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the cambridge companion to

AUGUSTINE

Eachvolumeof this series of companions tomajor philosopherscontains specially commissioned essays by an internationalteam of scholars, together with a substantial bibliography, andwill serve as a reference work for students and non-specialists.One aim of the series is to dispel the intimidation such readersoften feel when faced with the work of a difficult and challen-ging thinker.

It has been over a decade since the first edition of TheCambridge Companion to Augustine was published. In thattime, reflection on Augustine’s life and labors has continuedto bear much fruit: significant new studies into major aspectsof his thinking have appeared, as well as studies of his life andtimes and new translations of his work. This new edition oftheCompanion, which replaces the earlier volume, has elevennew chapters, revised versions of others, and a comprehensiveupdated bibliography. It will furnish students and scholars ofAugustine with a rich resource on a philosopher whose workcontinues to inspire discussion and debate.

david vincent meconi, s.j., is Assistant Professor inthe Department of Theological Studies at Saint LouisUniversity. His most recent books include The Confessions:Saint Augustine of Hippo (2012) and The One Christ:St. Augustine’s Theology of Deification (2013).

eleonore stump is the Robert J. Henle Professor ofPhilosophy at Saint Louis University, where she has taughtsince 1992. Her books include her major study Aquinas(2003) and her extensive treatment of the problem of evil,Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem ofSuffering (2010).

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The Cambridge Companion to

AUGUSTINE

Second Edition

Edited by David Vincent Meconi, S.J.St. Louis University

and

Eleonore StumpSt. Louis University






University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

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© Cambridge University Press 2014

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition first published 2001

Second edition first published 2014

Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Catalouging in Publication dataThe Cambridge companion to Augustine / edited by David Vincent Meconi, S.J.,St. Louis University and Eleonore Stump, St. Louis University. – SECOND EDITION.

pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.isbn 978-1-107-02533-2 (Hardback : alk. paper) – isbn 978-1-107-68073-9 (Pbk. : alk.paper)1. Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. I. Meconi, David Vincent, editor ofcompilation.b655.z7c35 2014

1890.2–dc23 2014007612

isbn 978-1-107-02533-2 Hardbackisbn 978-1-107-68073-9 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate.






For Norman Kretzmann (†1998),teacher and friend,andfor John Kavanaugh (†2012),friend and brother in the Society of Jesus











contents

Notes on contributors page xiiiPreface xixList of abbreviations xxi

Introduction 1eleonore stump and david vincent meconi, s.j.

Part I The nature of God

1 The divine nature: being and goodness 17scott macdonald

2 God’s eternal knowledge according to Augustine 37john c. cavadini

3 Augustine on the triune life of God 60lewis ayres

Part II God’s relation to the world

4 Time and creation in Augustine 81simo knuuttila

5 Augustine on evil and original sin 98william e. mann

6 Jesus Christ, the knowledge and wisdom of God 108allan fitzgerald, o.s.a.

xi






Part III Human nature

7 The human soul: Augustine’s case for soul–bodydualism 125bruno niederbacher, s.j.

8 Augustine on knowledge 142peter king

9 Augustine on free will 166eleonore stump

Part IV Human excellence

10 Augustine’s ethics 189timothy chappell

11 Augustine’s doctrine of deification 208david vincent meconi, s.j.

Part V Political and ecclesial life

12 Augustine’s political philosophy 231paul weithman

13 Heaven and the ecclesia perfecta in Augustine 251david vincent meconi, s.j.

Part VI Language and faith

14 Faith and reason 275john peter kenney

15 Augustine on language 292peter king

16 Hermeneutics and reading Scripture 311thomas williams

Part VII Augustine’s legacy

17 Augustine’s legacy: success or failure? 331karla pollmann

Bibliography 349

Index 367

xii Table of contents






notes on contributors

lewis ayres is Professor of Catholic and Historical Theology atthe University of Durham, UK. Among other publications, he hasauthored Augustine and the Trinity (Cambridge, 2010) and Nicaeaand its Legacy: An Approach to Fourth Century Trinitarian The-ology (2004), and is co-editor (with Frances Young andAndrew Louth)of The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature (Cambridge,2004). He serves on the editorial boards of Modern Theology, Journalof Early Christian Studies, and Augustinian Studies. He is currentlyworking on a book concerning Patristic Exegesis between 150 and250 and co-editing (with Medi Ann Volpe) the Oxford Handbook ofCatholic Theology.

john c. cavadini is Professor of Theology and the McGrath–Cavadini Director of the Institute for Church Life at the Universityof Notre Dame. He completed his undergraduate degree in 1975 atWesleyan and, in addition to receiving an MA from Marquette, healso received an MA, an M.Phil., and a Ph.D. from Yale University.His main areas of research and teaching are in patristic and earlymedieval theology, with special interests in the theology of August-ine and in the history of biblical exegesis, both Eastern and Western,as well as in the reception and interpretation of patristic thought inthe West.

timothy chappell is Professor of Philosophy at the Open Univer-sity. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and the Facultyof Divinity in Edinburgh. He has previously taught in universitiesincluding Oxford, Manchester, and UEA. He has been a VisitingProfessor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, at

xiii






the University of Oslo, at the University of Reykjavik, in the Schoolof Latin and Greek and in the Centre for Ethics, Philosophy, andPublic Affairs in St Andrews, and at the Institute for AdvancedStudies in the Humanities in Edinburgh. Since 2000 he has beenTreasurer of the Mind Association, and Associate Editor andReviews Editor of The Philosophical Quarterly. His books includeUnderstanding Human Goods (2003), Reading Plato’s Theaetetus(2005), and Ethics and Experience (2009); his next book will beKnowing What to Do: Virtue, Imagination, and Platonism in Ethics(forthcoming).

allan fitzgerald, o.s.a., is the Director of the AugustinianInstitute (since 2009) and member of the Department of Theologyand Religious Studies at Villanova University (since 1972). Editor ofthe journal published by Villanova University, Augustinian Studies,from 1989 until 2012, he is also the General Editor of AugustineThrough the Ages: an Encyclopedia (1999). His articles on penance,Ambrose, and Augustine have been published in Revue desEtudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques, Connaisance des Pères,Angelicum, Augustiniana, Augustinian Studies, Revista Agustini-ana, and Augustinianum. He also taught at the Istituto Patristico‘Augustinianum’ from 1997 to 2009.

john peter kenney is Professor of Religious Studies at SaintMichael’s College. He was previously Professor of Religion andHumanities at Reed College and then Dean of the College at SaintMichael’s. He studied Classics and Philosophy at Bowdoin Collegeand completed his Ph.D. in Religious Studies at Brown University.He is the author of Mystical Monotheism: A Study in AncientPlatonic Theology (1991), The Mysticism of Saint Augustine:Rereading the Confessions (2005), and Contemplation and ClassicalChristianity: A Study in Augustine (2013).

peter king is Professor of Philosophy and of Medieval Studies at theUniversity of Toronto; he previously taught at the University ofPittsburgh and the Ohio State University. He has translated August-ine’s Against the Academicians and The Teacher for Hackett Pub-lishing Company, and more recently The Free Choice of the Will,Grace and Free Will, and other writings for Cambridge University

xiv Notes on contributors






Press. King is the author of several essays in all areas of medievalphilosophy and has written extensively on Augustine.

simo knuuttila is Professor of Theological Ethics and the Philoso-phy of Religion at the University of Helsinki. His publicationsinclude Modalities in Medieval Philosophy (1993), Emotions inAncient and Medieval Philosophy, and numerous articles on thehistory of logic, semantics, the philosophy ofmind, and philosophicaltheology. He is also editor ofmany books on the history of philosophyand the managing editor of The New Synthese Historical Library.

scott macdonald is Professor of Philosophy and Norma K. ReganProfessor in Christian Studies at Cornell University. His researchinterests include ancient and medieval philosophy, early Christianthought, philosophical theology, and issues in moral psychology andthe philosophy of action – especially those concerned with free will,moral responsibility, and practical reasoning. He has publishedwidely in these areas and is currently at work on projects on August-ine’s Confessions, De trinitate, and De genesi ad litteram.

william e. mann is the Marsh Professor of Intellectual and MoralPhilosophy Emeritus at the University of Vermont. His researchinterests are primarily in the areas of philosophy of religion andmedieval philosophy; within those areas he focuses on philosophicaltheology, metaphysics, and ethics. He edited The Blackwell Guideto the Philosophy of Religion and Augustine’s Confessions: CriticalEssays. He has contributed essays for the Cambridge Companions toDuns Scotus, Abelard, and Anselm, and The Cambridge History ofMedieval Philosophy. He is the editor of Augustine’s “Confessions”:Philosophy as Autobiography (2014).

david vincent meconi, s.j., is a professor in the Department ofTheological Studies at Saint Louis University. He holds the pontif-ical license in Patrology from the University of Innsbruck and aD.Phil. in Ecclesiastical History from Oxford University. He haspublished widely in the area of patristic thought, specializing inAugustine’s philosophy and theology. His most recent books includethe Annotated Confessions of Saint Augustine (2012) and The OneChrist: St. Augustine’s Theology of Deification (2013). In 2013 he

Notes on contributors xv






served as the president of the Jesuit Philosophical Association, andin 2014 he was the Patricia H. Imbesi Fellow of Augustinian Studiesat Villanova University.

bruno niederbacher, s.j., is Associate Professor of Philosophy inthe Department of Christian Philosophy at the University of Inns-bruck. His main research interests are in medieval philosophy and inmetaethics, especially in moral epistemology. He is the author ofGlaube als Tugend bei Thomas von Aquin (2004), Erkenntnistheoriemoralischer Überzeugungen (2012), and the co-editor of Theologieals Wissenschaft im Mittelalter (2006). He has contributed to Per-sonal Identity and Resurrection: How do we Survive our Death?(2010) and The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas (2012).

karla pollmann holds degrees in Classics, Divinity, and Educa-tion, and is currently Professor of Classics at the University of Kent,Canterbury, Adjunct Professor of Theology at Århus University,Denmark, and Professor Extraordinary at Stellenbosch University,South Africa. She is widely known for her monographs on lateantique poetry, on Augustine’s hermeneutics and his cultural con-text, and a commentary, with introduction and text, on Statius,Thebaid 12, which all have become standard works of reference.She recently completed a world-leading international and interdis-ciplinary project on the reception of Augustine through the ages,generously funded by the Leverhulme Trust (see www.st-and.ac.uk/classics/after-augustine), which resulted in the publication ofthe Oxford Guide to the Historical Reception of Augustine (2013).She is co-editor of various international academic journals in Clas-sics and Theology, has held various prestigious scholarships, and wasa fellow at the Institutes of Advanced Study at Princeton and inWassenaar in the Netherlands. She has an international reputationas a speaker and delivered the Eleventh Annual Augustine Lecturesin 2007 in Malta under the patronage of the President of the Repub-lic, and the fourth Fliedner Lecture on Science and Faith in Madrid inMay 2013.

eleonore stump is the Robert J. Henle Professor of Philosophy atSaint Louis University, where she has taught since 1992. She haspublished extensively in philosophy of religion, contemporary

xvi Notes on contributors






metaphysics, and medieval philosophy. Her books include her majorstudy Aquinas (2003) and her extensive treatment of the problemof evil, Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem ofSuffering (2010). She has given the Gifford Lectures (Aberdeen,2003), the Wilde lectures (Oxford, 2006), and the Stewart lectures(Princeton, 2009). She is past president of the Society of ChristianPhilosophers, the American Catholic Philosophical Association, andthe American Philosophical Association, Central Division; and sheis a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

paul weithman is Glynn Family Honors Collegiate Professor ofPhilosophy at the University of Notre Dame, where he has taughtsince 1990. He is the author of numerous articles on contemporarypolitical philosophy, ethics, and medieval political theory. His mostrecent book is Why Political Liberalism? On John Rawls’s PoliticalTurn (2010).

thomas williams is Professor and Chair of Religious Studies andProfessor of Philosophy at the University of South Florida. He is theco-author, with Sandra Visser, of Anselm (2008), translator ofAnselm: Basic Writings (2007) and Augustine: On Free Choice oftheWill (1993), editor of The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus(2003), and co-editor, with Arthur Hyman and James J. Walsh, ofPhilosophy in the Middle Ages, 3rd edn (2010). He has contributedto the Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy (2009), the Black-well Companion to the Philosophy of Action (2010), the OxfordHandbook to Thomas Aquinas (2012) and the History of Ethics(2013), and the Cambridge Companions to Anselm (2005), Abelard(2004), andMedieval Philosophy (2003). His articles have appeared injournals such as Anglican Theological Review, Modern Theology,Philosophy and Literature, Apeiron, Faith and Philosophy, Journalof the History of Philosophy, and Archiv für Geschichte derPhilosophie.

Notes on contributors xvii











preface

This volume is a greatly revised version of the earlier CambridgeCompanion to Augustine. The earlier version was co-edited by oneof us, Eleonore Stump, together with Norman Kretzmann. When heundertook the project that culminated in the earlier volume,Norman knew that he was dying of cancer; the earlier volume wasone of the last joint projects in the long and fruitful collaborationbetween him and Eleonore Stump. With his death, the field of thehistory of philosophy lost one of its most accomplished scholars, andwe are sad that this revised volume has not had the benefit of hiscare, thoughtfulness, and expertise.

Nonetheless, the volume has profited from the proficiency of itsmany new contributors as well as the capable work of previouscontributors. It has also benefited from its new editor, David VincentMeconi, S.J., whose expertise in patristics and the history of theologyhas been invaluable in broadening the range of this collection. Weappreciate the help and advice of Hilary Gaskin as well as the workof all our production team at Cambridge in every stage of the pro-duction of this volume.

We would like also to express our great gratitude to BarbaraManning, the administrative assistant for this project; AndrewChronister; and Joel Archer, the research assistant for the entirevolume. Barbara Manning’s administrative skill and intelligent man-agement of the complexities of this project were an invaluable help.Andrew Chronister carefully and very competently proofread manyof these pages. Joel Archer’s patient labor and competent help withthe bibliography, citations, and proof-reading were vital for the pro-ject’s success.

xix






Finally, we have dedicated this volume to Norman Kretzmannand to John Kavanaugh, dear friend, fellow teacher and lover ofAugustine, and brother in the Society of Jesus, who died after a shortillness some months before it went to press.

xx Preface






abbreviations

works by augustine

Abbreviations Latin titles English titles

c. Acad. Contra Academicos Against the Skepticsadn. Job Adnotationes in Job Comments on Jobagon. De agone Christiano On the Christian Strugglequant. De animae quantitate On the Greatness of the

Soulbapt. De baptism On Baptismb. vita De beata vita On the Happy Lifeb. conjug. De bono conjugali On the Good of Marriagecat. rud. De catechizandis rudibus On the Instruction of

Beginnersciv. Dei De civitate Dei City of Godconf. Confessiones Confessionscons. Ev. De consensu Evangelistarum On Agreement among the

Evangelistscont. De continentia On Continencecorrept. De correptione et gratia On Admonition and Gracedial. De dialectica On Dialecticdiv. qu. De diversis quaestionibus

octoginta tribusOn Eighty-Three VariedQuestions

doc. Chr. De doctrina Christiana Christian Teachingen. Ps. Enarrationes in Psalmos Explanations of the Psalmsench. Enchiridion ad Laurentium de

fide spe et caritateA Handbook on Faith,Hope, and Love

xxi






(cont.)


ep. (epp.) Epistulae Lettersep. Rm. inch. Epistulae ad Romanos inchoata

expositioUnfinished Commentary

on the Letter to theRomans

ex. Gal. Expositio Epistulae ad Galatas Commentary on the Letterto the Galatians

ex. prop. Rm. Expositio quarundampropositionum ex epistulaApostoli ad Romanos

Commentary onStatements in the Letterto the Romans

c. Faust. Contra Faustum Manicheum Against Faustus, aManichee

f. invis. De fide rerum invisibilium On Faith in the Unseenf. et symb. De fide et symbolo On Faith and the Creedc. Gaud. Contra Gaudentium

Donatistarum episcopumAgainst Gaudentius, a

Bishop of the DonatistsGn. litt. De Genesi ad litteram On the Literal

Interpretation of GenesisGn. litt. imp. De Genesi ad litteram

imperfectus liberOn the Literal

Interpretation of Genesis,an Unfinished Book

Gn. adv.Man.

De Genesi adversusManichaeos

On Genesis, against theManichees

gr. et lib. arb. De gratia et libero arbitrio On Grace and Free Willgr. et pecc. or. De gratia Christi et de peccato

originaliOn the Grace of Christ and

Original Sinhaer. De haeresibus On Heresiesimm. an. De immortalitate animae On the Immortality of the

SoulJo. ev. tr. In Johannis evangelium

tractatusTractates on the Gospel of

Johnc. Jul. imp. Opus imperfectum contra

JulianumAgainst Julian, an

Unfinished Booklib. arb. De libero arbitrio On Free Willmag. De magistro On the Teachermend. De mendacio On Lyingc. mend. Contra mendacium Against Lyingmor. De moribus ecclesiae

catholicae et de moribusManichaeorum

On the Catholic and theManichaean Ways of Life

xxii List of abbreviations






(cont.)


mus. De musica On Musicnat. b. De natura boni On the Nature of the Goodnat. et gr. De natura et gratia On Nature and Graceord. De ordine On Orderpecc. mer. De peccatorum meritis et

remissioneOn the Punishment andForgiveness of Sins

perf. just. De perfectione justitiaehominis

On the Perfection ofHuman Righteousness

persev. De dono perseverantiae On the Gift of Perseverancepraed. sanct. De praedestinatione sanctorum On the Predestination of

the Saintsc. Prisc. Contra Priscillianistas Against the Priscillianistsqu. Quaestiones in Heptateuchum Questions on the

Heptateuchqu. Ev. Quaestiones Evangeliorum Questions on the Gospelsqu. vet. T. De octo quaestionibus ex Veteri

TestamentoOn Eight Questions fromthe Old Testament

retr. Retractationes Reconsiderationsrhet. De rhetorica On Rhetoricc. Sec. Contra Secundinum

ManicheumAgainst Secundinus, aManichee

s. Sermones Sermonss. Dom. mon. De sermone Domini in monte On the Lord’s Sermon on

the MountSimpl. Ad Simplicianum To Simplicianussol. Soliloquia The Soliloquiesspec. Speculum The Mirrorspir. et litt. De spiritu et littera On the Spirit and the LetterTrin. De Trinitate The Trinityutil. cred. De utilitate credendi On the Advantage of

Believingvera rel. De vera religione On True Religion

List of abbreviations xxiii






standard editions of augustine’s works

BA Bibliothèque Augustinienne, Oeuvres de Saint Augustin.Paris: Desclée de Brouwer 1949–

CCL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. Turnhout:Brepols, 1953–

CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. Vienna:Tempsky, 1865–

PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J. P. Migne.Paris: Garnier, 1844–64

PG Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, ed. J. P.Migne. Paris: Garnier, 1857–66

xxiv List of abbreviations






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