#3

19.10.2016

compet:coop

warfare>welfare

science:policy:science

policy:science:policy

agenda

settingpolicy

formulation

adoption

implementation

evalu

ation

institutions

people

money

challenges

choices

1850

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

1863 - National Academyof Sciences, US

1950 – NSF, US

1850

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

1958 – NASA, US

1954 – CERN, Europe

1945 – Vannevar Bush

1942/46 – Manhattan Project, US

1957 – Sputnik, USSR

1969 – Man on the Moon, US

1973 – Oil crisis

1949 – NATO

1989 – Fall of Berlin Wall

1959/75 – Vietnam war, US

1950/53 – Korea war, US

2003 – Iraq war, US

1955 – Warsow Pact

WW II

WW I

1958 – EEC, Europe1961 – OECD

1945 – UN

1974 – 25 Abril

1911– Universidades

1933 – Estado Novo

1910 – República

1936 – Instituto para a Alta Cultura/Estação Agronómica Nacional

1967 – JNICT

1997 – FCT 1995 – MCT

1976 – INIC – 1992

2002 – MCES

1905 – Annus mirabilis Einstein

1963 – Frascati Manual

1995 – Oslo Manual

2000 – Human genome

1992 – World Wide Web

1985 – PCR

2001 – 9/11, US2010 – Synthetic bacteria

1997 – Dolly clone

1953 – Double helix DNA

1964 – Quarks

1948 – QED1947 – Transistor

1934 – Neutron

1859 – Evolution theory

1949 – Nobel Egas Moniz

1986 – Adesão CEE1989 – QCA I

1992 – Cimeira do Rio

Ciência/PolíticaFomento

Ciência/EngenhariaPlaneamento

Ciência/GestãoDesenvolvimento

Ciência/EconomiaGlobalização

Ciência/SociedadeProspectiva

1850

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

[1660 - Royal Society, UK] [1779 - Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, PT][1810 - Humboldt

University of Berlin]

1948 – OECE

1954 – JEN

1929 – Junta de Educação Nacional

1961 – IGC

1947 – Plano Marshall

http://act.fct.pt/historia-da-ciencia/cronologia/

A belief may be larger than a fact.

Science – the Endless Frontier, 1945http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm

http://www.wordle.net/

THE LID MUST BE LIFTED

While most of the war research has involved the application of

existing scientific knowledge to the problems of war, rather than

basic research, there has been accumulated a vast amount of

information relating to the application of science to particular

problems. Much of this can be used by industry.

Science – the Endless Frontier, 1945

A PROGRAM FOR ACTION

The Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the

flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent

in our youth. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the

Government, for they vitally affect our health, our jobs, and our national

security. It is in keeping also with basic United States policy that the

Government should foster the opening of new frontiers and this is

the modern way to do it. For many years the Government has wisely

supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have

been great. The time has come when such support should be extended

to other fields.

Science – the Endless Frontier, 1945

Early action on these recommendations is imperative

if this nation is to meet the challenge of science in

the crucial years ahead. On the wisdom with which

we bring science to bear in the war against disease,

in the creation of new industries, and in the

strengthening of our Armed Forces depends in large

measure our future as a nation.

Science – the Endless Frontier, 1945