of the disease has definitely comedown compared to the period before 2003. The herd immunity in FMDCP areas has progressively increased with minor aberrations that speak for positive impact of vaccination for last 6–7 years. The severity of clinical sickness has been reduced substantially and number of FMD cases/outbreaks has dropped in different parts of the country as estimated by real-time monitoring and surveillance. The 3AB3 DIVA test shows reduced circulation of the virus in regularly vaccinated areas compared to other areas of the country. Few sporadic cases of FMD in some vaccinated populations/ districts affecting a few animals were recorded. This may be due to unrestricted animal movement from the neighbouring unvaccinated districts/states. Nevertheless, infection could not spread due to surrounding herd immunity.

FMD Control programme and Seromonitoring in Karnataka state In the state of Karnataka FMD-CP is being implemented since September 2011 and so far six

rounds of vaccination have been carried out. The FMD Regional centre, IAH&VB, Bangalore has been

entrusted the responsibility of seromonitoring under FMD-CP for the state and the centre has screened all

the serum samples up to FMD-CP phase VI. The reported vaccination coverage has increased from 58

percent in the I phase to 96 percent in VI phase. At the beginning of FMD-CP, during I phase, the

protective titre against all the three serotypes (O, A, Asia-1) together was 5 percent in the prevaccination

serum samples and gradually increased to 49 percent at the beginning of VI phase. The post vaccination

protective titre increased from 18 percent (I Phase) to 80 percent (VI phase). The serosurveillance study of

random samples indicated that the apparent percent prevalence of FMD infection as evinced by

DIVA-ELISA was reduced from 48 percent to 21 percent. This indicates the systematic vaccination


carried out under FMDCP covering large number of target animals has impact in reduction of clinical disease in the state of Karnataka during 2014.

Seromonitoring of FMD vaccination under FMDCP in Karnataka


Total number of animals protected against all three serotypes

Species of animals

Species of

animals

Total number of serum samples screened

Total numbers protected

% of animals protected against

all three serotypes

(pre & post vaccination)

Pre

vacc. Post

vacc. Pre

Vacc. Post

Vacc. Pre vacci-nated

Post vacci-nated

Phase I Cattle 3204 2945 161 596 5.02 20.23

Buffalo 1383 1321 47 161 3.40 12.18

Cattle +

Buffalo 4587 4266 208 757 4.53 17.74

Total 8853 4.53% 17.74%

Phase II Cattle 3426 3019 759 1187 22.15 39.31

Buffalo 1975 1612 406 607 20.55 37.65

Cattle +

Buffalo 5401 4631 1155 1794 21.38 38.73

Total 10032 21.38% 38.73%

Phase III

Cattle 2461 1961 506 730 20.56 37.22

Buffalo 1403 1114 275 435 19.60 39.04

Cattle +

Buffalo 3864 3075 781 1165 20.21 37.88

Total 6939 20.21% 37.88%

Phase IV Cattle 3103 3252 1415 1927 45.6 59.2

Buffalo 1950 1973 802 1151 41.1 58.3

Cattle +

Buffalo 5053 5225 2217 3078 44 59

Total 10278 44% 59%

Phase V Cattle 3711 3737 1056 1969 28.45 53

Buffalo 2205 2116 593 1141 27 54

Cattle +

Buffalo 5916 5853 1649 3110 28 53

Total 11769 28% 53%

Phase VI Cattle 3853 3861 1960 3181 51 82

Buffalo 2092 2124 936 1606 45 76

Cattle +

Buffalo 5945 5985 2896 4787 49 80

Total 11930 49% 80%

Raveendra Hegde, Rashmi K M, Giridhar P and M.D. Venkatesha Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore

( [email protected])

Introduction Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects all cloven-hoofed

domestic animals including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo and wildlife. The highly contagious

nature of the virus and severity of economic impacts associated with the disease, determine FMD’s status

as the most important disease limiting trade of animals and animal products throughout the world. The

disease has high morbidity, low mortality and the adult animals generally recover. The disease has

debilitating effects, including weight loss, decrease in milk production, chronic mastitis, and loss of

drought power, resulting in a loss in productivity for a considerable time. Mortality, however, can be high

in young animals or in some wildlife populations. Clinical signs are generally more severe in temperate

breeds associated with intensive farming particularly in immunologically naive populations and most

severe in high-production modern livestock breeds, particularly dairy cattle and pigs making the disease

intolerable to modern farming practices, especially in developed countries. Even under subsistence

farming conditions, FMD can result in serious economic losses. Wide host range, an ability to infect in

small doses, a rapid rate of replication, a high level of viral excretion and multiple modes of transmission,

including spread by the wind aggravate the FMD outbreak scenario. These features make FMD a difficult

and expensive disease to control and eradicate, and one that is much feared disease associated with

livestock production.

Etiology

• FMD virus (FMDV) is a member of the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae.

There are seven major viral serotypes: O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1 and multiple subtypes in

each serotype. The seven serotypes are immunologically distinct and immunity to one FMDV serotype

does not protect an animal from other serotypes.

Species Affected

• FMDV mainly affects cloven-hooved mammals (order Artiodactyla) and many other species of

different orders.

• Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, water buffalo, yaks, ranched or farmed cervids such as reindeer, deer and elk

are susceptible to FMD. Llamas and alpacas can be infected experimentally and camels have a very low

susceptibility.

• The disease has been reported in at least 70 species of wild (or captive wild) artiodactyls including

African buffalo, bison, moose, chamois, giraffes, wildebeest blackbuck, warthogs, kudu, impala, and

several species of deer, antelopes and gazelles. African buffalo are important maintenance hosts for

FMDV in Africa.

• FMDV can also infect hedgehogs, armadillos, kangaroos, nutrias, and capybaras.

• Several clinical cases have been reported in captive Asian elephants, but African elephants are not


not considered susceptible under natural conditions in southern Africa.

• Laboratory animal models include guinea pigs, rats and mice, but these animals are not thought to be

important in transmitting FMDV in the field.

Geographical Distribution • North and Central America, New Zealand, Australia, Greenland, Iceland and Western Europe are free

of FMDV.

• Western Europe was affected by some recent outbreaks (eradication was successful), but FMD has not

been reported in North America for more than 60 years. The last U.S. outbreak occurred in 1929, while

Canada and Mexico have been FMD-free since 1952-1953. The serotypes of FMDV are not distributed

uniformly around the world.

• The current global burden of FMDV infection is maintained within three continental reservoirs in Asia,

Africa and South America. The cumulative incidence of FMDV serotypes show that six of the seven

serotypes (O, A, C, SAT 1, 2, 3) have occurred in Africa, while four (O, A, C, Asia 1) in Asia and

Europe and three (O, A, C) in South America, FMD virus serotype O and A are circulating in the

middle East.

• Currently FMDV serotypes C appear to have vanished from the globe. Serotype O is the most widely

prevalent serotype in the world, including India and is the major serotype causing recent outbreaks in

many disease free countries.

Transmission: • FMD is usually spread by movement of infected animals.

• The virus can enter the body by inhalation, ingestion or through skin abrasions and mucous membranes.

• FMDV is excreted from all secretions and excretions from acutely infected animals, including expired

air, saliva, milk, urine, feces and semen.

• Cattle are susceptible to aerosolized virus, while pigs produce large amounts of aerosolized virus.

Airborne transmission can occur under favorable climatic conditions up to 250 kms.

• Mechanical transmission by fomites and living (e.g., animal) vectors is an important means of

transmission of FMDV. Infected milk may be the source of infection to young calves, milk tankers and

people can act as mechanical vectors for FMDV.

• FMDV on an average remains viable in the environment for three months or less. Virus stability

increases at lower temperatures and very cold climates, may be for six months. Survives for longer in

organic material, as well as protection from sunlight.

The virus may survive for 14 days in dry faeces, > 6 months in slurry and for 39 days in winter. FMDV is inactivated at pH below 6.0 or above 9.0. This virus gets inactivated by acidification of muscles during rigor mortis. However, in the bones and glands, FMDV may persist for longer time. Pathogenesis • In the cattle infected via respiratory tract, virus initially replicates in the pharynx from where it proceeds

towards the epithelium of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue of the nasopharynx, mucous

membrane of oral cavity and invades the basal layer of the stratified epithelium of the tongue and

produce primary lesions.

• Virus also invades the lymphatics and enter into the blood stream resulting in spread of virus to other


organs and tissues such as epithelium of mouth, dental pad, coronary band, interdigital space of hoof,

mammary gland, teats (cattle) and snout (pigs) where the secondary lesions develop.

• One to -two days after infection, fever and viraemia may be observed. In advanced and unaddressed

cases, secondary bacterial infection may set up causing extensive damage of the tissue. Heart muscles

of young animals may show acute degeneration of the myocardial fibers (tiger heart).

• Sometime involvement of damaged skin in pigs may be observed that are kept on concrete. Generally,

the vesicular lesions appear at these sites (parts of knees and hocks) and within 48h it ruptures.

• The viremia persists for about 3 days. The virus is excreted during viraemia for somedays thereafter as

serum antibody develops viraemia decreases, and the animal ceases to be infectious.

Incubation Period: The incubation period for FMD can vary with the species of animal, the dose of virus, the viral strain and

the route of inoculation. Two to 14 days in cattle, one to 12 days in sheep(most infection appear in 2-8

days), two days or more in pigs(even short 18-24 hours). Other reported incubation periods are 4 days in

wild boar, 2 days in feral pigs, 2-3 days in elk, 2-14 days in Bactrian camels, and possibly up to 21 days in

water buffalo infected by direct contact.

Clinical Signs: Cattle: • Initially pyrexia of 400C lasting 1-2 days, followed by variable number of vesicles develop on tongue,

hard palate, dental pad, lips, gums, muzzle, coronary band, and

interdigital space and also may be on teats particularly of lactating cows.

• Young calves may die before the appearance of vesicles die due to heart

failure

• The vesicles on the tongue often coalesce, rupture quickly, and are highly

painful, and the animal becomes reluctant to eat. Infected animals

salivate profusely and develop mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge.

• Affected animals become lethargic, may lose condition rapidly, and may

have gradual or sudden, severe decreases in milk production.

• Hoof lesions, with pain, occur in the area of the coronary band and

interdigital space, recovery resulting in under run sole and chronic

lameness.

• Some cattle that recover from FMD are reported to develop heat

intolerance syndrome (HIS; also called ‘hairy panters’) characterized

by abnormal hair growth, pronounced panting with elevated body

temperature and pulse rate during hot weather, and failure to thrive. The

pathogenesis of this syndrome is not known, and a definitive link

with FMD has not been established, but endocrine disturbances were

suspected by some early investigators.

Pigs • Mouth lesions are small, less apparent than in cattle, and drooling is rare.

• Fever may be seen with shorter elevation of temperature and some cases show the temperature is near

normal or even below normal.


• Sometimes vesicles are found on the snout or udder, hock or elbows if the pigs are housed on rough concrete

floors. Severe lesions on the feet cause lameness and blanching of the skin around the coronary bands as a first

signs of FMD. The horns of the digits are sometimes sloughed. Decreased appetite, lethargic and huddle

together. • Young pigs up to 14 weeks of age may die suddenly from heart failure, piglets less than 8 weeks of age

are particularly susceptible.

Sheep and Goats: • FMD tends to be mild in sheep and goats and a significant number of infected animals may be

asymptomatic. • Common signs in small ruminants are fever, mild to severe lameness of one or more legs. • Vesicles do occur on the feet, but may rupture and be hidden by foot lesions from other causes. Mouth

lesions are often not noticeable and may appear as shallow erosions. • Drop in Milk production, rams can be reluctant to mate. Significant numbers of ewes abort in some

outbreaks. Young lambs and kids may die due to heart failure.

The clinical signs in wildlife resemble those in domesticated livestock, with vesicles and erosions

particularly on the feet and in the mouth.

Diagnosis: Primary diagnosis of FMD commonly involves

• Recognition of typical clinical signs in affected animals. Before an outbreak is declared it is usual to

demonstrate FMD virus or antigen using laboratory tests

• Diagnosis of FMD is by virus isolation or by the demonstration of FMD viral antigen or nucleic acid in

samples of tissue or fluid. Detection of virus-specific antibody can also be used for diagnosis, and

antibodies to viral nonstructural proteins (NSPs) can be used as indicators of infection, irrespective of

vaccination status.

Identification of the agent: • The demonstration of FMD viral antigen or nucleic acid is sufficient for a positive diagnosis.

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) can be used to detect FMD viral antigens and for

serotyping.

• Lateral flow devices (LFD) can be used to detect FMD viral antigens.

• The ELISA has replaced complement fixation (CF) in most laboratories.

• Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or virus isolation using susceptible cell

cultures (primary bovine thyroid cells, primary pig, calf or lamb kidney cells, or BHK-21 or IB-RS-2

cell lines).

Serological tests: • The demonstration of specific antibodies to structural proteins in non vaccinated animals is indicative

of prior infection with FMDV. This is particularly useful in mild cases or where epithelial tissue cannot

be collected.

• Tests for antibodies to some NSPs of FMDV are useful in providing evidence of previous or current

viral replication in the host, irrespective of vaccination status.

For laboratory diagnosis, the tissue of choice is epithelium or vesicular fluid. Ideally, at least 1 g of

epithelial tissue should be collected from an un ruptured or recently ruptured vesicle, usually from the


tongue, buccal mucosa or feet. The transport medium for epithelial samples composed of equal amounts

of glycerol and 0.04 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2–7.6, preferably with added antibiotics. If 0.04 M

phosphate buffer is not available, tissue culture medium or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) can be used

instead. Samples should be kept refrigerated or on ice until received by the laboratory. Where epithelial

tissue is not available samples of Oropharyngeal fluid can be collected by means of a probang (sputum).

Treatment There is no specific treatment for FMD, other than supportive care. Treatment is likely to be

allowed only in countries or regions where FMD is endemic.

Prevention and Control In general, prevention and control strategies adopted can be categorized as those relating to a

country where the disease is endemic and those in a country where the disease is usually absent.

• In FMD-free countries the control policy includes slaughtering of infected and in-contact animals,

restrictions on movement of animals and animal products. Vaccination under emergency circumstances

where the outbreak is extensive and the slaughtering of large numbers of animals becomes

unmanageable.

• In countries or regions where FMD is endemic, the control measures usually employed include

ο Prophylactic vaccination using vaccines containing strains of FMDV prevalent in the area.

ο Strategic ring vaccination (during outbreaks) around the foci of infection

ο Regulating and restricting movement of livestock and livestock products during an outbreak

ο Disinfect the premises in order to reduce the amount of virus in the environment so as to prevent

the spread of disease through indirect means.

FMD Disinfectants: The following disinfectants can be used in the event of FMD outbreak


Product Dilution Mixing Instructions Notes 5.25% Sodium Hy-pochlorite (NaClO)

(household bleach)

3% Add 3 gallons of chlorine bleach to 2 gallons of water; mix thoroughly

Acetic acid 4-5% Add 6.5 ounces of glacial acetic acid to 1 gallon of water; mix thor-oughly

Vinegar is a 4% solutions of acetic acid

Potassium Peroxymonosulfate and Sodium Chloride

1% Follow label instructions

Virkon-S

Sodium Carbonate (soda ash)*

4% Add 5.33 ounces of sodium carbon-ate to 1 gallon of hot water (or 1 pound to 3 gallons of hot water); mix thoroughly

The solution is mildly caustic but can dull paint and var-nished surfaces

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) (lye)*

2% Add 1/3 cup of NaOH pellets (2.7 ounces of the lye) to 1 gallon of cold water; mix thoroughly

This solution is highly caustic. Use protective rubber

clothing, gloves and safety glasses. WARNING: Always add the lye to the water. Never

pour the water over the lye.

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Dr. Madhukar* and Prof. H. A. Upendra#

*Assistant Professor, # Director, Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, KVAFSU, Doddaluvara, Kodagu – 571232. (E-mail: [email protected])

Important facts

• Ebola is named after the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where it was first identified.

• Bush meat from primates which are highly genetically similar to humans like chimpanzees (98% DNA similarity) and gorillas (97% DNA similarity) was the most important source of cross-species human infection.

• First three outbreaks occurred in DRC and Sudan between 1976 and 1979. Five human outbreaks occurred between 2000 and 2004 in western central Africa. All these infections were traced back epidemiologically to multiple introductions from animal sources.

• Initially hunters were affected and disease spread among humans to wipe out entire villages.

• Zaire type and Sudan type of Ebola virus produce 90% and 50% case-fatality.

• Ebola has been linked to declines in African great ape and other animals like duiker.

• Fruit bats have been confirmed to be natural reservoir of Ebola.

• Movement of non-human primates for research purpose is a proved source of Ebola spread.


List of all Ebola outbreaks

Symptoms

Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days of post exposure, with an average of 8-10 days.

Some infected individuals completely recover, reasons for which are not clear. However, dying patients

usually do not develop a good immune reaction to Ebola.

Transmission

Because the natural reservoir of Ebola viruses has not yet been proven, the manner in which the

virus first appears in a human at the start of an outbreak is unknown. However, researchers have

hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal.

When an infection does occur in humans, the virus can be spread in several ways to others. The

virus is spread through direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with

• a sick person's blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and semen)

• objects (such as needles) that have been contaminated with infected body fluids

• infected animals

Healthcare workers and the family and friends in close contact with Ebola patients are at the

highest risk. During outbreaks of Ebola HF, the disease can spread quickly within healthcare settings (such

as a clinic or hospital). Exposure to Ebola viruses can occur in healthcare settings where hospital staffs are

not wearing appropriate protective equipment, such as masks, gowns, and gloves. Proper cleaning and

disposal of instruments, such as needles and syringes, is also important. If instruments are not disposable,

they must be sterilized before being used again. Without adequate sterilization of the instruments, virus

transmission can continue and amplify an outbreak.

Diagnosis Diagnosing Ebola HF in an individual who has been infected for only a few days is difficult,

because the early symptoms, such as red eyes and a skin rash, are nonspecific to Ebola virus infection and


2007: Uganda

2007: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

2004: South Sudan

2003: The Republic of the Congo

2002: Gabon and The Republic of the Congo

2000-2001: Uganda

2014: West Africa (Guinea, Liberia, Sierra

Leone, and Nigeria)

2012: Uganda

2012: Democratic Republic of Congo

2012: Uganda

2011: Case in Uganda

2008: Ebola-Reston virus detected in pigs in

Philippines

• Diarrhea

• Vomiting

• Abdominal (stomach) pain

• Lack of appetite

• Fever (greater than 38.6°C or 101.5°F)

• Severe headache

• Muscle pain

• Weakness

are seen often in patients with more commonly occurring diseases. However, if a person has the early

symptoms of Ebola HF and there is reason to believe that Ebola HF should be considered, the patient

should be isolated and public health professionals notified. Samples from the patient can then be collected

and tested to confirm infection.

Laboratory tests used in diagnosis include:

Treatment Ebola does not have a known, proven treatment. Standard treatment for Ebola HF is still limited to

treating the symptoms as they appear and supportive care. This consists of

• balancing the patient’s fluids and electrolytes

• maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure

• treating them for any complicating infections

Timely treatment of Ebola HF is important but challenging because the disease is difficult to

diagnose clinically in the early stages of infection. Because early symptoms, such as headache and fever,

are nonspecific to Ebola viruses, cases of Ebola HF may be initially misdiagnosed.

However, if a person has the early symptoms of Ebola HF and there is reason to believe that Ebola

HF should be considered, the patient should be isolated and public health professionals notified.

Supportive therapy can continue with proper protective clothing until samples from the patient are tested

to confirm infection.

Experimental treatments have been tested and proven effective in animal models but have not yet

been used in humans.

Prevention

Because mode of infection is still not clear, few primary prevention measures have been

established and no vaccine exists.

When cases of the disease do appear, risk of transmission is increased within healthcare settings.

Therefore, healthcare workers must be able to recognize a case of Ebola and be ready to use practical viral

hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions or barrier nursing techniques. They should also have the capability

to request diagnostic tests or prepare samples for shipping and testing elsewhere


Timeline of Infection Diagnostic tests available

Within a few days after symptoms begin • Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing

• IgM ELISA

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

• Virus isolation Later in disease course or after recovery • IgM and IgG antibodies

Retrospectively in deceased patients • Immunohistochemistry testing

• PCR

• Virus isolation

Barrier nursing techniques include: • Wearing of protective clothing (such as masks, gloves, gowns, and goggles)

• Using infection-control measures (such as complete equipment sterilization and routine use of

disinfectant)

• Isolating patients with Ebola from contact with unprotected persons.

The aim of all of these techniques is to avoid contact with the blood or secretions of an infected

patient. If a patient with Ebola dies, direct contact with the body of the deceased patient should be avoided.

CDC, in conjunction with the World Health Organization, has developed a set of guidelines to help

prevent and control the spread of Ebola. Entitled Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the

African Health Care Setting, the manual describes how to

• Recognize cases of viral hemorrhagic fever (such as Ebola)

• Prevent further transmission in healthcare setting by using locally available materials and minimal

financial resources.

If you must travel to an area with known Ebola cases, make sure to do the following: • Practice careful hygiene. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids.

• Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids.

• Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola.

• Avoid contact with animals and raw meat.

• Avoid hospitals where Ebola patients are being treated.

• After you return, monitor your health for 21 days and seek medical care immediately if you develop

symptoms of Ebola.

Kshama.M. A and Muralidhara. A Dept of TVCC , Veterinary College, Bangalore

([email protected]) Lhasa Apsos are cheerful, loyal, intelligent and trusty companion dogs who take their watchdog

role quite seriously.

The Lhasa Apso originated in the area of Tibet over 4,000 years ago as a small breed of mountain

wolf . They were domesticated and actively bred perhaps as long ago as

800 BC by the monks who started using them to guard the monastery

grounds. .Thus they are one of the oldest recognized breeds in the world.

The monks also used the Lhasa Aspos in some religious ceremonies and

generally held the dogs in highest regard.The name “Lhasa Apso” came

from ‘Lhasa’ the capital city of Tibet and ‘apso’ meaning "bearded",in

Tibetian language. In Tibet they are referred to as ‘Apso Seng Kyi’ which

can be translated as "Bearded Lion Dog". The Lhasa's primary function was that of a household sentinel,

guarding the homes of Tibetan nobility and Buddhist monasteries, particularly in or near the sacred

city of Lhasa. It was believed that the bodies of the Lhasa Apsos could be entered by souls of deceased


lamas while they awaited rebirth into a new body. Lhasas in Tibet were never sold. The only way a person

could get one was as a gift. In the early 1900s, a few of the breed were brought by military men returning

from the Indian subcontinent to England, where the breed was referred to as "Lhasa Terrier”.The original

American pair of Lhasas was a gift from Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama to C. Suydam Cutting,

arriving in the United States in 1933. Certain characteristics which are part of the breed type such as head

features, the coat, eye-fall, the musculature and body structure and the general hardiness evolved as a

result of geographical and climatic conditions like high altitudes, the dry windy climate, the dusty terrain,

the short hot summer and the long bitterly cold winter of the Himalaya region. DNA analysis has

identified the Lhasa Apso as one of the 14 most ancient dog breeds, confirming that lap dogs and

companion dogs were among the first dogs bred by humans. There is also some concern for Tibetan Lhasa

Apso lines because many dogs were killed during & after the Chinese invasion of Tibet because of the

breed's strong cultural symbolism to Tibetans.

Breed characteristics

Male Lhasa Apsos should ideally be 10.75 inches (27.3 cm) at the withers and weigh about 14 to

18 pounds (6.4 to 8.2 kg). The females are slightly smaller, and weigh between 12 to 14 pounds (5.4 to

6.4 kg). The breed standard requires dark brown eyes and a black nose, although liver-colored lhasas have

a brown nose. The texture of the coat is heavy, straight, hard, neither woolly nor silky, and very dense.

They come in a wide variety of colors including black, white, red, brown, yellow and gold with various

shades. Lhasas can be with or without dark tips at the ends of ears and beard. The tail should be carried

well over the dog's back.. Coming from the extremely cold weather of the Himalayas, the Apso has a

double coat. Only the undercoat, which is soft, will shed out once a year; the outer coat, consisting of

coarse outer guard hairs, does not shed. The average life span of a Lhasa Apso is about 13-15 years which

is more than that of most other breeds.

Temperament

Lhasa Apsos’ can be willful, and if they decide they don't want to do something, they simply won't

do it. Harsh treatment will often result in the dog retaliating. Lhasas

respond best to food rewards, short training sessions and varied routines.

Absolute consistency is important when working with a Lhasa Apso as they

will see your bending the rules as an invitation to walk all over you. The

time it takes to train a Lhasa is well worth the effort. Once leadership is

established and the Lhasa learns that there is food in it for him, he will step

up to the plate and perform the tasks at hand. Early and frequent

socialization is important with this breed. They are naturally suspicious

of strangers and this can get out of hand in the form of excessive barking and even nipping or snapping.

It is imperative to teach a Lhasa to accept new people as welcome visitors. Lhasa Apsos don't require an

excessive amount of physical activity to maintain health or happiness. Lhasa Apsos have no clue how

small they are. They are fearless and often times bossy dogs who demand the attention of people whenever

they are in the room. Some can be quite clownish, making mischief or performing for a laugh. They

believe they are the center of the universe, and like any self-respecting diva, Lhasas can be quite moody.



Despite their egos, Lhasas generally have a heart of gold and bring great joy to the homes they reside in.

Training requires a lot of patience and a gentle hand. Lhasas are genetically hard-wired to be watch dogs,

so even if you properly socialize your dog to accept visitors as welcome, it can be nearly impossible to

train the barking alert out of them, and they will alert you (and the neighbourhood !) to every incoming per-

son, vehicle or animal that comes his way.

Issues regarding health Lhaso Apsos are known to suffer from sebaceous adenitis, a hereditary skin disease. They are also prone

to patellar luxation, intervertebral disc disease and atlanto axial subluxation. They are also known to suffer

from the genetic disease progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) which can render them blind. They are also

prone to eye diseases, such as cherry eye (prolapse of membrana nictitans) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca

(dry eye), glaucoma and cataract .They are also susceptible to perianal gland tumors.

Dr.Aparna Hebbar H and Dr.Veena M. P. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry,Veterinary College,Hassan

Email ([email protected])

Introduction Pig farming is very important in the livestock sector. Nowadays it is taken as entrepreneurship since

the demand for the pork became very much high. Around 11.12 million pig population is seen in

india. Much population is distributed in Assam, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and also in Karnataka. However

Piglet anemia is a big threat to the piggery industry since it causes severe economical loss to the farmers.

Iron is a vital component in forming hemoglobin, a protein comprising about one-third of the weight of the

red blood cell. It has got the function of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body and

transporting carbon dioxide resulting from cellular metabolism back to the lungs. When there is a

deficiency of iron, the piglet cannot synthesize an adequate amount of hemoglobin. They show microcytic,

hypochromic type of anemia. Thus, piglet anemia is a condition of the blood in which the oxygen-carrying

capacity is greatly reduced, and this condition is generally due to iron deficiency.

Causes of Iron Deficiency Iron deficiency develops rapidly in piglets because

• Pigs are born with low iron reserves about 50 mg.

• A sow's milk is low in iron. It contributes only 1 mg per day, but a piglet needs approximately 7 - 16 mg

per day (depending on the rate of weight gain) for proper growth and health.

• Modern pig breeding practices keep sows and piglets indoors in concrete pens that offer no chance for

the animals to acquire iron from soil.

• Piglets have an extremely high growth rate compared to other mammals. In fact, a piglet born at 1.5 kg

will increase its weight tenfold in its first 60 days of life. And this growth requires a great deal of iron.

• Sometimes pigs from sows consuming moldy feed or deficient in vitamin K may lose an excessive

amount of blood from the umbilical cord at birth and quickly become anemic.

• PELVIC

Signs of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Acute signs: In the most acute state, fast growing pigs may die suddenly from a shortage of oxygen. A

characteristic sign of a more acute anemia is labored breathing or a spasmodic movement of the diaphragm

muscles following exercise, and this is referred to as “thumps.”

Chronic signs Poor growth, listlessness, rough hair coat, wrinkled skin and a paleness of the mucous membranes

are seen. Anemia also lowers the resistance of the pig to disease and respiratory problems, and enteritis

may appear more frequently in chronically anemic pigs.

Necropsy findings Carcasses are pale with thin watery blood and oedema of muscles are seen. Fluid exudates are

common in the body cavity. Liver is enlarged in all cases and mottled greyish yellow colour due to fatty

infilteration. Heart is flabby, enlarged. Enteritis is also there.

Treatment If the hemoglobin value is below 9g/100ml, the pig is borderline anemic and needs supplemental

iron. Injecting piglets with 100 to 200mg of iron in the first three days in the form of iron dextran, dextrin

or gleptoferrin which serve to release iron from injection site or piglets are fed with oral iron supplements.

Control and prevention

• Add small amount of iron and copper in pigs diet at the rate of 25mg of iron and 5 mg of copper per day

per piglet.

• Paint the udder of the sow daily with the below mentioned mixure.

• Ferrous sulphate-500g,Sugar-500g,Copper sulphate-70g and water-10liter.If an iron solution is swabbed

on the sow’s udder daily throughout lactation, this will effectively prevent anemia. However, the labor

required is too much for most of the modern swine producers.

Conclusion Since the pig has got high fecundity and growth rate, pig production can yield a relatively rapid

rate of return on the capital invested and provide income round the year. In this point piglet anemia may

bring down their income rapidly. If the necessary care, Veterinarians suggestion and preventive measures

are taken then chance of developing piglet anemia can be minimized.


A piglet having anemia

• PELVIC

Dr. Tipshetti M.S, Dr. K. Satyanarayan, Dr. V. Jagadeeswary Dept. of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Email ([email protected]) 1. Whether farmer / entrepreneur has aptitude for taking up Dairy Farming ?

2. Who has sponsored the application? DRDA or Voluntary Organisation ?

3. What is the subsidy available? If not, whether the applicant will bring sufficient margin money ?

4. Whether the land is suitable for construction of Cattle Shed ?

5. What is the design of shed? Whether adequate ventilation is available for animals ?

6. Whether the floor area available is adequate for animals ?

7. Ensure the floor is non slippery and provision for drainage of dung and urine is available.

8. What is the system of rearing animals (head to head or Tail to Tail) ?

9. What is the expected average milk yield / other parameters observed while selecting the animals ?

10.Whether concentrate feed is available at reasonable rate / arrangements for mixing the feed at farm ?

11.Whether adequate quantity of green fodder and dry fodder is available (Normally @ 25 kg green fodder

and 5kg dry fodder /animal/day) ?

12. Whether the farmer has enough land to supply green fodder / arrangements for cultivation of green

fodder ?

13. Have the applicants been informed of

• Installments due (monthly/ quarterly)

• Rate of interest

• Total repayment period (Normally 5 years)

14. Whether animals have been properly identified by tagging and insured. Whether the farmers are aware

of their obligations to Insurance Company/Bank at the time of death of animal ?


Contact :

Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore

email: [email protected]

Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

monthly e-Bulletin

Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru

Editor: Associate Editior:

Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept of Vety & Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Dr.S.Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr.K.Satyanarayana (Ex-Officio)

• PELVIC

15. In case of Commercial Dairy (High value Dairy advances), whether you have ensured the

following ?

• One acre land for fodder cultivation for every 5 animals.

• Both leguminous fodders and non-leguminous fodders are cultivated.

• A milking machine is included under the scheme.

• A chaff cutter (Fodder Cutting Machine) is included.

• Breeding facilities / Liquid Nitrogen Container for artificial insemination.

• Land development and Fencing of the farm.

• Silage pit - for 20 animals unit: 5, 610 cu.ft. @ Rs. 15/Cu. ft. Manure pit @ 2.2 cu.m/animal

Open paddock area - Simple 60' x 60' with fencing.

• Equipments such as Castrater, dehorner, Sickle, Wheel barrow, Milk pails, Buckets, Tie Chains,

Milking machine, Bulk cooler, pasteurizer , transport vehicle, refrigerator etc.

Any clarification / additional information contact [email protected]


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