avtoris stili daculiapress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Disertaciebi/lela_gabrielashvili.pdf ·...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literatura

lela gabrielaSvili

qristianul simboloTa paradigmebi asurel mamaTa

cxovreba-wamebebSi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori eliso kalandariSvili

Tbilisi

2010

avtoris stili daculia

1

sarCevi

Sesavali

Tavi I

simboluri saxismetyvelebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

Tavi II

mcenareTa simbolika

Tavi III

zoomorfuli saxeebi

a) cxovelTa simbolika

b) frinvelTa simbolika

Tavi IV

naTlis esTetika da RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi

a) naTlis esTetika

b) RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi

Tavi V

qvaTa, stiqiaTa da sxva simboloTa saxismetyvelebiTi analizi

a) qvaTa simbolika

b) samyaros oTxi stiqiis simboluri gaazreba ,,Siosa da evagres

cxovrebis” erT epizodSi

g) ,,ganixsna sartyeli” _ erTi epizodis simboluri gagebisaTvis

daskvna

saxismetyvelebiTi sqema-leqsikoni

gamoyenebuli literatura

2

12

44

66

89

93

105

109

118

133

142

151

2

Sesavali

esTetika Tavis umaRles formad azrovnebas aRiarebs. swored

esTetikurobis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli yvelaferi SefardebiTad

gamocxaddes da gamarTleba mieces. esTetika adamianis azrovnebas

aSorebs yovelgvar dogmas, zedmet TviTdajerebas. gageba nebismieri

movlenisa an sagnisa, sul erTia, iqneba is Zalze rTuli Tu Zalze

martivi, arasodes unda CaiTvalos amowurulad, radgan misi mravali

Tviseba mainc Seucnobeli rCeba. movlenis warmosaCenad mxatvruli

literatura xSirad iyenebs saTqmelis simbolizebul formas. marTalia,

simbolos danaxva movlenis axsna araa, magram simboluri Sinaarsis

miniWeba movlenis siRrmisken warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas, adamians

ganawyobs Rrma kanonzomierebis saZieblad. es aris simbolos yvelaze

didi mniSvneloba. e. kasireri ambobs: ,,ena, miTi, religia, xelovneba da

mecniereba aris `simboluri forma~, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani

awesrigebs Tavis garSemo arsebul qaoss” (kasireri 1923: 17). am

Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, simbolizeba ara mxolod mxatvrul saSualebad

aris miCneuli, aramed cxovrebis, arsebobis formad, romelsac

Segnebulad irCevs adamiani.

simbolo idumalebis esTetikas emyareba. idumalebis simboloebiT

maZiebeli esTetika mxolod uZvelesi xanis an Sua saukuneebis

kuTvnileba rodia. igi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli renesansis xanaSi,

romantizmis epoqasa da XX saukuneSi.

xSirad simbolos saxelwodebaSi aerTianeben rogorc Tavad

simbolos, aseve alegorias. amas aqvs Taviseburi gamarTlebac, Tumc,

amave dros, naklovanebac axlavs. simbolosa da alegoriis gayofa

zogjer Znelia imitom, rom TviT isini Zalze uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs an

erTmaneTSi gadadian da erTmaneTs erwymian. amis gamo laparakoben

simbolur-alegoriul gamoxatvaze da amiT maT kavSirze miuTiTeben.

warmodgenili naSromis pirvel TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, vaCvenoT maT

Soris gansxvaveba.

yovel mecnierebas aqvs Tavisi kategoriebi, romelTa mixedviT

swavlobs misTvis saintereso sferos.

esTetikis mTavari kategoriaa saxe.

3

xelovneba abstraqciaa. ar arsebobs zogadad xelovneba. arsebobs

xelovnebis calkeuli dargi, romelic mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

formebiT asaxavs cxovrebas da Taviseburad gamoxatavs saTqmels:

bgeriT, feriT, sityviT... TiToeul maTgans Seiswavlis

xelovnebaTmcodneoba. esTetikis mizani ki aris maT Soris saerTos

aRmoCena. Tumca esTetika marto xelovnebiT ar Semoifargleba. igi eZebs

kanonebs bunebaSi, cxovrebasa da adamianis azrovnebaSic. magram misi

kvlevebis ZiriTadi sfero mainc xelovnebaa.

xelovnebis universaluri niSania esTetikuri zemoqmedebis unari.

yoveli maTgani Taviseburad axorcielebs amas. xelovnebis nawarmoebi

azrovnebs saxeebiT. igi mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTavari Semadgeneli

nawilicaa da misi ZiriTadi elementic.

saxe, calke aRebulic, mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zalas flobs.

,,saxeebi erTmaneTis gverdiT ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens, magram maT

aqvT SefardebiTi avtonomiuroba, anu damoukidebloba” (siraZe 1982: 81).

sxvadasxva drois xelovnebaSi sxvadasxvagvaria mxatvruli saxis

Seqmnis specifika, gansxvavebulia imis gagebac, ra aris saxe.

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi cnobili iyo saxis aseTi ganmarteba:

,,saxe aris xilva da Cveneba dafarulisa.~ aseTi gagebiT, dafarulia

saxis Sinaarsi da Cven SevicnobT mxolod mis zedapirs. Tumc es

Secnobis procesic garkveul siZneleebs badebs iqidan gamomdinare, rom

mxatvruli teqstis ena gacilebiT rTuli aRsaqmelia, vidre sxva tipisa

(magaliTad, komunikaciuri). rogorc m. kvaWantiraZe aRniSnavs, mxatvruli

teqsti enis konotaciur dones aniWebs upiratesobas denotaciurTan

SedarebiT. es ki qmnis `mouxelTebeli da mgulisxmebeli azrebis

sivrces~, sadac mniSvneloba mibmuli araa niSanTan (kvaWantiraZe 2005:

157). swored `mniSvnelobis niSanTan miubmeloba~ iwvevs simboluri

sivrcis farTod gaSlas, rac, TavisTavad, mniSvnelobaTa simravles

aZlevs dasabams.

mxatvruli literaturis istoriaSi cnobilia saxeebi, romlebic

sxvadasxva epoqisa da xalxis sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba. Ees

mdgradi, anu paradigmuli saxeebia, igive pirvelsaxeebi (paradigma, berZ.

paradeigma magaliTi, nimuSi). maTi gamoCena gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia

4

`normirebul~ literaturaSi (vTqvaT, sasuliero mwerlobaSi), rac

calkeul avtorTan msgavsi ideuri poziciis an SemoqmedebiTi

gamocdilebis mauwyebelia. Aamgvar saxeTa arseboba da maTi xangrZlivi

sicocxlisunarianoba, TiTqos, epoqaTa da xalxTa istoriul

`SeTanxmebaze~ metyvelebs da gvauwyebs, rom cvalebad samyaroSi

(realurSi Tu mxatvrulSi) vxvdebiT ucvlel mxatvrul da ideur

warmodgenebs. aq isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom erTmaneTs saukuneebiT

daSorebuli paradigmuli saxeebi, cxadia, yovelTvis identuri

mniSvnelobisani ar arian, absoluturad ar emTxvevian erTmaneTs _

sxvadasxva konteqsti urTierTmsgavs mxatvrul elementebsac ki

gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas sZens.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli literaturis saxismetyvelebiTi

istoria, anu istoria mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT, ver aigeba

paradigmul saxeTa Seswavlis gareSe. ukve araerTi mxatvruli saxea

Seswavlili agiografiidan, himnografiidan, ,,vefxistyaosnidan”,

,,daviTianidan”, Tu sxva Txzulebebidan.

saxeTa paradigmulobis Ziebis mravali gza gamoikveTa, r. siraZe

miiCnevs, rom arsebiTia msgavsi kvleva-Zieba ,,daemyaros qarTuli enis

bunebas, misi Sinaformebis Taviseburebebs, rac unda iTvaliswinebdes

enisa da kulturis istoriis mTlianobaSi warmodgenas” (siraZe 2008: 180).

Zveli qarTuli literaturis Seswavlisas xSirad moixmobdnen

xolme enis sakiTxebs, magram es umeteswilad xdeboda teqstologiuri

miznebiT, anda sxva konkretuli filologiuri problemebis gadaWrisas.

rasakvirvelia, esec emsaxureboda literaturis Seswavlas mxatvrul-

esTetikuri Tu saerTo kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT. magram kvlav

gansaxorcielebeli rCeba literaturuli saxismetyvelebis sagangebo da

kompleqsuri damyareba enis Sinaformebze, enobriv samyaroSi asaxul

msoflmxedvaze, da am mxriv, kulturul-tipologiur mimarTebebze.

miuTiTeben, rom qarTuli mwerloba da, arsebiTad mTeli qarTuli

saxismetyveleba, tipologiurad ,,evropulia”, radgan qarTuli mwerloba

viTardeboda aRmosavlur-evropul (anda aRmosavlur-qristianul)

kulturul-istoriul regionSi, romelSiac Sediodnen bizantiuri,

kopturi, siriuli, eTiopuri, somxuri, albanuri da Semdeg _ slavuri

5

mwerlobani. amasTanave, qarTul mwerlobas intensiuri urTierToba

hqonda ebraul da sparsul mwerlobasTan. yovelive es saerTo

kulturuli orientaciis gamomxatveli iyo, rasac Soreuli Zirebi

hqonda.

amitom ,,qarTuli saxismetyvelebis enobrivi safuZvlebis kvlevis

dros arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTuli enis istoriuli Zirebis

mimarTebas indoevropul enebTan” (gamyreliZe...1984: 25).

paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia, erTis

mxriv, enis mTeli istoria, rogorc mTlianoba, riTac vlindeba

erovnuli msoflxedvis erTianoba (rac mJRavndeba enis SinaformaSi),

xolo, meores mxriv, sityvisa Tu frazeologiis Sinaforma. pirveli

maTgani gvexmareba saxeTqmnadobis istoriuli procesis gasagebad, xolo

meore _ calkeul saxeTa Sesaswavlad, rac nawarmoebTa, rogorc saxeTa

sistemis, Seswavlis safuZvelia.

mxatvruli sityva sWarbobs saganso, _ es niSnavs, rom mxatvruli

saxis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba misi mimeturi raobiT. swored amiT

vlindeba sityvis saxisqmnadobiTi potencia, misi Sinaforma.

mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom sityva arasdros warmoadgens

ekvivalents TviTon grZnobad mocemuli sagnisas, rom igi ,,ufro misi

ekvivalentia, Tu rogor asaxavs mas subieqti” (uznaZe 1947: 168).

amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ,,sityvaSi, viTarca

mikrokosmosSi, Zevs substrati enis Sinaformisa; sityvaSive Cans enobrivi

msoflxedvis xasiaTi” (ramiSvili 1978: 14) da rom ena araa sityvaTa

ubralo jami. ena saxismetyvelebiTi mTlianobacaa. saxeqmnadobisaTvis,

kerZod, paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania sityvaTa semantikuri mimarTebebis xasiaTi.

enaSi yvelaferia. garkveuli azriT, enaSi mocemulia adamianuri

samyaro da kidev meti ram. ena Seicavs samyaros axleburad modelirebis

SesaZleblobas. samyaroze amgvari ,,zemoqmedebis” SesaZleblobas emyareba

saxismetyveleba.

literaturul ZeglebSi dRemde SeumCneveli simboluri plastebis

povna am nawarmoebis axleburad wakiTxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

6

marTalia, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebi mravalmxriv aris

Seswavlili (maT Soris asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebanic), magram

migvaCnia, rom maTi simboluri gaazreba sul sxvagvarad warmoaCens am

Zeglebis WeSmarit literaturul Rirsebas.

Cven SevecdebiT, qristianuli simboloebi ganvixiloT asurel

moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa magaliTze. Tumca manamade mizanSewonilad

migvaCnia, mokled mimovixiloT Tavad teqstebis istoria.

saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobilni arian e.w. asureli mamebi,

romelnic CvenSi meeqvse saukuneSi SuamdinareTidan mosulan. maT didi

Rvawli dasdes qarTlis eklesiis gaZlierebas kerpTayvanismcemlebTan

brZolaSi, agreTve, samonastro cxovrebisa da misi organizaciis

damyareba-Camoyalibebas. adridanve asurel mamaTa Rvawli mociqulebriv

misias gauTanabres. ,,ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis” erT-erT gviandel

redaqciaSi ioane moZRvravs mowafeebs, raTa ganamtkicon qristianoba

,,msgavsad wmidaTa mociqulTa” (abulaZe 1955: 29). ,,Siosa da evagres

cxovrebaSi” naTqvamia: ,,moiwia ioanessa brZanebaÁ zegardamo, raTa

gamoirCines aTormetni mowafeTagan TvisTa Zlierni sityviTa da saqmiTa

da warvides queyaned qarTvelTa da ganamtkicnes erni sarwmunoebasa

zeda” (abulaZe 1955: 78). imave TxzulebaSi ioane zedaznelze naTqvamia:

,,gananaTloso yoveli ese queyanaÁ, viTarca pirvel nino” (abulaZe 1955:

81)

,,baZva-ziarebis metad gavrcelebuli principis kvalobaze

simbolurad araerTi moRvawe warmousaxavT xolme mociqulebrivi misiiT,

magram asurel mamaTa darad _ iSviaTad” (siraZe 1992: 33).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, VI saukuneSi Cndeba qarTuli ber-

monazvnuri instituti. cxadia, rom es istoriam ganapiroba. manamde, IV-V

saukuneTa manZilze, eklesia saqarTveloSi ukve sakmaod rTuli sistemiT

iyo Camoyalibebuli. misi Semdgomi ganviTareba monastrebSi

ganxorcielda ise, rom ukeT gamokveTiliyo kulturul-istoriuli

progresis magistraluri gzebi. VI saukuneSive Camoyalibebuli Cans

monasterTa samive ZiriTadi saxe: martmyofluri (anaqoretuli;

magaliTad, martyofi da, rogorc Cans, TviT zedazenic), ,,Zmoba”, anu

kinovia (daviT gareji) da lavra (amaTi Serwyma, magaliTad, Sio-mRvime).

7

saerTod ki aRmosavleTis saqristiano centrebSi samonastro

cxovrebas ukve didi gamocdileba hqonda. es iyo kopturi monastrebi

egvipteSi (Tebaida), siria-palestina, kabadokia.... Tumca, kidev erTxel

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul bermonazvnur cxovrebas safuZveli

asurelma mamebma Cauyares. amitom mosalodneli iyo, rom maTi cxovreba

sakmaod farTod aRiwereboda da STamomavlobas saxsovrad darCeboda.

marTlac, Cvenamde mouRwevia ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis, daviT

garejelisa da abibos nekreselis srulsa da vrcel cxovrebas, agreTve,

ise wilknelis, ioseb alaverdelisa da anton martyofelis cxovrebis

svinaqsarul, Semoklebul redaqciebs. (redaqciaTa ganxilvisas

veyrdnobiT k. kekeliZisa da r. baramiZis Sromas ,,Zveli qarTuli

literaturis istoria” Tb., 1969).

aRniSnuli cxovrebani da svinaqsaruli sakiTxavebi gamocemulia m.

sabininis `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~; isini warmoadgenen e.w. metafrasebs.

ibadeba sakiTxi: iyo Tu ara Zveli `litonad da martivad~ aRwerili,

gadaukeTebeli cxovreba aRniSnuli mamebisa? TviT es metafrasuli

redaqciebi mowmoben, rom aseTi Zveli redaqcia marTlac yofila Tavis

dros. ras warmoadgenda es Zveli redaqcia, Senaxulia, Tu ara is an vin

aris misi avtori?

Zveli redaqciebidan gvaqvs cxovreba Semdegi mamebisa: ioane

zedaznelis, ise wilknelisa da Sio mRvimelis, daviT garejelisa da

abibos nekreselis (swored maT magaliTze ganvixilavT qristianuli

simboloebis sakiTxs).

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebas” Semdegi saTauri aqvs: `cxovrebai da

moqalaqeobai wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa ioane zedaznelisai da mowafeTa

misTai~; aq Cven gvaqvs `cxovreba~ ara marto ioanesi, aramed `mowafeTa

misTaÁ~: Sio mRvimelisa da ise wilknelis. Mmoxsenebulni arian da TiTo-

orola cnoba motanilia sxva mowafeTa Sesaxebac. marTalia, Sio

mRvimelis cxovreba TiTqos gamoyofilia, mas singuriT saTauric aqvs

warwerili: `cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa Siosi da

evagresi~, magram namdvilad ki originalur da ganuyofel nawils

Seadgens ioanes cxovrebisas~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 106).

8

nawarmoebi iwyeba ioanes biografiiT, aRniSnulia misi samSoblo,

misi moRvaweoba jer `TÂssave queyanasa~, mere ganSorebul udabnoSi,

sadac man `ganizraxa wasvlaÁ ucxoebad~, rogor wamovida qarTls, moiwia

mcxeTas, daeSena zedazens, rogor gagzavna aqedan mowafeni saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. mere CamoTvlilia ioanes saswaulebi. amas mosdevs

Sios cxovreba: moTxrobilia, rogor daemkvidra wminda Sio mcxeTis

maxloblad `quabsa Sina~, rogor ipova is evagrem, aRnusxulia misi

saswaulmoqmedebani da mere naTqvamia: `xolo jer ars movixsenioT erTi

mowafeTagani wmidisa ioanesi saxeliT ise~. moTxrobilia, rogor,

misdauneburad, `Seipyra igi wmindaman mamamTavarman kaTalikosman~ da

akurTxa wilknis episkoposad, rogor `mihmarTa man CrdiloiT kerZo,

rameTu jereT mouqceveli iyvnes da mtkiced epyra kerpTmsaxurebaÁ~ da

rogor saswaulmoqmedebda is.

am dros ioanes moundomebia Tavisi Segirdebis monaxuleba, misula

wilkanSi isesTan, iq miuwvevia Sioc, aRnusxulia saswauli Wiqis Sesaxeb,

agreTve, Sios mier xelisgulze nakverCxlis dadeba, romelsac sakmeveli

daasxa; aRniSnulia isic, Tu rogor miiyvana isem qsnidan wyali Tavis

saydramdis. amis Semdeg moTxrobilia, rogor miiRo Siom nebarTva wminda

ioanesgan dayudebisa, rogor daeyuda da rogor moRvaweobda saSinel

mRvimeSi. mere moTxrobilia wminda ioanes gardacvaleba, sad

daasaflaves igi winaaRmdeg misi survilisa, ra moxda amis gamo da

rogor gadaasvenes Tavis savaneSi.

Semdeg mokled moxseniebulni arian ioanes mowafeebi, vin sad

daemkvidra da sad aaSena monasteri. aseTia mokle Sinaarsi am

nawarmoebisa. es nawarmoebi unda iyos is pirvandeli `kimenuri~

Txzuleba, romlis niadagze Semdeg SeuqmniaT metafrasuli cxovreba.

Txzuleba, rogorc saTaurSia aRniSnuli, àRwera arsen qarTlisa

kaTalikosman~. vin iyo es arseni da rodis cxovrobda is?

ioane zedaznelis cxovrebas darTuli aqvs Semdegi SeniSvna:

`Semdgom oTxas oTxisa (ana dedoflis variantiT _ ocisa) wlisa

gamoikiTxa wmindaman mamaman Cuenman arseni, qarTlisa kaTalikosman~

cxovreba misio. `Cans, is redaqcia, romelic safuZvlad dadebia

metafrasuls, dawerili yofila arsen kaTalikosis mier Semdgomad

9

oTxas oTxis (Tu ocis) wlisa ioanes qarTlSi mosvlidan. ioane meeqvse

saukunis ormocian wlebSi movida CvenSi, 404-420 weliwadi modis meaTe

saukunis meore naxevarSi, da marTlac, am dros qarTlSi iyo kaTalikosi

arsen II (955-980ww.), kaci ganaTlebuli da mwignobari~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 107).

unda vifiqroT, arsens xelT hqonda raime werilobiTi wyaro,

rodesac is Tavisi Sromis weras Seudga: warmoudgenelia, rom oTxi

saukunis ganmavlobaSi raime ar Caweriliyo am mamaTa Sesaxeb.

`cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ daviT garejelisaÁ~ ar Seadgens

nawils ioanes cxovrebisas, msgavsad Sios cxovrebisa. is metad mokle

redaqcias warmoadgens. cxovreba iwyeba imiT, Tu rogor damkvidrdnen

daviTi da lukiane parexSi, anu gamoqvabulSi: amis Semdeg gadmocemulia

yvela faqti bubaqaris Svilis gankurnebamde. Aaq ki cxovreba wydeba

danarCeni furclebis dakargvis gamo. àm redaqciaSi araa grZeli,

mixveul-moxveuli adgilebi, locvebi da enawylianoba. visi dawerilia es

mokle, ueWvelia Tavdapirveli, redaqcia, amis Tqma Znelia. erTi ki

cxadia, rom kaTalikoss arsen II-s ar ekuTvnis~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 107). ena

am cxovrebisa ufro Zvelia, vidre arsenisa. daviT garejelis cxovreba

dauweria, rogorc Cans, sxva agiografs ufro adre, vidre arsen

kaTalikoss _ sxvebisa.

SedarebiT adrea dawerili `cxovreba~ abibos nekreselisa. am

Txzulebis saTaurSi vkiTxulobT: `Tqmuli arseni didisa, qarTlisa

kaTalikozisa~. ès aris kaTalikosi arsen safareli (860-887). am arsenis

mier gamoyenebuli wyaro Seicavda cnobebs im politikuri cvlilebebis

Sesaxeb qarTlSi, romelsac adgili hqonda VI saukunis ukanasknel

aTeulSi~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 107).

am Zeglebis mizania, gagvacnon, rogor ikidebda fexs CvenSi

samonastro cxovreba da monastrebi, romelnic gardaiqmnen kulturul-

ganmanaTlebeli centrebad. amasTan erTad, isini gviTvaliswineben im

daundobel ideur brZolebs, romelTa Sedegad Zvelad dawerili

Txzulebani da Tqmulebani Zirfesvianad icvleboda SemdegSi da axali

redaqciiT gamodioda. saqme iqamde misula, rom sirieli moRvaweni,

romelnic monofizitebi iyvnen, diofizitebad gamoucxadebiaT.

10

rodesac CvenSi damyarda metafrasuli mimarTuleba, Zveli,

kimenuri redaqcia asureli moRvaweebis cxovrebisa gadakeTebul-

gadametafrasebuli iqna. es metafrasuli Txzulebani or jgufad iyofa:

erT jgufs ekuTvnis daviT garejelis cxovreba, romelic SeuTxzavs

petriwonuli skolidan gamosul mwerals. vin aris es metafrasti, ar

viciT. Tavis Sromis dasawyisSi is wers: ìZulebiTa sulTamwyemsisa

onofresiTa~. ,,Tu am onofred miviCnevT ,,didsa bersa da moZRuarsa

onofre gareSjelsa~, romelic daviT aRmaSeneblis drosaa moxseniebuli,

metafrasti meTormete saukunis pirveli naxevris mwerlad unda

miviCnioT, amas zedmiwevniT udgeba petriwonuli xasiaTic TviT Sromisa”

(kekeliZe... 1969: 107-108).

rac Seexeba sxva mamaTa `cxovrebebs~, isini Seadgenen meore jgufs

da dawerili arian erTi da imave avtoris mier, romelsac zogi ram

`wignTagan~ amoukiTxavs (igulisxmeba kaTalikos arsenis mier SeTxzuli

manamde arsebuli Zveli cxovreba,) maT Sesaxeb da zogi `mamaTagan~

gaugonia. vinaidan mas zepirTqmulebiTac uxelmZRvanelia, mis TqmulebaSi

zogi ram gansxvavebac aris.

vin iyo es metafrasti, romelsac dauweria ioane zedaznelis, Sio

mRvimelis, ise wilknelis da abibos nekreselis `cxovrebani~?

ioane zedaznelis cxovrebas aseTi warwera aqvs: `ganaaxla da

ganavrco wmidaman mamaman Cuenman qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozman

arseni~, xolo abibos nekreselis wamebas aweria: `Tqmuli arseni didisa,

qarTlisa kaTalikosisa~. àm warweraTa fsevdoepigrafikuli xasiaTic

cxadia: metafrasul redaqciaze gadmoutaniaT saxeli mecxre-meaTe

saukuneTa kaTalikosebisa, romelTac aRuweriaT Zveli redaqcia asurel

mamaTa cxovrebisa, dedani metafrasuli redaqciisa~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 108).

ase rom, sakiTxi metafrasuli redaqciis avtoris Sesaxeb jerjerobiT

Riad unda darCes.

ioane zedaznelis cxovreba, romelic ana dedofliseul `qarTlis

cxovrebaSi~ Senaxula, dawerilia zedaznis monastris winamZRvris

miqaelis TxovniT.; is dawerili unda iyos ara ugvianes meTerTmete

saukunisa, vinaidan misgan momdinare meore metafrasuli redaqcia

(sabininis gamocema), enis mixedviT, meTormete saukunis pirveli

11

naxevrisaa. ise wilknelis cxovreba dauweria me-18 saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi kaTolikos besarions, romelsac ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi

mocemuli cnobisaTvis zogi ram Tavisic daumatebia.

asurel mamaTa cxovrebani gamocemulia prof. il. abulaZis mier:

asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi (1955w.) swored am

gamocemiT vxelmZRvanelobT Cveni naSromis werisas. ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebis wigni sami redaqciiT aris moRweuli. uZvelesi maTgani,

romelic erTaderTi da masTan naklulovani xelnaweris saxiT aris

moRweuli (Q795), X s.-is meore naxevarSia gamoTqmuli, rac ekuTvnis am

xanis moRvawes arsen II –s. meore redaqcia, agreTve erTi nusxiT daculi

(A199), misgan aris gamokrebili (mokle redaqciaa) da mesame ki, romelic

mraval xelnawerSia Semonaxuli, cxovrebis mokle wignze aRmocenebuli

metafrasuli redaqciaa, rogorc es samecniero literaturaSia

dadgenili.

pirveli ori redaqcia warmodgenilia TiTo calad Semonaxuli

xsenebuli nusxebiT, xolo mesamisaTvis moxmobilia sami adrindeli

xelnaweri (A160, A 130 da S 449). amaTgan uZvelesi xelnaweris teqsti

pirvelad gamoica il. abulaZis mier. igi anaseuli `qarTlis cxovrebis”

xelnawers aqvs darTuli (XV s.).

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebis” wignis mxolod ori redaqciaa

xelnawerebSi warmodgenili: mokle da misi gadanakazmi – metafrasi.

mecnierul literaturaSi SeniSnulia (k. kekeliZe), rom Sios cxovrebis

mokle wigni ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis mokle wignis gagrZelebaa.

amdenad, naklulovnad Semonaxuli arseniseuli ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebis wigni, romlis Tanmimdevrul gamonakrebs mokle wigni

warmoadgens, moicavda agreTve Siosa da evagres cxovrebis aRwerasac.

cal-calke es cxovrebani mxolod metafrasul redaqciebSia

warmodgenili.

metafrasuli redaqciisaTvis yvela is nusxaa gamoyenebuli,

romelic ioane zedaznelis cxovrebisaTvis iqna arCeuli (A 160, A 130, S

449), xolo mokle cxovrebisaTvis A 199 da H 1336.

daviT garejelis cxovrebis wigni ori redaqciiT aris

gamovlinebuli: mokliTa da metafrasuliT. metafrasulis

12

gamoqveynebisaTvis il. abulaZis mier gamoyenebulia yvela is nusxa,

romlebic ioane zedaznelisa da Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis wignTaTvis

iqna SerCeuli (A 160, A 130, S 449), xolo mokle redaqciisaTvis A 199 da H

1336.

abibos nekreselis wamebis ornairi redaqcia mogvepoveba. il.

abulaZe aRniSnavs: `dRemdis cnobili da gamoqveynebuli (pirvelad _ m.

janaSvilis mier 1908w., meored _ s. kakabaZis mier 1928w.) uZvelesi

xelnaweris teqsti sxvebTan SedarebiT ramdenadme momcroa, magram mas

Semdeg, rac Sematebulad miCneul adgilebs masze ufro vrcelsa da

SedarebiT gviandel nusxebSi warmodgenili cxovrebis wignebidan

gamovricxavT, ukanasknelis upiratesoba irkveva pirvelTan mimarTebiT”

(abulaZe 1955: 7).

es garemoeba dasdebia safuZvlad imas, rom gamocemaSi gviandeli

nusxebiT warmodgenili redaqcia pirvel adgilzea wamoweuli, xolo

adrindeli xelnaweriT mocemuli _ meoreze. pirveli redaqciisaTvis

gamoyenebulia is nusxebi, romelTac daucavT sxva asurel mamaTa

metafrasuli redaqciebi (A 130 da H 2121), xolo meorisaTvis _ misi

erTaderTi Semcveli xelnaweri (A 832).

vidre uSualod gadavidodeT im saxe-simboloTa ganxilvaze,

romelic am redaqciebSi gvxvdeba, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, simbolos

Teoriuli gaanalizeba.

Tavi I

simboluri saxismetyvelebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

marTlmadidebluri anTropologia sityvis or saxes icnobs:

Sinagans (endeoteturs) da garegans (proforistuls). Sinagani logosic,

Tavis mxriv, ori aspeqtiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT: sulieriTa da

mSvinvieriT. sulieri aspeqtiT ganxiluli logosi pirobiTad saganTa

uSualo xedvas, intuitur Secnobas, Wvretas SeiZleba SevadaroT.

mSvinvier planSi danaxuli logosis moqmedebis areali ki sulis

13

saidumlo kunWulebia, sadac kodirebuli da daSifruli saxiT inaxeboda

adamianSi genetikurad Cadebuli mTeli informacia. igi imdenad didi

moculobisaa, rom antikuri periodis anTropologebi Semecnebas

gaxsenebasTan aigivebdnen. Aam informacias adamiani iRebs mTeli Tavisi

miwieri arsebobis manZilze, dabadebidan ki ara, Casaxvis momentidan,

xolo logosis Tvisebaa, erT wamSi gadaamuSaos igi. `Sinagani logosi

yvela droisa da erovnebis adamianebs axasiaTebs, ufro metic, igi erT-

erTi arsebiTi (substanciuri) Tvisebaa adamianisa, rogorc RmrTis

xatisa da msgavsebisa~ (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 120).

Sinagani logosis zedapirze, ase vTqvaT, mis garsze, warmoiSveba

garegani (proforistuli) sityva, anu warmodgenaTa kombinacia, romelic

refleqsiaTa sibrtyeze arsebobs. Sinagan logoss pnevmatofsiqikuri

buneba aqvs, garegani logosi fsiqosomaturobiT xasiaTdeba. Sinagani

logosis moqmedeba stabiluria miuxedavad imisa, rom misi gamJRavneba,

anu kavSiri refleqsiasTan, adamianis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli,

garegani sityva ki arastabiluria, igi adamianis xasiaTis mixedviT

icvleba (uSualo gancdebi, vnebebi, miznebi). `garegani sityva Sinaganis

msgavsi unda iyos, magram adamianis buneba da vnebebi aryeven mas, swyveten

Sinagans da maSin mtyuari azrebi warmoiSveba~ (arqimandriti rafaeli

1994: 120). garegani sityva, rogorc ena, ganuwyvetliv icvleba, Sinagani ki

ucvleli rCeba. Aamrigad, garegani sityva aris niSani, ena ki _ pirobiTi

sistema. Tu garegani sityva Sinagans emTxveva, igi misi gamovlenis,

gamomJRavnebis, TiTqosda, materializaciis saSualebas warmoadgens.

garegani da Sinagani logosis damTxvevis magaliTia wmindanebis sityva.

Aamitom iyo, rom mas gansakuTrebuli Zala hqonda da saocar

zemoqmedebas axdenda adamianze _ wmindanis saubari mis sulSi

waruSlel kvals tovebda. Mmagram Tu garegani sityva ar emTxveva

Sinagan logoss, maSin igi sicarielis safarveli, TviT adamianisa da mis

garSemomyofTa dezinformaciis mizezi xdeba.

wminda werilSi gamoxatvisa da Semecnebis ZiriTadi saSualebaa

simbolo, romlis garSemoc Tavmoyrilia saxismetyvelebis sxva formebic.

biblia garegani da Sinagani logosis harmoniis unikaluri magaliTia.

realuri movlenebi sulieri substanciebis an procesebis simboloebia,

14

amitom wminda werilSi istoria mocemulia rogorc sulis saidumlo

metyveleba.

`xelovnebisa da esTetikisaTvis simbolo Zalze mniSvnelovania,

daaxloebiT ise, rogorc mizidulobis kanoni fizikaSi, an ricxvi

maTematikaSi. Cven am sityvas xSirad viyenebT ise, rom misi zusti

ganmarteba arc ki viciT~ (siraZe 1982: 75-76).

Zveli poetebi da filosofosebi farTod iyenebdnen simbolos,

magram misi gansazRvreba aravis moucia, SesaZloa imitomac, rom maTTvis

simbolo mxolod gamoxatvis saSualeba ki ara, yofierebis saidumlo

iyo.

amJamad simbolo erT-erTi kargad Seswavlili Temaa, misi

ganmartebac araerT mecniersa Tu mkvlevars aqvs mocemuli, Tumca

migvaCnia, rom simbolos srulad Seswavla da misi arsis amomwuravad

amocnoba SeuZlebelia.

simbolosTan erTad sagangebod gamovyofT alegoriasac, radganac

qristianul mwerlobaSi simbolo da alegoria ara marto mxatvruli

gamoxatvis xerxebadaa gamoyenebuli, aramed isini mauwyebelni arian

azrovnebis Taviseburi sistemisa. `simbolo aris ara marto mxatvruli

gamosaxvis saSualeba, aramed azrovnebis stili~ (baramiZe 1966: 164).

simbolo, rogorc marTebulad aRniSnavs akad. k. kekeliZe, aris

sarwmunoebis aRsareba. amdenad, qristianul sarwmunoebasa da, saerTod,

religiaSi, simboloebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli movlenaa, vidre

mxatvruli gamosaxvis romelime xerxi. igive iTqmis alegoriis Sesaxebac,

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom simbolo alegoriisa da emblemisagan

upirvelesad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi arc SeTxzva SeiZleba, arc

Sedgena. igi im garemoSi arsebobs, romelic adamianTanaa dakavSirebuli

(istoriuli, kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi da materialuri garemos

CaTvliT) da kacobriobis ganzogadebul SegnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT,

SemoqmedebiT SemecnebaSi vlindeba, alegoria ki garegnul msgavsebas

emyareba da xelovnurad qmnis saxes. simbolo mravalmniSvnelovani da

mravalwaxnagovania, alegoria ki, Cveulebriv, erTmniSvnelovani.

simboloze zogjer saubroben, rogorc niSanze, magram Tu niSans

xSirad erTi mniSvneloba aqvs da niSanTa sistemis mravalmniSvnelianoba

15

vnebs niSnis funqcionirebas, simbolo mravalniSnaa da rac ufro bevri

mniSvneloba aqvs mas, miT ufro Sinaarsiania. simbolos martooden

iterpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. Tu niSani miuTiTebs sxva obieqtze,

yovelTvis erTsa da imaveze, simbolo aseTi calsaxa ar aris. igi

alegoriisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom simbolos arsis gaSifvra martivi

gansazRvrebiT SeuZlebelia; simbolo ganuyofelia gamosaxulebis

struqturisagan. misi struqtura mimarTulia iqiTken, rom nebismieri

kerZo movlenis meSveobiT Seqmnas samyaros mTliani xati.

simbolos ganmarteba codnis dialoguri formaa: simbolos arsi

arsebobs mxolod adamianTa urTierTobaSi.

alegoriisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis gaSifvra SedarebiT martivia,

simboloSi SeigrZnoba SemakavSirebeli idumalebis siTbo. klasikuri

antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis epoqebSi xeldasmulTa rolSi

gvevlinebodnen xalxebi da kulturul-konfesiuri erTobebi, xolo

burJuaziul epoqaSi simbolo funqcionirebda elituri garemos

farglebSi, raTa mis adeptebs ecnoT erTmaneTi ,,gulgril brboSi”.

alegorias Txzaven, emblemas adgenen, emblemebisa da alegoriebis

ricxvi ganusazRvrelia, amasTn, isini icvlebian kidec, simbolos ki

mudmivi da myari xasiaTi aqvs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi mkvlevari niSansa da simbolos

sinonimebad moiazrebs. semiotika axali drois mecnierebaa. igi

Seiswavlis sxvadasxva niSnuri sistemis Seqmnis, agebisa da

funqcionirebis kanonebs. Tavisi kvlevis obieqts ki poulobs yvelgan:

enaSi, maTematikaSi, literaturaSi, arqiteqturaSi, qvecnobier

procesebSi, miTSi, ritualSi, cxovelTa da mcenareTaA samyaroSi da a.S.

semiotikis ZiriTadi terminia niSani. igi gansxvavebulad

ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva avtorTan. magaliTad, aristotelesTvis niSani

mis ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad simptomsac aRniSnavs, xolo sityvebi

azris pirobiT niSnebad aris miCneuli. pirsisTvis niSani Suamavalia

adamianur gonebasa da samyaros Soris. ,,aRsaniSnTan damokidebulebis

mixedviT, pirsi gamoyofda: ikonur niSnebs, indeqsur niSnebsa da

simbolur niSnebs” (barbaqaZe 2007: 19).

16

pirsis semiotika ganaviTara morismac. sosiuri ganixilavda niSans,

rogorc bilateralurs (ormxrivs), rogorc aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis

erTobliobas, romelsac mniSvneloba TavisTavad ara aqvs da

ganisazRvreba sistemis sxva elementebiT. igi niSnis sinonimad simbolos

ar gamoiyenebda, radgan miaCnda, rom niSani pirobiTia, xolo simbolo ar

SeiZleboda, bolomde pirobiTi yofiliyo.

zogierTi mkvlevari simbolos metaforasac upirispirebs.

,,metaforas, romelic saxes azrobriobisken mimarTavs, upirispirdeba

simbolo, romelic, agreTve, saxes emyareba, magram mimarTulia formis

stabilizaciisken. metafora niSnis sinonimad ar moiazreba, maSin, roca

simbolo SeiZleba gaigivebuli iyos rogorc saxesTan, ise niSanTan”

(aruTinova 2007: 235) simbolo inarCunebs ra avtonomiur adgils enis

semantikur sistemaSi, erTgvari semantikuri xidis funqcias atarebs da

saxes niSanTan aerTebs. mkvlevris azriT, simbolosTan miaxloeba

yovelTvis aRmasvlas gulisxmobs.

saxis, simbolosa da niSnis urTierTkavSiris gamosaaSkaraveblad

avtori averinceviseul koncefcias iSveliebs, romlis mixedviT, simbolo

aris saxe Tavis niSnur aspeqtSi da, amasTan, niSani, romelSic Tavs iCens

saxis amouwuravi da mravalmniSvnelovani organuloba. yvela simbolo

aris saxe (da yvela saxe, garkveulwilad, simboloa), magram simbolos

kategoria saxis sazRvrebidan gasvlas, garkveuli azris arsebobas

gulisxmobs, romelic saxesTan aris Serwymuli, magram saxesTan

gaigivebuli ar aris (averincevi 1987). losevi ki ,,filosofiis

enciklopediaSi” simbolos ganmartavs, rogorc ,,ideur, saxeobriv an

ideur-saxeobriv struqturas, romelic ama Tu im gansxvavebuli

sagnebisadmi mimarTebas moicavs da ganzogadebul, bolomde gauSlel

niSans warmoadgens” (losevi 1970: 10-11).

mkvlevars saxe, simbolo, niSani sinonimebad esaxeba, Tumca, iqve

aRniSnavs, rom ar arsebobs konteqsti, sadac samive sityvis iseTi xmareba

iyos daSvebuli, rom amiT mTavari azri ar Seicvalos.

simbolo saxesTan da niSanTan apelaciiT ganimarteba, magram arc

saxe da arc niSani simbolosTan mimarTebiT ganmartebas ar saWiroebs.

saxe warmoadgens im safuZvels, razec simbolo da niSani aigeba. ,,saxe

17

fsiqologiuria, metafora _ semantikuri, simbolo ki _ funqciuri”

(aruTinova 2007: 236).

simbolo, metaforisgan gansxvavebiT, ,,miwieri mizidulobis”

daZlevas iolad axerxebs. is cdilobs, aRniSnos maradiuli da

mouxelTebeli, is, rac mistikuri tendenciebis mqone moZRvrebebSi

(magaliTad, daoizmSi) WeSmarit realobad iTvleba da

konceptualizacias ar eqvemdebareba. metaforas ki ,,miwieri amocana” aqvs.

is obieqtis iseTi saxis SeqmnisTvis aris mowodebuli, romelic mis

latentur arss gamoavlens. metafora realobis gagebas aRrmavebs, xolo

simbolos am realobis sazRvrebs gareT gavyavarT.

sxvadasxva skolisa da avtoris mier niSnisa da simbolos

gansxvavebulma da xSirad sinonimurma gansazRvrebebma gamoiwvia am

terminTa aRreva. saboloo jamSi, Sejerda ra simbolosa da niSnis

gansazRvrebebi, ZiriTad terminad semiotikaSi aRiares niSani, xolo

simbolo _ niSnis saxed ganmartes, romelsac Tavisi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs

da dauSves, rom igi, zog SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iyos niSnis sinonimi.

niSani da simbolo semiotikuri leqsikonis saerTo sakvanZo

sityvebs warmoadgenen da am leqsikonSi gvareobriv terminebad aRiarebis

pretendentebad gvevlinebian. orives agebuleba samkomponenturia _

aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da semiotikuri kavSiri _ struqturis

konstituciuri elementi, romelic niSnis mxareebis urTierTmimarTebebs

,,molaparakebis” Sedegad amyarebs. miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, simbolo da

niSani imdenad gansxvavdebian TavianTi sintaqsuri da semantikuri

distribuciiT, rom isini urTierTSenacvlebadi ar arian da mxolod

Zalze iSviaTad amyareben pirdapir semantikur opoziciur mimarTebebs

erTmaneTTan.

rogorc aRiniSna, simbolos zogadi Tvisebaa niSnisa da

aRsaniSnis erTianoba. magaliTad, lomi Zlierebis simboloa. Zlierebaa

misi Sinaarsi, anu aRsaniSni, xolo TviT lomi misi garegnuli niSania.

Aase usasrulod SegviZlia CamovTvaloT.

Sua saukuneebSi yvelaferi simbolod miaCndaT. Qqveynad ar iyo

raime, rasac adamianisaTvis mxolod erTi mniSvneloba hqonda. U ubralo

wyaro, romliTac kaci wyurvils iklavda, mas cxovrebis wyaroze

18

mianiSnebda. xec sicocxlis Zalas gamoxatavda, xolo varskvlavebi _

zeciur Zalebs.

erTi sityviT, rasac ki xedavdnen, an rasac gaifiqrebdnen,

yvelafers simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. yovel sagans Tavisi

daniSnuleba hqonda, magram amiT aravin kmayofildeboda. saWiro iyo misi

meore mniSvnelobis, raRac dafaruli, ezoTeruli arsis amocnobac.

amgvari ram didi saidumloebebiT aRavsebda yovelives, amave dros,

swored simboloTa meSveobiT iZendnen sagnebi da movlenebi siRrmiseul

mniSvnelobas da ufro masStaburni xdebodnen. simbolos aseTi gageba

gavlenas axdenda mTel imdroindel xelovnebaze.

simboloTa samyaro mdidari da mravalferovania. WeSmaritad,

`sinamdvilisa da cxovrebis yoveli are savsea simbloTa uricxvi

raodenobiT~ (losevi 1973: 191). simboloebi iqmnebian da gamoiyenebian

adamianis mier cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis yovel sferoSi, dawyebuli

yofidan, damTavrebuli sulieriT, romelic isaxavs usazRvro

perspeqtivebs Semoqmedebisa da srulyofis gzaze. Mmis (simbolos) gareSe

warmoudgenelia mecniereba, religia, literatura (gansakuTrebiT,

poezia), xelovneba. simbolo gvxvdeba niSanTa TiTqmis yovel sistemaSi.

`Cveni garemomcveli samyaroc mdidaria bunebrivi simboloebiT. maT,

gansxvavebiT adamianis mier Seqmnili simboloebisagan, `xelTuqmneli~

SegviZlia vuwodoT~ (ivanovi 1987: 336).

simboloTa Zieba da aRmoCena SesaZlebelia yvela im sferoSi,

romelTa wiaRSic mkvidrobs adamiani, magram simbolizaciis mTavar

saSualebad gamoyenebulia bunebisa da adamianTa samyaros ZiriTadi

substanciebi _ sinaTle da sibnele, Zala da uZlureba, sicocxle da

sikvdili, suli da materia, sikeTe da boroteba. yofierebis calkeuli

elementi mTlianad misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba.

andrei beli Tavis gamokvlevaSi `simbolizmi~ aRniSnavs: `simbolo

aris saxe aRebuli bunebidan (cxovrebidan) da gardaqmnili SemoqmedebiT.

is aris saxe, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs Semoqmedis gancdasa da

bunebidan aRebul masalas~ (beli 1910: 8). amis gamoa swored, rom

simbolos ganzogadebuli da ganmazogadebeli xasiaTi aqvs. igi yvela

droisa da yvela xalxisaTvis gasagebia, Tumca sxvadasxva doneze

19

mJRavndeba. Aaqedan momdinareobs warmarTul da qristianul samyaroTa

simboloebis TanakveTa, romelic kosmiurobiTa da universalurobiT

xasiaTdeba. am msgavsebas, romelic adamianTa modgmis erTianobidan

gamomdinareobs da mis SemecnebiT Ziebas asaxavs, seqtantebi da aTeistebi

xSirad profanacias uweven da qristianobaSi warmarTobis SeRwevad

miiCneven. Mmagram maT, vinc simboluri enis msgavsebas eklesiaSi

warmarTobis recidivad miiCnevs, SevaxsenebT, rom qristianoba ver

gamoigonebda axal simbolikas, raRac xelovnuri enis msgavss; es

simbolika ki ara, gaugebari, adamianebisaTvis ucxo ena iqneboda.

rogorc samecniero literaturaSia cnobili, literaturisa da

saxviTi xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTareba gamoyofs mxatvruli saxeebis

sam tips:

1. iqmneba èideturi~ saxeebi. igi ukavSirdeba ìdeas~ (rac

gulisxmobs gamoxatul azrs, berZnulad _ èidos~). aseTi saxeebis

saukeToso nimuSebi gvxvdeba antikur xelovnebaSi, imdroindel

qandakebebSi, xuroTmoZRvrebasa Tu literaturaSi. aq azri da grZnoba

uSualod vlindeba saxis xilul, fizikur raobaSi. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, saxis Sinaarsi, uSualod, plastikaSi Cans. mag., zevsis qandakebani

uSualod avlens mis bunebas. amas safuZvlad udevs miTologia.

2. qristianobis warmoSobis Semdeg damkvidrda èikonuri~

saxismetyveleba (anu xatisebri, berZnuli sityvidan èikon~ _ xati).

eikonuri saxeebi emyareba qristianul moZRvrebas adamianis Sesaxeb,

romlis mixedviT, adamianis suli da xorcieli buneba erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba: suli RvTaebrivia, amaRlebulia da uxilavi, xorcieli

buneba ki _ mdabali da warmavali. èikonuri saxis garegnoba mxolod

miniSnebaa da ver-ki amowuravs missive Sinaars. igi Cven TviTon unda

warmovidginoT~ (siraZe 1998: 17). magaliTad, macxovris nebismieri xatis

RvTaebrivi Sinaarsi Cvenve unda warmovisaxoT TanaSemoqmedebiT.

3. dabolos, sakuTriv mxatvruli gansaxiereba, romelic

uSualod esteTikur safuZvels emyareba da ara mxolod miToss an

qristianul saxismetyvelebas. aseTia axali drois saxismetyveleba;

Tumca TiToeuli zemoT aRniSnuli saxis Serwyma Zalze xSiria xolme.

20

r. siraZe miiCnevs, rom eikonuri, anu xatisebri gansaxovnebaa

mTel agiografiaSi. aq araa Cveulebrivi mxatvruli saxeebi. agiografia

orplanian xatisebur saxeTa sistemaa: maT amqveyniuri Sinaarsic aqvT da

sulieri mniSvnelobac.

Qqristianobam zogadkacobruli simbolika miiRo da Tavisi Rrma

azri Cado Sig. Zvel eklesiaSic da warmarTul samyaroSic anTebdnen

CiraRdnebs, msxverpls swiravdnen RmerTs, locvebs aRavlendnen, magram

iq miznobrivi ideebi da warmodgenebi simbolizebulis Sesaxeb

damaxinjebuli iyo. rac Seexeba Zveli aRTqmis taZrisa da axali aRTqmis

eklesiis simboluri enebis urTierTmimarTebas, marTalia, maT Soris

genetikuri kavSiri SenarCunebulia, magram axali aRTqmis simboloebi

ufro Rrmaa da ierarqiulad ufro maRal safexurzec dgas.

`simboloebad SeiZleba istoriuli movlenebic iqnas gamoyenebuli,

radgan kacobriobis istorias providentuli (winaswar gansazRvruli)

xasiaTi aqvs~ (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 130). istoriis yvelaze

damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi kacobriobisa da samyaros momavali bedis

simboloebad iqcevian xolme.

rogorc aRvniSneT, simbolos iyenebs qristianuli eklesia.

simbolo jer kidev pirvelma qristianebma aiTvises. Mmisi arseboba Zvel

eklesiaSi tradiciulad ori garemoebiT aixsneba. uTiTeben, rom

simboloebs, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTavdnen kerpTmsaxurTa mier

qristianTa devnis gamo, radgan aSkara RvTismsaxureba SeuZlebeli iyo;

pirveli qristianebi saidumlod ikribebodnen erToblivi locvisaTvis

da axali religiis Sinaarss simboloebis saSualebiT gamoxatavdnen.

simbolikis ganviTarebis meore mizezi iyo xalxis erTi nawilis

arasakmarisi mzadyofna da meoreTa jer kidev Camouyalibebeli swrafva

gamouTqmel, RvTaebriv saidumloebaTa misawvdomad. `saxarebis mosmena, _

wers am sakiTxis Sesaxeb kirile ierusalimeli,_ yvelasaTvis

nebadarTulia, magram madli saxarebisa mxolod WeSmarit qristianebze

gadmodis. amitomac maT, ramelTac ar SeswevT Zala gagebisa, ufali

igavebiT esaubreboda, mowafeebs ki, calke uxsnida igavebs, radgan is,

rac Suqia madlisa naTelRebulTaTvis, sibrmavea urwmunoTaTvis.

Yyoveli saidumlo, romelsac eklesia gauwyebs Sen, kaTakmevlobis

21

gamsrulebels, ar gaendoba warmarTs, ar gadaecema mas saidumlo

swavleba mamaze, Zesa da suliwmindaze. kaTakmevlebsac ar velaparakebiT

saidumloebebis Sesaxeb pirdapir da xSirad rames SefarviT vambobT,

mcodne morwmuneebi gulisxmahyofen, ucodinrebs ki ara evnebaT ra~

(kirile ierusalimeli 1855: 103).

analogiur gafrTxilebebs vxvdebiT wminda irineos lionelis,

klimenti aleqsandrielisa da tertulianes TxzulebebSi.

qristianuli simbolizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, klimenti

aleqsandrieli, marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom SeniRbuli (simboluri)

anbani (kriptografia) damaxasiaTebeli iyo jer kidev egviptelebisaTvis,

romelTac weris sami urTierTisagan gansxvavebuli saSualeba hqondaT

da qristianebmac maTgan aiTvises igi; wminda mama dawvrilebiT

mimoixilavs maT. unda iTqvas, rom erT-erTi pirveli damamkvidrebeli

qristianobaSi am `SeniRbuli anbanisa~ iyo TviT klimenti

aleqsandrieli.

klimenti aleqsandriels mizanSewonilad miaCnia aseTi SeniRbva

sarwmunoebisa da, swored amitom, is iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,

romelmac qristianul `simbolizmSi~ wvlili Seitana. mis mier

dadgenili tradiciiT, qristianebi TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi

saidumloebis SeniRbvis mizniT dogmebsa da principebs orazrovnad,

pirobiTad gamoxatavdnen. eklesia iZulebuli iyo mTavari dogmebi

daemala ara marto cnobismoyvare warmarTebisaTvis, aramed, nawilobriv,

Tavis axalmoqceuli wevrebisaganac, romelTa simtkiceSi jer kidev ar

iyo darwmunebuli. es iyo eklesiis mamaTa mier mtkiced dadgenili wesi,

raTa sarwmunoebis sibrZne, romelTac ukeTurni ver gaigebdnen da ver

daafasebdnen, ar yofiliyo Sebilwuli. amas gulisxmobs iesoc: `nu

miscemT siwmindesa Cemsa ZaRlTa, nuca daufenT margalitsa Tquensa

winaSe RorTa, nuukue daTrgunon igi ferÃTa maTiTa da mogeqcen da

gangxeTqen~ (maT. 7, 6).

rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs a. uvarovi (uvarovi 1908), eklesiis

mamebi sruliad mizanSewonilad cdilobdnen religiuri dogmebis

Sesaxeb elaparakaT SefarviT, gansakuTrebiT, e. w. saeklesio

`saidumloebaTa~ Sesaxeb, raTa is yvelasaTvis gasagebi ar yofiliyo.

22

yvelaferi, rac exeboda rva wminda saidumlos, gadaecemoda

mxolod WeSmarit qristians da mas icavdnen metismeti simtkiciT. yovel

uxerxul sityvas, yovel uxerxul frazas SeeZlo moulodnelad

daerRvia es wesi. yovelgvari uxerxuloba ki mdgomareobda azris

naTlad gadmocemaSi. amitom cdilobdnen, epovaT gansakuTrebuli

pirobiTi sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, romlebic garkveul azrs naTlad

gadascemda morwmuneebs da, amave dros, urwmunoTaTvis darCeboda

gamoucnobi, gaugebari.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,sityvis semantikuri velis ierarqiis SreTa

gasaazreblad mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod TviT enobriv monacemebs,

aramed saxviTi xelovnebis saxeTa paradigmulobasac” (demusi 1970:

111).Gsityvier gansaxovnebas bevri aqvs saerTo freskasTan, xatTan,

xuroTmoZRvrebasTn. taZarTa freskuli moxatulobis paradigmuli

mizandasaxuloba mravalmxriv ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu visdamia

miZRvnili taZari da ra tipis liturgiaa misTvis wamyvani. taZarSi

nebismieri gansaxovnebisa da nebismieri liturgiis saerTo mizania

soflis da zesoflis dakavSireba. amave azriT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

sasuliero mwerlobaSi nebismieri sityvieri gansaxovneba, upirveles

yovlisa, liturgikulia da mxolod amis Semdeg da amis farglebSi

SeiZleba iyos esTetikuri. swored amitom gvinda oriode sityviT

SevexoT xatis simbolur mniSvnelobas. rogorc ieroglifia Sualeduri

rgoli arssa da naxats Soris, iseve xati iTavsebs Tavis TavSi

simbolosa da suraTis Tvisebebs. xati mravalplaniania, zogjer es

perspeqtivis uqonlobiT, anu sivrcis iluzoruli aRqmiT miiRweva,

zogjer ki ramdenime urTierTgamsWvalavi sferos moxazviT.

erTplanianoba da vizualuri perspeqtivis arseboba xatweris principebis

darRvevaa da did asparezs iZleva religiuri profanaciisTvis.A

amrigad, xati arc sulieri samyaros ferweruli gadmocemaa da

arc ganyenebuli niSani, esaa mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis mistikuri

gamocdilebis mxatvruli idioma. xats ramdenime aspeqti aqvs:

informaciuli, fsiqologiuri, mistikuri, soteriologiuri da

esqatologiuri. informaciul planSi xati vizualuri saxeebiT

dawerili wignia. sulieri samyaros substancia (arseba) gamouTqmelia,

23

magram nu dagvaviwydeba, rom materialuri samyaroc gamouTqmelia Tavisi

arsebiT da moqmedebisa da Tvisebebis saSualebiT gadmoicema. adamiani

materialuri sagnis arss ki ar aRiqvams, aramed mis dinamikur-

energetikul gamovlinebas da mxolod amis Semdeg axdens mis

transformirebas sagnad, (mag: sxivuri talRebisas - ferebad da bgerebad

da a.S.). sulieri samyaros gadmocema sityviT SeuZlebelia, magram Cven

gvaqvs wminda werili, rogorc TviT sulieri samyaros gamocxadeba

adamianuri enis doneze, bgerebisa da grafikis sistemaSi ,,xati da biblia

RmerTTan Tanaziarebis gzaa... xati da eklesiis moxatuloba bibliis

analogiaa vizualur aspeqtSi” (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 128)

xatis meore, anu fsiqologiur aspeqts, asociaciaTa rTuli

sistemis saSualebiT aRviqvamT. masSi Cveni emociuri sferoa CarTuli.

sagani, romelic Cvens axlobels ekuTvnis, imiTaa Zvirfasi, rom mis Tavs

gvagonebs. sayvareli adamianis portreti misi CvenTan yofnis gancdas

badebs. amitom, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, xati locvisas gonebis

Semokrebas da Cveni religiuri grZnobis aqtualizacias uwyobs xels.

xatis mniSvnelobis uaryofa am racionalur planSic ki SeuZlebeli

iqneboda.

xats mistikuri da soteriologiuri xasiaTic aqvs, igi wmindanis

saxesTanaa SeerTebuli. wmindanis hipostasi mis xatSi gansakuTrebuli

sulier-energetikuli velis saSualebiT vlindeba. am azriT, xati ZalTa,

kurnebaTa da saswaulTa wyaroa, es kargadaa cnobili eklesiis

istoriaSi da amitomac ewodeba zogierT xats _ saswaulmoqmedi.

sagulisxmoa xatis esqatologiuri aspeqtic: esaa adamianis

momavali feriscvaleba suli wmidiT. xati aris kosmosis momavali

gansulierebis idea, rodesac bolo moeReba sulisa da materiis

dapirispirebulobas. umaRles simbolos da am fernacvalebi kosmosis

xats taZari warmoadgens. ,,simbolo aris kavSiri da urTierTqmedebis

saSualeba, materialursa da suliers, warmavalsa da maradiuls,

Seqmnilsa da xelTuqmnels, SemosazRvrulsa da absoluturs Soris”

(arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 129).

rac Seexeba adamianis sxeulis nawilTa gamoxatvas, gvinda

aRvniSnoT, rom aqac udides ,,simbolizms’’ vawydebiT. saxe da Tavi zecis

24

simboloa, sulis simboloa xeli. calke mtevani aris wyalobis simbolo.

freskis kuTxeSi xSirad aris xolme moxatuli aseTi makurTxebeli xeli.

aseve, freskaze adamianis cal Tvalsac vnaxavT xolme mixatuls. esec

simbolurad aRiqmeba, masSi Cvensken mopyrobili wyalobis mzera

igulisxmeba.

xorcieli buneba, adamianis sxeuli, misi garegnoba ver avlens

misive sulier bunebas. ,,sxeulidan mxolod xelebi da Tvalebi miaCndaT

sulis gamomxatvelad. adamianis xelebs etyobao sulis moZraoba, xolo

Tvalebi – sulis sarkeao. TvalebSi Cans kacis sikeTe an boroteba.

adamianis suli TvalebiT gamoanaTebs sxeulidano” (siraZe 1987: 5).

suls da Tvalebs RmerTsa da mzes adareben. Tvali mzes

emsgavseba, xolo suli _ RmerTs. Tvali sulis sarkmeliao, suli ki

zecas eswrafvis. amitom, keTili Tvali mipyrobilia zecisken. ase

xatavdnen freskebs – keTili Tvali sikeTes xedavs, sikeTis damnaxavi

Tvali mSvenierebasa sWvrets da TviTonac mSvenierdeba.

gansxvavebulia adamianis gamoxatva antikur samyaroSi. Zveli

berZeni xelovanis Tvali mSveniers, suliers mxolod materialurSi,

miwierSi, sxeulSi eZebs. lesings mohyavs erTi Zveli epigramatistis

sityvebi maxinji garegnobis kacis Sesaxeb: ,,vin moisurvebs dagxatos Sen,

roca dasanaxavad ezarebi yvelas” (lesingi 1957: 80). igi ase axasiaTebs

antikur esTetikur normas: gonieri berZeni ganuwesebs mas (xelovans)

ufro viwro sazRvrebs (axal drosTan SedarebiT) da amocanad usaxavs

mas mxolod mSvenier sxeulTa gansaxierebas. berZeni xelovani arafers

gamoxatavda, garda silamazisa... berZeni xelovanis namuSevarSi

momxibvleli unda yofiliyo srulyofileba TviTon sagnisa.

sul sxva rames vkiTxulobT Cven, magaliTad, Sua saukunis

ikonografiasa an arqiteqturaSi, arafers vambobT literaturaze, sadac

garegnuli materialuroba gamoxatavs ara sakuTar Tavs, aramed raRac

suliers, rac sxeulze maRla dgas da masSi poulobs Tavis mxolod

miaxloebul gamoxatulebas. ,,amisdakvalad, obieqturi ganuyofloba

sxeulis silamazisa TviT sxeulisagan, roca Sinagani Sinaarsi

maincdamainc isev imave sxeulad gvevlineba, aris arsebiTi Tavisebureba

antikuri silamazisa” (farulava 1982: 16).

25

qristianuli xelovneba uars ambobs klasikuri xelovnebis

ganuyofel mTlianobaze, ramdenadac man moipova Sinaarsi, romelic

klasikuri xelovnebis formisa da gamoxatvis miseuli saSualebebis

sazRvrebidan gamodis.

SeuZlebeli iyo, rom xelovnebis saxeebSi fizikur silamazes ar

daexia ukana planze da ar gadasuliyo Tavis sapirispiro

adgilmdebareobaSic ki. dadga dro sxva silamazis Ziebisa, romelic

aRqmuli da gamoxatuli iqneboda sxvagvarad. am xelovnebisaTvis ucxoa

siyvaruli naturaluri, normaluri formebis silamazisadmi, swrafva

cxovrebisaken, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia samyarosTvis. igi amjobinebda

STagonebuli eqstazis gamoxatvas ulamazo, galeul sxeulSi.

,,warmodgenac ki lamazi garegnobisa, lamazi sxeulisa, garkveul

disproporciulobas da deformacias ukavSirdeba. es TvalsaCinoa ara

marto goTikaSi, aramed, agreTve, magaliTad, bizantiur xelovnebaSi:

saxeebi pawawina tuCebiT, gazviadebuli, viwro cxviriT da Zalian didi

TvalebiT, wagrZelebuli, wvrili, moxrili figurebi” (egorovi 1960: 264).

qarTul qristianul xelovnebaSi am axal, zogadesTetikur

tendencias sanimuSod gamoxatavs, magaliTad, Weduri xati zarzmidan,

romelzec uflis feriscvalebaa gamoxatuli (IXs.). akad. g. CubinaSvili

amis Taobaze wers: ,,zarzmis feriscvalebis xatis figurebi ara marto

yovelgvar plastikurobas da moculobas arian moklebulni, aramed sust

reliefsac ki. Cven winaSea sakuTriv xazobrivi naxati... amgvarad,

gamoxatulad moxazulia figuris konturi. figuris mTeli SigniTa

mxatvroba mocemulia xSiri xazobrivi gamkafoebiT tansacmlis naoWebisa;

TviT saxeebi figurebisa Sesrulebuli iyo ubralod saRebavebiT, e.i.

principulad uaryofdnen plastikurobas” (CubinaSvili 1959: 37-38).

axalma drom silamazis axali gageba moitana, mniSvnelovanwilad

Rrma da iseTi sferoebis mimwvdomeli, romelic misi gziT da mis Semdeg

gaxda nawili adamianurobis cnebisa.

,,sxeuli, romelsac mzeras miapyrobs qristianuli msoflaRqma,

TvaliT saWvreti ki ara, aramed Sinaganadaa SegrZnobili. es aris saxe

tanjuli sxeulisa, wamebulis sxeulisa, oRond romelSic cocxlobs

iseTi ,,sisxlismieri”, ,,mSobliuri”, ,,guliTadi” siTbo intimurobisa,

26

romelic ucxoa elinuri aTletis statuirebulad saCveneblad

gadmodgmuli sxeulisaTvis” (farulava 1882: 19).

ganixilavs ra bizantiur ferweras, lazarevi aRniSnavs: ,,Tavi,

rogorc centri sulieri gamoxatulebisa, xdeba figuris dominanti,

imorCilebs ra yvela danarCen nawils. sxeuli mTlianad gadadis meore

planze da gadaiqceva TiTqmis uwono sidided, romelic imaleba

tansaburavisa da Txeli naoWebis miRma. maTi xazobrivi ritmika

ganyenebulia da iracionalur xasiaTs amJRavnebs. imave gansxvavebul

rols, rasac antikur qandakebaSi TamaSobs torsi, bizantiur xatze

asrulebs Tavi” (lazarevi 1986: 32).

Tavis kompoziciaSi ki aqcentirebulia maRali Subli da

xazgasmulia farTo Tvalebi, sadac, ZiriTadad, sulieri Sinaarsia

koncentrirebuli. Tvalebi is sarkmelia, romliTac vuyurebT gmirs

sulSi da romliTac, meore mxriv, gmiris Sinagani samyaro aSuqebs.

yuradReba eqceva kidurebis, gansakuTrebiT, mtevnis damuSavebas.

wagrZelebuli xelis nervuli Jestikulacia, rTul Sinagan cxovrebaze

miuTiTebs. Zvel qarTul xelovnebaSi ase warmogvidgebian daviT garejis,

beTaniis, ubisis freskis wmindanebi, iSxnis, berTis, martvilis Wedur

nimuSebze gamosaxuli figurebi jvarcmulisa. marTlmadidebluri

xatebis simbolikaSi ar aris araviTari TviTneburi saxovneba, ar aris

naturalizmi. is savsebiT Seesabameba Semecnebisa da sulier

substanciebTan miaxloebis adamianur SesaZleblobebs. aseTi simbolika

SeiZleba ganviTardes mxolod RvTaebriv-adamianuri Semoqmedebis

Sedegad, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac adamianis Zalebi

gadasxvaferebuli da gasulierebulia, rodesac adamians ZaluZs

,,gonieri” xedva samyarosi.

devna, qristianuli simboloebis warmoSobis erT-erTi mizezi,

Sewyda IV saukuneSi, RvTaebriv saidumloebaTa araswori ganmartebani ki

dRemde arsebobs. Aamitom yovelTvis ZalaSia wminda ziarebis dros

warmoTqmuli locvis sityvebi: àrca mterTa vuTxra saidumlo Seni~.

Oori zemoaRniSnuli mizeziT bolomde ver avxsniT simboloebis

gamoyenebis safuZvels qristianul eklesiaSi. ibadeba uamravi kiTxva,

27

romlebic erT mTavar SekiTxvamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT: riTaa

gamowveuli simboloTa aucilebloba eklesiis WeSmariti wevrisaTvis?

aq ki simbolos bunebas da mis mniSvnelobas unda SevexoT.

pirvel saukuneebSi simboloTa cdiseulma wvdomam asaxva pova

wminda dionise areopagelisa da wminda maqsime aRmsareblis TxulebebSi.

samwuxarod, wminda dionises erTi SromaTagani – `simboluri

RvTismetyveleba~ dakargulia. gviandel moRvaweTagan simbolos

problemas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo mRvdelma pavle

florenskim.

qristianuli simbolos mniSvneloba liturgikuli xasiaTis

TiTqmis yovel naSromSi SegviZlia amovikiTxoT. maTSi simbolos

mniSvneloba, Cveulebriv, Semdegnairadaa axsnili: `simbolo migvaniSnebs

sulieri samyaros movlenebze, bibliur da saeklesio istoriul

faqtebze, gvexmareba yuradRebis koncentraciaSi locvisas~ (ivanovi 1987:

368).

mwerlisTvis, da gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebis mwerlisTvis,

araistoriuli, zogadi informaciis wyaro bibliaa; magram, amasTanave,

igi realoba, samyaros sqema, konstruqciaa. realuri da sakraluri

istoria erTmaneTTan mWidro da arsebiT kavSirSia, radgan xSir

SemTxvevaSi tropi Tavisi reminiscenciebiT ufro metad gamoxatavs

movlenis arss _ samyaros msgavsad Tavisi mravalferovnebiT da

mniSvnelobiT _ vidre mkacr CarCoebSi moqceuli cneba, erTmniSvnelovani

sityva; mwerlis mier damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli bibliuri codna

Txrobas siRrmes aZlevs, qmnis garkveul qveteqsts, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

gasaRebia sinamdvilis sibrZniT SecnobisaTvis.

bibliuri saxismetyvelebiTi sqemebi tradiciulia da, kanonikuri

teqstebis msgavsad, ucvleli, magram igi ar gamoricxavs axali,

originaluri saxe-simboloebis Seqmnas an sxva kulturul memkvidreobaSi

arsebulis bibliur sibrZnesTan daqvemdebarebas. amisi magaliTi

araerTia, rogorc mwerlobaSi, aseve mxatvrobasa da sxva tipis

saxelovnebo dargebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bibliuri SexedulebiT

samyarosa da kacobriobis istoria teleologiuri procesia, swored

teleologiurobis gamo igi ganfenilia RvTaebriv, miuwvdomel,

28

universalur droSi. igi marad arsebuli realobaa _ gamoxatuli

konkretul situaciaSi, konkretul movlenaSi, konkretul sityvaSi.

simbolo gvexmareba RvTis gonebiT SemecnebaSi. yovelive es, ra

Tqma unda, Seesabameba simbolos bunebasa da mis Sinaarss, magram ver

amowuravs simbolos mTel arss, romelic mowodebulia ara mxolod

gamosaxos, migvaniSnos an gvaswavlos, aramed, upirveles yovlisa,

gvaziaros im realobas, romelsac simbolo warmoadgens.

wminda dionise areopageli `ciuri ierarqiis” Sesaxeb saubrisas

acxadebs, rom SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad gamobrwyindes RmerTmTavrobis

zeamzidveli Saravandi, Tu ara `wminda fardebis~ feradovnebaSi

dafaruli, sadac, mamiseul winagangebiT, Cveni bunebis Sesabamisad

gardaiqmneba igi.

`saidumloddasabamma sjuldebam ciur ierarqiaTa zekosmiuri

msgavsebis Rirsad gamoaCina Cveni wmindaTawminda mRvdelmTavroba,

amasTan, xsenebuli aramiwieri ierarqiebi nivTieri saxeebiTa da xatovani

SezavebebiT gaamravalferovna da ise gadmogvca Cven. Aam uwmindesi

gamosaxulebis gziT, SeZlebisdagvarad zeavizidebiT martiv da usaxo

msgavsebaTa wiaR, radganac Cvens gonebas ar Seswevs Zala miemsgavsos

aramiwier ciur ierarqiebs da ganWvritos isini, Tuki igi ar isargeblebs

misTvis Cveuli miwieri saxeebiT. xiluli silamaze unda aRviqvaT,

rogorc uxilavi mSvenierebis gamoxatuleba. aseve grZnobadi surneleba

saxea goniseuli mimokmevisa” (dionise areopageli 1987: 207). (terminebi

υοητός da υοερός, romlebic, zogadad, zeciur, sulier Zalebs aRniSnaven,

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli gulisxmobs mas, rac

`Sesacnobia~, xolo meore _ Tavad `Semcnobels~, `Semmecnebels~.

Aaramiwieri naTliscemis xatad nivTieri naTeli gvevlineba. Ggonebiseul

mWvretelobiT sisavses ganmartebiTi samRvdelo swavlani gamosaxavs,

RvTivharmoniul da Sewyobil wesrigs _ aqaur ganwesebaTa simwyobre,

iesosTan ziarebas _ usaRvToesi evqaristiis miReba. Kkidev sxvac aris

amgvari, rac RvTiur arsebebs kosmiuri saxiT, Cven ki simbolurad

gadmogvecema~ (dionise areopageli 1987: 207-208).

Tavad ufalma _ `kacTmoyvare saidumlod dasabamobam~ _ Cveni

SeZlebisdagvari ganRmrTobis mizniT gamogviCina ciuri ierarqiebic. am

29

gziT vmaRldebiT grZnobadidan gonebisken, wmindaTSeZerwili

simboloebidan _ ciur ierarqiaTa `martivi mwvervalebisken~.

berZnuli sityva σσύμβολον _ Semdegi mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba:

pirobiTi niSani, niSan-Tviseba, niSani, emblema, simboluri gamonaTqvami

da sxv. zmnaSi σσυμβαλλοω (Sekreba, mierTeba, mirTmeva, xelis Sewyoba,

SeerTeba, Sexvedra, Tanxvedra da sxv.), romlisganac nawarmoebia sityva

`simbolo~, ufro mkveTrad Cans am sityvis azri.

ra aris simbolos safuZveli? miwiersa da sulier samyaros erTi

Semoqmedi hyavs. Mmiwieri samyaros (kosmosis) mizania feriscvaleba,

gansuliereba da sulier sferosTan erTianobis miRweva, harmoniuli

TanaSewyvileba.

`RvTaebrivi sibrZniT Seqmnili materialuri samyaro simboloTa

ierarqiul sistemas warmoadgens da am simboloebSi Cadebulia

informacia maradiulisa da maradisobis, soflisa da misi Semoqmedis

daniSnulebis Sesaxeb~ (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 122).

aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianul simboloSi erTmaneTs xvdeba da

erTiandeba ori realoba: materialuri da sulieri, fizikuri (simbolos

`garegnuli~ mxare) da metafizikuri (sulieri Sinaarsi). aseTi erTianoba

SesaZlebelia. is ar gamoricxavs grZnobad da goniT Sesacnob samyaroTa

sxvadasxva bunebas da, amasTan erTad, gvexmareba, gadavWraT maTi

winaaRmdegoba.

am sinTezis gageba mxolod winaaRmdegobaTa damTxvevis

dialeqtikiTaa SesaZlebeli. marTlac, Tumca es ori samyaro

ganusazRvreladaa daSorebuli, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs;

gvaqvs ori principuli sabuTi maTi erTianobisaTvis. Ppirveli _

`grZnobadi~ samyaro RvTis Seqmnilia da, rogorc aseTi, is axlobeli da

Zvirfasia SemoqmedisaTvis, misi erTianoba RmerTTan ara marto

SesaZlebeli, aramed aucilebelicaa. meore _ Ze RvTisa da Ze kacisa, anu

qristes saxiT aseTi erTianoba ukve ganxorcielebulia.

simbolo adamians materialuri samyaros saSualebiT yofierebis

sulier sawyiss aziarebs, radgan `xilulni saganni _ rogorc wers

wminda dionise areopageli _ gamovlenilni xatni arian uxilav saganTa~

(averincevi 1977: 331). `xiluli~ da ùxilavi~ fundamenturi diqotomaa

30

(berZ. dichotomia _ mTelis gayofa orad) qristianobisa (misi saSualebiTaa

aRwerili samyaro nikea-konstantinepolis rwmenis simboloSi: ,,yovelTa

xilulTa da uxilavTa~. swored am diqotomis gamoa saWiro simbolos,

anu xatis mediacia (Suamavloba). simbolo aucilebelia imitomac, rom is

emsaxureba RvTaebriv saidumloTa gacxadebas, romelTa aRwera da

gamoxatva sxva gziT SeuZlebelia.

simbolo aris ra mniSvnelovani mxatvruli xerxi, amave dros,

SesaniSnavi saSualebaa azrovnebis gamoxatvisa, romelsac

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia religiis istoriaSi. andrei belis

dakvirvebiT, simbolo gamoxatavs ideas da ver ki amowuravs mas,

gamoxatavs grZnobas, romelic ver daiyvaneba emociamde (beli 1910: 8)

Cveni mxridan davamatebdiT _ simboluri azrovneba aris misticizmis

safuZveli.

mistikuri warmosaxvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizezTagani

aris simboluri azrovneba, romelmac gansakuTrebuli gamovlena hpova

religiaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli religiuri da, miTumetes,

mistikuri Semecneba, iZulebulia, Seqmnas sakralur niSanTa da

simboloTa sistema, romlis gareSec mas ar SeuZlia aRweros Tavisi

`gamouTqmeli~ Sinaarsi. amasTanave, qristianuli niSnebiTa da

simboloebiT gamowveuli sulieri zemoqmedeba principulad

gansxvavebulia sxva religiebSi arsebuli simboloebiT aRZruli

gancdebisagan.

ar unda vifiqroT, rom, radgan simbolos `garegnuli mxare~

gadmogvcems sulier realobas, TiTqos, igi hgavs kidec am realobas,

magram araviTar `msgavsebaze~ aq ar SeiZleba iyos laparaki.

simbolo realisturi gamosaxvis forma araa, rom misi

pirvelsaxesTan maqsimaluri msgavseba moviTxovoT. simbolos arsi da

buneba ar gamomdinareobs garegnuli saxidan; is bevrad ufro Rrma da

mravlismomcvelia. Aase rom, sruliadac ara aris aucilebeli simbolos

garegnuli mxaris xelovnurad galamazeba. igi SeZleba iyos ubralo,

sqematuri, magram mas moeTxoveba arsebiToba da originaloba. simbolo

unda miuTiTebdes misgan sruliad gansxvavebul saganze da yuradRebas

31

unda amaxvilebdes am sagnis ara garegnul mxareze, aramed Sinaganze,

arsebiTze.

simboloebi SeiZleba gamoisaxos nivTierebis Tundac yvelaze

uRirsi nawilebiT, movlenis yvelaze uRirsi mxareebiT; TviT maTac xom

WeSmaritad mSvenierma mianiWa arseboba! Aamqveyniur nivTTa da movlenaTa

mTeli wesrigic, garkveulwilad, swored gonismieri simSvenieris

gamoZaxilia. amitomac, `ZalgviZs avmaRldeT univTo pirvelsaxeebamde~,

Tumca, rogorc iTqva, aseT dros msgavsebani umsgavsod unda aRviqvaT

(igulisxmeba, rom TviT iseTi simboloebic ki, romelnic, TiTqosda,

WeSmaritad Sehferis RvTiur arsebebs (magaliTad: ciuri Zalebis

warmodgena naTlisferi da elvare samosiT damSvenebul kacebad),

sinamdvileSi iseve Sors dgas maTdami msgavsebisagan, rogorc aSkarad

umsgavso simboloebi (magaliTad: RvTis gamosaxva klded, gzad, cxvrad...).

wminda dionises azriT, e. w. `Rirseuli xatwera~ ufro

macdunebelia, vidre umsgavso simboloebi, radgan es ukanasknelni TviT

yvelaze miwierma adamianmac ki ar SeiZleba RvTis WeSmarit

gamovlinebebad miiCnios, isic uTuod arapirdapir, simbolur azrs Cadebs

masSi.

Mmisi azriT, amgvari Rirseuli msgavsxatovnebac ki, sinamdvileSi,

odnavadac ver emsgavseba RvTis bunebas. Sesabamisad, saWiroa isini

ùmsgavso~ xatebad miviCnioT, anu uarvyoT TviT yvelaze ufro

aRmatebuli msgavsebani da am gziT RvTiuri bunebis absoluturi

gamosaxuleba da gamousaxveloba, miumsgavsebloba SevicnoT.

amasTan, igiveoba ki ar unda mivaniWoT maT, aramed gavmijnoT isini

goniseuli da grZnobadi bunebis Sesabamisad (igulisxmeba, rom erTsa da

imave simbolos saxismetyveleba gansxvavebuli aqvs, roca igi grZnobad,

materialur samyaros miemarTeba da roca RvTiur arsebebs ukavSirdeba).

simbolos garegnuli mxare yovelTvis xelmisawvdomi,

`zogadadamianuri~ unda iyos. simbolos gadatvirTva zedmeti detalebiTa

da wvrilmanebiT araTu xels uwyobs mis aRqmas, aramed, piriqiT. aseTi

gadatvirTva, rogorc miuTiTebs pavle florenski, Cveulebriv, gvxvdeba

maSin, rodesac simbolos Semqmnels ara aqvs sakmarisi sulieri

gamocdileba da TvalTaxedva~ (florenski 1972: 109); amgvari Semqmneli

32

fiqrobs, rom `saRvTismetyvelo sistemis sirTule~, TiTqos, simbolos

WeSmariti simdidrea da, amitom, mTel Tavis yuradRebas garegnul

detalizacias uTmobs. Ggaregnuli konkretizacia ki am SemTxvevaSi, rac

unda paradoqsuli iyos es, Sinagan siRaribed gvevlineba. aseT simbolos

ar Seswevs Zala, adamiani RmerTamde aamaRlos, is mxolod kvebavs mis

STambeWdaobas, TviTon ki gamsWvalulia racionalizmiTa da

grZnobierebiT.

Aaqedan gamomdinare, Tumca simbolo garegnulad ar hgavs imas,

rasac gamoxatavs, magram nebismieri saxis ar SeiZleba iyos. qristianuli

simbolika emorCileba kanonikur formebs, romlebic SemuSavebulia

zeSTagonebis, wminda mamebis gamocdilebisa da WeSmaritad saeklesio

tradiciebis safuZvelze. Kkanonikuri formebi ar aviwroveben

simboloebis Semoqmedebas. es formebi yvelaze metad bunebrivni arian,

ìsini haerovanni arian da mZimdebian yoveli SemTxveviT xelisSemSleli

moZraobiT. rac ufro myari da Zlieria kanoni, miT ufro Rrmad da

mkafiod gamoxatavs zogadadamianur sulier moTxovnebs~ (florenski

1972: 109).

IV saukunis damdegs qristianoba oficialur sarwmunoebad

gamocxadda. am garemoebam farTo asparezi gadauSala saRvTismetyvelo

azrovnebis ganviTarebas da saeklesio mwerlobis ayvavebas. am etapamde

eklesia mTel Tavis energias andomebda warmarTobasTan brZolas da

sakuTari arsebobis dacvas, axla ki mas saSualeba mieca, gaeRrmavebina

morwmuneTa SegnebaSi qristianobis Sinaarsi, Camoeyalibebina dogmatebi

da yovelmxriv ganemarta saqristiano moZRvrebis umTavresi wyaro _

saRmrTo werili.

IV-V saukuneebSi moRvaweobda bevri SesaniSnavi mwerali, romelTa

Sromebic samagaliTodaa aRiarebuli Semdegi droisaTvis. amis gamo, es

periodi cnobili aris istoriaSi saqristiano mwerlobis klasikur

oqros xanad. aRniSnul xanaSi iyo ori mniSvnelovani saRvTismetyvelo

skola: aleqsandriisa da antioqiisa. am skolebs axasiaTebda sakuTari

saegzegetiko meTodebi. aleqsandriis skolaSi damkvidrebuli iyo

alegoriuli (Zveli qarTuli terminologiiT, `saxis-metyuelebiTi~)

33

meTodi, romelic saRmrTo teqstSi eZebda uaRresad saidumlo azrs. is

ufro misticizmisaken iyo midrekili.

antioqiis skolaSi, piriqiT, miRebuli iyo realisturi meTodi,

romelic alegorias uaryofda da saRmrTo werilSi mxolod imas

xedavda, ris danaxvac SeuZlia adamianis gonebas. amitom am skolas ufro

enaTesaveboda racionalizmi, rac naTlad gamoixata arianobis wvalebaSi.

aRniSnuli drois ufro cnobili egzegetebi arian: epifane

kvipreli, efrem asuri, aTanase aleqsandrieli, basili didi, diodore

tarseli, grigol noseli, ioane oqropiri, evsuqi ierusalimeli, kirile

aleqsandrieli, Teodorite kvireli da sxva.

qristianul Sua saukuneebSi farTod gavrcelebul alegoriuli

interpretaciis meTods safuZveli Cauyares filon aleqsandrielma,

klimenti aleqsandrielma, origenem, magram mis mesaZirkvled miiCneven

pavle mociquls.

qristianul dogmatikaSi simbolosTan erTad metad didi adgili

uWiravs alegorias da xSir SemTxvevaSi azrovnebis gamoxatvis es ori

xerxi imdenad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli, rom maTi gaTiSva, gamijvna

SeuZlebeli xdeba.

Zveli aRTqmis wignebis alegoriuli ganmartebebi sistemurad

warmodgenilia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aleqsandriul skolaSi, jer kidev

filonTan, xolo misi skolis warmomadgenlebi da mimdevrebi kidev ufro

arTulebdnen da azustebdnen am meTods. filonis sam wignSi àlegoriis

Sesaxeb~, agreTve wignebSi qerubimebis Sesaxeb da patriarqebis

biografiaSi Camoyalibebulia wminda wignebis ganmartebebis alegoriuli

meTodi. yovel movlenaSi filoni pirdapiri, materialuri mniSvnelobis

iqiT xedavs gadakvriT naTqvam, ganyenebul mniSvnelobas, ase rom, misi

ganmarteba ki ar xsnis wminda wignebis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobas,

aramed warmogvidgens simbolo-alegoriad; teqsti ar eqvemdebareba

kritikul garCevas, igi avtors aZlevs saSualebas, ganmartebis safarqveS

ganaviTaros sakuTari Teoriebi. filoni tipuri elinisti ebraelia,

misTvis mose udidesi avtoritetia da metwilad misi saxeliT

laparakobs. filonis mtkicebiT, moses wignebSia moTavsebuli sruli

WeSmariteba, rac ki aris yvela filosofosTan erTad aRebuli, da

34

amitom filosofiis marTebuli meTodia striqonebs Soris amokiTxva da

ganmarteba wminda wignebisa. cnobili bibiliuri ambavi, rom abrams Svili

eyola colis – saras msaxuri agarisagan, xolo Semdeg kanonieri

colisagan, filons gaazrebuli aqvs Semdegnairad: kanonieri colisagan

Svilis yola ebrauli rwmenaa, xolo agarsagan _ es berZnuli

filosofiaa da moxda maTi Serwymao.

ebraul dResaswaulebs, filonis azriT, aqvs ormagi mniSvneloba.

magaliTad, ,,maTi nacionaluri dResaswauli: paseqis dros aRiniSneba

gaTavisufleba egviptelTa monobisagan da, amave dros, es zeimia sulisa,

romelic gaTavisuflda vnebebisagan” (trubeckoi 1901: 173).

filonisaTvis yoveli sakuTari saxeli aris alegoria: eva

sicocxlis, kaeni _ SeZenis, iakobi _ dabrkolebis da a.S. ara marto

adamianebi, aramed cxovelebic garkveuli cnebis gamomxatvelni arian:

vefxvi _ vnebis, aqlemi _ maxsovrobis da a.S.

abramis mier ciknis, cxvrisa da Txis Sewirva alegoriulad

niSnavs suls, gonebas, grZnobas. Zveli aRTqmis calkeuli gamoTqmebi

filons saSualebas aZlevs, mTeli traqtati Camoayalibos. noes

simTvrales miuZRvna ori wigni, romelTagan meore dakargulia. is

arkvevs, Tu ra aris simTvrale misi sulieri mniSvnelobiT. ra aris

siSiSvle da ramdennairia igi. sayuradReboa agreTve traqtati ,,gaqcevisa

da povnis Sesaxeb”. filoni dawvrilebiT Cerdeba im adgilze, sadac

naTqvamia, rom angelosma agari naxa wyarosTan: aanalizebs, Tu ras

niSnavs povna, naxva, xolo imis Semdeg aRniSnavs, rom wyaros aqvs xuTi

mniSvneloba; filonma dagvitova mTeli teqstis detaluri, alegoriuli

ganmarteba. TviT samyaro, filonis azriT, aris RvTaebis saxeTa Tqma,

misi alegoriuli gamocxadeba da netaria is, vinc amaRldeba

alegorizmze RvTaebis uSualo sxivebiT gaciskrovnebuli.

SeniRbulad azris gamoTqmis es xerxi did siZneles warmoadgenda

mqadageblebisTvis. gaufrTxileblad gamoTqmul yovel winadadebas

SeeZlo, daerRvia wesi saidumloebisa, amitomaa rom ioane oqropiri Civis

im dabrkolebebis Sesaxeb, romelnic aferxeben azris gamoTqmas: ,,me

visurvebdi melaparaka garkveviT (laparakia ziarebis Sesaxeb), magram

veridebi aramorwmuneebs. isini aZneleben Cvens saubars, gvaiZuleben,

35

vilaparakoT bundovnad da SeniRbulad” (samociqulos ganmarteba... 2006:

253).

siZneleebi, romlis Sesaxebac laparakobs ioane oqropiri, rig

SemTxvevaSi aiZulebdnen mqadagebels, dumiliT aevloT gverdi imisTvis,

ris garSemoc surdaT saubari. magaliTad, klimenti aleqsandrieli

ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnevs gamotovebul iqnas is, rac metad Zneli

asaxsnelia, vidre aramorwmune adamianTa yuramde mivides is, rac maTTvis

unda rCebodes saidumlod. aseve moqmedebda grigol RvTismetyvelic.

miuxedavad siZneleebisa, eklesiis mamebi mividnen im daskvnamde,

rom aucilebeli iyo, gamoemuSavebinaT azris gamoTqmis alegoriul-

simboluri xerxebi. jer kidev netari Teodorite am pirobiT enas

saidumlosa da mistikurs uwodebs.

simbolur enas aqvs azris gamosaxvis ori saxeoba: erTi saxeoba

warmoadgens calkeul pirobiT sityvebs, saxelwodebebs, gansakuTrebul

mokle winadadebebs, romelnic savsebiT naTelia qristianul moZRvrebaSi

kargad ganswavlul morwmuneTaTvis da savsebiT gaugebari gareSe

pirTaTvis.

meore xerxi Camoyalibda ara sityvebisagan, aramed garkveuli

pirobiTi niSnebisagan an gamosaxulebebisagan. es niSnebi da

gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba qristianul Zeglebze da, egvipturi

ieroglifebis msgavsad, warmoadgenen gansakuTrebuli wminda enis

dawerilobas.

eklesiis msaxurni metismeti sifrTxiliT epyrobodnen saeklesio

saidumloebebs da simboloTa gacema did codvad iTvleboda. am mxriv

sayuradReboa paladis monaTxrobi ioane oqropiris cxovrebidan (,,iovane

oqropiris cxovrebis”....1986: Tavi IX). is kicxavs ioanes mtrebs imis gamo,

rom maT ioanes winaaRmdeg aRZres SfoTi da amiT saSualeba misces

gareSe xalxs, SeWriliyvnen eklesiaSi da enaxaT is, risi naxvac maT

ekrZalebodaT.

dogmebis, saidumloebis SeniRbvis mizniT araiSviaTad laTinur

teqsts werdnen berZnuli asoebiT. specialistTa dakvirvebiT, SeniRbvis

ramdenime saSualeba arsebobda. yvela es xerxi gamiznuli iyo imisaTvis,

rom eklesiis saidumloeba ar gamxdariyo advilad misawvdomi

36

aramorwmuneTaTvis. eklesia amtkicebda, rom mxolod cnebebiT ar

gamoixateba misi moZRvreba, masSi aris ufro meti, rac ar Tavsdeba

cnebebSi, rom sarwmunoebis simboloSi aris ufro Rrma azri, vidre es

mocemulia sityvis pirdapir mniSvnelobaSi. amitom isini dabejiTebiT

xmarobdnen termins ,,simbolo”. aseT simboloebSi Cawvdoma garkveuli

ganaTlebisa da xelmZRvanelobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.

saRmrTo werilis teqstSi Sefaruli mniSvnelobis Ziebas da

amoxsnas jer kidev palestineli moZRvrebi, rabinebi misdevdnen. `maTTan

am meTods `midraSi~ ewodeboda, (rac sityvasityviT `raRacis Ziebas~

niSnavs), xolo imas, rac gaxsnili da aRmoCenili iyo midraSuli

meTodis gamoyenebiT _ ,,kanonis saidumlo~ (volfsoni 1970: 24). rabinebs

swamdaT, rom saRvTo sjuli STagonebiTaa savse da, rom saWiroa masSi

Sefaruli azris Zieba. Aamis gamo isini ganmartavdnen yovel frazas,

yovel sityvas da cdilobdnen, epovaT misi WeSmariti mniSvneloba.

`cxadia, pavle mociquli icnobda palestinel moZRvarTa am

meTods. igi Taviseburi modifikaciiT iyenebs mas da avrcelebs àxal

aRTqmazec~ (kalandariSvili 2005: 40).

rac Seexeba termin àlegorias~, igi jer kidev berZnul

ritorikaSi arsebobda, rogorc teqnikuri termini da ganekuTvneboda

metaforaTa rigs. egzegetikuri mniSvnelobiT igi pirvelad filonma

gamoiyena. miuxedavad imisa, rom saberZneTSi arsebobda homerosis

ganmartebis didi tradicia, termini ,,alegoria” am mizniT ar iyo

gamoyenebuli. filoniseuli interpretacia safuZvels uyris termin

,,alegoriisadmi~ arapirdapiri, gadataniTi mniSvnelobis miniWebas.

aRsaniSnavia terminTa siuxve, romelic warmoSva alegoriulma,

anu arapirdapiri interpretaciis meTodma. es terminebia: ,,hiponoia~, anu

dafaruli mniSvneloba, ,,dianoia~, anu SidamniSvneloba, ,,misteria~,

,,apokrifi~, anu saidumlo, aCrdili. arapirdapiri interpretaciis meTods

filoni uwodebs ,,tropuls~, xolo imas, rac unda ganimartos,

arapirdapirad uwodebs ,,saxes~, ,,simbolos’’ an ,,igavs~.

pavle mociquli uyris ra safuZvels saRvTo werilis ganmartebis

qristianul-alegoriul meTods, iyenebs ZiriTad terminad ,,saxes~

(,,tipos~). amitomac am meTods pavleseuli tipologia ewodeba. igi

37

moixmobs agreTve terminebs ,,safarveli”, ,,xati”, ,,aCrdili”. termin

alegorias pavle iyenebs erT SemTxvevaSi: abraamis colebi, sara da

agara, misi ganmartebiT ganasaxiereben or aRTqmas da or ierusalims _

agari Tanamedroves, iudaisturs, xolo sara _ zeciur ierusalims. aseve

maTi Svilebi _ ismaili da isaaki, romlebic iwodebian ,,mxevlis

Svilebad” da ,,aRTqmis Svilebad” (gal. 4,24-31), Sesabamisad ganasaxiereben

iudevelebs da qristianebs. am saxis interpretacias pavle uwodebs

alegorias. sainteresoa, rom ,,axali aRTqmis” Zvel qarTul TargmanSi

Sesabamis adgilas pavleseuli termini ,,alegoria” gadmocemulia sityviT

,,igavi”: ,,romel ars igavad, rameTu eseni arian orni aRTqumani” (gal. 4,

24). ebraelTa mimarT epistoleSi moxseniebuli karavi, romelic

israelianebma udabnoSi dadges, pavles interprataciiT, ars ,,igavi Jamisa

mis mowevnadisa” (ebr. 9, 9). am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli ,,parabole”

epistoles Zvel qarTul teqsSi ucvlelad aris Targmnili _ ,,igavi”.

pavle mociqulis mier arapirdapiri interpretaciis aRsaniSnavad

gamoyenebuli meore termini ,,saxe” Zvel qarTul bibliaSi gadmocemulia

Zireuli mniSvnelobis Seucvlelad: ,,saxed mermeTa maT JamTa” (rom. 5, 14).

igive termini ,,saxe” petres pirvel epistoleSi alegoriuli

interpretaciis aRsaniSnavad aris gamoyenebuli: ,,romlisa saxed aw

Tqvenca gacxovnebs naTlisRebaÁ” (3, 21). zogjer pavle moixmobs termins

,,aCrdili”, romelic zustad, leqsikuri sxvaobis gareSe aris

gadmocemuli qarTul TargmanSi: ,,aCrdili aqunda sulsa mermeTa maT

keTilTa” (ebr. 10, 1).

amrigad, ,,axali aRTqmis“ (am SemTxvevaSi pavles epistoleTa)

,,Zvel qarTul TargmanSi daculia is terminologiuri niuansebi,

romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT qristianuli

RvTismetyvelebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze mimdinare mniSvnelovan

procesebs _ Teologiuri terminebis Camoyalibebas, egzegetikis, rogorc

saRvTo werilis teqstis interpretaciis, Teoriuli safuZvlebis Seqmnas”

(kalandariSvili 2005: 42). es adasturebs, rom qarTvel mwignobarTa

mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, maTi principebi efuZneboda ara mxolod

berZnuli enis ubralo codnas, aramed qristianuli Teologiis

msoflmxedvelobrivi, Teoriul-esTetikuri sakiTxebis Rrmad gaazrebas.

38

bibliis arapirdapir interpretaciebs palestineli rabinebi

yofdnen ramdenime saxeobad: 1. sjulismieri; 2. moraluri; 3. sibrZniTi; 4.

racionaluri; 5. rwmeniTi. filonis azriT ki, alegoriuli

interpretaciebi, ZiriTadad, orgvaria: fizikuri da eTikuri. orive es

saxeoba yovelTvis dasabuTebulia mis mier filosofiidan nasesxebi

magaliTebiT. amitomac, alegoriuli interpretacia misTvis niSnavs

filosofiur interpretacias.

filonis gavleniT klimenti aleqsandrielma arapirdapiri

filosofiuri interpretacia qristianul yaidaze gadaakeTa da miuTiTa

oTxi saxeoba ,,axali aRTqmis~ interpretaciisa, es oTxive saxe

gaerTianebulia terminiT ,,alegoria~. klimenti ,,alegoriis”

eqvivalentad iyenebs mraval sxva termins, magram sabolood saRvTo

werilis interpretaciis yvela saxeobas is yofs or klasad: pirdapiri

(bukvaluri, literaluri) da alegoriuli, xolo alegoriuls sam

qveklasad: moraluri, fizikuri da Teologiuri.

unda aRiniSnos, rom origene, iseve rogorc klimenti, ZiriTadad

filons eyrdnoba, magram misgan gansxvavebiT Semoaqvs axali termini

,,anagogia”, romelsac iyenebs arapirdapiri interpretaciis ZiriTadi

mniSvnelobiT. is upirispirebs ,,anagogiur azrs” da ,,istoriul azrs”.

,,origene ,,anagogias” iyenebs ori sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT: pirveli,

gamoTqmaSi ,,mistikuri anagogia”, sadac termini ,,anagogia”, romelic

sityvasityviT niSnavs momzadebas, aris ekvivalenti ,,egzegezisa” da

iyenebs mas zogadad interpretaciis mniSvnelobiT, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi ,,anagogias” miiCnevs alegoriis gansakuTrebul saxeobad,

romelsac uwodebs agreTve ,,spiritualurs”, ,,mistikurs” (volfsoni 1970:

63).

laTineli mamebi _ ieronime, avgustine, kasiane, Toma aqvineli _

iziareben bibliis interpretaciis sityvasityviTi da alegoriuli

meTodebis gamijvnas. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnaven, maTTan SeimCneva

terminTa Taviseburi gamoyeneba. mag. ieronime termin ,,tropologiurs”

iyenebs moraluris mniSvnelobiT, ,,alegoriuls” _ spiritualuris

mniSvnelobiT. netari avgustine bibliur alegorizmze msjelobisas

erTgan wers: ,,mTeli saRvTo werili, romelsac ewodeba ,,Zveli aRTqma”

39

aris gadmocemuli oTxgvar planSi maTTvis, visac surs misi codna:

istoriuli, etiologiuri, anagogiuri da alegoriuli” (volfsoni 1970:

43). Tumca, es oTxgvari klasifikacia realurad SeiZleba oramde davides.

Toma aqvineli aRniSnavda, rom pirveli sami saxeoba am klasifikaciaSi

gamoxatavs erT _ sityvasityviT, anu literalur mniSvnelobas, xolo

termini ,,alegoriuli” niSnavs arapirdapir interpretacias Tavisi

qvejgufebiT. avgustine alegoriuls miakuTvnebs yvela sxva arapirdapiri

saxis interpretacias, romelic gvxvdeba ,,axal aRTqmaSi”. misi

ganmartebiT, ,,alegoria aris tropi, romelSic erTi ram gaigeba, aixsneba

meoriT”. igi alegoriis oTx saxes gamoyofs: 1) istoriis alegoria; 2)

faqtebis alegoria; 3) Txrobis, msjelobis alegoria da 4) ritualis,

tradiciis alegoria.

xolo kasiane ,,alegoriiT” aRniSnavs adventualur (gankacebiTi)

interpretacias, ,,anagogiiT” _ esqatologiurs, ,,tropologiiT” ki _

moralurs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua saukuneebis laTin TeologTa es

Sexedulebebi mTlianad gaiziara dante aligierim da safuZvlad daudo

Tavis ,,RTaebriv komedias”.

qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi bibliis alegoriuli Targmanebis

aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva termini. mitrofane smirnelis

Txzulebis ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastÀsi~-s Zvel qarTul TargmanSi

sagangebod aris xazgasmuli es terminebi: ,,saxismetyvelebiTi~,

,,saxisSemoRebiTi~, ,,mopovnebiTi~, ,,aRyvanebiTi~, ,,sacnauri~, ,,xedviTi~,

romelnic k. kekeliZis ganmartebiT, gulisxmoben saRvTo werilis

teqstis xatovani, arapirdapiri, alegriuli gziT gaazrebas (kekeliZe

1972: 178).

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi am mxriv sanimuSod aris

miCneuli efrem mciriseuli ganmarteba, romelic mocemulia mis mier

gadmoqarTulebuli egzegetikuri Sromis ,,TargmanebaÁ daviTnisis”

SesavalSi: ,,romelime ganmartebiT Targmanis muxlisa da romelime saxis-

metyuelebiT da ara orni da organ, aramed TÂT igive erT da erTsa Sina

adgilsa ganhmartebsa da saxis-metyuelebaca misive da erTsa muxlsa ...

40

yovelive muxlsa saxis-metyuelebaÁ SesaZlebel ars ara erTi saxe oden,

aramed mravalsaxedca~ (SaniZe 1968: 82).

am monakveTebidan Cans, rom efrem mcire erTmaneTisgan mijnavs

ganmartebiT, anu sityvasityviT, da saxismetyvelebiT Targmanebs. iseve

rogorc eklesiis mamebi, efremic miiCnevs, rom ,,saxismetyvelebiTi”, anu

alegoriuli Targmaneba sxvadasxva saxis SeiZleba iyos. samecniero

literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,saxismetyvelebis” qveS

saxeobrivi gamoxatvis sxvadasxva formis gaerTianeba unda ekuTvnodes

efrem mcires (siraZe 1978: 252). k. kekeliZis ganmartebiT, ,,anagogias”

qarTulSi ,,aRyvanebiTi” Seesabameba” (kekeliZe 1972: 224-225), rac

TavisTavad gulisxmobs umaRlesi WeSmaritebis, ,,zeSTa sibrZnis”

amocnobas nawarmoebSi.

eklesiis mamebi interpretaciis am meTodebs xSirad uwodeben

garegans da Sinagans. garegan mniSvnelobas isini adareben ,,sxeuls”,

xolo Sinagan (alegoriul) mniSvnelobas _ ,,suls”. ioane oqropiri,

rogorc aRniSnaven, sammag Sinaarss Wvrets saRvTo werilSi. misi TqmiT,

,,iseve, rogorc kaci Sedgeba sxeulisagan, samSvinvelisgan da sulisgan,

aseve werilic Sedgeba sityvis ,,sxeulisagan”, riTac irgebs umartivesi

adamiani da rasac ewodeba zedapiruli ganmarteba, agreTve Sedgeba

,,samSvinvelisagan”, anu zeamzidveli mniSvnelobisagan, romelsac aRiqvams

is, vinc ramdenadme amaRlebulia, da sulierisagan, anu uzenaesi da

pnevmuri mWvretelobisagan, rasac wvdebian da gamoTqvamen srulqmnilni”

(Zveli qarTuli enis...1973: 26). amasve gvauwyebs andria kesarieli: ,,mTeli

RvTivsulieri werili, msgavsad samnawiledi adamianisa, samnawiledad

gveniWeba saRvTo madlis mier: misi daweriloba warmoadgens, ase vTqvaT

,,sxeuls”, anu grZnobad uwyebas, saxismetyveleba (tropologia) werilisa

aris samSvinveli, rac grZnobadisagan goniseulisaken miuZRvis

mkiTxvels, xolo ,,sulad” iTqmis samomavlo da uzenaes saqmeTa Sesaxeb

mauwyebeli misi zeamzidveli mniSvneloba (,,anagoge”) da mWvreteloba

(Zveli qarTuli enis...1973: 28). e. WeliZis ganmartebiT, ,,andria kesarieli,

wm. ioane oqropirisagan gansxvavebiT, saRvTo werilis anagogikur, anu

zeamzidvel mniSvnelobas meore safexuris nacvlad mesame safexurad

41

dagvisaxavs. aq saqme gvaqvs oden terminologiur da ara Sinaarseul

sxvaobasTan” (Zveli qarTuli enis...1973: 29).

sayuradReboa efrem mciris mier moxmobili saxis-metyvelebiTi

Targmanebis nimuSi: `gesmodin raÁ Ãeli da ferÃni RmrTisani, Tualni da

guli, uwyode, rameTu amissaca gulis-xmis yofasa saxis-metyvelebaÁ uxms

da ara ganmartebaÁ, vinaÁTgan araraÁ xorcielTa da zrqelTagani ipoebis

uÃorcosa mas Tana da uxilavsa~. moxmobili magaliTebidan aSkaraa, rom

saxismetyvelebiTi Targmaneba upirispirdeba sityva-sityviT ganmartebas;

revaz baramiZis azriT _ `saxis-metyveleba _ mxatvruli xerxis

gamomsaxveli termini, gulisxmobs rogorc alegorias, ise simbolos,

masSi es ori cneba ar aris diferencirebuli da is gamoxatavs orives

erTad, orive xerxi gaigivebulia da saerTo terminiT `saxis-metyveleba~

aRiniSneba~ (baramiZe 1966: 181).

,,WeSmariteba, romelic Sefarulia saRvTo werilis striqonebs

Soris, aris sulieri, mistikuri xasiaTisa iseve, rogorc sulis

safarveli aris sxeuli, saRvTo werilis sityvebs Sorisac Sefarulia

umaRlesi WeSmariteba. saRvTo werili Seicavs miniSnebebs, romelTac

SeiZleba ewodoT ,,saidumlo azri~, - wers klimenti aleqsandrieli.

,,SemdgomSi es terminebi ,,alegoriasa~ da ,,metaforasTan~ erTad adgenen

erT did jgufs, romelsac ewodeba ,,tropebi~ (kalandariSvili 2005: 46).

am mniSvnelobis saidumlo azris gaxsnisa da ganmartebis gareSe saRvTo

werili ubralo istoriad iqceva, _ ase msjeloben alegoriuli meTodis

mimdevarni. ,,simboluroba bibliisa ganpirobebulia imiT, rom masSi

gancxadebuli saRvTo WeSmariteba TavisTavad, pirdapir ar gamoiTqmis.

Aam uzenaes WeSmaritebas Zilsaebr SevicnobT mxolod idumal saxeebSi,

niSnebSi. TiToeuli saxe, niSani, zedapiruli mniSvnelobis miRma Seicavs

gacilebiT Rrma mniSvnelobas, romlis wiaR zogjer ufro Rrma azria

davanebuli” (WeliZe 1990: 32).

simbolo savse unda iyos `cxovelmyofeli siTxiT~ (florenski

1972: 98). ZiriTadad, Aam TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavdeba igi niSnisa da

alegoriisagan. ukanasknelTa kombinaciebi adamians TviTneburad SeuZlia

awarmoos. Aaseve TviTneburad debs adamiani maTSi ama Tu im Sinaarss.

niSani da alegoria moklebulni arian azrobriv siRrmes da sulier

42

daZabulobas, romlebic mogviwodeben Semecnebis, RmerTis gaazrebisa da

zneobrivi ganaxlebisaken.

niSani da alegoria mizanmimarTuli azrovnebis Sedegi aris da

maT nebismieri ganyenebuli azrovneba SeiZleba gamoiwvion. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, sruli TviTneboba maTi Seqmnisa iwvevs maT aseve TviTnebur

aRqmas. Aaqedan gasagebi xdeba is sifrTxile, romliTac eklesia ekideba

wminda werilis ganmartebis alegoriul meTods. Ees meTodi yovelTvis

ar gamodgeba imitom, rom bibliur teqstSi, garda gamonaklisisa, ar

gvxvdeba alegoriuli adgilebi. `RvTismetyvelebis aleqsandriuli

skolis mimdevarni am meTods iyenebdnen wminda werilis sulieri

interpretaciisaTvis da amiT ramdenadme gaurbodnen ganmartebaTa im

ganyenebulobas, rac nebismieri alegoriisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~

(ivanovi 1987: 372).

miuxedavad amisa, iseve rogorc antioqiuri, sityvasityviTi stili,

romelic ar iZleoda wminda werilis siRrmisa da cxovelmyofelobis

bolomde wvdomis saSualebas, aseve aleqsandriuli skolis alegorizmi,

romelic zedmetad Tavisufal azrobriv damokidebulebas uSvebda

bibliuri teqstis mimarT, ukidures meTodebad iTvlebian.

simboloebiT ki biblia metad xSirad sargeblobs. Bbibliuri

simboloebis umravlesoba pirvelsaxeebia (qristesi, misi msxverplis,

eklesiis, axali aRTqmis, RvTismsaxurebis da sxvaTa). garda amisa,

simboloebis saSualebiT xSirad exdeba farda wminda werilis sulier

samyaros.

simbolos mTavari daniSnulebaa, moamzados da aamaRlos adamiani

mistikur, sulier WeSmaritebamde, aziaros yofierebis im sferos,

romelsac simbolo waroadgens.

is, rom simbolo ver utoldeba ferweras TvalsaCinoebiT, xolo

skulpturas moculobiT, mis Rirsebas ar amcirebs. piriqiT, swored

imitom, rom simbolo gaurbis sinamdvilis uSualo imitacias, mas Zala

Seswevs gamoxatos bevrad ufro meti, vidre Cveulebrivi, grZnobadi

aRqmis saSualebiT gveZleva.

amasTan erTad, is ara marto gamoxatavs mis mier asaxul

sinamdviles, aramed gvixsnis mas, misawvdoms xdis sulieri aRqmisaTvis.

43

is ar SeiZleba iyos carieli an unayofo, is `realurad ganuyofelia

miznisagan, umaRlesi realobisagan, romelsac is warmoadgens~

(florenski 1972: 93). amitom `... Cveulebrivi gageba simbolosi, rogorc

raime TviTamomwuravi WeSmaritebisa _ Tundac nawilobriv, pirobiTad _

Zirfesvianad mcdaria~ (florenski 1972: 98).

ganuyofeli kavSiri qristianuli simbolos garegnul saxesa da

mis madlmosil Sinaarss Soris, romelic potenciuradaa masSi Cadebuli,

kargadaa axsnili mRvdel pavle florenskis mier sarkmlis magaliTze.

sarkmels, romelic sinaTles atarebs, araferi aqvs saerTo sinaTlis

bunebasTan. Aamitomac, sinaTlis gareSe is aris ara sarkmeli, aramed xe

da mina, sinaTle rom SenobaSi Semovides, aucilebelia xe da mina iseve,

rogorc aucilebelia garegnuli mxare simbolosi, raTa es ukanaskneli

iqces moqmedad, madlmosili sinaTlis Tanamoziared.

nebismieri wminda simbolos aRqmisaTvis rwmenaa aucilebeli,

radgan amgvari simbolo `niSania~, romelic moiTxovs rwmenas (rogorc

rwmunebas RmerTis èrTgulebisa~) da, amave dros, alamia, romelic

moiTxovs erTgulebas (rogorc pasuxs RmerTis èrTgulebaze~)

(averincevi 1977: 324).

aseTi rwmena iTvaliswinebs cocxal kontaqts simbolos aRmqmelsa

da aRsaqmelis arss Soris. simbolo arc saTavea racionaluri codnisa

da arc jami. `pirvelsaxesTan kavSiris gareSe, Tuki mas mxolod gonebiT

ganvWvretT, igi sxvadasxva Secdomamde migviyvans. simbolos

`racionalizeba, mxolod faravs mis WeSmarit arss da cvlis yovelgvari

siyalbiT. simbolo `dums~, roca Cven mas racionalurad vekidebiT da

`dums~ swored pasiuri obivateluri damokidebulebis sapasuxod~

(losevi 1973: 188).

simbolos pasiur Wvretas Tan ar axlavs sulieri sifxizle,

radgan amgvari Wvreta ar isaxavs miznad Seimecnos, Tu rogor

airekleba RvTaebrivi samyaro simbolur saxeebSi.

sulieri WvretisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia simbolos garegnuli

`silamaze~, Tuki aseTi ram mas aqvs. pasiuri Wvreta Zveleburad tovebs

adamians grZnobismier SegrZnebaTa tyveobaSi, ar ahyavs is ganviTarebis

ufro maRal safexurze. Aaq magaliTisaTvis movixmoT RvTismsaxurebis

44

simbolika _ àseTi ganWvretisaTvis garegnuli efeqtis mets arafers

qmnis. am dros RvTismsaxureba fasdeba, rogorc `mdidruli~,

òqromkerdiT naqsovi~ farCis Sesamoseli; aRiqmeba rogorc mxolod

lamazi samosi, sinamdvileSi ki is, Tavisi WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT, aris

ganwmendil xorciel samyaroSi RvTaebrivi sxivis SeRwevis materialuri

gziT asaxva~ (florenski 1972: 131).

Tavi II

mcenareTa simbolika

Temaze muSaobisas simboloTa mravalferovnebam gvibiZga, dagveyo

isini saxeebad: mcenareTa, zoomorful, qvaTa, naTlisa da RvTismSoblis

aRmniSvnel simboloebad; aseve, gagveanalizebina stiqiaTa da zogierTi

calkeuli Sinaarsis simbolo. amjerad msjeloba gveqneba mcenareTa

simbolikaze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mcenareTa simbolika uZvelesi droidan

momdinareobs da simbolurad mniSvnelobs TiTqmis yvela xalxis

miTologiasa da religiaSi.A gansaxilvel teqstebSi gvxvdeba xeTa

(finiki, naZvi, zeTisxili, SeSa), yvavilTa (vardi, SroSani) simboloebi.

Aaseve SevCerdebiT mcenaris nawilTa (nayofi, Tesli). simboloebzec.

xe: xis simboluri gaazreba jer kidev preqristianuli

periodidan momdinareobs.

is Tavisi feradovnebiT, yovlismomcvelobiT, adamianTan

SedarebiT ùkvdavobiT~, mSvenieri xidan RvTaebriv xed iqca.

àdamianisaTvis ki yvelaferi isaa misawvdomi da advilad gasagebi,

rasac sakuTari sulieri Tu fizikuri arsebobiT acxovrebs da raSic

sakuTar Tavs dainaxavs~ (bize 1990: 4).

adamianma xis ukeT SecnobisaTvis, Tavdapirvelad, SeiZleba iTqvas,

xec sakuTari, adamianuri, oRond ufro mSvenieri cxovrebiT acxovra.

Ees iyo xis kultis ganviTarebis pirveli safexuri, romelic

moicavda xalxis rwmenas, rom xe (an tye) warmodgeniliyo sulier

arsebad, romelsac SeeZlo, adamianisaTvis vneba an sikeTe moetana. meore

45

safexurze xe (an tye) winaparTa sulis sadgomad iqna miCneuli, mesameze

ki _ TavSesafrad uzenaesi RvTaebisa.

saqarTveloSi xis kulti swored bolo, umaRlesi safexuriT iyo

warmodgenili, romlis Sesaxebac cnobebi Semogvinaxes uZvelesma

saistorio wyaroebma, xalxSi gavrcelebulma zne-Cveulebebma Tu

uZvelesma miTebma da legendebma.

`jer kidev prokofi kesarieli aRniSnavda, rom mis dros afSil-

afxazebi Tayvans scemdnen tyeebs, xeebs, romlebic maT gulubryvilo

RvTaebebad miaCndaT~ (lomaia 1926: 168).

aseve afxazebs swamdaT xis sulis arseboba da am moazrovne suls

mamrobiT sawyiss miawerdnen.

warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebul xis kults, rogorc mamrobiTi

sawyisis gadmonaSTs, qristianul saqarTveloSic vxvdebiT, sadac

TiTqmis yvela wminda xe an tye wminda giorgis saxeliTaa monaTluli.

wminda giorgis saxelwodeba enobrivi TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli aqvs

niko mars, romlis azriT, `svanuri `jggrag~ da `jgege~ misi

mravalsaxeobiT warmoadgens warmarTuli kultis termins, saxeldobr,

muxas~ (lomaia 1926: 177).

wminda xeebi, wminda giorgis garda, aseve RvTismSoblis

saxelTanacaa wilnayari.

`Cerqezebi wminda xes uwodeben panjassan-s anu panajiassan-s, rac

damaxinjebuli berZnuli sityvaa da RvTismSobels niSnavs~ (lomaia 1926:

174).

RvTismSoblis erT-erTi epiTetia-panagion (yovladwminda), an panages

(xelSeuxebeli).

Aaseve sainteresoa rkonis RvTismSoblis eklesiis wminda cacxvis

xec. radgan rkonis eklesia RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiaa, bunebrivi

iqneboda, rom wminda cacxvis xec RvTismSoblis saxelTan yofiliyo

dakavSirebuli, magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi xis kultTan

upirvelesad wminda giorgis saxelia dakavSirebuli. albaT, amitomac,

cacxvis ZirSi asvenia qva-xati, masze amoqandakebulia wminda xe; totebis

qveS, am xis orive gverdze mxedruli asoebiT amoWrilia warwera:

`cacxvis wminda giorgis xe~, marjvniv amoqandakebulia adamianis figura

46

maxviliT xelSi da warwera _ `deda RvTismSoblis~ (lomaia 1926: 165).

amasTan, TviT sityva `rkoni~ amtkicebs, rom aqac Tavdapirvelad muxa

unda yofiliyo~ (javaxiSvili 1967: 134). muxa-Quesus, aWarulad _ rko,

Wanurad _ Wyoni, megrulad _ Wyoni (sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom

martvilis monasteri aSenebulia im adgilas, sadac idga didi muxa _

didi Wyoni, sakulto xe warmarTuli religiisa), svanurad jira, jihra.

`mogvianebiT, mTieli xalxis warmarTi RmerTebis saxelebi ukve

qristianul jvars Seerwya da am Serwymis nayofia laSaris, jimaRis,

gudanis, xaxmatis jvari.… Tavis mxriv ki xis jvari metad gavrcelebuli

yofila fSav-xevsureTSi~ (elaSvili 1997: 6).

aseTi mZlavri SeWra qristianuli jvrisa Zvel warmarTul

wesebSi, albaT, qristianuli moZRvrebis gamavrcelebelTa erT-erTi

xerxi iyo.

magram, miuxedavad qristianuli sarwmunoebisa, saqarTvelos mTaSi

SemorCenili iyo xis kultTan dakavSirebuli warmarTuli ritualebi,

wes-Cveulebebi, romlebsac qristianuli elferi dahkravda.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mTis salocavSi xis dargva da misi movla-

gaxareba ufro mniSvnelovan sakulto ritualad iyo miCneuli, vidre

cxovelis Sewirva. àseT wminda xeebs `xemxvivanebi~ ewodeboda.

xemxvivanebi, anu nayofierebis xe, sicocxlis momniWebeli miTologiuri

xis simboloa da amitomac rgavdnen xatis karze, e.i. am wesSiac igive

warmodgenaa asaxuli, rac amiranis eposSi, sadac tarosis gamgebeli

RvTaebis karze vaziT Semosili wminda xea nagulisxmevi~ (surgulaZe 1986:

143).

sakulto ritualebis garda, xis Tayvaniscemis gadmonaSTs

vxvdebiT yofiT cxovrebaSic; avadmyofis tablaze aRmarTuli `batonebis

xe~ Tu `megruli kelaptari _ micvalebulis saxelze Camosxmuli

realuri sididis xe~ (bardaveliZe 1941: 75).

micvalebulisa da xis urTierTobis Sesaxeb cnobebs jer kidev

vaxuSti batoniSvili gvawvdis: afxazebi micvalebulebs Cacmulebsa da

iaraRasxmuls kuboTi xeze dgamdnen~ (elaSvili 1997: 168). albaT,

micvalebulis, ukve maTi winapris, suli rom gadasuliyo xeSi.

47

Aaseve xis kultis elementebs Seicavs `kezi~, xevsurebis saxlis

Tavze an Wuris Tavze mdgomi rcxila, romelic angelozebis

sabrZanebelia, Tu `dedaboZi~ anda `guruli CiCilaki~ _ qarTvelebis

msoflio xis uZvelesi simbolo...

xe erT-erTi yvelaze gavcelebuli kosmologiuri simboloa. is

mravalferovnad da gansxvavebulad vlindeba rogorc sxvadasxva, ise

erTsa da imave kulturaSi. cnobili magaliTebis mixedviT kosmiuri xe

vlindeba rogorc samyaros xateba (imago mundi), samyaros RerZi (axis mundi),

romelsac zeca eyrdnoba da aerTianebs sam kosmiur zonas _ zecas, miwas,

qvesknels. xe, amave dros, komunikaciis saSualebadac gvevlineba

dedamiwasa da zecas Soris.

samyaros kosmiuri RerZis da centris idea sakmaod Zvelia da

farTodaa gavrcelkebuli mTel msoflioSi. specialistebs igi dahyavT

sam ZiriTad saxesxvaobamde. esenia: xe, boZi (ufro zustad ,,dedaboZi”) da

mTa.

,,sakraluri xis simbolos variantebi saqarTveloSi mravalia.

yoveli tipi an am simbolos nairsaxeoba garkveuli intensivobiTa da

sicxadiT avlens sakraluri xis simbolizmis sxvadasxva aspeqts”

(abakelia 2007: 24).

qarTveli xalxis miTo-poetur cnobierebaSi (iseve, rogorc sxva

mravali xalxisa) adamianis sicocxlis cikli xSirad xis simbolikis

garkveul aspeqtTan aris dakavSirebuli. amiT aixsneba jer kidev gasul

saukuneSi dadasturebuli wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac axalSobilis

saxelze xes rgavdnen. umeteswilad es kaklis xe iyo (Tumca SesaZlebeli

iyo sxva jiSis xeebic, magaliTad _ kopiti). amgvari xis gazrda-gaxareba

uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli bavSvis bed-iRbalTan. axalSobilis

saxelze xis dargvas win uswrebad specialuri rituali, romelic ufro

mZlavrad dasavleT saqarTveloSi iyo SemorCenili, TiTqmis XX saukunis

I naxevris CaTvliT. is cnobilia nerCis locvis saxelwodebiT. mis

paralelurad arsebobs azrobrivad identuri termini ,,fuZe”, romelic,

Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs rogorc safuZvels, ise mogvareebsac. cnobilia

aseve sxva ritualic, romlis drosac saxlSi iwvevdnen bebia-qals da im

qalebs, romlebic mSobiarobas eswrebodnen. am ritualis dros nigvzis

48

xis sam kakals miagorebdnen miwis iatakze bavSvis sawolTan, daklavdnen

qaTams gogos, xolo mamals _ biWis SemTxvevaSi, Semdeg iwyeboda nadimi

nerCis saxelze. ritualur sam kakals miwaSi Cargavdnen. ,,es wes-Cveuleba

gamiznuli iyo momavalSi bavSvis simrTelisa da dacvis

uzrunvelyofisTvis. Tu bavSvi xidan Camovardeboda, es nerCis risxvas

miewereboda, romlisTvisac samsxverplo ritualis Sesruleba

daviwyebodaT. Tu Carguli kaklebi gaixarebdnen (erTi mainc), es karg

niSnad iTvleboda. xis gaxmoba misi patronis sikvdilis momaswavebeli

iyo” (abakelia 2007: 25). amgvari magaliTebi dasturdeba rogorc

aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSic.

aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi bolo dromde SemorCenili iyo

salocavi, e.w. saxvamlobo kakali ezoSi, romlis salocavi rituali

qristianul kalendarTanaa misadagebuli da sulTmofenobis

dResasawauls emTxveva. am ritualis aRsruleba tradiciulad

gulisxmobda locvis aRvlenas nigvzis xis qveS. saxvamlobo kaklebi

umravles SemTvevaSi Sewiruli iyo xvela-saxadisTvis. amgvari xeebi

SesaZloa sxva jiSisac yofiliyo, magaliTad _ TuTisa. ,,dasavleT

saqarTveloSi dasturdeba sakraluri xe, romelic sxvadasxva sneulebis,

gansakuTrebiT xvelis Tavidan asacileblad aris gankuTvnili” (abakelia

2007: 26).

aseve Zalian sainteresoa saqorwino ritualebSi gavrcelebuli

,,maSxala” an ,,CiraRdani”, romelic warmoadgenda xisgan damzadebul

mravaltotian xis formis sagans, romelzedac Camokidebuli iyo xili,

CurCxelebi, yvavilebi, puris comisgan gamomcxvari cxovelTa da

adamianTa figurebi. saritualo ,,maSxalebi” an ,,CiraRdnebi” saqorwino

sufraze mefe-dedoflis sadRegrZelos Semdeg SemohqondaT.

CiraRdani, Tavisi morTulobiT saaxalwlo sufris aucilebeli

ritualuri obieqtis, CiCilakis asociacias iwvevs. igi axali wlis

mudmivi bednierebis simboloa. CiCilaki mzaddeboda dResaswaulis wina

dRes tyeSi sagangebod am SemTxvevisTvis moZebnili Txilis totisagan.

swored Txils eZleoda upiratesoba, radgan igi nayofierebis simbolod

iyo aRiarebuli.

49

yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi sakraluri xe sxvadasxva

informaciis momcemia. ,,axali wlis CiCilaks ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs:

rig SemTxvevaSi, is aris sakraluri xe, romelic nayofierebis da

keTildReobis momtania da amitom mekvles (ritualuri ,,stumris”) xonCis

aucilebeli atributia” (abakelia 2007: 31). mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli

xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, mekvle SeiZleboda yofiliyo

TviTon RmerTi, wm. giorgi an wm. basili. yvelaze xSirad (es karTan

gamarTuli dialogidan Cans, mekvlesa da diasaxliss Soris) mekvle wm.

basilis ganasaxierebda (SesaZloa es ganpirobebuli iyo imiTac, rom 1

ianvari wm. basili didis xsovnis dRe aris qristianuli kalendriT).

CiCilaks xSirad basilas wversac eZaxdnen.

n. abakelia CiCilaks mzesac adarebs: ,,CiCilaki aseve SeiZleba

mzesac Seedaros, Tuki mas sxva rakursiT SevxedavT. bokeli am

SemTxvevaSi ganasaxierebs mnaTobs, xolo burbuSelebi _ misgan

gamomaval sxivebs” (abakelia 2007: 32). (aRsaniSnavia, rom v. bardaveliZem

naSromSi ,,qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan” (RvTaeba babar-

babar, Tb. 1941) pirvelad daakavSira CiCilaki mzesTan da mzis

qalRvTaebasTan). mraval tradiciaSi mzis xateba dakavSirebulia xesTan

da rogorc r. genoni aRniSnavs, ,,igi gaizrdeba, rogorc samyaros xis

nayofi” (genoni 2002: 356-357) es nayofi Sordeba (gamoeyofa) xes ciklis

dasawyisSi da kvlav ubrundeba mas sabolood. am SemTxvevaSi xe

namdvilad ,,mzis sadgoms” warmoadgens (Sesadareblad genons mohyavs

Cinuri ieroglifi, romelic gamoxatavda mzis Casvlas. mze eSveba xeze).

qarTveli mkvlevari amaxvilebs yuradRebas termin ,,mzebudobaze” da

aRniSnavs, rom igi maCvenebelia mzis astronomiuli mdgomareobisa. es

termini ara mxolod astronomiuli codnis TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso,

aramed rwmena-warmodgenebiTac, romlis mixedviT _ mzis saxls bude

warmoadgens. bude, Tavis mxriv, xis arsebobas adasturebs. aq mzes Tavisi

sadgomi aqvs, budis saxiT. ,,es warmodgena ori urTierTSemavsebeli

elementisagan _ xisa da masze dabrZanebuli mzisgan Sedgeba, rac ori

urTierTSemavsebeli modalobis gamomxatvelia” (abakelia 2007: 32-33).

CiCilakis burbuSelebic SeiZleba ganxilebodes, rogorc

talRovani sxivebi da rogorc elva (cecxli) da wvima, romelic

50

anayofierebs miwas. sainteresoa, rom mzis da wylis RmerTebi Zvel

samyaroSi talRovani xazebiT gamoisaxebodnen (nilosis RmerT hapis

sxeuli talRovani xazebiTaa dafaruli).

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba xis monawileoba dakrZalvisa da

glovis ritualebSi. micvalebulisTvis icodnen ezoSi xis moTxra,

gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci gardaicvleboda,

romlisTvisac amoTxridnen vazian xes, ufros qalze ki _ TuTis xes.

amoTxril xes saflavze dargavdnen.

,,Seyraze” sxva simbolo-niSani Cndeba _ kelaptari, (,,kilantari”),

romelsac micvalebulis gamzrdelebi amzadebdnen. eTnografiuli

aRweris mixedviT, kelaptars akeTebdnen grZeli alvis xisgan, romelsac

Semoaxvevdnen gasanTlul Savi da TeTri feris mitkals da wverze

daakravdnen ixvismagvari frinvelis qandakebas.

rogorc vnaxeT, qarTul religiur azrovnebasa da yofiT

cxovrebaSi sakmaod aris SemorCenili xis Tayvaniscemis elementebi.

swored amitom ar SeiZleboda, rom xes Taviseburi asaxva ar epova

qarTul mwerlobaSi, sadac xis simbolika, ZiriTadad, bibliuria,

bibliaSi ki xis rvaasamde saxeobaa moxseniebuli.

`xe Tavisi simbolizmiT ganuzomelia. igi moicavs mTel samyaros.

samyaro mTliani xea, romlis CrdilSiac dasaxlda xalxi~ (diufuri 1974:

278).

amave xalxma sicocxlis maradiulobac xes daukavSira da Seqmna

sicocxlis xe Tavisi ukvdavebis nayofiT. àm xesTan misavali gza

samoTxeSi xsnilia yvela morwmunisaTvis~ (diufuri 1974: 278).

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi xe warmodgenilia mTeli Tavisi

mravalferovnebiT.

rogorc aRvniSneT, xis simbolikis Zirebi Soreul warsulSia

saZiebeli. Bbibliis Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi es saxe

mravaljeraa gamoyenebuli. xis simbolo ase ganimarteba: adamianis

TvalSi xe aris Semoqmedis mier bunebaSi ganfenili sicocxlis Zalis

cxadi gamovlineba.

xis simbolika sami mimarTulebiT ganviTarda:

51

xe cxovrebisa _ bibliuri warmodgeniT, cxovrebis xe ukvdavebas

ukavSirdeba. Amisi sapirispiroa cru sibrZnis simbolo _ xe cnobadisa,

romlis nayofis mirTmeviTac adamianma dakarga ukvdavebasTan

wilnayaroba. Qqristes mier jvarcmiT codvis gamosyidvis saboloo

mizani is aris, rom adamianma kvlav igemos cxovrebis xis nayofi.

xe samefosi _ aRmosavleTis miTosi icnobda kosmiuri xis

simbolos, romelic mTlianad samyaros ganasaxierebda. Bbibliam uaryo

amgvari mniSvneloba da am xeSi dainaxa xelovnuri adamianuri dideba,

romelic siamayes efuZneboda. saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, RvTiur

samsjavroze es xe moiWreba, rogorc warmarTuli sicruisa da

unayofobis simbolo...

jvris xe _ xe wyevlis niSnad iqceva, rodesac mas adamianis

dasasjelad iyeneben. saRvTo werilis Tanaxmad, iesom Tavis Tavze aiRo

es wyevla, roca jvarze aitana adamianTa codvebi. imavdroulad, wyevlis

uZvelesi niSani (adamianis satanjveli xis jvari) axal aRTqmaSi

cxovrebis xed iqca _ iesos jvarcmaSi daibada xsna, kacis ukvdavebasTan

ziareba.

`wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ dadasturebulia xis moWris (ecema

Zveli rwmena) da misgan jvris gakeTebis (Zvelis axalSi gardasaxva)

simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi.

xis simbolikas Zalian xSirad vxvdebiT qarTul himnografiaSi.

ioane minCxi Tavis erT-erT himnSi wers:

`kacebaÁ pirveli

xisagan dacemuli,

aw aRzdga Zelsa mis aRmarTebaTa,

romelsa zeda

ivno mÃsnelman ÃorciTa…~ (ioane minCxi 1987: 297-298)

aq gacxadebulia, rom `pirveli xisgan~, anu xe cnobadisagan,

codvas naziarebi adamiani (`dacemuli~) aRsdga `Zelsa~ anu jvris

aRmarTviT, romelzec xorcielad ivno macxovari. `sainteresoa, rom am

SemTxvevaSi `pirvandel~ xes ukavSirdeba `Semdgomi~ jvari, romelic

Zveli WeSmaritebis gardasaxul aRdgenas gulisxmobs~ (murRulia... 1992:

288).

52

Cveni Temis mizania mxolod qristianul simboloTa paradigmebi,

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom miTologiebi da warmarTuli kultebic, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, axdenen zegavlenas qristianuli simbolos Camoyalibebaze.

xe umaRlesi, dinamiuri, bunebrivi simboloa zrdis, sezonuri

mokvdinebisa da regeneraciis. sxvadasxva religiasa Tu kulturaSi

mravali xe iTvleboda wmindad an magiurad. Pprimitiul religiebSi

mowiwebiTi damokidebuleba xis Zalaze dafuZnebulia cru rwmenaze, rom

maTSi cxovroben RmerTebi da sulebi. `sulieri~ xeebis simbolizmi

Semoinaxa evropul folklorsa da àdamian-xeTa~ saxeSi an `mwvane

adamianSi~. jadosnur zRaprebSi xeebs SeuZliaT rogorc daxmareba, aseve

xifaTis Seqmna an SeSineba adamianisa. isini agreTve gvevlinebian

eSmakeul qmnilebebad.

`miTologiis ganviTarebisas yovlisSemZle xis idea, romelic

warmoadgenda RvTaebrivi energiis centralur xazs, damakavSirebels

àraCveulebrivi~ da `Cveulebrivi~ samyaroebis, gardaiqmna cxovrebis

xisa da kosmiuri xis simbolur saxed (tresideri 1992: 75). misi fesvebi

CaSvebulia miwisqveSa wylebSi, xolo kenwero zecas wvdeba. es simbolo

gvxvdeba TiTqmis yvela xalxis folklorsa Tu miTebSi. cxovrebis xe

xSirad xdeboda metafora samyaros Seqmnisa. mravali tradiciiT, is

izrdeba wminda mTaze an samoTxeSi. sulieri energiis wyaro SeiZleba

misi fesvebidan gamovides.

Ggveli, spiralurad daxveuli xis merqanze, SeiZleba iyos rogorc

miwidan momdinare energiis, aseve damangreveli Zalis simbolo.

frinvelTa budeebi emblemaa sulebisa an RvTis mociqulebis.

xis saSualebiT maRldeba adamiani umdablesi ganviTarebidan

RvTaebriv ganmanaTlebobamde, Tavisufldeba yofiTi wrisgan.

Suasaukeneobrivi gamosaxuleba qristesi, romelic gakrulia xeze da ara

jvarze, swored amis simboloa.

Tavisi formiT xe ganviTarebis simboloa. Mmisi totebi gamodian

tanidan, rac simboloa mravalsaxeobisa da erTianobisa. indur

ikonografiaSi xe kosmiuri kvercxidan aris amozrdili da ganasaxierebs

brahmas, romelic materialur samyaros qmnis.

53

piriqiT, gadmotrialebuli kosmiuri xe, romlis fesvebi ikvebebian

RvTaebrivi energiiT da vrceldebian garemomcvel samyaroSi _

kabalistur da sxva mistikur Tu magiur formebSi arsebuli

gamosaxulebaa. Ggadmobrunebuli xe, aseve xSirad, gamoiyeneba

geneologiur sqemebSi.

Bbevr tradiciaSi cxovrebis xeze gamoxataven varskvlavebs,

globusebs an nayofebs, romlebic gaxlavT simboloebi planetebisa an

mzis da mTvaris ciklebisa.

xSiria aseve xis `mTvareuli~ simbolizmi. mTvare izidavs wyals

msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor adis wyali xis `sxeulSi~.

cxovrebis xeSi aseve SeiZleba igulisxmebodes ukvdaveba. (CineTSi

aseTia atmis xe). egvipteSi mravali xexilia warmodgenili cxovrebis xed

(nuSi _ iranSi, zeTisxili, palma an broweuli _ Sua aziasa da sxva

regionebSi, semitur tradiciebSi). es simbolizmi warmodgeba primitiuli

kultebidan, sadac xe iyo nayofierebis simbolo (deda-bunebisa). Aamis

gamo xeebi dedobriv (qalur) simbolizmsac atareben. Aaseve, magaliTad,

egviptur ikonografiaSi wminda figus adidebdnen qalRmerT xatorTan,

romelsac gamoxatavdnen xis formiT. igi iZleoda sakvebsa da wyals.

Ddeda-bunebis nayofierebis saxe, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebuli iyo

foTlovan xeebTan. maTi SiSveli totebi zamTarSi da ayvaveba

gazafxulze Sesaferisi simbolo iyo sikvdilisa da ganaxlebisa.

gamonaklisi gaxldaT atisis Tayvaniscema mcire aziasa da, mogvianebiT,

berZnul-romaul samyaroSi. xe-emblema atisisa gaxldaT fiWvi, ZiriTadi

simbolo ukvdavebisa. Aatisis sikvdilsa da aRdgenis zeimobisas wiwvebs

aclidnen fiWvs da axvevdnen masze abreSums. albaT, aqedan momdinareobs

maisis xis morTvac _ simbolo siuxvisa.

dualizmi xis simbolikaSi gamoixateboda gayofiltaniani xiT.

legendis mixedviT, tristanisa da izoldas saflavebze

gaizardnen gadawnuli xeebi. axlo aRmosavleTSi sicocxlis xis

gverdiT xarobs sikvdilis xe. Ees bibliuri cnebaa sikeTisa da

borotebis xisa, romlis nayofis mirTmeviTac kacobriobas ukvdaveba

waerTva.

54

davubrundeT Cvens gansaxilvel teqstebs da vnaxoT, rogoria

maTSi xis simboluri datvirTva. uSualod xe samjer gvxvdeba. pirvelad

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~, sadac saubaria dauZlevel survilze,

kvlav daibrunos adamianma samoTxis netareba da mieaxlos ufals.

`miix[una] Ãorcni, mis mier mivemTxÂeniT Cuen sawadelsa mas Cvensa

pirvelsa, samoTxisa uzeSTaessa, da moviReT xisa misgan cxorebisa da

vcxovndiT ukue. dauteveT gzaÁ igi sacavi qerobinisaÁ mis, da zecad

avmaRldiT ukudav, maxlobel RmrTisa viqmneniT Cuen~ (abulaZe 1055: 31).

rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi xe warmodgenilia sicocxlis xed da

misi nayofis mirTmevac saukuno cxovrebas da RmerTTan siaxloves

aRniSnavs.

Mmeored xe gvxvdeba `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~. Aam epizodSi

saubaria Sios RvTismosaobaze: èseviTarisa raÁ mwyemsisa TualTaÁsa

queS[e] dawesebul iqmna Rirsi Sio, ganiswavleboda mis mier wurTiTa,

saRmrToTa werilTaÁTa ganpoxebuli, da keTilad aRizardeboda sityvaTa

mier da moZRurebaTa sulierisaTa mamisaTa morwyuli, rameTu danergul

iyo keTili ese xe Tana-warsadinelsa wyalTasa da gamoiRebda nayofsa

saTnoebaTasa, Semwynarebeli Teslsa RmrTis-mecnierebisasa, viTar keTili

miwaÁ...~ (Zveli qarTuli... III, 1971: 268) (Teslsa da nayofs Cven odnav

qvemoT SevexebiT). nayofier niadagze gazrdili xe Tavadac keTil nayofs

gamoiRebs, iseve rogorc Sio, aRzrdili RvTismosavi aRmzrdelisagan,

kargi niadagia sxvaTaTvis.

TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba xe Semdeg epizodSi. Aaq

saubaria daviT garejelis RvTismosav mSoblebze da im `keTil nayofze~,

romelic maT gamoiRes wminda daviT garejelis saxiT: `garna esreTve

keTilTa ZirTagan sagonebel ars keTilisa amis rtoisa aRmorCebaÁ da

keTilman xeman keTilica gamoiRos nayofi, viTar da eseca sanatreli

nayofaTa TÂsTagan sacnaur hyofda romlobasa ZirTasa~ (abulaZe 1955:

147).

`Sios da evagres cxovrebaSi~ Sios sulier srulyofilebaze

saubris dros avtori aRniSnavs: `xolo amieriTgan raÁRa vin Tquas

RuawlTa misTaTÂs ZlierTa, romel Tavs-isxmida, dRiTi-dRe

waremateboda ZaliTi-Zalad, viTarca xe, Tana-warsadinelsa wmindaTa

55

wyalTa RmrTis mecnierebiTasa danerguli. Dda nayofier iqneboda,

viTarca finiki mcxmoÁ tkbilTa da sulierTa nayofaTgan...~ (abulaZe 1955:

77). aq imave simbolur saxes vxvdebiT nayofieri xisa, romelic `wminda

wyalTagan~ RvTiuri madliT ikvebeba; mxolod ukve xed dasaxelebulia

finiki.

Semdeg magaliTSi finikTan erTad libanis naZvia moxseniebuli,

rac imave nayofierebis simbolur saxed unda aRviqvaT. `viTarca finiki

aRyuavnes da viTarca naZvi libanisa ganmravldes, WeSmaritad amaRldes

wmindani ufrois simaRleTa da ganmravldes nayofni maTni ufrois

yovelTa xeTa nayofierTa da yuavian saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa viTarca

vardni Suenierni da viTarca SroSanni sulnelni...~ (abulaZe 1955: 70).

vardisa da SroSanis simbolikas qvemoT SevexebiT. Aamjerad, finiksa da

naZvze SevCerdeT.

finiki da finikis palma simboloa nayofierebis, gansakuTrebiT

mamrobiTisa. Aaseve RvTaebrivi guluxvobisa, amitomac igi gaxda

bibliuri simbolo maTi, vinc miiRebs kurTxevas zecaSi. ~finikis

palmaTa kolonebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia Zvelegvipturi

arqiteqturisaTvis, cxovrebis xis simboloa~ (tresideri 1992: 394).

rac Seexeba naZvs, is `mamacobis, siZlieris, zeaweuli sulieri

mdgomareobis, erTgulebisa da ukvdavebis simboloa~ (tokarevi 1988: 369).

saqarTveloSi naZvi odiTganve muxasTan erTad yofila

gaRmerTebuli, gansakuTrebiT svaneTSi. adgilobrivi rwmeniT, wminda

naZvnaridan nafotis gamotanac ki RvTis risxvis gamomwvevia da moavlens

uCveulod msxvil setyvas.

wminda naZvnaris RvTiurobis darRvevisas RvTis risxvad setyvis

movlineba mogvagonebs muxis kults, romelic zevsisa da iupiteris xed

iyo miCneuli.

`rac Seexeba muxis qristianul simbolos _ is siZlierisa da

xangrZlivi sicocxlis maCvenebelia, riTac muxa uaxlovdeba naZvis

simbolur mniSvnelobas~ (elaSvili 1997: 17).

naZvs muxasTan akavSirebs revaz siraZec: `naZvi, albaT,

qristianuli saxe unda iyos gakultebuli muxisa~ (siraZe 1987: 110-111).

56

migvaCnia, rom Cvens motanil magaliTebSi finikica da naZvic

nayofierebas gamoxataven da agiograf avtors moyavs pirdapir

fsalmuniseuli citata, rac sakmaod Cveulebrivi movlenaa

agiografiisTvis: `marTali, viTarca finiki, aRyuavnes da, viTarca naZÂ

libanisa, ganmravldes~ (fs. 91,13).

imave simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba zeTisxili `Siosa da

evagres cxovrebaSi~: `nayofier iqmneboda, viTarca zeTis xili msxmoi

saxlsa RmrTisasas~ (abulaZe 1955: 72).

unda aRiniSnos, rom am mcenares sul sxva simboluri datvirTva

aqvs sxvadasxva xalxTa miTologiebsa da kulturebSi. is kurTxeuli xea

antikur, iudeur, qristianul da islamur tradiciebSi. zeTisxili

odiTganve miCneuli iyo mSvidobis, siuxvis, ubiwoebis, ukvdavebis,

sixarulisa da gamarjvebis simbolod. Ees iSviaTad uxvmosavliani xe,

erT-erTi cnobiT, kunZul kretaze iyo kultivirebuli, xolo meore

versiiT _ libiaSi. Aasea Tu ise, faraonebisdroindeli egvipte ukve

zeTisxilis qveynadaa cnobili, xolo Zveli saberZneTis, romis (iseve,

rogorc xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis umetesobis) meurneobis

umniSvnelovanes nawils Seadgenda zeTisxilis moSeneba, movla da zeTis

gamoxda. ar aris gasakviri, rom Zvel saberZneTSi zeTisxilis momWreli

sikvdiliT isjeboda. patarZlebi saqorwino kabebze imagrebdnen

zeTisxilis tots an xelSi eWiraT ubiwoebis simbolod; zeTisxilis

gvirgvinebiT amkobdnen olimpiur TamaSebSi gamarjvebulebs.

mSvidobis simbolod zeTisxilis rto Zvel romSi damkvidrda,

rodesac dapyrobil xalxTa elCebs zeTisxilis rto mohqondaT romael

mbrZaneblebTan morCilebis niSnad. Aam tradiciam Taviseburi

interpretacia pova bibliur simbolikaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, warRvnis

Semdeg noes kidobanSi mofrenil mtreds niskartiT zeTisxilis rto

eWira. Aamitomac igi iTvleba ara mxolod moaxloebuli xsnis macned,

aramed RmerTsa da adamians Soris kavSiris simbolodac.

rogorc cnobilia, xe nayofis mixedviT fasdeba. uSualod nayofi

Cven mier gaanalizebul teqstebSi mravladaa moxseniebuli.

`keTilman xeman keTilica gamoiRos nayofi, viTarca da eseca

sanatreli nayofTa TvisTagan sacnaur hyofda romlobasa ZirTasa~

57

(abulaZe 1955: 147). es citata zemoTac movixmeT da aRvniSneT, rom aq

saubaria daviT garejelis mSoblebze da am SemTxvevaSi `nayofi keTili~

daviT garejelia.

N`nayofi qristianul sarwmunoebaSi simboloa RvTiurobis, sikeTis

da, amave dros, atributia RvTismSoblisa~ (tokarevi 1988: 370), radganac

swored RvTismSobelma mogvca RvTiuri nayofi _ qriste.

`RvTismSobelo qalwulo, gixaroden! Mmimadlebulo mariam, ufali

SenTana! kurTxeul xar Sen dedaTa Soris da kurTxeul ars nayofi

muclisa Senisa, rameTu macxovari gviSev sulTa CuenTa.~

swored RvTismSoblis mimarT am locvis perifrazia mocemuli

Semdeg monakveTSi:

,,yovlad wmindao RmrTis mSobelo mariam, kurTxeul ars nayofi

muclisa Senisai da kurTxeul ars saxeli wmidaÁ didebisa misisaÁ~

(abulaZe 1955: 89).

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ avtori ixsenebs samoel

winaswarmetyvels, romelic dedis mxurvale locvis SesmeniT moavlina

ufalma amqveynad: `rameTu yovelTa keTilTa ganmasurnelebel locvai

ars. Aman mucelsa Sina dedisasa ganapoxa samoel da winaswarmetyuel

gamoaCina. ixileT-Ra nayofi igi locvisai winaswarmetyuel iqmna

WeSmaritebisa siyrmiTgan, rameTu iTxova igi ana cremliTa da locviTa~

(abulaZe 1955: 6). es epizodi gaxsenebaa 1 mefeTasi (1 mef. 1-20).

moyvanil magaliTSi `nayofi~ `Sedegis~ identuri mniSvnelobisaa;

Aanu _ ixileT Sedegi mxurvale locvisa, gveubneba avtori.

Aarc Tu ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba `nergi~ simboluri mniSvnelobiT.

nergi _ dasargavad gankuTvnili norCi mcenare an misi nawilia.

qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi nergi scildeba Tavisi

biologiuri arsebobis farglebs da qristianuli gaazrebiT is iqceva

WeSmaritebis safuZvlad. `yoveli nergi, romeli ara dahnerga mamaman

Cemman zecaTaman, ZiriTurT aRifxuras~ (maT. 15,13).

qristianobas axlad naziarebi xalxi _ nergebia, mxolod axal

nergebad iwodebian isini. `xolo mas Jamsa ineba wmindaman mamaman iovane.

raÁTa moixilnes mowafeni TÂsni da cnas, Tu romelsa sazomsa miwevnul

arian, da raÁTa gamoacxadnes saqmeni maTni keTilni kacTa Soris, rameTu

58

axal nerg iyunes kacni da uxmda ganmtkicebaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 89). `raTa

aTormetni gamorCios mowafeTagan TÂsTa da mivides qarTlad, rameTu

axalnerg iyvnes~ (Zveli qarTuli... IV 1968: 370).

Aaxali nergi SeiZleba qveyanac iyos, roca is axali naziarebia

qristianobas. wminda Sio da misi mowafeebi `warvides queynad qarTvelTa

da ganamtkicnes erni sarwmunoebasa zeda, rameTu axalnerg iyvnes maSin

qarTvelni da orasni oden weliwadni warsrul iyvnes moqceviT

maTiTgan...~ (abulaZe 1955: 78).

igivea naTqvami ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~: àxal nerg ars

queyanai ese~ (abulaZe 1955: 28).

qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi wmindani `viTarca nergi~

aRmocendeba da ixarebs. igi Tavisi mowameobrivi cxovrebis miwuruls

iqceva fesvmagar xed, romelzedac damwifdeba nayofi misi sulis, misi

moRvaweobisa. igi nergia da Tavadaa keTili nayofis gamomRebeli,

Tavadaa saTave sikeTisa: `xolo wmindai Sio, mkvidri udabnoisaÁ da

yuavili Suenieri, nergi ukvdavebisaÁ, gamomRebeli nayofsa keTilsa...~

(abulaZe 1955: 138).

`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba `Tesli~ (mcenaris

Canasaxovani safexuri). Tesli yvelaze ufro Rrma filosofiuri

simboloa mcenareul simboloTa Soris, `radgan is saTavea axali

sicocxlis~ (tokarevi 1988: 370gv.). agreTve is uyris safuZvels raimes

ganviTarebas.

agiografi avtori ganmartavs, Tu ratom da visTvis aRiwereba

wmindanis `cxovreba~. swored am ganmartebis mixedviT, aseTi nawarmoebi

gaxlavT is Tesli, romelic nayofs gamoiRebs. nayofis gamoRebaSi ki, am

SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeba mkiTxvelis rwmenis gaRviveba da ganmtkiceba:

ègreTve ese gonierad daaTrobs keTilTa TxrobaTa mier sulsa

msmenelTasa da, Tesl saRmrTosa swavlisa qmnilni gamoiReben nayofsa

samoceulsa da aseulsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 145).

SeSa: dacvis simbolo, romelic damyarebulia keTilsuliani

xeebis warmodgenebze da universalur tradiciaze, romlis mimarTebiT xe

aris materialuri zrunvisa da sicocxlis Zalis simbolo.

59

induri tradiciiT, SeSisgan Seiqmna yoveli nivTi, _ brahma.

CineTSi is aris emblema gazafxulisa da aRmosavleTis.

xis kultis miuxedavad, adamians arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba xis

praqtikuli gamoyeneba; miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom xe cocxali arsebaa da

amitom, xelSeuxebeliao, droTa ganmavlobaSi unda Secvliliyo miTiT,

rom xe aris sasufeveli sulisa an uzenaesi RvTaebisa.

swored amitom, `roca aucilebloba moiTxovda xis mokveTas,

sruldeboda garkveuli rituali, patiebas sTxovdnen wminda suls

simyudrovis darRvevisaTvis da sTxovdnen mas, rom Seecvala samyofeli~

(diufuri 1974: 278). Yyovelive amis Semdeg xe aRar iyo xelSeuxebeli da

SeiZleboda misi moWra da Tundac SeSad gamoyeneba.

`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ SeSa gvxvdeba Semdegi simboluri

datvirTviT.Bbarbarosma wminda mamis mokvla ganizraxa, magram, rogorc

ki xeli SemarTa, `meyseulad SehÃma igi da iqmna viTarca SeSaÁ~ (abulaZe

1955: 170).

rogorc vxedavT, aq SeSas Taviseburi emociuri datvirTva aqvs. is

aracocxali, statikuri sawyisis maCvenebelia.

mayvali, mayvlovani: mayvlovani mniSvnelovani bibliuri saxea:

ùCvena mas (moses) angelozi uflisa cecxliTa alisaTa mayvlovaniT

gamo, da ixila. viTarmed mayvlovansa mas aRtydebis cecxli da mayuali

igi ara Seiwvebis~ (gam. 3,2).

aqedan modis Seuwveli buCqi, anu mayvlovanis simbolika, romelic

ase sainteresod aris gaSlili `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~. iq àngelozi

mayvlovanSi da wminda nino mayvlovanSi migvaniSnebs, rom RvTismSobelia

misi Semfarveli, misi sulieri sadguri~ (siraZe 1987: 103).

rac Seexeba ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ naxseneb mayvlovans, aq

igi bibliuri analogiiT gvxvdeba: `gamoecxada angelozi RmrTisaÁ

cecxliTa mayulovansa mas Sina, saidumloÁ qalwulisaÁ, da zarganxdili

movida xilvad~ (abulaZe 1955. 6).

Mmayvlovanis saxismetyvelebiTi mniSvneloba, TiTqosda, aRemateba

sasuliero mwerlobaSi warmoCenil sxva xe-mcenareTa bibliur

simbolikas, radganac mayvlovani martooden angelozTa xilvisa da

gamocxadebis niSandobliv adgilad ar unda miviCnioT, aramed ès

60

`Seuwveli buCqi~ moiazreba, rogorc RmerTis droebiTi sasufeveli...~

(elaSvili 1997: 42). swored amitom, saxarebiseuli simbolikiT, qarTul

agiografiaSi mayvlovanSi igulisxmeba RvTismSobeli an RvTismSoblis

`xeldasxmuli~, rogorc es aris miniSnebuli `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~.

yvavili: yvavilis simbolika farToa: silamaze (gansakuTrebiT

qaluri), sulieri srulyofileba, bunebrivi ucodveloba, RvTaebrivi

kurTxeva, gazafxuli, axalgazrdoba, sikeTe, magram, amave dros,

sicocxlis xanmokleoba, samoTxis sikeTe; yvavilia lakoniuri simbolo

bunebisa, emblema wriuli moZraobisa _ dabadeba, cxovreba, sikvdili da

ganaxleba. ikebana Taigulebis Seqmnis iaponuri xelovnebaa, romelic

dafuZnebulia am simbolur Temaze.

aRmosavlur religiebSi yvavili aseve simboloa sulieri

cxovrebisa (gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelobs am mxriv lotosi). Bbrahmasa da

budas yvavilebs Soris gamoxatavdnen. wylis yvavilebi arian niSanni

suli wmidisa.

RvTismSobeli gamoixateba SroSaniT an zambaxiT xelSi.

aseve xelovnebaSi, yvavilebi imedis (rwmenisa) da ganTiadis

alegoriul atributebad gvxvdebian da amqveyniuri cxovrebis

warmavalobis simboloebad gvevlinebian.

rogorc aRvniSneT, yvavilTa simbolika sakmaod farToa:

dawyebuli gulmowyalebis alegoriidan (SroSanis siwminde) da

sibrZnidan (daosis òqros yvavili~; igi gvirgviniviT iSleba Tavze),

damTavrebuli sisxliani msxverplSewirviT da RmerTebis sikvdiliT

(wiTeli yvavilebi, anemiebi, yayaCoebi).

yvavilebis Seferiloba, surneli da `faqtura~ xSirad

gansazRvravs maT simbolikas: TeTri SroSani, magaliTad, niSania

siwmindisa, mZafri Jasmini _ seqsualobis, magnoliebi _ Tavmoyvareobis an

siamayis.

dakrZalvis ceremonialSi gamoyenebuli msubuqi surnelis

yvavilebi simboloa sicocxlis gagrZelebis an aRdgomisa. Aamave mizniT

mimofantavdnen xolme saflavze vardebs romSi.

61

`moRunuli forma yvavilisa, romelic farTod aris

gavrcelebuli, simboloa pasiurobisa da qalurobis; misi samnawiliani

agebuleba gamoxatavs kosmiur harmonias~ (tresideri 1992: 403).

mSvenieri yvavilebi odiTganve poetebis aRmafrenis sagans

warmoadgendnen, Mmagram sasuliero mwerlobaSi es mSveniereba

ganzogaddeba da adamianis sulierebas gansazRvravs.

Yyvelaze didi mSveniereba amqveynad sicocxlis dabadebaa,

amitomac qarTul agiografiaSi yvavili xSirad axali sicocxlis

(Svilis) saxe-simboloa.

`yvavilad mxolod is Svilia saxeldebuli, romelic momavalSi

SeiZleba iqces WeSmarit morwmuned~ (elaSvili 1997: 43). amitomac aris

wminda ioanes erTi mowafeTagani, ise, mSvenier yvavilad wodebuli:

`saxeliT ise, ganTqmuli yovliTave saTnoebiTa, nergi igi samoTxisaÁ,

yuavili Suenieri da yovlisa keTilisa Ziri~ (abulaZe 1955: 87).

meore SemTxvevaSic yvavili gamoyenebulia wminda mamis

dasaxasiaTeblad: `romel-igi iyo erTi aTormetTagani netarTa maT

mamaTa, romlisa saxeli friad ganTqmul iyo ubiwoebiTa da saTnoebasa

srolebisasa miwevnili, nergi samoTxisa, yuavili ferSuenieri, surneli~

(Zveli qarTuli... IV, 1968: 400). Aam simboluri saxis moxmobiT avtors

surda, rom xazi gaesva wminda mamis saTnoebis, sikeTisa da

RvTismosaobsTvis.

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ Sesaval nawilSi agiografi avtori

Tavmdablad acxadebs, rom ver SeZlebs am didi Sromis Sesrulebas da

saTanadod aRweras wminda mamis cxovrebisa, magram ganagrZobs: àramed

ganviZraxe, raÁTa vemsgavso futkarsa Sromis moyuaresa da samoTxeTa

SuenierTa wignTa mier moviwilne yuavilni, raÁTa ganumzado Wamadi

tkbili wadierTa sadideblad Cuenda~ (abulaZe 1955: 6). Aaq SesaniSnav

saxeebs vxvdebiT _ avtori futkris SromismoyvareobiT moekideba saqmes

da samoTxis wignebidan mopovebuli yvavilebis sitkboebiT (Cveni azriT,

aq saRmrTo werili igulisxmeba) tkbil neqtars daamzadebs morwmune

mkiTxvelisaTvis.

agiografiis sxva ZeglebSi yvavilis simbolika ufro farToa:

`wminda SuSanikis wameba~ _ sicocxlis xibli, `wminda abos wameba~ _

62

ieso qristes simbolo, `wminda ninos cxovreba~ _ xalxi, magram Cven am

SemTxvevaSi ar SevCerdebiT maTze.

yvavilTa saxeobebidan asureli mamebis cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi

uSualod gvxvdeba vardi da SroSani. aRsaniSnavia, rom am yvavilTa

simbolika sakmaod farToa, rogorc qristianul samyaroSi, aseve sxva

religiebsa Tu kulturebSi.

vardi: vardis bibliuri simbolika Warbad aris Caqsovili qarTul

sasuliero mwerlobaSi. igi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli miTosur-

poeturi saxea. dasavleTis tradiciaSi sanimuSo yvavilia, gulis

simbolo, msoflxedvis centri, kosmiuri borbali, aseve RvTaebrivi,

romantikuli da emociuri siyvarulis emblema. TeTri vardi simboloa

umankoebis, siwmindisa da qalwulobis, wiTeli _ vnebisa da survilis,

grZnobieri silamazis.

vardi aris aseve srulyofilebis simbolo, xolo misi naxevrad

gaSlili kokori ki _ saukuno cxovrebisa, swored amitom mis furclebs

fantavdnen romSi rozariis dResaswaulze, xolo romis imperatorebi

atarebdnen vardis gvirgvins.

gaSlili vardi sikvdilis niSania, wiTeli vardi SeiZleba

aRniSnavdes daRvril sisxls, tanjvas, sikvdilsa da ganaxlebas

(aRdgomas).

Zvelromauli miTebi akavSireben wiTel vards omis RmerT marsTan,

agreTve mis meuRle venerasa (berZnul miTologiaSi afrodite) da

moklul sayvarel adonisTan (miTis berZnuli versiiT, adonisi iyo

sasikvdilod daWrili taxisgan. roca afrodite mirboda masTan, mas

fexSi SeerWo TeTri vardis ekali da misma sisxlis wveTebma SeRebes

yvavili wiTlad).

vardi aseve iyo simbolo mzisa da ganTiadis.

qristianebisaTvis sisxlisferi vardi da misi eklebi aris

simbolo qristes vnebebisa.

vardi gaxda mTavari emblema da simbolo okulturi da

kabalisturi ordenisa, romelic daarsda me-17 saukuneSi. Mmisi emblema

gaxda vardebis jvari an xis jvari vardiT centrSi. furcelTa simravle

63

niSnavda safexurebs ufalTan miaxlebisa, xolo vardiscentri, am

ordenis warmomadgenelTaTvis, iyo guli iesosi, RvTiuri naTeli;

RvTismSobels zogjer uwodeben zecis vards eklebis gareSe, rac

mianiSnebs mis umankoebaze.

Aasurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi vardi ramdenimejer

gvxvdeba. wminda abibos nekreselis daxasiaTebisas avtori acxadebs: `Cemi

ars mowame ese da ara sxvisa, Cemisa amisgan saydrisa, nayofi Suenieri,

mxiarulebisa Cemda momRebeli, spetaki vardi, haerisa sulnel-myofeli,

Cemda momfeneli...~ (abulaZe 1955: 189).

rogorc vxedavT, aq vardis moxmobiT avtors surda, mowamis

sispetakisa da siwmindisaTvis gaesva xazi. Aaq `vardi~, iseve, rogorc

`nayofi~, mowamis gamorCeulobaze mianiSnebs. xolo imis aRniSvniT, rom

es vardi `sulnel-myofelia~, anu moafens Tavis surnels garSemomyofT,

simbolurad aRiqmeba _ mowameobrivi sikvdili, yovelTvis didi

magaliTia morwmuneTaTvis; igi surnelis msgavsad moefineba

garSemomyofT, `ganamxiarulebs~ da rwmeniT aRavsebs maT.

vardi agiografiul ZeglebSi xSirad wmindanTa `RvTiuri madlis~

misaniSneblad gamoiyeneba. igi Tavisi metaforuli saxecvlilebebiTac

gvevlineba. Tu `wminda abibos nekreselis wamebaSi~ is `vardi spetakia~,

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ _ `vardni Suenierni...~ swored asea

moxseniebuli wminda mamebi am ZeglSi. `yuavian saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa,

viTarca vardni Suenierni, da viTarca SroSanni sulnelni...~ (abulaZe

1955: 70).

aq kidev erTi saxe Segvxvda yvavilisa, romelic simbolurad

mniSvnelobs.

SroSani: erT-erTi araerTgvarovani simboloa yvavilTa Soris.

qristianul religiaSi simboloa sisufTavis, siwmindis, magram, amave

dros, Zvel tradiciebSi asocirdeba nayofierebasTan da siyvarulTan.

qristianul xelovnebaSi gvxvdeba TeTri SroSani, romelsac IX saukuneSi

uwodebdnen `madonas~ (RvTismSoblis asociaciiT). is aseve iyo atributi

mravali wmindanisa. mas xSirad gamoxatavdnen larnakSi an wmindanis

xelSi.

64

SroSani antikur samyaroSi iTvleboda miwis qalRmerTis _ geas _

rZisagan gazrdil yvavilad.

bizantiaSi SroSani simbolo iyo aRzevebisa da samefo didebis da,

albaT, swored es da ara misi kavSiri siwmindesTan, gaxda mizezi imisa,

rom SroSani safrangeTis simbolo gamxdariyo.

SroSanis emblemuri mniSvneloba qristiani wmindanebis

gamosaxulebaSi momdinareobs, upirvelesad, qristes mTaze qadagebidan.

`da samoselisaTÂs rasa hzrunavT? ganicadeniT SroSanni velisani, viTar

igi aRorZindis! ara Surebin, arca sTavn. xolo getyÂ Tquen: rameTu

arcaRa solomon Seimosa, viTarca erTi amaTgani~ (maT. 6. 28-29)

SroSani gvxvdeba `qebaTa-qeba solomonisaSic~, sadac saubaria

satrfos siwmindeze: `me yuavili velisaÁ da SroSani ReleTaÁ. da

viTarca SroSani Soris ekalTa, esreT ars maxlobeli Cemi Soris

asulTa~ (qeb. 2. 1-2).

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom SroSans, ZiriTadad, sispetakisa da

sisufTavis, silamazis aRsaniSnavad moixmoben xolme, ise, rogorc es

nikoloz baraTaSvils aqvs:

`viTa pepela

arxevs nel-nela

spetak SroSanas, lamazad axrils,

ase sayure,

ucxo sayure,

eTamaSeba Tavissa aCrdils~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 102).

aseve sayuradReboa wm. SuSanikis saxelic. is ,,SroSanidan”

momdinareobs: ,,mamisagan saxeliT vardan, da siyuaruliT saxeli misi

SuSanik” (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 11).

rac Seexeba `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebul `SroSanni

sulnelnis~, is, iseve rogorc vardi, RvTiuri madliT dajildoebuli

adamianebis simbolod unda aRviqvaT.

ifqli da RuarZli: ifqlisa da RvarZlis simboluri gaazreba

saxarebiseulia. kerZod, igi momdinareobs xorblisa da RvarZlis

igavidan (maT. 13. 25), romlis mixedviTac puri siwmindea, RvarZlSi

Sereuli xorbali _ Sebilwuli sikeTe; es simboluri saxe araerTgzis

65

gvxvdeba rogorc asureli mamebis cxovreba-wamebebSi, ise, zogadad, mTel

mxatvrul literaturaSi _ ìfqli RvarZlad gadaiqca, zed mobrunda

cecxlis kevri~ (guramiSvili 1955: 42).

avtori asureli mamebis cxovrebisa axasiaTebs wminda ioanes

mowafeebs, romlebic moZRvris davalebiT gaeSurnen qveynis sxvadasxva

kuTxeSi; isini ganswavlulebi iyvnen yovelgvar sikeTeSi. maT muSakebs

uwodebs, romelnic ara sasyidlisTvis iyvnen momuSaveni; aqve aRniSnavs

maT unars sikeTisa da borotebis garCevisa: èseviTarni keTilni muSakni

da ara sasyidliT dadginebulni warivlinnes sanatrelisa mamisa ioanes

mier keTilsa mas samuSakosa, romelTa keTilad eswava moZRurisa

TÂsisagan aneul qmnaÁ erquniTa swavlaTaÁTa sulebsa morwmuneTasa da

ganrCevaÁ ifqlisa RuarZlisagan, romelsa moSurne igi da mteri kacTaÁ

dasTesavs maradis gonebasa Sina maTsa gulis-sityuaTa borotTa

STaTesviTa sulTa Soris kacTasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 39).

imave simboluri SinaarsiT aris naxsenebi ifqli da RvarZli

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~. Sio locavs evagres: ùflman RmerTman

gangaZlieren da mogecin Sen Zali moTmenad yovelTave SemTxveulTa

Senda ZÂris xilviTa da WirTa mterisa mier mowevnulTa... borotman

eSmakman... nu sada Senca dagirwyas sabrxe da STasTesnes keTilsa ifqlsa

Sina gonebisa Senisasa borotni RuarZlni kualad soflad

ukunqcevisani~ (abulaZe 1955: 104).

Yyovelive zemoaRniSnuli migvaniSnebs imaze, rom asurel

moRvaweTa cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi mcenareTa da mis Semadgenel

nawilTa simbolika sakmaod vrcladaa mocemuli. am teqstebSi

mcenareTagan simbolurad mniSvnelovania xe da misi saxeobebi _ finiki,

naZvi, zeTisxili, mcenaris Semadgeneli nawilebi: nayofi, Tesli; agreTve

gvxvdeba: SeSa, nergi, mayvali, yvavili, vardi da SroSani. Cven SevecadeT,

maTi simbolika sxva religiebsa da kulturebSic mogveZia, Tumca,

dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom maTi simboluri mniSvnelobebi asurel mamaTa

cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi, ZiriTadad, bibliur safuZvlebs emyareba.

66

Tavi III

zoomorfuli saxeebi

zoomorful saxeTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas gamovyofT or qveTavs:

cxovelTa da frinvelTa simbolur saxeebs. maTi qristianuli

simbolikis kvlevisas, ZiriTadad, viTvaliswinebT basili didis

Txzulebas `mÃecTaTÂs saxisa sityuaÁ~. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom

zoomorfuli simbolika daedo safuZvlad uZveles religiur

warmodgenebs: totemizms, animizmsa da magiis sxvadasxva rwmenas. es

warmodgenebi dResac cocxloben sxvadasxva xalxTa miTebsa da

religiaSi da qmnian `samyaros suraTs~.

a) cxovelTa simbolika

agiografiul TxzulebebSi asurel mamaTa urTierToba maT

garemomcvel bunebasTan, Cveulebriv, meorexarisxovan adgils imsaxurebs.

avtorTaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania imis warmoCena, ramdenad zrunavs

ufali Tavis mosavebze, roca irmebisa Tu frinvelis saSualebiT

ugzavnis xorciel sazrdos; anda ramdenad Zlieria dayudebul mamaTa

siwminde, rom maT winaSe morCil iqmnebian veluri mxecnic ki. teqstebSi

aqa-iq gabneulia am urTierTobis amsaxveli epizodebi. mTlianobaSi es

scenebi Zalauneburad gadmogvcems asurel mamaTa pirovnul-

fsiqologiur niuansebsac _ wmindanTa gansakuTrebiT faqiz da mzrunvel

damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT, rac metad niSandobliv Strixs matebs

maT pirovnebas da naTlad warmoaCens mamebis amaRlebul, spetak suls.

gansaxilvel ZeglebSi cxovelTa simbolika sakmaod

mravalferovania. aq gvxvdeba irmis, mglis, daTvis, saxedris, gvelis (am

ukanasknels ganvixilavT cxovelTaA rigSi), veSapis simboloebi. maTi

umetesobis simboluri gaazreba bibliidan momdinareobs, Tumca,

TiToeuli maTgani miTologiebSic mniSvnelovania. Cven SevecdebiT, isini

ganvixiloT, upirvelesad, qristianuli simbolikis niadagze,

warmovaCinoT maTi paradigmuloba da aseve mokled mimovixiloT, Tu

67

rogor gaiazrebs am simboloebs ama Tu im xalxis religiuri da

miTologiuri sistema.

cxovelTa samyaro warmoadgens bunebis nawils; im nawils,

romelic axlosaa adamianTan. es naTesaoba da siaxlove sakmaod didi

ZaliT SeigrZnoboda Zv. ebraelebTan. amis gamoa, swored, rom bibliaSi

xSirad gamoiyeneba cxovelebi adamianTa bunebisa da Tvisebebis

aRmniSvnelad. adamiansa da cxovels Soris msgavseba, dawyebuli maTi

warmoSobidan da damTavrebuli saerTo xvedriT _ sikvdiliT, xandaxan

daundobeli gulaxdilobiTaa gamoTqmuli. xSirad orive maTgani

gaerTianebulia saerTo saxeldebiT _ `sulierni~. cxovelebi imdenad

axlos arian adamianebTan, rom erTvebian kavSirSi adamiansa da RmerTs

Soris.

metad sainteresod aris warmoCenili bibliaSi am simbolikis

Casaxva-ganviTareba.

cxovelTa bibliuri simbolika ise kargad ar aris damuSavebuli,

rogorc Sua saukuneebis bestiariebis simbolika; igi mxolod

moniSnulia zogierTi cxovelis mimarT. magram is mxecebi, romlebic

mtroben adamians, garkveul adgils ikaveben religiur azrovnebaSi da

gvawvdian masalas zogierTi xatovani warmodgenisaTvis _ dawyebuli

dabadebis wignidan, damTavrebuli ioanes gamocxadebiT. TavisTavad,

cxovelTa samyaros arseboba araviTar kamaTs ar iwvevs, magram bibliaSi

warmodgenilia yvela sazizRari da saSiSi cxoveli, maT Soris

legendarulebic: gareuli cxovelebi _ lomebi, mglebi da avazebi (os. 5.

14, amb. 1. 8), afTrebi da turebi (es. 13. 22); mtacebeli frinvelebi da

isinic, romlebic saxloben nangrevebSi ,,da Zovden saSual missa

samwysosni da yovelni mჴecni queyanisani, da miwis lomni, da eqinni

bagovnebisa Soris misisa dawven. da mჴecni ჴmobden naTxarTa Soris

misTa, yoranni bWoovnebisa Soris misisa miT, rameTu naZჳ aRsadgomel

missa’’ (sof. 2. 14); qvewarmavlebi _ vasiliskodan niangamde ,,aspitsa da

vasiliskossa zeda xჳdodi. da dasTrguno Sen lomi da veSapi~ F(fsal. 90.

13) (ezek. 29. 5-6); mavnebeli mwerebi, rogoricaa kalia an muxluxo: ,,mun

SegWamos Sen cecxlman, mogasrulos Sen maxჳlisa mier da SegWamos Sen,

68

viTarca mkalman da dagimZimdes Sen, viTarca bocomkali~ (naum. 3. 15).

amgvarad, adamians win aRudgeba qajebTan dakavSirebuli mTeli

borotismyofeli fauna (Sdr. ,,faCvnierni”, e.i. satirebi _ es. 13. 21; 34. 12-

14; lev. 17. 7-Si), rom araferi vTqvaT zRvis urCxulebze: ,,da Seqmnna

RmerTman veSapni didni da yoveli suli cxovelTa quewarmavalTaჲ,

gamoiRes wyalTa naTesaobisaebr maTisa yoveli mfrinveli mfrinvaleni

naTesaobisaebr. da ixila RmerTman, rameTu keTil’’ (dab. 1. 21), romlebic,

ZiriTadad, cxovelTa pirvelsaxes warmoadgenen, gveleSapze, `moSriale

gvelze", raabze an leviaTanze (iob. 7. 12; es. 51. 9). bolo maTgani,

romelic aRmosavleTis miTologiur simbolikaSi ganasaxierebs `zRvas",

aumxedrda TviT iahves _ rogorc misi macxovnebeli Canafiqris

mowinaaRmdege. M

zogierTi teqsti, romelic mimarTavs miTur mniSvnelobas da

moklebulia xatovan Txrobas, RvTaebriv SemoqmedebiT aqts

warmogvidgens, rogorc Zlevamosil brZolas pirvelad urCxulTan,

romelic ganasaxierebs uwesobas _ raabTan an leviaTanTan: ,,Sen

ganamtkice ZaliTa SeniTa zRuaჲ, Sen Sehmusre Tavebi veSapTa wyalTa

zeda” (fsal. 73.13) (iob. 9.13); es aris omi, romelic mimdinareobs istoriis

farglebs miRma, igi azrs aniWebs yvela istoriul Sejaxebas iahvesa da

mis mtrebs Soris. pirveli aseTi Sejaxeba aris samoTxeSi datrialebuli

tragedia (dab. 3). sakuTriv dabadebis wignis teqstSi RvTisa da adamianTa

veragi mowinaaRmdege jer ar moixsenieba misi namdvili saxeliT; magram

miwieri gvelis ukan imaleba mxecis pirvelsaxe _ gveleSapi-eSmaki da

satana: ,,da gardamovarda veSapi igi didi, gueli dasabamisaჲ, romelsa

ewodebis eSmaki da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa;

gardamovarda queyanad da angelozni misni mis Tana gardamocჳves”

(gamocx. 12.9); ,,da Seipyra veSapi igi - gueli dasabamisaჲ, romeli ars

eSmaki da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa, da Sekra igi aTas

wel” (gamocx. 20.2). amdenad, mxeci, romelic dawyevlilia yvela pirutyvs

Soris, yvela gareul cxovels Soris, upiratesad, wyeuls warmoadgens;

istoria xdeba brZolis veli, sadac igi Seerkineba im qalis

STamomavlobas, romelzec man garkveuli Zalaufleba moipova: ,,da hrqua

69

ufalman guelsa: rameTu hyav ese, wyeul iyav Sen yovelTagan pirutyuTa

da yovelTagan mჴecTa queyanisa zedaTa, mkerdsa zeda da mucelsa

xჳdodi da miwasa sWamde yovelTa dReTa cxorebisa SenisaTa” (dab. 3. 14).

Tavdapirvelad es brZola warimarTeba droSi: borotismyofeli

mxecebi Tavs esxmian codvil kacobriobas. magram isini mTlad

damoukideblad ar moqmedeben; RmerTma icis, rogor mimarTos maTi

qmedebebi Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad: isini egvipteze misi

samsjavros Semsruleblebad iqcevian (gamosv. 7. 26 _ 8. 28; 10. 1-20; sibrZ.

16. 1-12), maTve mohyavT sisruleSi RvTis wyevla urwmuno xalxis mimarT

(II sj. 28. 26. 42); ,,da movavlino Tquen zeda mჴeci mZჳnvare queyanisaჲ da

SegWamdes Tquen, da aRჴocos sacxovari Tqueni da Segamcirnes Tquen da

oჴer iyunen gzani Tquenni.~ (lev. 26. 22). gareuli mxecebisadmi daTmobil,

gaukacrielebul qalaqTa saxe xSirad aris adamianTa garkveul erTobaTa

dasjis simbolo: ,,da Zovden saSual missa samwyosni da yovelni mჴecni

queyanisani, da miwislomni, da eqinni bagovnebisa Soris misisa dawven. da

mჴecni ჴmobden naTxarTa Soris misTa, yoranni bWoovnebisa Soris misisa

miT, rameTu naZჳ aRsadgomel missa” (sof. 2.14).

mdrtvinavT udabnoSi geslaven Sxamiani gvelebi (ricx. 21. 5-7),

aRTqmul miwaze kaliebi spoben mosavals da es saSineli jari Tavisi

SemoseviT winaswarmetyvelebs iahves dRes (ioel. 1_2). simboluri kaliebi,

romlebic hgvanan codvili kacobriobis ganmgmirav idumal mxedrebs,

kvlav iCenen Tavs esqatologiur Soltebs Soris (naum. 3. 15). kaliebs win

miuZRviT ufskrulis angelozi: ,,da aqus maT zeda mefed angelozi igi

ufskrulisaჲ. saxeli misi ebraelebr: avadon, xolo berZnebr aqus

saxeli apolion (gamocx. 9. 11)

mxeci garkveul gamarjvebebsac moipovebs. mis saxes amofarebuli

satana adamianebisgan Tayvaniscemas moiTxovs. dabrmavebulni, isini pirqve

emxobian ,,qvewarmavalTa da uwmindur cxovelTa sxvadasxva

gamosaxulebis winaSe”. ,,da Seved da vixile da, aha, yoveli msgavsebaჲ

quewarmZromelTa da sacxovarTaჲ da amaoni saZagelebani da yoveli

kerpebi gamowerilebi saxlisa israჱlisaჲ kedelsa zeda garemo” (ezek. 8.

70

10). kerpTayvanismcemlobis es forma, mZvinvarebs warmarT xalxebSi (sibrZ.

11. 15; 12. 24; 13. 10. 14; rom. 1. 2), ris gamoc maT RvTis risxvis sasjeli

atydebaT Tavs (sibrZ. 16. 1-9); metic, mxeci raRacnairad ganxorcieldeba

did warmarTul samefoebSi, romlebic miiltvian msoflio batonobisken,

eomebian wminda xalxs da avlenen mkrexelur qedmaRlobas (dan. 7. 2-8).

mxeci Tavis Zalauflebas iRebs gveleSapisagan, ama qveynis mTavrisagan:

,,da Tayuanis-sces veSapsa mas, romelmanca misca ჴelmwifebaჲ igi mჴecsa

mas; da Tayuanis-sces mჴecsa da ityodes: vin ars msgavs mჴecisa mis? vin

SemZlebel ars brZolad misa?” (gamocx. 13. 4). igi win aRudgeba qriste-

mefes, rogorc antiqriste, romelic RmerTs aZagebs, wmindanebs devnis,

Tayvaniscemas moiTxovs da aravis aqvs ufleba icxovros dedamiwaze, Tu

ar aris misi saxelis ricxviT niSandasmuli. totalitaruli

Zalauflebis am moTxovnaSi brali miuZRvis ara marto antioq epifanes

an warmarTul roms; igi gamudmebiT ganaxldeba eklesiis mTeli

istoriis manZilze.

mxecis es gancxroma mxolod moCvenebiTi da xanmoklea. ukve Zvel

aRTqmaSi mtkicdeba morwmuneTa gamarjveba. mose israelisTvis udabnoSi

aRmarTavs spilenZis gvelis niSans (ricx. 21. 9) da yoveli, vinc mas

Sexedavs, cocxali rCeba (sibrZ. 16. 6). mxecis Tayvanismcemel warmarTTa

garemocvaSi israeli mtkiced icavs Tavis sarwmunoebasa da erTian

cocxal RmerTs (dan. 14. 23-42). igi sZlevs Tavis sisustes lomTa muqaris

winaSe da RmerTi mas am muqaras Tavidan aacilebs (dan. 6), radgan yovel

RvTismosavs icavs RvTis angelozi. amdenad, mas SeuZlia mavne mxecebis

daTrgunva: ,,aspitsa da vasiliskossa zeda xჳdodi. da dasTrguno Sen

lomi da veSapi” (fsal. 90. 11-13). aseTi gamarjveba-pirvelsaxeebi

moaswaveben iesos gamarjvebas (maT. 4. 1-11); igi rCeba udabnoSi `mxecTa

Tana da angelosni msaxurebdes mas. da iyo mun ormeoc dRe da

gamoicadeboda eSmakisagan da iyo mჴecTa Tana, da angelozni

hmsaxurebdes mas” (mark. 1.13).

satana axla Camogdebulia cidan da TviT qajebic

damorCilebulni arian qristes mociqulTa mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom

71

mxecis damarcxeba jer yvelasTvis cxadi ar gamxdara, is ukve

gadawyvetilia.

samsjavros, romelic istorias bolos mouRebs, moyveba am

damarcxebis dasruleba. mxeci iqneba mokluli da misi sxeuli miecema

cecxls (dan. 7. 11-27). ase dasruldeba pirveladi gvel-eSmakisa da

satanis damarcxeba (gamocx. 12. 9). es iqneba qristes bolo brZola wminda

qalaqis dasacavad. maSin satana, sikvdili, jojoxeTi, mxeci da misi cru-

winaswarmetyvelni, aseve mxecis yvela Tayvanismcemeli, antiqristes

damqaSebi _ yvelani erTad iqnebian Cayrilni cecxlisa da gogirdis

tbaSi da es iqneba meore sikvdili. ase dasruldeba tragedia, romelic

daiwyo droTa dasabamidan.

cxovelTa samyaro Seadgens bunebis im nawils, romelic yvelaze

axlosaa adamianTan. am naTesaobas, romelsac zogjer, SesaZloa, verc

vamCnevT, gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT grZnobdnen ebraelebi, romlebic

ufro metad, vidre Cven, axlos iyvnen cxovelTa samyarosTan. swored

amitom bibliaSi sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba cxovelis Tviseba adamianTa

xasiaTebisa da mdgomareobis xatovan magaliTad: mters uwodeben ZaRls

(fsalm. 21. 17), qveyanaSi SemoWril jars _ kaliebis gunds (Sdr. es. 33. 4);

lomis saxiT zogjer warmodgenilia RmerTi, zogjer _ mteri. xSirad

xalxi Sedarebulia naxirTan (mag., naTanis igavSi (2 mef. 12. 1-4); kravi

qristes saxes warmogvidgens (ioan. 1. 29): ,,da vixile Soris saydrisa da

oTxTa maT cxovelTa da mRdelTaჲsa kravi mdgomare, viTarca dakluli.

da aqundes Sჳdni rqani da Sჳdni Tualni, romel arian Sჳdni igi sulni

RmrTisani, romelni moivlinebian yovelsave queyanasa” (gamocx. 5.6), xolo

mtredi _ suli wmidisas: ,,da naTel-iRo iesu. da meyseulad aRmovida raჲ

wylisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani, da ixila suli RmrTisaჲ,

gardamomavali, viTarca tredi, movida da daadgra mas zeda” (maT. 3. 16).

rodesac bibliis teqsts ufro Rrmad CavwvdebiT, SeiZleba Tvali

mivadevnoT imas, Tu TanadaTan rogor acnobiereben adamianebi TavianT

upiratesobas cxovelTa samyaros ZalebTan Sexvedrisas.

cxovelebis Tayvaniscema, rogoric unda iyos misi Sinaarsi da

gansxvavebuli formebi, gviCvenebs, Tu ra mowiwebul pativiscemas iCenda

72

maT mimarT zogierTi pirvelyofili religia, mag., egvipturi. zogjer

TviT israelic ki ver uZlebda cdunebas da aRmerTebda cxovelebs an

eTayvaneboda maT gamosaxulebebs (gamosv. 32; 3 mef. 12. 28-32). magram moses

sjuli, winaswarmetyvelTa gafrTxilebani da sibrZnis rCevebi exmarebian

ebraelebs, ganudgnen am damamcirebel gzas: ,,da cvales didebaჲ igi

uxrwnelisa RmrTisaჲ msgavsebad xatisa mis ganxrwnadisa kacisa da

mfrinvelTa da oTxferჴTa da quewarmavalTa” (rom. 1. 23). rac Seexeba

kerpTayvanismcemlebs, maTi ,,wminda” cxovelebi ara marto ar icaven maT,

aramed sabolood maTi dasjis iaraRad gvevlinebian: ,,mTaTa zeda

israilisaTa da daece Sen da yovelni SenTanani da mravalni naTesavni

Sen Tana; mfrinvelTa cisaTa da yovelTa frTovanTa miecneT da yovelTa

mჴecTa qveyanisaTa migec Sen SesaWmelad” (ezek. 39. 4).

xSirad qmnilebaTa orive kategoria, romlebic gaerTianebulia

saerTo saxelwodebiT _ ,,dabadebulni”, erTmaneTTan Zmur kavSirSi

imyofeba. xan adamiani exmareba cxovels: noe wylisgan gadaarCens

cxovelTa yoveli saxeobis TiTo wyvils; xan cxoveli exmareba adamians:

grZneuli viri gadaarCens balaams (ricx. 22. 22-35); yvavebi kvebaven ilia

winaswarmetyvels (3 mef. 17. 6); uSvelebeli Tevzi gadaarCens urC ionas

da moabrunebs mas marTal gzaze (ion. 2). fiqrebs cxovelTa samyaros

bunebis srulyofilebaze mihyavT iobi Semoqmedis yovlisSemZleobis

Secnobamde (iob. 38. 39_39. 30; 40. 15 _ 41. 26). dabolos, isini adamianebs

Seaxseneben, rom RmerTi mudam wyalobs yvela cocxal arsebas: ,,romelman

moscis sazrdeli pirutyuTa da marTueTa yornisaTa, romelni xadian

mas” (fsalm. 146. 9). ,,mihxedeniT mfrinvelTa cisaTa, rameTu ara sTesven,

arca mkian, arca Seikreben saunjeTa, da mamaჲ Tqueni zecaTaჲ zrdis maT.

ara-me ufroჲs Tquen umjobes xarTa mfrinvelTa?” (maT. 6. 26).

cxovelebi imdenad axlos arian adamianTan, rom ebmebian kavSirSi

RmerTsa da noes Soris (dab. 9. 9). cxovelebisadmi damokidebulebaSic

dawesebulia adamianuroba: ,,xolo ukueTu ixilo karauli mterisa Senisa

dacemuli tჳrTsa Sina missa, ara Tanawarhჴde mas, aramed Seewio mas mis

Tana~ (gamosv. 23. 5);

73

xolo im cxovelebs, romelTac raRac daaSaves, sasjeli eliT:

,,da rameTu sisxlica Tqueni sulTa TquenTa gamoviZio ჴelisagan

mჴecTasa da gamoviZio igi ჴelisagan kacisa Zmisa misisa gamoviZio suli

kacisa” (dab. 9. 5). zog SemTxvevaSi maT qvebiT Caqolaven (gamosv. 21. 28).

ukve samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb TxrobaSi zogierTi SeniSvna imaze

miuTiTebs, rom adamiani savsebiT acnobierebs Tavis upiratesobas

cxovelis mimarT. adami arqmevs cxovelebs saxelebs, riTac amtkicebs

maTze Tavis batonobas: ,,da yoveli, romeli uwoda maT adam saxelebi

yovelTa sacxovarTa da yovelTa mfrinvelTa cisaTa da yovelTa mჴecTa

qveyanisaTa, xolo adamisi ara epova Semwe msgavsi misi” (dab. 2. 20). arc

erTi cxoveli ar SeiZleba adamianisaTvis gaxdes "Semwe, misi Sesaferi"

(dab. 2. 18-23), amitom pirutyvTan dacema mkacrad isjeba: ,,yoveli, romeli

dawves pirutyჳsa Tana, sikudiliT mokuedin” (gamosv. 22. 19);

cxoveli SeiZleba iqnes mokluli adamianis mier sakvebad

gamosayeneblad (dab. 9. 2). adamianis upiratesoba dgindeba sityvebiT,

romlebic JRers, rogorc mozeime TviTSecnobis gamarjvebis simRera

(dab. 1. 26-30; fsal. 8. 6-9). piruku, nabuqodonosors ugunurebis sasjelad

,,guli mxecisa mieces”: `guli misi kacTagan icvalos da guli mჴecisa

moeces mas. da Sჳdni Jamni icvalnen mis zeda” (dan. 4. 13). adamianis

gamxeceba dakavSirebulia mis ajanyebasTan sulis winaaRmdeg, sabolood

ki _ RvTis winaaRmdeg.

sastik cxovelTa arseboba ganaxorcielebs da warmoaCens

adamianis winaaRmdeg meamboxe bunebasa da disharmonias, romelmac

samyaroSi SeaRwia. es mdgomareoba aris adamianTa codvis Sedegi. adamis

urCobamde yvela cxoveli, rogorc Cans, iyo morCili imisa, vinc maT

saxelebi mianiWa. magram Secodebis gamo yvelaferi, rac RmerTma Seqmna,

maSasadame, cxovelTa samyaroc, iqca xrwnis monad (rom. 8. 19-22).

droebaTa dasasruls, rodesac samyaro sruliad gaiwmindeba

Tavisi codvebisagan, sastiki cxovelebi gaqrebian: ,,da movsce mSჳdobaჲ

queyanasa Tquensa da daiZinodiT uzrunvelad da ara vin iyos maSinebel

Tquenda, da warvwymido mჴeci boroti queyanisagan Tquenisa da brZola

ara iyos queyanasa Tquensa” (lev. 26. 6).

74

samyaroSi, romelic povebs Tavis pirvelad erTianobas, buneba

aRar iqneba meamboxe; xolo is cxoveluri, rac darCa adamianSi (Sdr. iak.

3. 2-8), sabolood morCili gaxdeba da gardaisaxeba (1 kor. 15. 44).

rogori Zveli da idumalic ar unda iyos wminda da uwmindur

cxovelebad dayofa (Sdr. lev. 11; II sj. 14), iudevelobaSi igi

Seesabameboda kacobriobis gayofas or nawilad _ wminda israelebad da

uwmindur warmarTebad. sakvebTan dakavSirebuli wesebi, romlebic

exeboda uwmindur cxovelebs, ori samyaros gamijvnas uSualod Tu ar

iwvevdnen, aZlierebdnen mainc, radgan erT sufrasTan sakvebis miRebis

SeuZlebloba xels uSlida axlo urTierTobas. am TvalsazrisiT ufro

gasagebi xdeba petres xilva iopeSi (saqm. 10), sadac cxovelTa Soris

wmindisa da uwminduris garCevis gauqmeba niSnavs, rom igive dayofa

aRarc adamianebs Soris arsebobs. cxovelTa saxiT gamoxatuli am

simbolikis ukan idga adamianTa erTianobisa da msoflio eklesiis

sakiTxi.

cxovelebi ara marto emorCilebodnen moses sjuls da

monawileobdnen adamianTa monaniebaSi, aramed imis Rirsadac miiCneodnen,

rom msxverplad yofiliyvnen Sewirulni, da amiT axali aRTqmis

RvTaebrivi msxverplis pirvelsaxed warmodgeniliyvnen: ,,da aRixilna

Tualni Tჳsni abraham da ixila: da aha, verZi erTi gamokidebul iyo

rqaTagan nergsa sabeksa, rqaTa mier. da mivida abraham da moiba verZi igi

da Sewira igi msxuerplad uflisa isakis wil, Zisa Tჳsisa” (dab. 22. 13),

magram dasaklavi cxoveli, rogorc niSani, moiTxovda msxverplSi srul

sulier monawileobas da Semdgomi sikeTis srulyofilebis imeds. es

SeeZlo moetana mxolod iahves yrmis _ iesos msxverpls, romelic kravis

msgavsad dasaklavad unda waeyvanaT (es. 53. 7).

amgvarad, cxovelTa saxeebis meSveobiT aris warmodgenili,

zogjer ki gancdilic, xsnis mTeli drama: dayofa da amboxi;

kerpTayvanismcemloba; wmindisa da uwminduris garCeva; moses sjulisadmi

morCileba; monanieba; Sesawiravi da msxverpli; noes monawileoba

gadarCenaSi Tavisi kidobniT; esqatologiuri simSvide. eSmakeuli gvelis

mier damaxinjebuli, sataniseuli gveleSapisgan devnili samyaro gadarCa

75

da igi sabolood gardaisaxa RvTis kravis msxverplis wyalobiT (kravis

simbolur Sinaarss Cven odnav qvemoT SevexebiT).

aseTi vrceli fragmenti bibliuri teqstisa Cven SemTxveviT ar

mogvaqvs. sasuliero mwerlobis sxvadasxva dargi, kerZod ki, agiografia,

mWidrod ukavSirdeba bibliur azrovnebas. am teqstebSi bevri ram ixsneba

Zveli Tu axali aRTqmis wignebze dayrdnobiT. cxovelTa da mcenareTa

simbolikac asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi dakavSirebulia bibliasTan,

rasac dawvrilebiT gavaanalizebT Cvens naSromSi.

sakvlev teqstebze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom yvela cxoveli rodi

moiazreba rogorc simboluri saxe. amas ganapirobebs TviT cxovelis

buneba. Sinaur saqonels naklebad iyeneben, Tumca maT Sorisac aris erTi

gamorCeuli simbolo _ kravi, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovani da

mravalplaniani paradigmuli saxea. simboloebad xSiria _ iremi, lomi...

Tevzi, veSapi da mravali sxva.

iremi: Zalze gavrcelebulia mowyurebuli irmis simbolo ara

mxolod Zvel agiografiul ZeglebSi, aramed mogviano periodis

mxatvrul literaturaSic. igi bibliidan, kerZod, fsalmunidan

gavrcelda. daviT fsalmunTmetyveli sakuTar Tavs mwyurval irems

adarebs: `viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT wyalTasa, egre

surin sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo!~ (fsalm. 41, 2). imave Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTviT gvxvdeba mowyurebuli irmis simbolo `vefxistyaosanSi~:

avTandili miiCqaris tarielTan Sesayrelad _ `gamovWrilvar saxliT

CemiT, viT iremi Zebnad wylisad~ (rusTaveli 1986: 864); mwyurvale irmis

bibliuri paradigmaa galaktion tabiZis cnobil leqsSic, sadac

Tavisuflebamowyurebul erzea saubari _ `Tavisufleba suls ise

moswyurda, viT daWril irmebis gunds wyaro Aankara...~ (tabiZe 1993: 243).

qarTuli miTologiis mixedviT ki irmis RviZlis Wama ukvdavebas

aziarebda adamians.

`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ iremi gvxvdeba sul sxva

simboluri datvirTviT. is RvTis gamogzavnilia, sazrdelis wyaroa

upovari wminda mamebisTvis. sami iremi `nukrTa Tana~ modioda wminda

mamis, daviT garejelis samyofelSi. isini mSvidad xridnen Tavs da

berebs nebas rTavdnen, maTi rZiT esargeblaT. es iyo uflis saCuqari

76

usazrdood darCenil RvTis SvilTaTvis: `meyseulad movides samni

iremni, romelTa ukuana sdevdes nukrni maTni, da warmoudges winaSe

maTsa, viTarca cxvarni damSÂdebulni~ (abulaZe 1955: 156). aq kidev erTi

simbolo Semodis _ cxvrisa _ rogorc nimuSi simSvidisa da ndobisa.

gvinda, oriode sityviT SevexoT cxvris simbolikasac. bibliur

teqstebSi es simbolo gamoxatavda or mniSvnelobas: erTi, zogadad,

umwikvlobas, gulwrfelobas; am simbolos meore Sinaarsi ki iyo

konkretulad qriste. Cven SevecdebiT, bibliuri teqstebiTa da qarTuli

masalebiTac cxadvyoT am simbolos ori mcire niuansuri sxvaoba.

jer kidev Zveli qristianebi gamoxatavdnen kravs adreuli xanis

freskebze. mas iyenebdnen rogorc qristes simbolos. kravi Zvel aRTqmaSi

iyo simbolo mxsnelis winasaxisa, rogorc marTebulad aRniSnaven

specialistebi (rogorc abramis batkanma ixsna adamiani, aseve qristes

sisxlma ixsna kacobrioba...).

Zveli aRTqmidan es simbolo gadmovida axali aRTqmis wignebSi.

ioanes gamocxadebaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,da Tayuanis-sces mas yovelTa

mkÂdrTa queyanisaTa, romelTa saxelebi ara daweril ars dasabamiTgan

soflisaÁTa wignsa mas cxovrebisasa kravisa mis daklulisa” (gamocx.. 13.

8)

qarTul mwerlobaSi cxvari, tarigi, kravi simboloebia, romelTac,

umetesad, sinonimuri mniSvneloba aqvT; es simboloebi gvxvdeba rogorc

iovane sabanisZesTan, ise sxva ZeglebSic. iakob xucesi SuSanikis Sesaxeb

ambobs: ,,vixile tarigi igi qristÀsi Suenierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli

sakvrelTa maTgan” (Zveli qarTuli... I 1963: 22). tarigi am SemTxvevaSi ar

aris qristes simbolo, is aris epiTeti, romliTac avtori axasiaTebs

umwikvlo, udanaSaulo SuSaniks, romelic msxverplad ewireba qristes

ise, rogorc udanaSaulod Sewira batkani abramma RmerTs da Tavad

qriste Seewira adamianTa modgmis keTildReobas.

iovane sabanisZe ki iSveliebs Zveli aRTqmis saxeebs da maT

adarebs abos: ,,rameTu geqmna Sen, viTarca sakurTxeveli igi abelisi,

enuqisi, abrahamisi, eliaÁsi. romelni-igi mrguliad dasawuvelTa maT

tarigTa Seswirvides RmrTisa” (Zveli qarTuli... I 1963: 80).

77

yuradRebas ipyrobs, rom erTferovnebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT

qarTveli mwerlebi iyeneben xan tarigs, xan kravsa da xan kidev cxvars,

romelTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi sinonimuria.

davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel teqsts. aq cxvari umwikvlobis,

ndobis, simSvidis simbolur saxed gvesaxeba.

am epizodSi, cxadia, iremi Tavisi realuri mniSvnelobiTac Cans,

Tumca gamoricxuli araa irmis simboluri aRqmac. iremi, laRi,

Tavisufali, RvTis nebiT cxvars emsgavseba da wminda mamis winaSe

Tavmodrekili dgas. am siwmindis winaSe mTeli samyaro ixris Tavs, mis

samsaxurSi dgeba.

gveli: basili didis TxzulebaSi `mÃecTaTÂs saxis sityuaÁSi~

axsnilia, Tu romeli cxoveli, an frinveli risi simbolo SeiZleba iyos.

wm. basils gvelis mtrad iremi esaxeba da qristes amsgavsebs:

`saxismetyuelman Tqua iremisaÁ, viTarmed jekma mter ars guelisa, da

raJams ixilis da ivltin gueli da STaÃdis Ãurelad, movidis iremi...

daasxis wyali da aRavsis Ãureli igi, vidremde gamoÃdis gueli igi da

daTrgunvis ferÃiTa da moklis. egreca macxovarman Cvenman iesu

qristeman mokla didi igi veSapi eSmaki wyliTa cisaÁTa, romeli aqunda

RmrTeebisa sibrZnisagan, romelsa wyalsa vera daudgnes veSapTa eSmakTa~

(basili didi 1979: 190).

rogorc vxedavT, iremi gvelis dammarcxebeli, qristes simboloa,

aqedan gamomdinare, gveli _ sawinaaRmdegod irmisa _ borotebis simbolo

unda iyos. qristianuli TvalsazrisiT es asea, magram gvelis simbolika

gacilebiT ufro adrindel epoqaSi Caisaxa. igi yvelaze rTuli da,

SesaZloa, yvelaze Zveli simbolocaa, vidre sxva. paleoliTis xanis

gvelis naxatebi, romlebic Sesrulebuli iyo an irmis rqebze, an

kldeebze (aRmoCenilia afrikaSi), upirveles yovlisa iyo simbolo

wvimisa da nayofierebisa; gveli iyo upiratesad magiur-religiuri Zalis

simbolo, romelmac Seqmna cxovreba; xandaxan is gamoxatavda TviT

demiurgs. xolo `gamosaxuleba gvelisa, romelic kbens Tavisive bolos

(kuds), ara mxolod maradiulobis simboloa, aramed RvTaebrivi

srulyofilebisac~ (tresideri 1992: 115).

78

gvelis simbolika TiTqmis yvela xalxis miTologiasa da

religiaSi gamoiyeneba. es gamowveulia misi sxeulis gansakuTrebuli

formiT da TvisebebiT _ magaliTad, masze gacilebiT didi cxovelis

gadaylapvis unari, agreTve unari gaaxalgazrdavebisa.

sainteresoa gvelis gamoxatvis formebi sxvadasxva xalxTa

religiebSi. afrikul miTebSi cisartyela-gveli, kudiT ebjineba

miwisqveSa samyaros wylebs, xolo TaviT zecas swvdeba. skandinaviur

miTebSi uSvelebeli qariSxlis simbolo gveli-midgradi mTel samyaros

sakuTari sxeuliT Semofarglavs. amerikaSi mzis dabnelebas giganturi

gvelis mier mzis an mTvaris gadaylapviT xsnidnen. aseTive simboluri

datvirTviT gvxvdeba gveli `vefxistyaosnis~ erT-erT epizodSi: rodesac

nestans gaaTavisufleben gmirebi, avtori acxadebs _ `naxes mzisa

Sesayrelad, gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa...~ (rusTaveli 1986: 1428).

Zalian sainteresoa gvelis qarTuli miTologiuri simbolika. is

cbierebisa da sibrZnis gansaxierebaa; boroti da sityvis gamtexi

adamianis mimarT SurismaZiebeli da veragia, keTilis da sityvis

SemnaxvelisTvis _ keTilismyofeli da sikeTis mzRveveli.

gvelisadmi adamianis damokidebuleba, romelic meryeobda

Tayvaniscemasa da ziziRs Soris, ra Tqma unda, aisaxa am qvewarmavlis

`miTologiur biografiaSi~. is xan `did winaprad~ da `fuZis

angelozadaa~ warmosaxuli, xan urCxulad da Casafrebul, mzakvar mtrad.

niSandoblivia am mxriv vaJas `baxtrionis~ finali, sadac gveli, _

àdamis tomis mteri~, sneul luxums fexze daayenebs, radgan _

`borotebis gza gauSvav, keTili dauWeria!..~ (vaJa-fSavela 1964: 182). Tu

gavacnobierebT, rom es epizodi warmarTul miTologiur plasts

warmoaCens, sadac gveli RvTaebrivi Zalis gamovlinebaa, aucileblad

davukavSirebT mas saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebul uZveles

legendebs `xes amoyolil gvelze~. am legendebSi keriaze amosuli xe,

iseve, rogorc masze Semorkaluli gveli, sakralurad iTvleboda da

ùxseneblis~ mokvla adamians gardauval gansacdels uqadda.

gveli, ara mxolod antikur, qarTul miTologiaSic sibrZnis

simbolod aRiqmeboda.

79

uZvelesi Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, gvelis sibrZne an misi enis

wveridan gadadis adamianze an misi xorcis WamiT (gvelis mWameli _

xogais mindi). aseT adamianebs buneba ucxadebs Tavis saidumloebas;

`gvels pativs scemdnen, rogorc saxlSi, iseve xatSi. Tu yoreSi

Tvals mohkraven gvels, ar gaaRizianeben, ar moklaven, radgan is ojaxis

fuZis mfarvelad miiCneva~ (kiknaZe 2004: 27).

gveli ganZis mcvelia, samalavebSia mokalaTebuli da aSinebs

mparavs.

gamocxadebisagan gansxvavebiT, maTes saxarebaSi gvelis

gansakuTrebul sibrZneze Tavad macxovari migvaniSnebs, rodesac is Tavis

mowafeebs damoZRvravs: ìyveniT ukue mecnier, viTarca guelni” (maT. 10.

16).

bibliuri swavlebiT, swored gvelia is sulieri, romelSic

pirveli Sevida eSma, macduri da romelmac adamsa da evas akrZaluli

nayofi agema. aqedan momdinareobs qristianobaSi tradicia gvelis

kacobriobis mtrad aRqmisa da misi identifikacia satanasTan. amitom

dasavlur xelovnebaSi gveli gaxda ZiriTadi simbolo borotebisa,

codvisa, tyuilisa. mas gamoxatavdnen qristes ferxTiT, rogorc

simbolos kacobriobis pirveli codvis daTrgunvisa, aseve xSirad

gvxvdeba igi RvTismSoblis fexTqveS gamoxatuli.

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: _ Sio `ganZlierebul

iqna saRmrToÁsa Zalisa mier da mis Zali wmidisa sulisa mier

daTrgunvad Tavsa mzakuvarisa gvelisa~ (abulaZe 1955: 97). aq gveli

mzakvrobis da borotebis simboloa.

Semdeg epizodSi gveli mtris simbolod gvevlineba. `....igini

vidodes gzasa maTTÂs brZanebulisa viTar mimRebelni xelmwifebisa

daTrgunvad guelTa da RriankalTa da yovelsa Zalsa mtrisasa~

(abulaZe 1955: 39).

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ ki gvxvdeba epizodi, sadac

qvewarmavlebi, kerZod, gvelebi, wminda mamebis SesaSineblad gamoiyenebian

satanis mier: `...merme iwyo Sinebad misda odesme saxiTa quewarmavalTaÁTa,

rameTu iqmnis lom da vefx da daTu da guel rqosan da aSinebda odesme

RamiT da odesme dRisiT~ (abulaZe 1955: 93).

80

basili didi gvelis ramdenime ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebas gamoyofs.

garegani niSani, rac gvels axasiaTebs, aris gaaxalgazrdavebis unari:

`saxismetyuelman Tqua: sami saxÀ ars guelisaÁ, pirveli saxÀ: raJams

daberdis, marxvad dgis da mÃdis, da imarxis guelman man ormoc dRe da

ormeoc Rame, vidre tyavi ganevlTis da ganuTxnis. iZiis napiri da hpovis

kldisaÁ iwroÁ da ... ganWabuknis~ (basili didi 1979: 181). es niSani

gvelisa simbolurad aRiqmeba _ ìswrafed Sesvlad iwroÁsa mas karsa da

Znelsa, romelni miavlineben cxovrebad saukunod~ (maT. 7, 13-14). gvelis

mier tyavis gamocvla, anu gaaxalgazrdaveba, aRiqmeba qristianul

ganwmendad da Zveli cxovrebis axliT Secvlad.

gvels, xalxuri gadmocemiT, aqvs unari mdinareSi uSxamod

Casvlisa. misi es Tviseba simbolur azrovnebaSi adamianzea gadatanili.

eklesiaSi salocavad Sesuli qristiani, romelic cxovrebis wyaros

ewafeba, tovebs yovelgvar geslsa da vnebas eklesiis gareT da cdilobs,

ganwmendili warsdges uflis saxlSi. ègreca Cuenda Rirs, raJams

SevkrebT eklesiad smenad da sumad wylisa cxovelisa samaradisoÁTa, da

smenad saRmrToÁ sityuani eklesiisa Sina, da arcaRa jer ars Cuen Tana

miRebad gesli igi queyanisaÁ amis bilwad savseÁ, TxleÁ Sezavebuli,

gulisTqumaÁ da zraxva ukeTurebisaÁ~ (basili didi 1979: 181).

aqve gvinda ganvixiloT veSapis simbolikac, romelic metad

sainteresod aris gaSlili ,,daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi”. erTxel wm.

mamebTan mosawvelad misul irmebs lukianem dabneuloba da SiSi SeniSna.

irmebs erTi nukri akldaT. lukianem yovelive moZRvars uambo. wm.

daviTma ipyra xelT kverTxi da im mxares gaemarTa, saidanac irmebi

amosuliyvnen. wm. mamam sazareli arseba ixila: ,,veSapi didi da sazareli,

romelsa esxnes Tualni sisxlis ferni da rqaÁ iyo Sublsa da faCari

friad qedsa missa” (abulaZe 1955: 158-159). swored mas STaenTqa nukri da

irmebic daefeTebina. wm. mama sazarel urCxuls uflis saxeliT

ubrZanebs iqaurobis saswrafod datovebas. veSapic emorCileba mas da

wyalSi apirebs Tavis Sefarebas, magram SiSobs, rom mdinares uvneblad

ver miaRwevs. daviTs es ,,sazareli” arsebac ar emeteba sasikvdilod da

cdilobs, mzeriT miacilos mdinaremde, raTa daicvas igi. magram wm. mamas

ucabedad sakuTari saxeli Semoesmeba: ,,daviT, daviT!~ Tavis uneblie

81

mobrunebiT moswyda misi mzera urCxuls, romelsac myis mexi daatyda

zecidan da ferflad iqca. daviTi ufalsac ki sayvedurobs masze

sasoebiT dandobili urCxulis warwymedis gamo da mxolod mas mere

mSviddeba, roca amis aucileblobas Seityobs _ veSapi unda daisajos,

raTa kidev meti boroteba ar Caidinos adamianTa modgmis winaSe. aseTia

gangebis neba. l. amiranaSvili erTmaneTs adarebs da upirispirebs wm.

daviTsa da wm. giorgis: ,,erTi SexedviT, wm. daviTisa da wm. giorgis

mimarTeba gveleSapisadmi, romelic odiTganve borot Zalas

ganasaxierebda, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, magram es mxolod erTi

SexedviT. wm. daviTi gveleSaps indobs imitom, rom Cadenili borotebis

mizezs xedavs ara Tavad gveleSapSi, aramed masSi dabudebul eSmakSi, da

sjera am ukanasknelis daZlevisa” (amiranaSvili 1997: 12), magram uflis

angelozis ganmartebis Semdeg (wyalSi Casuli veSapi met borotebas

Caidenda), ,,daviTi gagebiT xvdeba momxdars. wm. giorgi gangmiravs

gveleSaps, raTa daTrgunos aqtiuri boroteba, rasac sxvanairad ver

SeaCerebs” (amiranaSvili 1997: 12).

wm. daviTi SeSinebul lukianes amSvidebs: ,,raÁsa SeSinebul xar

mcired morwmuneo, erTisa Wiisagan, romeli wamsa Sina erTsa cecxlisa

mier ganilia zegardamoisa?” (abulaZe 1955: 162). aq wm. mama veSaps Wias

uwodebs. am garemoebam miipyro Cveni yuradReba. cnobilia, rom ,,matli”

da ,,Wia” veSapTan da gvelTan erTad erT semantikur kategorian qmnis”

(abakelia 1997: 5), rogorc qristianul literaturaSi, aseve folklorSi

Wia da gveleSapi erTi kategoriis arsebebia.

SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes amiranis Tqmulebis erTi epizodi,

roca amirani baybaydevs daamarcxebs da devi sTxovs, Cemi moWrili

Tavidan amosul sam Wias nuRar moklavo. Zmebis gafrTxilebis

miuxedavad, amirani marTlac ar klavs sam Wias _ ,,devma ra miyo, Wiebi

ras mizameno” (Ciqovani 1947: 315). gadis xani da is sami Wia sam gveleSapad

gadaiqceva. im ,,umniSvnelo” Wiam amirani gadaylapa.

Cveni azriT, swored ase unda gaSinaarsdes RvTis mier veSapis

dasjis mniSvnelobac. boroteba Tu ar amoiZirkva, igi isev moikrebs

Zalas da ufro did codvas Caidens. amitom aris aucilebeli misi

saboloo ganadgureba.

82

erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom wm. mama Wias veSapis

sinonimad moixseniebs, Tumca araa gamoricxuli, rom man veSapis

Zliereba da saSineleba ususur arsebas Seadara, raTa xazi gaesva uflis

ZlevamosilebisTvis. rwmeniT gaZlierebulTaTvis sazareli veSapic

ubralo da ususuri Wiaa, romelic advili dasaZlevia. wm. mama acxadebs:

,,Zali qristesi Semwe Cuenda ars yovelTave Sina, da man dagÂfarnes Cuen

yovelTagan sazarelebaTa mbrZolTasa, rameTu mindobilTa misTa

davTrgunoT SewevniTa misiTa lomi da veSapi” (abulaZe 1955: 162).

damSvidebuli lukiane madlobs da adidebs RmerTs, ,,romelman misca da

monasaca TÂssa daviTs eseviTari ÃelmwifebaÁ mÃecTa mimarT

ubrZolvelTa” (abulaZe 1955: 162).

sayuradReboa erTi faqti: sulxan-saba veSaps wylis binadrad

ganmartavs: ,,Tevzia didi zRvasa Sina ukianesa, romelman iona STanTqa.

veSapad yovelTave ufrosad didsa cxovelTa wyalTasa uwods werili”

(orbeliani 1991: 262), magram iqve mianiSnebs _ ,,guelveSapi”. bibliaSic

veSapi wylis urCxulad aris ganmartebuli: ,,da Seqmnna RmerTman veSapni

didni da yoveli suli cxovelTa quewarmavalTaჲ, gamoiRes wyalTa

naTesaobisaebr maTisa yoveli mfrinveli mfrinvaleni naTesaobisaebr. da

ixila RmerTman, rameTu keTil’’ (dab. 1. 21), ,,aw ukue zRuaჲ me var anu

veSapi, rameTu daawese Cem zeda sacoჲ?” (iob. 7. 12;) gvel-gveleSapis

simboloTa Sewyvilebas da Tanamonacvleobas apokalifsSi vxvdebiT: `da

gardamovarda veSapi igi didi, gueli dasabamisaÁ, romelsa ewodebis

eSmaki da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa..." (gamocx. 12. 9). amis

gamoa, savaraudod, rom veSapis ganmartebisas sulxan-saba gveleSapzedac

migvaniSnebs.

kidev erTi dakvirveba gvinda varaudis saxiT gamovTqvaT.

simboloTa leqsikonSi leviaTanis ganmartebisas vkiTxulobT: ,,wylis

monstri, romelic simbolurad asaxavs bunebis stiqiaTa Zalas, romlis

damSvideba da kontroli mxolod zeadamianur Zalas SeuZlia. leviaTani

_ erT-erTi dasaxelebaa veSapisa, ivriTze sityva ,,liviatan” aRniSnavda

wylis wiaRis nebismier urCxuls” (tresideri 1992: 191-192). iobis wignSi ki

leviaTani aRwerilia niangis msgavs cxovelad. garda imisa, rom

leviaTani dasaxelebulia veSapis erT-erT saxed, Cveni yuradReba miipyro

83

XII saukunis inglisurma graviuram, romelzedac leviaTani rqiani gvelis

saxiTaa gamosaxuli. aRmoCnda, rom leviaTani veSapis erT-erTi saxea, (e.i.

misi warmomavloba wylidan, rasac bibliac adasturebs _ iobis wigni)

da, amave dros, qvewarmavlicaa _ gvelis, oRond rqianis, saxec aqvs.

gavixsenoT, rom sazareli veSapi ,,daviT garejelis cxovrebidan” swored

wyalSi eZiebs xsnas.

bunebaSi arsebobs rqiani gvelis saxeobebi, Tumca isini wyalTan

ar arian dakavSirebulni, piriqiT, udabnos binadarni arian. lado

mirianaSvili dainteresda rqiani gvelebis arsebobiT garejis udabnoSi.

aRmoCnda, rom amJamad gvelis es saxeoba garejSi ar binadrobs, Tumca

biologebi ar uryofen mis arsebobas warsulSi. aqve gvinda gavixsenoT,

rom swored rqiani gvelebiT aSinebda satana wm. mamebs: `...merme iwyo

Sinebad misda odesme saxiTa quewarmavalTaÁTa, rameTu iqmnis lom da

vefx da daTu da guel rqosan da aSinebda odesme RamiT da odesme

dRisiT~ (abulaZe 1955: 93). sayuradReboa, rom aq rqosani gveli

qvewarmavlad ar aris dasaxelebuli. calkea qvewarmavlebi da calke _

rqosani gveli. xom ar aris es arseba swored is sazareli veSapi,

romelsac aseve rqa aqvs? naklebad savaraudoa, radgan meore SemTxvevaSi

yvelgan veSapia dasaxelebuli da gveli ara. Tumca migvaCnia, rom swored

am garegnuli niSniT moxda gaerTianeba am ori arsebisa da miviReT

zRapruli arseba gvel-veSapi, romelic aseve aisaxa kedlis mxatvrobasa

Tu daviT garejelis xatze, romelsac sabinini gvTavazobs ,,saqarTvelos

samoTxeSi”. gvinda aqve aRvniSnoT, rom freskaze gamoxatul veSaps

uzarmazari rqiani gvelis saxe aqvs, xolo daviT garejelis xatze ki igi

rqiani da wina kidurebiani monstria, (es gansxvaveba T. jojuam SeniSna).

igi varaudobs, rom aseTi saxecvlileba man mogviano periodSi ganicada,

rac, savaraudod, dasavluri kulturis gavlenad unda aRviqvaT (kerZo

saubrebi).

swored gveleSapad moixseniebs mkvlevari am sazarel arsebas

udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis moxatulobis aRwerisas:

,,kompoziciis marcxena nawilze moTavsebul ,,veSaps”, romelic erTi

rqiTaa gamoxatuli, piri farTod aqvs gaRebuli, tanze Savi jagari

aSlia da cecxlis alSi iwvis... kompoziciis zeda marcxena kuTxis

84

sibrtyeze mfrinavi angelozia gamosaxuli, dabla gveleSapis

mimarTulebiT, gawvdili aqvs marjvena, saidanac klaknili xazi eSveba,

rac gveleSapis damwvel mexs aRniSnavs” (abramiSvili 1972: 67).

elene gogiaSvilis SeniSvniT, ,,ioane sinelis TxzulebaSi ,,gveli

da veSapi” sinonimebia”. igi am daskvnamde midis ,,klemaqsis” XII saukunis

garejuli nusxis (H-1669) arSiebze gamosaxulebebis daxasiaTebisas

(gogiaSvili 2006: 66).

qristianul literaturaSi gveli metaforuli saxea. magram sanam

TeologiaSi gveleSapis damarcxeba borotebasTan (codvebTan) brZolis

simbolur datvirTvas miiRebda, manamde es brZola pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT unda yofiliyo gagebuli. amas adasturebs wm. giorgis saxe

ikonografiaSi, aseve gvelis (veSapis) realuri ganadgurebis faqtebi

qarTul agiografiaSi (wm. grigol xanZTelis mowafis mier ori saSineli

veSapis locviT mokvdineba).

gveleSapi (gveli, veSapi, urCxuli) bibliaSic gvxvdeba: iobis

wignSi (iob. 26. 13), esaia winaswarmetyvelTan (es. 27, 1; 51, 9), iona

winaswarmetyvelTan (ion. 2, 1), daniel winaswarmetvvelTan (daniel. 14, 22-

28), fsalmunebSi (73, 13-14; 90, 13), sadac yvelgan borotebas ganasaxierebs.

,,daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi” veSapis simbolika bibliur

safuZvels emyareba da, zogadad, borotebis simbolod gvevlineba,

satanis saxed, romelsac Sendoba ara aqvs. es Semzaravi arseba zRaprebsa

da xalxur TqmebSi gveleSapad gardaisaxeba, romelic saboloo jamSi

aucileblad marcxdeba sikeTis mier.

daTvi: daTvi daundobeli, primitiuli Zalis simboloa. is iyo

niSani meomrebisa CrdiloeT evropasa da aziaSi. daTvi RmerTi odinis

erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa skandinaviur miTologiaSi. ZvelberZnuli

nadirobis qalRmerTi artemida daTvis tyavs atarebs.

daTvis simbolika gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela xalxis

miTologiasa da religiaSi. is aris totemuri simbolo CrdiloeT

amerikis indielebisaTvis. CineTSi es cxoveli mamakacur sawyiss

gamoxatavda; misi sizmrad naxva vaJiSvilis dabadebas moaswavebda.

Samanebi iyeneben daTvis niRabs tyis ZalebTan kontaqtSi Sesasvlelad.

qristianobasa da islamSi daTvi warmoadgens bnel, uxeS, velur Zalas.

85

bibliaSi aRwerili daTvis belebi, romelTac deda lokavs, aris

simbolo warmarTebisa, romelnic eklesiisagan saWiroeben sulier

zrunvas.

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ metad mniSvnelovania erTi

epizodi, romelSic ioane sityviT ukuaqcevs daTvs, romelic maT wyaroze

Camosuliyo. erT dRes ioanes mowafe gamovida wyaroze da dainaxa didi

daTvi. is SeSinebuli gaiqca ioanes dasaZaxeblad _ `beri movida da

hrqua daTusa mas: ukueTu ara gisums ru da warved: amieridan nurvis

avneb kacTagansa, raJams SeemTxvio mTasa amas zeda da egreca iqmnebis

aqamomde, ara ras avnebs daTvi yovlad. xolo viTarca ese hrqua berman

daTusa mas, morCil eqmna, viTarca monaÁ, da TavdadrekiT da myudroebiT

warvida~ (abulaZe 1955: 54).

daTvi, ZiriTadad, mainc bneli, stiqiuri Zalebis gamomxatvelia da

misi gamoCena ioanes savaneSi unda gaSinaarsdes, rogorc bneli Zalebis

cda, Seacdinos an SeaSinos wminda mama, magram rogorc `cxovrebaSia~

moTxrobili, ioane ara Tu ar SeuSinda mxecs, piriqiT, daamSvida, da ara

marto Tavi daicva, aramed yvela, vinc im mTaze avidoda. aRsaniSnavia,

rom wmindanis am sityvebis adresati is erTi konkretuli daTvi ar

yofila. es brZaneba iqca erTgvar ,,sjuldebad” da mcnebad ,,zedazneli”

daTvebis mTeli modgmisTvisac. am ambidan sakmao xnis gasvlis Semdeg

qarTlis kaTalikosi arseni acxadebs: ,,mieriTgan vidre aqamomde esterT

dammarxvel arian mcnebas wmidisa naTesaobani amaT mÃecTani” (abulaZe

1955: 55), da Tu zedazenze vinme kacTagans SemTxveviT SeeCexnen, aras

avneben da Tavis aridebas cdilobeno. ioane zedaznelis am kurTxevas

daTvTa mimarT rom mravali saukunis merec ar gasvlia Zala, XIX

saukunis bolos amaSi Tavad darwmunebula mixeil sabininic. zedaznis

monastris mosalocad mimavali, tyeSi SemTxveviT daTvs gadahyria da

nadirs misTvis sruliad moulodnelad TavdadrekiT dauTmia gza. daTvis

aseT ucnaur saqciels sabininSi SiSisa da gaocebis grZnobebi aRuZravs.

(sabinini 1882: 204).

ufro adre, XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi zedaznis monasterSi asul

saqarTvelos siwmindeebis momlocvel rus mogzaurs a. muraviovs

iqauroba mitovebuli daxvedria, taZarSi ki daTvebs daedoT bina. nanaxma

86

mware grZnobebi aRuZra. amas ifiqrebdi Soreuli qveynidan momavali, rom

Seni gansasvenebeli daTvTa bunagad iqceoda, visac SenTan mosvla

aukrZaleo, _ aRmoxdenia gulmoklul mogzaurs wminda mamis saflavTan

(muraviovi 1848: 258-259). marTlac gulsatkenia gapartaxebuli wminda

adgilis xilva, magram, meore mxriv, daTvis (Tu daTvebis) taZarSi, ioanes

saflavTan dabinavebis ambavi sruliad sapirispirodac SeiZleba iqnas

aRqmuli: iqneb yvelasagan mitovebuli wm. mamis samarxis ,,mcveloba”

misgan kurTxevamiRebulma daTvebmaRa ikisres...

mgeli: yvela arsebis moqmedebas Tavisi bunebrivi Tvisebani da

instinqtebi warmarTavs. amitom arcaa gasakviri, bunebis wiaRSi

damkvidrebul mamaTaTvis amave bunebis Semadgenel gareul arsebebTan

Sexeba yovelTvis sargeblobis momtani rom ver iqneba. amgvari

konfliqtebis mogvarebas wm. mamebi ukiduresad mSvidobiani gzebiT

cdiloben da axerxeben kidevac TavianTi ganuzomeli RvTaebrivi madlis

wyalobiT. aseTi Sinaarsis epizodia dakavSirebuli mgelTanac `Siosa da

evagres cxovrebaSi~.

zogadad, mgeli simboloa Semdegi Tvisebebisa: siave, mzakvroba,

sixarbe, daundobloba, boroteba (tresideri 1992: 46). iudevelebi da

pirveli saukuneebis qristianebi, ZiriTadad, mesaqonleobas eweodnen. maT

miTebSi, folklorsa da jadosnur zRaprebSi mgeli iyo mtaceblobis

simbolo. tyis es mouTvinierebeli mxeci qristianul simbolikaSi

borotebisa da Zaladobis saxea cxvris sapirispirod, romelic eklesiis

msaxurs ganasaxierebs; mgeli gamocxadda eSmakisa da eresis simbolod.

skandinaviur miTebSi qaosis simbolo _ uSvelebeli mgeli-ferniri

_ samyaros arsebobis boloJams ylapavs mzes. igivea moTxrobili erT-

erT keltur miTSic.

sxva regionebSi mglis simbolika radikalurad icvleba. is xdeba

meomarTa simbolo. mgeli apolonisa wminda cxovelia Zv. saberZneTSi da

odinisa _ skandinaviur miTologiaSi. Zvel romSi igi iTvleboda

gamarjvebis simbolod, Tu mas brZolis win SeniSnavdnen. antikur

epoqaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, is mxedrul simamacesa da Tavdadebas

ganasaxierebda: mglebi iyvnen Sebmulni marsis etlSi; mglis tyaviT

imosebodnen meomrebi, xolo Subze damagrebuli mglis Tavi _ maT

87

gamarjvebis rwmenasa da simxneves hmatebda. aqve gavixsenoT vaxtang

gorgaslis muzaradze gamosaxuli mgeli (sparsulad _ `mglisTava~), rac

qarTul cnobierebaSi sparsuli paradigmaa; Zveli sparselebi CrdiloeT

qveynebsac gorganad, mglis qveynad moixseniebdnen, saidanac warmoiSva

qarTvelTa sparsul-Turquli saxelwodeba _ gurji.

mgelma gamokveba romis damaarsebeli Zmebi _ am SemTxvevaSi mgeli

mxurvale dedobrivi grZnobis simbolo gaxldaT.

mgeli imave simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba indur folklorSi.

es xsnis im mravalricxovan istoriebs, romlis Tanaxmadac zogierT

adamianebs mglebi hyavdaT winaprebad; gavixsenoT, mag. legenda Cingis

yaenze; aseve Tanamedrove legendebi mglis velur Svilobilebze.

meqsikasa da amerikis indielTa tomebSi mgeli simbolo iyo

cekvisa (rokvisa), da iseve rogorc ZaRli, asocirdeboda bnel,

jojoxeTur ZalebTan.

mglis simbolikaze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia svanuri

tradiciac, sadac es mtacebeli sakralurad iTvleba: svanuri wminda

droSa `lemi~ warmoadgenda xis tarze damagrebul qsovilisagan

gamoWril cxovelis gamosaxulebas, romelsac eTnografi vera

bardaveliZe totemur mglad miiCnevda da am mosazrebas asabuTebda

svaneTSi mglisadmi `naTesauri~ damokidebulebis amsaxveli masaliT:

mglis tyavis SubebiT, romelTac kudi xeluxleblad hqondaT

datovebuli; mgelTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi ceremonialiT (mamakacTa

procesia àSangelo~, rac `samgelos~ niSnavda) da a.S. svanebs swamdaT

mglis zebunebrivi, mfarveli Zalis: mglis kbili avi Tvalisagan icavda,

Zvlebis naxarSi samkurnalo saSualebad iTvleboda, mglis bewvsa da

brWyalebs aseve magiuri Zala gaaCndaT;

mglis mokvla tabuirebuli iyo da Tu SemTxveviT monadire tabus

daarRvevda, qudmoxdili svanebi daitirebdnen da ebodiSebodnen

mokluls.

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ wminda mamebs karaulebi (saxedrebi)

tyis nadirebma gaunadgures. amis gamo friad Sewuxdnen wminda mamebi da

mimarTes mama Sios. man locviT moixmo tyis yvela binadari. sazareli

sanaxaoba gadaiSala berebis win: `yovelTa erTbaSad aRemsTo da

88

aRexunies marTueni TÂsni, romelsame kbiliTa, romelsame qediTa da

romelisame wina udges CCÂlni da ixilveboda sakÂrveli da sazareli

saxilveli~ (abulaZe 1955: 114). wminda Siom ubrZana maT, wasuliyvnen am

adgilebidan da mxolod erTi maTgani darCeniliyo wminda mamebis

samsaxurad, raTa karaulebi emwyemsa. èhe, sakÂrveli, rameTu myis

sityuasa Tana berisasa ganibnives yovelni igi mÃecni STamarTsa mas,

ganvles mdinare da warvides, sadaca igi zenaman wamisyofaman ubrZana;

garna erTi xolo mgeli dadga, viTar monaÁ, winaSe berisa moSiSebiT~

(abulaZe 1955: 115).

amis Semdeg mgels mihyavda karaulebi saZovarze da Rame Sin

abrunebda.

am SemTxvevaSi mgeli mtaceblis simbolur saxed gvevlineba.

saxarebaSi samoTxis cxovreba daaxloebiT ase aris aRwerili: `Txa da

mgeli erTad Zovdes~, anu iyos mSvidoba da harmonia, daiviwyos mxecma

Tavisi veluri buneba. swored ase aRiqmeba mglis mwyemsoba.

rac Seexeba am epizodSi moxmobil saxedris simbolikas, cnobilia,

rom igi, ZiriTadad, sisulelisa da sijiutis simboloa, magram

sinamdvileSi misi mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro farToa; zogan igi

morCilebisa da Tavmdablobis gamomxatvelia. ieso swored saxedriT

Sevida ierusalimSi da amiT xazi gausva Tavis Tavmdablobasa da

morCilebas. gavixsenoT es epizodi saxarebidan: roca miuaxlovdnen

ierusalims, iesom gagzavna ori mowafe, raTa moeyvanaT misTvis viri da

CoCori; yovelive es iqmna, raTa aRsruldes winaswarmetyvelis Tqmuli,

romelic ambobs: àrquT asulsa sionisasa: aha esera meufe Seni movals

Senda mSÂdi da ze zis igi virsa da kicusa, naSobsa karaulisasa” (meT. 21.

5).

rogorc vnaxeT, cxovelTa simboloebad gamoyenebas didi xnis

istoria aqvs. isini saxe-simboloebad Camoyalibdnen jer kidev uZveles

miTologiebsa da religiebSi. cxadia, erTmaneTs saukuneebiT daSorebuli

saxeebi mniSvnelobiT yovelTvis identurni ar arian, absoluturad ar

emTxvevian erTmaneTs, sxvadasxva konteqsti urTierTmsgavs mxatvrul

elementebsac ki gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas sZens.

89

b) frinvelTa simbolika

asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi frinvelebi, cxovelebTan SedarebiT,

naklebad gvxvdeba. am teqstebSi frinvelTagan simbolurad

mniSvnelovania: mtredi, gvriti, kakabi da qori. Cven cal-calke

ganvixilavT maT paradigmul saxeebs.

Mmtredi: unda aRiniSnos, rom es frinveli, sxvasTan SedarebiT,

ufro xSirad gvxvdeba agiografiul ZeglebSi. is qristianobaSi emblemaa

suli wmidis, simboloa mSvidobis, sisufTavis, imedis. `sayovelTao

aRiareba imisa, rom mtredi aris mSvidobis simbolo, momdinareobs misi

garegnobidan da ara misi bunebidan, romelic ufro Wirveulia, vidre

mSvidobis moyvare, agreTve iqidan, rom is moxseniebulia bibliaSi~

(tresideri 1992: 60).

saxarebaSi mtredi warmodgenilia umwikvloebisa da umankoebis

simbolod. garda am mniSvnelobisa, igi iyo agreTve simbolo siyvarulisa

da megobrobis (Tumca, es mniSvnelobebi man mogviano periodSi SeiZina.)

qristianul literaturaSi is warmoadgens, rogorc tertuliane

aRniSnavs _ istoriuli movlenis simbolos, gadmocemuls SesaqmeSi:

patara, TeTri Citi, romelmac noes moutana zeTisxilis rto, gaxda

STambeWdavi saxe RvTisa, romelmac wyroma wyalobiT Secvala. Aaq, iseve

rogorc sxva miTebSi, mtredi gvevlineba maxaroblis, axali ambis

momtanis rolSi.

mogvianebiT, mtredma SeiZina sxva datvirTva _ ukve suliwmindis

simbolosi. naTlisRebis dros `da naTel-iRo ieso da meyseulad

aRmovida ra wylisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani, da ixila suli

RmrTisaÁ gardamomavali, viTarca tredi, movida da daadgra mas zeda”

(maT. 3. 16. luk. 3. 21 ioan. 1. 32).

amis gamo, mtredi gaxda naTlobisa da suli wmidis simbolo,

gansakuTrebiT xarebis scenebSi. Uufro farTo mniSvnelobiT mtredi

aRniSnavs sulis siwmindes da xSirad gamoixateba wamebulTa piridan

gadmofrenilad.

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ mtredi simboloa RvTis

Tanadgomisa. Uusazrdood darCenil wminda mamas mtredi uzidavs sakvebs.

90

ùfalman... wmidaÁ ese mamaÁ Cueni gamozarda, rameTu tredis mier

dRiTi-dRe uboZebda sazrdelsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 96).

sayuradReboa, rom masazrdoeblad swored mtredia gamoyvanili da

ara sxva frinveli (magaliTad, elias yorani asazrdoebda), es araa

SemTxveviTi detali, Cveni azriT, agiografi avtori mtredis saxes

iyenebs imitom, rom igi aris bibliuri simbolo mSvidobisa da

mauwyebeli sixarulisa, amitom wminda mamas iseve axarebs mtredis

gamoCena niskartSi sakvebiT, rogorc noe gaaxara mtredma zeTisxilis

rtoTi. orive SemTxvevaSi es frinveli simboloa xsnisa.

albaT, isic simboluria, rom swored mtredis saSualebiT moxda

evagres misvla SiosTan.

evagre nadirobisas gaaoca mtredis xilvam, romelic kldisken

miezideboda sakvebs. es ramdenjerme ganmeorda: àha esera xedvida tredsa

mas, romeli exilva uwinaressa dResa mimRebelad sazrdelisa piriTa

TÂsiTa berisa mimarT. ese raÁ ixila evagre gancÂbrebuli iyo

gansakÂrvebelsa amas saxilvelsa zeda~ (abulaZe 1955: 99).

swored mtredis kvals gayolili aRmoaCens evagre wmida mamas da

Seudgeba mis gzas. Cans, uflis neba iyo maTi Sexvedra da mtredi am

SemTxvevaSi ara marto uflis Tanadgomis simboloa, aramed misi nebis

aRmsrulebelic.

basili didi calke ar axasiaTebs mtreds, magram gvelis

simbolikis ganxilvisas mas iremTan erTad mtredsac upirispirebs, anu

mtredis ucodvelobis, umankoebis simbolur mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe-simbolo mtredisa gaxlavT

suliwmindis gamoxatva. amitomaa swored, rom roca freskaze mtredi

xatia, amiT mxatvars surs migvaniSnos _ suliwminda mohfeniao iqaurobas.

gvriti: Semdegi frinveli, romelic Cvens gansaxilvel teqstebSi

simbolurad mniSvnelobs, gaxlavT gvriti. agiografi avtori udabnos

gvrits uwodebs ioane zedaznels: èsreT udabnos moyuare ese guriti,

viTar sxuaÁ vinme ioane winamsrboli sxuaTa saTnoebaTa, damkÂdrebul

iqmna Tavsa zeda misda Cuenebulisa mis mTisasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 27).

91

sayuradReboa, rom basili didi am frinvelis swored udabnos

moyvareobas usvams xazs. igi martoobis moyvarulia da amitomac adarebs

qristes. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom gvriti

Taboris mTaze asuli qristes simboloa: `guriti... ganemartis da

warvidis martoÁ udabnod da daemkÂdris. MmartoÁ cxorebasa Cueul ars

da Soris mravalTa mamalTa ara hnebavn yofaÁ.

Eegreca macxovari Cueni iesu qriste martoÁ TaviT TÂsiT aRvida

mTasa Taborsa da eCuennes mas mose da elia~ (basili didi 1979: 190), da

qadagebaÁ zesknel iyo RrubliT: ~ege ars ZÀ Cemi sayuareli, romeli

mTnda; magisi ismineT~ (maT. 17, 3).

Aamis gamo mouwodebs basili didi Wabukebs, gvrits emsgavson:

`guritsa martod slvaÁ uyuars. Dda Tqven, Sunierno Wapukno, romelTa

qriste Segimosies, SeiyuareT Sorielad da maxlobelad martod mkvidr-

yofaÁ~ (basili didi 1979: 190).

TvalnaTelia, rom gvriti martodmyofobis simbolod SegviZlia

miviCnioT da swored amitomac daukavSira agiografma avtorma igi

meudabnoe wminda ioanes saxels.

Kkakabi: basili didis `saxis sityuaSi~ kakabi aris ugunurebis

simbolo. am frinvels aqvs erTi Cveva _ moiparos sxvisi kvercxebi da

sakuTar budeSi gamoCekos. Ggazrdili bartyebi ukve cnoben mSobels da

miatoveben ugunur kakabs. kakabi eSmaks mogvagonebs, romelic moitacebs

adamianTa sulebs `gulbrmobiTa da sacduriTa da viTarca zomad guamsa

gonebisasa moiwinian, mieriTgan TÂsi icnis mSobeli cnobad, qristesa da

eklesiaTa. Dda eSmaki igi daSrTis viTarca ugunuri~ (basili didi 1979:

185).

am frinvelis simboluri datvirTva sul sxvagvaria `daviT

garejelis cxovrebaSi~. aq moTxrobilia erTi saswaulis Sesaxeb _

monadirem qori afrina kakbis Sesapyrobad. Kkakabma mlocveli wminda

mamis ferxTiT pova TavSesafari, qoric daemorCila uflis nebas da aRar

Seexo kakabs: `mouteva qori kakabsa maxloblad adgilsa mas, sada

ilocvida wmidaÁ daviT. Dda kakabica igi miiltvoda berisa da dajda igi

ferÃTa Tana misTa, xolo qori maxlobelad misa~ (abulaZe 1955: 168).

92

monadire gaaoca am sanaxaobam da beris vinaoba gamoikiTxa. berma

gaacno Tavi da uTxra, rom misTvis dambadebeli, Semoqmedi zrunavda ise,

rogorc yvela suldgmulze da, rom es kakabic ufalma daicva da man

miiyvana igi wminda mamasTan. barbarosma beris mokvla ganizraxa, magram

myisve xeli gauSeSda. wminda mamis locvam gankurna igi. Bbarbarosma

dainaxa uflis Zala da irwmuna igi.

es ambavi imis gamo moxda, rom ufals TviT moenadirebina

monadiris guli: `...da ese iqmna gangebiTa RmTisaÁTa, raÁTa monadire igi

moinadiros mowyalebiTa TÂsiTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 168).

rogorc vxedavT, aq kakabi sulac ar gvevlineba ugunuri

frinvelis mniSvnelobiT. Aam saswaulis epizodSi kakabi simboloa

miusafari adamianisa, romelic mfarvelobasa da Sewyalebas uflisgan

moelis.

qori: is mtacebelis simboloa yvela mniSvnelobiT, magram Tavad

es mtacebelic siwmindis winaSe mowiwebas iCens da emorCileba mas. amiT

avtori kidev erTxel mianiSnebs uflis yovlisSemZleobaze.

frinvelTa saxeebi agiografiul teqstebSi pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba; maSinac ki maTi funqcia simboluri

xasiaTis mqonea, radgan Tavad istoriuli ambavi, realoba

teleologiuri procesia da TiToeuli movlena RvTaebrivi survilis

ganxorcielebaa.

,,asurel moRvaweTa Zliereba mxolod sulieri aspeqtiT

ganisazRvreba. maTi Zala maTive rwmenaSia saTayvanebeli da sayvareli

uflisadmi da Sesabamisad _ Tavad ufalSi, qveynierebis SemoqmedSi. sxva

iaraRi maT ar sWirdebaT” (merkvilaZe 2005: 52). adamiani xom gaCenilia

danarCeni bunebis uflad da patronad? am ganwyobilebidan gamomdinare,

mbrZanebloben da mzrunveloben wm. mamebi cxovelTa da frinvelTa

samyaros. Semoqmedis mimarT gulSi anTebuli siyvaruli ganmsWvalavs

asurel mamaebs msgavsi Tbili da spetaki grZnobiT Semoqmedis yoveli

qmnilebisadmi (aseve siyvaruliT Seqmnilisadmi), romlis mimarT

mzrunveli, siyvarulismieri damokidebuleba am sofels ganridebul

berebs TavianT movaleobad SeuracxavT.

93

dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom zoomorfuli saxeebi erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi paradigmuli saxe-simboloebia agiografiuli

mwerlobisaTvis. maTi meSveobiT avtori gamokveTs movlenis xasiaTis

Taviseburebas, rac bibliuri swavlebiT aixsneba da moRvawe mamebis

cxovrebas aaxlovebs wminda weriliT gadmocemul istoriasTan.

zoomorfuli paradigmuli mxatvruli saxeebiT iSleba konteqsti,

romliTac erTi movlena ukavSirdeba mTeli samyaros movlenebs; iqmneba

hiperteqsti, romelSic yovelive teleologiurobiTa da RvTaebrivi

winaswarganzraxulobiT ixsneba.

Tavi IV

naTlis esTetika da RvTismSoblis simboluri

saxeldebebi

a) naTlis esTetika

naTlis mxatvruli simbolika gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

sasuliero mwerlobisTvis. `mkveTri siTeTre da waruvali sxivosnoba

qristes mTavari atributebia~ (arabuli 1989: 438). ufro metic:

absoluturi sinaTle, romelsac mokvdavi Tvals ver usworebs, simboloa

dambadeblis gamovlenisa.

naTels centraluri adgili ukavia bibliur simboloebs Soris

da, aqedan gamomdinare, is aris mTavari simbolo agiografiul

ZeglebSic, radganac maTSi, ZiriTadad, wminda weriliseuli simbolika

meordeba.

Aasurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebebSic naTlis Tema Zalian

mniSvnelovania. Aaq vxvdebiT naTlisa da bnelis klasikur

dapirispirebas.

naTeli mnaTobis saxiT SeiZleba iyos interpretirebuli da ise

daupirispirdes bnels. swored amgvari dapirispirebiT qmnis agiografi

avtori SesaniSnav suraTs daviT garejelis Rvawlisa.

94

RmerTi bnel, umecar xalxs mouvlens ganmanaTlebels wminda

daviTis saxiT: `daviT... romelman viTar mzeman ukunsa wyudiadsa Sina

msxdomare eri qarTvelTa gananaTla moZRvrebiTa mier da swavlaTa

TÂsTa da sakÂrvelebaTa da niSTa, romelTa aRasrulebda mis mier

madidebelTa misTa madidebeli ufali~ (abulaZe 1955: 145).

Bbneli, sapirispirod naTlisa, urwmunoebis, umecrebis simboloa

Semdeg magaliTSic, xolo wminda ioane _ mnaTobad, varskvlavad

gvevlineba da win miuZRvis SecTomil sulebs ufalTan miaxlebis gzaze:

`brwyinvale mnaTobi ioane, romelica viTar brwyinvale raÁme varskulavi

aRmoubrwyinda bnelsa Sina umecrebisasa SecTomilTa sulTa da

dauRameblisa naTlisa mimarT winamZRuar eqmna maT~ (abulaZe 1955: 5)

(`dauRamebeli naTlis~ Temas Cven sagangebod qvemoT SevexebiT).

wminda adamiani xSirad pirdapir mnaTobad moixsenieba. Aase

magaliTad, ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: èseviTari

samkauli kaTolike eklesiisa da qarTlisa erisa didi mnaTobi daamkÂdra

RmerTman mTasa amas zeda, raTa maRliT mohfendes yovelTa garemosTa

zeda brwyinvalesa elvasa locvaTa TÂsTasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 27).

aseve damaxasiaTebelia wminda mamebis brwyinvale varskvlavad

moxsenieba: `gamobrwyinda viTarca varskulavi~ (abulaZe 1955: 16).

`msgavsad varskulavisa brwyinvalisa aRsrulebiTa ZalTa da

saswaulTaÁTa elvare yo mbrwyinavi suliTa da ciskrovani gonebiTa~

(abulaZe 1955: 17).

brwyinvale varskvlavad aris moxseniebuli wminda Sioc Semdeg

magaliTSi: `da viTar mravalni Jamni waravlina aRgzebulsa mas saxmilsa

Sina martod myofobisasa, ineba zegardamosilman gangebaman, raÁTa ara

iyos dafaruli brwyinvale igi varskulavi~ (abulaZe 1955: 98) _

vkiTxulobT `Siosa da evagres cxovrebis~ b variantSi. sainteresoa, rom

g-variantSi imave adgilas varskvlavis nacvlad sanTelia moxseniebuli:

`xolo amas Sina warxdes raÁ mravalni Jamni, ineba zegardamoman

gangebulebaman gamoCinebaÁ brwyinvalisa amis sanTlisaÁ, vinaÁTgan arca

SesZlebuli iyo qalaqisa mTasa zeda maRalsa dafarvaÁ. amisaTvis

sasanTlesa zeda maRalsa dadgmuli iqmna mnaTobi ese sanTeli, raTa

hnaTobdes igi yovelTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 98).

95

sanTlis simbolika mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli naTlis da

naTlobis simbolikasTan. klimenti aleqsandrieli Semdegnairad xsnis

naTlobis saidumlos: `monaTvla es aris ganaTeba, radgan amis Sedegad

SevigrZnobT wminda, mxsnel sinaTles~ (gza sameufo 1994: 14), aqedan

gamoTqma _ naTloba, sinaTle _ msgavsad berZnulisa, warmoebis mxriv

ukavSirdeba sanTels.

rasakvirvelia, sanTlis anTebas hqonda Tavisi istoriuli

mniSvneloba. sanTels qristianebi ZvelTganve praqtikuli daniSnulebis

garda aniWebdnen simbolur mniSvnelobas, magaliTad, tertuliane

aRniSnavs: CvenTan RvTismsaxureba arasodes sruldeba usanTlod. magram

mas Cven vxmarobT ara marto wyvdiadis gansadevnad, ara, liturgia

CvenTan dRis sinaTleze sruldeba, _ aramed imitom, rom misi saSualebiT

Cven gamovxatoT qriste _ naTeli Seuqmneli, romlis gareSe Cven

SuadResac wyvdiadSi davexetebiT” (averincevi 1977: 65).

axali aRTqmis swavlebiT, sanTeli usisxlo msxverplia,

gulmxurvale locvisas anTebuli uflisaTvis.

sinaTle aris agreTve simbolo qristianuli moZRvrebis

WeSmaritebisa da qristianTa cxovrebis naTlobisa, dabolos, ,,sinaTlis

anTeba aris simbolo WeSmaritebis da qristianuli cxovrebis

gamarjvebisa” (baramiZe 1966: 187).

sanTlis simbolos agiografebi iyeneben, rogorc epiTets qarTvel

moRvaweTa dasaxasiaTeblad. swored epiTetadaa gamoyenebuli igi Cven

mier moxmobili magaliTis pirvel nawilSi: ìneba zegardamoman

gangebulebaman gamoCinebaÁ brwyinvalisa amis sanTlisaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955:

98), xolo meore nawilSi: àmisaTÂs sasanTlesa zeda maRalsa dadgmul

iqna mnaTobi ese, raÁTa hnaTobdes igi yovelTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 98) _

aSkarad saxarebiseuli simbolikaa sanTlisa (Sdr: maT. 5. 14-15;).

igive meordeba àbibos nekreselis cxovrebaSic”. Aavtori wminda

mamaze acxadebs: `Cemi ars mowame ese da ara sxÂsa, Cemisa amisgan

saydrisa, nayofi Suenieri, mxiarulebisa Cemda momRebeli, spetaki vardi,

haerisa sulnel-myofeli. Cemda momfeneli, romelman sanTeli TÂsi

aRanTo zeda maRalsa mTasa, raTa yoveli sofeli xedvides naTelsa mas

dauSretelsa, orpirad manaTobelsa...~ (abulaZe 1955: 189).

96

aq sagulisxmoa erTi faqti _ moxmobili magaliTi aris `wamebaÁ

abibos nekreselisas~ a variantidan. Aam SemTxvevaSi sanTelSi

igulisxmeba Rvawli wminda mamisa, xolo imave adgilas b variantSi _

sanTeli saxe-simboloa Tavad wminda abibosisa: `Cemi ars mowame ese...

sanTeli maRlad mnTebare, mnaTobi da ganmanaTlebeli yovelTa

mxilvelTa misTaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 189).

sagangebod gvinda SevexoT `dauRamebeli naTlis~ simbolikas.

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ avtori wminda mamaze ambobs: `sanatreli

ese mamaÁ Cueni da brwyinvale mnaTobi ioane, romelica viTar brwyinvale

raÁme varskulavi aRmoebrwyina bnelsa Sina umecrebisa SecTomilTa

suliTa da dauRamebelisa naTlisa mimarT winamZRuar eqmna maT~ (abulaZe

1955: 5).

imave simbolur saxes moixmobs agiografi avtori abibos

nekreselze saubris drosac (abulaZe 1955: 189).

`rogorc cnobilia, qarTul agiografiul Zeglebsa da uZveles

freskebSi ZiriTadi xazi saxarebiseuli kompoziciaa, amitomac isini

analogiur feriT miniSnebebs iyeneben, riTac qarTuli sasuliero

mwerlobisa da uZvelesi freskebis ferTametyveleba TiTqmis identuria~

(elaSvili 2004: 37).

sinaTlis udides efeqts daemyara biblia. Kkosmiur wyvdiadSi

gaCnda kosmosuri naTeli da mSvenierebac amis Semdeg moefina msoflios.

`naTliT iwyeba yvelaze didi saocreba _ yofna~ (siraZe 1982: 150-151).

ioane RvTismetyvels gamocxadebisas ufali swored mnaTobad

esaxeba, anu samyaros dasasruls ufali Tavad iqneba naTeli: `da qalaqsa

mas ara uxms mze, anu mTovare mnaTobad, rameTu didebaman RmrTisaman

gananaTla igi" (gamocx. 21.23).

`naTeli~ aris wamyvani saxe-simbolo ara mxolod Zveli aRTqmis,

aramed axali aRTqmis wignebis mixedviTac. aq naTeli gaigivebulia ara

mxolod xiluli da uxilavi samyaros materialur safuZvelTan (`qmnili

naTeli~), aramed RmerTTan.

`bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikonSi~ vkiTxulobT: ìstoria,

ganviTarebuli Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas Soris, Tavad iRebs konfliqtis

saxes, sadac erTmaneTs ejaxebian naTeli da bneli~ (diufuri 1974: 997),

97

msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor ejaxebian sicocxle da sikvdili. Amis Sesaxeb

SesaniSnavad aris naTqvami ioanes saxarebaSi: `mis Tana cxorebaÁ iyo da

cxorebaÁ igi iyo naTel kacTa" (ioan. 1. 4.) aranairi dualisturi

metafizika ar amZafrebs dramatizms am msoflmxedvelobisa, rogorc

Zvel iranuli religiuri azri. magram, miuxedavad amisa, adamiani rCeba

obieqtad am konfliqtisa. Mmisi saboloo bedi ganisazRvreba sinaTliTa

da bneliT, ise rogorc sikvdiliTa da sicocxliT. Aamisdagvarad, es

Tema ikavebs centralur adgils religiur simboloTa Soris, romelTac

mimarTavs biblia.

naTeli rom wamyvania qristianul azrovnebaSi da, Sesabamisad,

mTeli Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi amgvari saxismetyvelebiTaa

dawerili, mowmobs mamaTa swavlebac: `gvwams mama, Ze da suliwmida –

erTi RvTaeba sampirovani... yovlad saxieri, samgzis naTeli, samgzis

mziani, samgzis brwyinvale, mama-naTelia, Ze-naTelia, suliwmida-naTelia~

(ioane damaskeli 1992: 169).

filon aleqsandrielisaTvis RmerTi àris saxe naTlisa. igi

iZleva mraval Zalas. Aafrqvevs naTlis wyaros; naTeli ise brwyinvalea,

rom misi atana, misi gaZleba Tvalebs ar SeuZlia, mxolodD am ZalTa

saSualebiT SeiZleba igi warmovidginoT~ (ervini 1935: 34).

ioane maxarebeli acxadebs, rom `naTeli igi bnelsa Sina Cans, da

bneli mas ver ewia" (ioan. 1. 5).

dionise areopageli Tavis TxzulebaSi `saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~

RmerTis da naTlis Sesaxeb saubrisas brZanebs, rom RmerTi aris naTeli,

zenaTeli... ganuxrwnadni cxaddebian wyvdiadSi ufro metad, vidre

ganaTebuli dumili. MmarTlac, mxolod dumilSi SeiZleba gaigo

saidumloebani am wyvdiadisa, romlis Sesaxeb cotaa iTqvas qeba, raTa

damtkicdes _ igi brwyinavs uaRresad aprialebuli naTliT, metismetad

Sav sibneleSi, rom igi rCeba ra TviTon sruliad gaugebari, ucnauri da

savsebiT uxilavi, igi ufro umSvenieresi brwyinvalebiT, vidre Sveneba,

aRavsebs gonebaT, romelTac ician TvalTa daxuWva _ es aris dionises

locva, rasac dasZens: unda gadalaxo uaRresad wminda asasvlelni

mwvervalni, moitovo ukan azrni ciurni, raTa Sexvide am wyvdiadSi,

98

sadac, saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, romeli igi, mTlianad uzeSaesi

arsebobs TviTmyofadi arsebobiT” (petre iberieli 1961: 34-35).

qriste aRiqmeba, rogorc `samyaros naTeli~, Tavisi qmedebiTa da

swavlebiT _ gavixsenoT usinaTlos gankurneba (ioan. 9), sadac ieso

acxadebs: `vidremdi var sofelsa Sina, naTeli var soflisaÁ" (ioan. 9.5).

sxvagan is ambobs: `me var naTeli soflisaÁ. romeli Semomidges me, ara

vidodes bnelsa, aramed aqundes naTeli cxorebisaÁ" (ioan. 8.12). aq naTeli

sicocxlis simboloa, xolo bneli, mis sapirispirod, samudamo

daRupvisa _ jojoxeTisa.

iesos mosvlis mTavari mizani iyo morwmuneTaTvis imedis micema

da maTi gadarCena: `me naTeli soflad movivline, raÁTa yovelsa

romelsa hrwmenis Cemi, bnelsa Sina ara daadgres" (ioan. 12.46).

RmerTi aris mze, daubadebeli da univTo naTeli, rogorc wminda

mama ityvis: `xatyvnes TÂnieri ese naTeli, univTo naTelisao~ (petre

iberieli 1961: 102). igi astralur mzes gulisxmobs pirvel naTelSi,

xolo univTo naTelSi ufali igulisxmeba. astraluri mze uflis

Seqmnilia da misi sinaTle dasabamieria, nivTieria: igi gasrulebadia,

xolo Tavad ufali daubadebelia (igi TviT aris dambadebeli) da univTo

naTelia, romelsac `daRameba~ ar emuqreba.

r. siraZe miiCnevs, rom qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi Tanaarsebobs

mzis sxvadasxvagvari gansaxovneba: 1. eideturi anu miTosuri saxeebi

mzisa, 2. eikonuri anu xatiseburi mze da 3. mzis sakuTriv mxatvruli

warmosaxva.

,,mzisa da naTlis gansaxovneba gaxda erT-erTi umTavresi

safuZveli qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis, rasac

adasturebs mravali cnobili masala” (siraZe 2008” 209). Semdeg mkvlevars

CamoTvlili aqvs: 1. eideturi gansaxovneba: miTosuri sagaloblebi mzisa

(,,mzeSina”, ,,lile”, ,,riha”), mzis salocavebi, dali, mzeqalebi,

mzeWabukebi, yamarqali, ciskari, svanur ,,lemTan” dakavSirebuli

ritualebi, qarTuli borjRali, deda-boZis semantika, Rvinosa da vazTan

dakavSirebuli ritualebi, TuSuri milivnebi, dasavluri CiCilaki,

kolxuri miTosuri reliqtebi megrul eTnografiaSi. 2. eikonuri

gansaxovneba: antisolaruli pasaJebi agiografiaSi, mze ,,ninos

99

cxovrebaSi” (mzis dabneleba TxoTis mTaze da sxva realiebi),

sveticxoveli viTarca qristianuli ,,dedaboZi” naTlis koretaliT,

uZvelesi qarTuli jvrebi (bolnuri tolferda jvari), jvari vazisa,

mzis gansaxovneba himnografiaSi (,,Sen xar venaxi”: ,,TaviT TÂsiT mze xar

gabrwyinvebuli” (qarTuli poezia 1979: 183), ,,monaTvlis” qarTuli

gaazreba (berZnuli ,,baptizmos”, ,,ganbanvis” nacvali). 3. saero mwerlobis

saxismetyveleba: ,,amirandarejanianis mzis Wabukebi”, Tamar IV hipostasi

,,eTerovani” sxeuliT, d. guramiSvilis ,,mzeTamze”. (es sakiTxebi

sagangebod ganxilulia r. siraZis specialur SromaSi ,,literaturul-

esTetikuri narkvevebi, Tb., 1987, gv. 3-41.)

ivane javaxiSvili werda: ,,gaRmerTebul mnaTobTa Soris pirveli

adgili mzes eWira. es bunebrivia imitom, rom qarTvel tomTa meurneobis

mTavar wamyvan dargs miwaTmoqmedeba Seadgenda” (javaxiSvili... 1943: 84).

adre i. javaxiSvili mTvaris pirvelobas aRiarebda, rasac Tavisi

safuZveli hqonda. igi emyareboda araerT istoriul monacems, amitom

sagulvebeli xdeba, rom sxvadasxva dros xan mTvare iyo umTavresi

RvTaeba da xanac mze. qristianuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis Semdeg

qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi umTavres adgils iWers swored mze, cxadia,

qristianizebuli saxiT.

qristianoba uSvebda miTosis saxismetyvelebriv gamoyenebas, rac

Cans am sakiTxisadmi specialurad miZRvnil basil didis traqtatidanac.

amas warmoaCens Zveli qarTuli mwerloba da, upirveles yovlisa,

,,ninos cxovreba”. am nawarmoebSi aris aseTi saxe: ,,me mzesa davuRamdebi”

(moiwia Jami dRisa dalevnisa da mzisa Cemisa davsebisaÁ, rameTu ara Tu

dRe da mze Seicvlebian wesTa zeda maTTa, aramed me dResa davuRamdebi

da igi hgia ukunisamde” (Zveli qarTuli...1963: 102).

ivane javaxiSvili werda: ,,dRe mzis uZvelesi saxeliao”. amasTan

dakavSirebiT r. siraZe svams kiTxvas _ ,,xom ar aris aq SemorCenili mzis

uZvelesi saxeli _ ,,dRe”? rogorc ar unda iyos, ,,me dResa davuRamdebi”

gulisxmobs adamianis cxovrebis dabnelebas mzis winaSe, rasac

adasturebs sxva frazac: ,,moiwia Jami...mzisa Cemisa davsebisaÁo” ,,Cemi mze”

warmarTuli warmodgenis gamomxatvelad iTvleba an, Tundac,

warmarTuli sityvaxmarebis gadmonaSTad unda CaiTvalos” (siraZe 2008:

100

210). amitomac ,,dRis” mzis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba ufro metad

savaraudo xdeba. warmarTuli warmodgena saxeTqmnadobis paradigmad

qceula.

qarTul TxzulebebSi efrem mciresa da ioane petriwamde ar

gvxvdeba pirvelarsze iseTi wminda filosofiuri msjeloba, rogorc es

,,ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSia” mocemuli. ,,ars igi ars, romlisa

dasabam ara ars” (abulaZe 1955: 8). avtori ganmartavs: ,,ars igi ars”, e.i.

RmerTi arsebaao, da dasZens: ,,romlisa dasabami ar ariso”. e.i. RvTaeba

yovelive arsebulis pirvelsaTavea, yovelive misgan modis, Tavad mas ki

dasabami ara aqvs, dausabamoa. rac mTavaria, avtori acnobierebs, rom

unda gaazrebul iqnes ,,RmrTis mecnierebis sazRvari”, anu is, Tu sadamde

SeiZleba miswvdes adamianis goneba pirvelsawyisis Zebnisas.

,,dausabamobis” warmodgenas mistikamde mihyavs adamiani, rac asea

miniSnebuli: pirvelarsis RvTaebrivi definiciebi zRvardadebulia,

filosofiuri definiciebi ,,dausabamobis” cnebis miRma veRar midis,

Tumca daSvebulia, rom TviT raoba pirvelarsis gacilebiT miRmuria da

usazRvroebaSia sagulvebeli. amitom aqve, roca Tavdeba filosofiuri

definiciebi, Semodis saxismetyvelebiTi warmodgenebi: unda virwmunoT

,,naTeli igi didi. Sepyrnes igi bnelman da siRrmesa dainTqnen da romeli

naTeli igi ars, erTi uxilavi da ucvalebeli RmerTi ars” (abulaZe 1955:

8). amrigad, filosofiur gaazrebas mosdevs RvTaebis saxismetyvelebiTi

warmodgena. Semdeg ganmartebuli aris wminda sameba: `didi naTlidan~

iSoba Ze RmerTi da gamodis suli wminda, romelnic Seurevnelad da

ganuyoflad myofoben: `romeli naTeli igi ars, erTi uxilavi da

ucvalebeli RmerTi ars, ara dasabamieri, arca gasrulebadi, ganuzomeli,

maradis kurTxeuli, naTeli samebisaÁ, rameTu ese usaRmrTeebisa Sehkrebs

samguamovnebasa: mamisa, Zisa da sulisa wmidisa Tana; aRiracxebis esreT

Sekrebulad Seurwymeli da ganuyofeli~ (abulaZe 1955: 8).

èrTi~ aris RvTis bunebis erToba, xolo èrToba~ _ Tviseba samis

erTarsebobisa. RmerTi aris erTi arsebiT da, amasTanave, samgvamovani:

mama, Ze da suli wminda _ sameba erTarsebiT da ganuyofeli.

101

pirveli aTeulis (dekadis) cifrTa (1-10) aRniSvna enaTa specifikas

avlens. T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis monografiaSi ,,erTis” Sesaxeb

naTqvamia: nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaao (gamyreliZe...1984: 842).

qarTulSiac kargadaa cnobili erTis orgvari mniSvneloba:

ricxviTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeluri mniSvneloba. cnobilia aseve sxva

mniSvnelobanic. r. siraZe sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis urTierTmimarTebaTa

gasaazreblad ramdenime magaliTs moixmobs ,,vefxistyaosnidan”:

,,he, RmerTo erTo, Sen Seqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa” (str. 2)

,,ityvis, he, mzeo vis xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,

erTarsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad” (str. 774).

,,igi gaxdis wamis-yofiT erTsa asad, assa erTad” (str.800).

,,he, RmerTo erTo”, _ am frazaSi ,,erTo” SeiZleba gulisxmobdes

sam rames: 1. ,,erTaderTi” (poliTeizmis sapirispiro dogmati), 2.

erTianobav (yovladmTlianobis mniSvnelobiT; RmerTis erToba

gamoxatavs samyaros mTlianobas), 3. erTarsebav (arsiT erTo); samebis

dogmatis Sesabamisad. k. kekeliZe werda: ,,tyuiliao, rom ,,vefxistyaosani

ar axsenebs samebas; poemaSi naTqvamia, rom mze xatia ,,erTarsebisa”

RvTisa. Teologiis terminologiiT, ,,erTarseba” gulisxmobs ,,samebas”.

ise mas araviTari azri ara aqvs” (kekeliZe 1981: 105). vaxtang VI

ganmartavda: ,,erTarsebisagan erTi xom qriste ariso” (Targmani pirveli

wignisa amis vefxistyaosnisa, Tqmuli batoniSvilis gamgeblis

vaxtangisa).

amonios ermasis TxzulebaTa qarTul TargmanSi ,,erTis” Semdegi

mniSvnelobania: ,,erTi _ mravlis sapirispiro: ,,erTi ars yovelTa mizezi,

TiToeuli saqmeTagani erTca ars da mraval”. erTi, rogorc raodenobis

armqone ricxvi: ,,ricxvi aTisaÁ Tanamdebare ars aTTa erTTagan ara

TanSerwymulTa, aramed uerTierTas ganrCeulTagan” (amonios ermasis...1983:

189).

msgavs mniSvnelobebs gviCvenebs ioane damaskelis ,,gardamocemis”

filosofiuri nawilis (,,dialeqtikis”) Targmanebi: 1. erTi da 2.

erTianobaÁ (ioane damaskeli 1976: 1001). Tu rogor iyo gaSinaarsebuli

,,erTis” aRniSnuli mniSvnelobani, Cans areopagituli wignebidan:

(,,RmerTi ars”) ,,erT rameTu yovelTa Soris erT-saxeobiT ars erTiTa miT

102

erTobisa zeSTaaRmatebulebiTada yovelTave erTisa gamouvalobisa,

mizez ars, rameTu araraÁ ars arsTagani miuRebel erTisa. aramed

viTarca yoveli ricxvi, erTisagan miiRebis da erTi oradca da aTad

iTqumis da naxevari erT da mesamedi da meaTedi erT.

egreTve yovelni da yovelni yovelTa nawilebi erTisagan miiReben

da yofaÁ igi yovelTave arsTaÁ ars. arc sada ars sadme simravlisa ara

mimRebeli erTisa... Tvinier erTisa ver ars simravle, xolo Tvinier

simravlisa ars erTi” (petre iberieli 1961: T. XII, $ 2).

yovelgvari simravle erTia da erTic, oRond sawyisi erTi, qmnis

simravles, _ platonis ,,parmenidedan” momdinare es azri, radgan

patristikaSic Sevida, vrceldeboda TviT samebis gagebaze (3-1, 1-3),

rogorc es mocemulia petriwTan samxmiani qarTuli simRerisa (mzaxr,

Jir, bam) da mzis ,,samxmovanebis” (disko, sinaTle, siTbo) magaliTze

(siraZe 1978: 185-186). (Sdr.: ,,samni arian, romelni hwameben caTa Sina: mama,

sityva da suli wmida; ese samni erT arian” i. 5,6).

yovelive amis Sedagad ,,erTma” SeiZina urTierTdapirispirebuli

mniSvnelobani: ,,1” da ,,erTianoba” _ erTarseba. TviT am meore

mniSvnelobaSic ,,monawileobs” ,,1”-is semantika.

r. siraZe miiCnevs, rom ,,he, RmerTo, erTo” _ Teoriuli gamoTqmaa

da ara mxatvruli saxe. (Teoriuli gamonaTqvami Cveulebrivia

,,vefxistyaosnis” prologisaTvis: ,,Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi

dargi” da sxva). miuxedavad amisa, ,,erTi” am gamoTqmaSi polisemanturia

da amiT gamoTqmas mxatvrul saxes amsgavsebs, radgan swored mxatvruli

saxis specifikas warmoadgens polivalentoba” (siraZe 2008: 204). am

gamoTqmaSi ,,erTi”, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, mxatvrulad polivalenturia,

rac saSualebas qmnis masSi ramdenime ram vigulisxmoT. amas isic uwyobs

xels, rom qarTulSi arc artikliT da arc asomTavruliT ar

gamoixateba sityvis gasubstativeba, yovelive amiT qarTuli sityvisaTvis

saerTod damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba mJRavndeba: sityva amTlianebs

sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs da amiT igi, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis

mxatvrul potencias amJRavnebs, xolo misTvis filosofiuri

mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba konkretuli konteqstiT.

103

davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel teqsts, sadac SesaniSnavi

msjelobaa `naTlis~ bunebaze _ didi naTlisgan iSoba Ze RmerTi da

gamodis suli wminda da rom vinc amas ar aRiarebs, saukuno bnelSi

emuqreba aRmoCena. `naTeli igi maradis kurTxeuli da brwyinvale,

ganurCeveli uzeSTaesisagan bunebisa arsebisa, saukunebr naTeli smeniT-

re. da suli wmidaÁ mTavrobisa ufali, warmavlinebeli, ganmkuTnveli,

taZrad TÂsa moqmedi, viTar hnebavn da vis Tanaca unebn.

rameTu suli momcemeli da Semoqmedi da ara Seqmnuli,

romlisagan dadga Seqmnilica igi naTeli meoreTa maT brwyinvalebaTaÁ,

angelozTasa vityÂ, da naTeli mesame [...]ci ese, dawyebulni pirvelisa mis

naTlisaÁ, dasabamisaÁ igi, romlisagan sami da samisagan erTi, garna ese

xolo. rameTu mama ara Ze da Ze ara mama da suli wmida arca mama, arca

Ze. Dda ese ara ganyofs bunebasa, aramed ganiyofvin bunebasa Sina da

moaswavebs erTobasa. xolo romelTa samebisa erTsworeba ver gulisÃma-

yves, bnelsa Sina arian...~ (abulaZe 1955: 9).

warmoudgenelia samebis daSla: àra jer ars daklebad Ze

mamisagan da arca suli Zisagan~ (abulaZe 1955: 8). Aucilebelia maTi

ganuyofloba, radgan ùkueTumca ara esreT iyo RmrTeebaÁ, vidreme-mca

ara didebul iyo friad, rameTu ars igi uxilavi, uJamo, dautevnel,

ucvalebel…~ (abulaZe 1955: 8).

aq kidev erT simbolur saxes wavawydiT uflisa _ uJamo. igi

swored amgvari simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosanSi~:

ìtyvis: he mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,

erT-arsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad~ (rusTaveli 1986: str.

774).

`mziani Rame~ _ igive `dauRamebeli naTelia~. am SemTxvevaSi

zogierTi mkvlevari ùJamo-JamSi~ qristes gulisxmobs da ara arTarseba-

erTs.GmaTi azriT, Jami RvTis miwieri drois predikatia, rac

gamarTlebulia am SemTxvevaSi, radgan qristeSi ori buneba iyo

SeerTebuli, igi ori SobiT iSva: pirvelad uJamod, droze adre, meored

ki _ droSi. es, Cveni azriT, mcdari Sexedulebaa, radgan efrem asuris

TqmiT: `mama aris mze, Ze aris sinaTle, suli wminda aris siTbo~ (efrem

asuri 1991: 78), xolo ìeso ganuSorebeli mamisagan, ise viT Suqi

104

mzisagan~ (ioane petriwis Sromebi 1940: 17). garda amisa, zosime aToneli

samebas mimarTavs uJamos saxeliT: ùJamod mSobelo mamao, sityvisa

uJamoÁsa (qriste), uJamod gamovlinebulo cxovlisa sulisa Tana sworisa

Senisao, maTTanave gadide samgamovlenad da erTarsebad~ (Cveni saunje

1960: 511).

RmerTi aris dausabamo, samaradiso da usasrulo, radgan

,,dauwyebeli” da ,,dausrulebelia”. amisaTvis Jami misi saukunoa.

davubrundeT isev `dauRamebel naTels~. rogorc aRniSnulia, igi

uflis maradiuli dauSretelobis simboloa, dausabamo TvalSeudgami

naTelia. swored uflis simbolur saxelad gvevlineba igi Semdeg

epizodSi: `yvan RmerTman mRvime igi kibe aRmyvanebeli Senda zecisa

sufevaTa da netarebaTa mimarT, xolo bneli igi mun Sina _ mimyvanebel

naTlisa mimarT dauRamebelisa~ (abulaZe 1955: 125). zecaSi avtors

`dauRamebeli naTeli~ eguleba; ara astraluri mze, aramed maradiuli

naTeli.

zeciuri ierusalimi, romelSic saboloo jamSi Sevlen

marTlmorwmune adamianebi, ganaTebuli iqneba. rCeulni garemoculni

iqnebian uflis naTeliT: `da Rame ara iyo mun, da ara saxmar iyos

naTeli da mze, rameTu ufalman RmerTman gananaTlnes igini, da sufevden

ukuniTi ukunisamde" (gamocx. 22.5).

zeciuri ierusalimi dauRamebeli naTliT iqneba gabrwyinebuli,

swored amazea saubari Semdeg epizodSi, sadac ioane zedaznelis

sikvdilia aRwerili: `xolo Semdgomad ÃorcTagan gansvlisa da sofeli

gardacvalebisa uoxWnoTa Sina iSuebs saSuebelTa zecisa talavariTa da

sasZloTa damkÂdrebuli da xedavs naTelsa mas dauRamebelsa

saRmrToisa dagebisasa moxaruli keTilTa zeda gamouTqmelTa, romelni

Tualman ara ixila da yursa ara esma da gulsa kacisasa ara aRvida~

(abulaZe 1955: 67).

ioanes ufalTan miaxleba gardacvalebis Semdeg, swored am

mSvenieri simboluri saxiT _ `dauRamebeli naTlis~ WvretiT aris

gadmocemuli.

naTlis simbolika TviT qristianobis arsis gamomxatvelia, ris

gamoc yvela agiografi avtori mas moixmobs, rogorc paradigmul da

105

reminiscentul Temas. is aris agiografiuli teqstis sasuliero

mwerlobaSi CamrTveli sityva-xazi, sityva-gasaRebi, romliTac teqsti _

hiperteqstul xasiaTs iZens da yovelive mimdinare movlenas, rac

`cxovrebaSia~ aRwerili, bibliur swavlebasTan akavSirebs.

b) RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi

RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi agiografiul mwerlobaSi

yvelaze mravalricxovnad aris warmodgenili. akad. lixaCovi rusuli

teqstebis kvlevisas 70-mde aseT saxels iTvlis, romlebic qarTul

originalur agiografiaSic aris moxmobili; unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi

gazrda SesaZlebelia, gansakuTrebiT qarTuli maRalmxatvruli

teqstebis Seswavlisas; es saeklesio gadmocemiTac aris ganpirobebuli,

romlis mixedviT, qarTuli qristianuli samyaro RvTismSoblis

wilxvdomiladaa gamocxadebuli. yoveli saxe-simbolo wminda

weriliseuli paradigmiTaa gamagrebuli; Tumca, aseve xSiria qarTuli

agiografiuli saxeebis paradigmad moxmobis SemTxvevebic, rac

saqarTveloSi sasuliero mwerlobis ganviTarebis originalobas

miuTiTebs.

qalis, rogorc sicocxlis mSoblis tradiciuli aRqma, siaxlove

matriarqalur RirebulebebTan _ qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTebeli

niSania. swored, es gaxda RvTismSobelTan gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori.

garda imisa, rom qarTlis gamaqristianebeli mociqulTaswori

ninoa, pirveli martvili, romlis saxeli qarTulma mwerlobam saTuTad

Semoinaxa, dedofali SuSanikia.

ufalTan mWidro kavSiri simbolurad gamoxatulia mSoblisa da

Svilis erTobiT, radgan SesaZlebelia yovelgvari urTierTobis

gawyveta, garda dedaSvilurisa.

qarTveli moRvawe berebis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba

dedasTan da RvTismSobelTan, agiografiuli teqstebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli laitmotivia, ris sailustraciod ,,wminda grigol

xanZTelis cxovrebac” gamodgeba.

106

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom zogjer agiografi mwerlebi Segnebulad

ikaveben Tavs RvTismSoblis saxelis simboloebiT Semkobisagan da mas

ubralod dedad, dedoflad da dedakacad moixsenieben, rogorc asurel

mamaTa cxovrebebSia dafiqsirebuli.

,,Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi” vkiTxulobT: `yovlad wmindao

RvTismSobelo mariam, kurTxeul ars nayofi muclisa SenisaÁ da

kurTxeul ars saxeli wmindaÁ didebisa misisaÁ, rameTu queyanisaganni

viyveniT da aw Sen mier zecisa angelosTagan vimsaxurebT da Sen mier

uxrwnelebaÁ da cxovrebaÁ saukunoÁ movigeT. amisTvis Suenis, raÁTa

saydarsa didebisa Senisasa wmindani da sulTa ganaTlebulni kacni

iyvnen zeda mdgomelad taZrisa Senisa da amisTÂsca gamorCeul iqmna

Rirsi ese wmindaÁ ise zedamdgomelad saydrisa Senisa, wmindao

dedofalo!~ (abulaZe 1955: 89).

Sios gamoecxada RvTismSobeli da ioane naTlismcemeli. swored,

am epizodSi gvxvdeba simboluri saxelwodebebi RvTismSoblisa _

dedakac, deda da dedofal.

Siom Tavis senakSi ixila `qvabsa mis karsa mdgomare dedakaci

yovlad didebuli, romlisa gancdad uRono iyo~ (abulaZe 1955: 94). ` man

dedakacman, ganaZliera igi~ (abulaZe 1955: 95).

seqtembris Tvis sakiTxavebSi ganmartebulia RvTismSoblis es

simboluri saxeli: `dedakac ewodebis, raJams hrques: `kurTxeul xar Sen

dedaTa Soris da kurTxeul ars nayofi muclisa Senisa~ (Zveli

metafrasuli... 1986: 151).

RvTismSobeli `dedad~ moxseniebulia Semdeg monakveTSi: `xolo

moego raÁ netari Sio Tavsa TÂssa da can meurneobaÁ RmrTisa da

ubiwoÁsa dedisa misisaÁ da Wama sazrdeli igi~ (abulaZe 1955: 95).

metafrasul sakiTxavebSi vkiTxulobT: `deda ewodebis TqmuliTa

maT: `dedad sionsa hrques kacman, rameTu kacman iSva mis Sina da Tavad

mas daafuZna igi maRalman~ (Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: 149).

yvelaze saintereso simboluri saxeldeba RvTismSoblisa,

romelic am TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba, Cveni azriT, aris `dedofali~.

Sio mxurvaled loculobs, radgan eRirsa RvTismSoblisa da

ioane naTlismcemlis xilvis bedniereba: `momec me uRirssa amas monasa

107

Sensa moTminebiT dadgomaÁ adgilsa mas Sina, raTa saTnod Senda

aRvasrulne neStni ese dReni cxovrebisa Cemisani da Rirs myav meca

saukuneTa meoxebiTa yovlad uxrwnelisa dedoflisa Cuenisa ubiwoÁsa

dedisa SenisaÁTa da didebulTa wmindaTa mociqulTaÁTa wmidisa mamisa

Cuenisa ioanesiTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 96).

rogorc vnaxeT, RvTismSoblis saxeli uSualod ukavSirdeba

dedoflobas. iseve metafrasuli sakiTxavebis teqsts movixmobT:

`dedofal TqumiTa miT, viTarmed: `dadges dedofali marjveniT Sensa

samosliTa oqroqsoviliTa Semkuli da Semosili~ (Zveli metafrasuli...

1986: 149).

Zalze sainteresoa paralelebi wminda ninosa da RvTismSobels

Soris. gavixsenoT, rom nino iwodeba rogorc tyved, ise dedoflad.

M`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi, mirianis TqmiT, nino dedoflad

ixsenieba ara warmoSobis, aramed qarTlis winaSe misi damsaxurebis gamo:

àw meqmna Cuen tyve igi dedufalio~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 158).Ees moxda

mas Semdeg, rac nino gaxda qarTlisTvis `qadag Zlier~, `mecnier

dafarulTa gulis sityuaTa~ da, saerTod ganmanaTlebeli qarTlisa.

Qqristologiuri TvalsazrisiT, nino _ sulieri meufe _

`monacaa~. aseTia qriste da aseTive mosazrebiT unda ewodebodes ninos

`dedufalica~ da `tyvec~.

amis Sesaxeb averincevi wers: `RvTaebrivi dideba qristesi

moiazreba realurad ara mis damcirebaze, aramed am damcirebis `SigniT~,

amitom zogadi forma qristianuli azrovnebisa da aRqmisa, romelic

saukuneebiT gansazRvravs xelovnebisa da literaturis beds, aris

simbolo da Seurevneli mniSvneloba, romelic iZleva orives

`Seurevnelad da ganuyoflad~ (averincevi 1983: 506)

mTis, kldis simbolikas Cven vxvdebiT `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~,

romelic qarTuli qristianuli simboluri azrovnebis klasikur nimuSad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. armazis ngrevisas, rodesac iqmnes `quxilni sastikni

da xmani sazarelni da mexistexani SesaZrwunebeli~ (Zveli qarTuli...1963:

121), nino mdgomare iyo ,,uSiSrad maxloblad adgilisa mis, mciresa

safarvelsa kldisasa~ (Zveli qarTuli...1963: 121).

108

Cven veTanxmebiT r. siraZes, romelic miiCnevs, rom ninos

gadamrCeneli klde, rac RvTismSoblis simboluri saxelia, swored

ninos qarTlSi gamomgzavnels da mfarvels (wminda mariams) ukavSirdeba.

mTis, kldis simbolika jer kidev fsalmunebidan modis, `mTad~ _

`SedgomiTave misiTa da wmindaÁ igi CrdiloiT maRlnarTaÁT da kualad

mTad, `romlisagan gamoekueTa lodi TÂnier xelTasa~ (dan. 2. 45).

rogorc vxedavT, agiografi avtori SesaniSnav suraTebs qmnis

wminda mamaTa cxovrebidan, raSic mxatvruli saxe-simboloebi gadamwyvet

rols asruleben. qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

himnografiaSi, xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac mxatvruli saxeebi

RvTismSobels ukavSirdeba:

1. ìakob kibed gixila, xolo mose _

mayvlad, Ddaniel _ mTad, gedeon _ sawmisad~.

2. `... romlisa daviT mTad poxilad giwoda,

romelsa Sina daimkvidra qristeman~.

3. `Sen, RmrTisa damtevnelo gamouTqmelada,

kibeo, romelsa zeda gardamoxda

RmerTi da xati monisa miiRo dRes...~ (qarTuli poezia 1979)

seqtembris Tvis sakiTxavebSi ki RvTismSobeli pirdapir

saxeldebulia mTad da kibed: `gixaroden, WeSmarito kibeo iakobiso,

mTao mkumolvareo~ (Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: 147).

mxolod es simboloebi rodi ukavSirdeba RvTismSoblis saxels.

seqtembris Tvis metafrasul sakiTxavebSi `SobisaTvis RvTismSoblisa~,

Tavmoyrilia TiTqmis yvela `saxeldeba~, riTac RvTismSobeli iwodeba:

`moved da ixile TiToferobaÁ saxeliTaÁ da simravle wodebaTaÁ,

romelTa mier mravliT kerZo werilTa Sina saxelidebis, viTar igi

raJams uwoddes mas; qalwuli da qali, winaswarmetyveli da sasZlo,

saxli RmrTisa, taZar wminda, meore karav, trapez wminda, sakurTxeveli,

sasakumevle oqroÁsa, wminda wmindaTa, qerovim didebisa, takuk oqroÁsa,

ficar aRTqumÁsa, kuerTx samRvdelo, skiptra mefobisa, Saravanded

sikeTisa, rqadamtevnel zeTisa mis sacxeblisa mRvdelTa da mefeTaÁsa,

alabaster, sasanTle, almur-lampar, sanTel, saydar, maRnar, klde,

queyana, samoTxe, agarak, urnat, wyaro, tarig, ciur da sxva mravali,

109

raodeni raÁ didTa winaswarmetyuelTa winamxedvelobiTa didTa

saidumloTaÁTa igaviT uwodes mas~ (Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: 148).

asurel mamaTa cxovrebebze dakvirvebiT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom miuxedavad simbolur saxeldebaTa simwirisa, RvTismSoblis

paradigmuli saxe mdidaria agiografiul saxe-simboloTa paralelebiT,

rac mxolod konteqstiT SeiZleba dafiqsirdes.

Tavi V

qvaTa, stiqiaTa da sxva simboloTa saxismetyvelebiTi analizi

a) qvaTa simbolika

qva, lodi myari, maradiuli, mZime niSania Zalisa da uZraobisa,

ucvlelobisa. igi fetiSisturi warmodgenebidan iRebs saTaves. bibliaSi

mesiasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyeneba mravali saxe, romelic dakavSirebulia

qvis simbolikasTan.

palestina imdenad qviani mxarea, rom qva ebraels mudam Tvalwin

aqvs da igi advilad Cndeba mis warmosaxvaSi. saerTod ki, pirvelyofil

fsiqologiasa da zogadsakacobrio simbolikaSi qva magari, maradiuli,

mZime niSania Zalisa. xsenebuli ori garemoeba gvexmareba imis gagebaSi,

Tu ratom gamoiyeneba bibliaSi mesiis mimarT qvis simbolikasTan

dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saxe.

wminda qvebis kulti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli pirvelyofil

religiebSi, xolo israelSi akrZaluli iyo. magram xSirad mezobeli

xalxebis kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavleniT xdeboda am wesisgan gadaxveva;

swored amitom Cndeba gafrTxilebaTa aucilebloba: àra hqmne Tavisa

TÂsisa ÃeliT qmnuli, arca gamoqandakebuli, arca Zegli, ara aRmarToT

Tquen, arca lodi sastrad aRsdgaT queyanasa Tquensa Tayuanis-

sacemelad. rameTu me var ufali RmerTi Tqueni” (lev. 26. 1); ,,nu aRmarTeb

Tavisa Senisa Zeglad, romel-igi moiZula ufalman RmerTman Senman” (2

rjl. 16. 22). magram wminda qvebis gamoyeneba mxolod

kerpTayvanismcemlobas rodi ukavSirdeba _ igi SenarCunebulia ukve ara

110

magiuri, aramed simboluri mniSvnelobiT: wminda qvebis qmediToba

damokidebulia marto RvTis nebaze. magaliTad, iakobi aRmarTavs wminda

Zeglis qvas beTelSi (dab. 28. 16); qvebi aRimarTeba agreTve, rogorc

simbolo Tormeti tomisa, romlebic kurTxeulia samsxverplosTan

siaxlovis gamo (dab. 24. 4). gauTleli qvebisgan aigeba sakurTxevlebi,

romelTa meSveobiT RmerTi exeba miwas da akurTxebs mas (maT. 23. 19). es

wminda qvebi mainc RvTis iq myofobis met-naklebad qmediTi niSnebia _

isini warmoadgenen qristes saxes, romelSic RmerTi Tavis amqveynad

yofnas avlens. axal aRTqmaSi Sefarulad, xolo eklesiis mamebTan da

RvTismsaxurebaSi _ ufro cxadad, qriste gaigivebulia sakurTxevelTan

(Sdr. ebr. 13. 10 _ 1 kor. 10. 18).

Tumca wminda qvasa da qva-Zegls Soris gansxvaveba yovelTvis

cxadi ar aris, warmodgena uryevobasa da simtkiceze ukavSirdeba,

rogorc Cans, ara marto qvebs, romlebic aRimarTeba romelime

xelSekrulebis dasamowmeblad (dab. 31. 45-52) an gardacvilil adamianTa

xsovnis ukvdavsayofad (ieso. 8. 29; 2 mef. 18. 17), aramed upiratesad im

qvebs, romlebic mogvagoneben RmerTsa da mis xalxs Soris dadebul

aRTqma-kavSirs (ieso. 4. 7), im aRTqmas, romlis rjuli dawerilia qvis

ficrebze (gamosv. 24. 12). magram is, rac warmoadgenda aRTqmis waruvali

mniSvnelobis simbolos, TiTqos dazianebuli aRmoCnda gulqva

israelebTan Sexebis Sedegad (ezek. 11. 19), metic _ iqca gulis

gauxeSebisa da civi garegnuli formalizmis simbolodac ki. am

viTarebis sapirispirod, ieremiasa da ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis

Tanaxmad (ier. 31. 33; ezek 11. 19), axali rjuli Caidgmeba "maT SigniT",

daiwereba RvTiuri sulis mier axal, "xorcis" gulebSi: ,,sacnaur qmnil,

rameTu xarT wign samociqulo qristesa, romeli imsaxura Cuen mier,

dawerilni ara melniTa, aramed suliTa RmrTisa cxovelisaჲTa, ara

ficarTa Sina qvisaTa, aramed ficarTa Sina gulisa ჴorcielisaTa” (II

kor. 3. 3).

klde udabnoSi, romlidanac mosem wyali gadmoadina, pavle

mociqulis Tanaxmad, aRniSnavs qristes, romelic TviTon afrqvevs

macocxlebel wyals xsnisas (I kor. 10. 4).

111

qristes mier movlenili xsna unda modiodes gansacdelisa da

moCvenebiTi warumateblobis gziT: ,,lodi, romel Seuracx-yves

maSenebelTa, ese iqmna Tav kideTa”, cxaddeba ukve `daviTnSi~ (fsalm. 117.

22). Tavisianebisgan uaryofili, rogorc man es iwinaswarmetyvela igavSi

mkvleli mevenaxeebis Sesaxeb, qriste iqceva qvakuTxedad, e.i. Senobis

fuZed an, rac ufro savaraudoa, Tavkided, e.i. kamaris klited: ,,ese ars

lodi igi, romeli Seuracx iqmna Tquen mier maSenebelTa, romeli iqmna

Tav sakidurTa” (saqme 4. 11); amgvarad, igi uzrunvelyofs wminda taZris

SekavSirebas; masSi iqmneba da maRldeba RvTis samkvidrebeli: ,,aRSenebul

safuZvelsa zeda mociqulTasa da winawarmetyuelTasa, romlisa Tav

sakidurTa misTa ars qriste iesu” (efes. 2. 20.).

sxva metaforis mixedviT, qriste aris uryevi qva: ,,viTarca weril

ars~ (rom. 9. 33; 1 kor. 3. 11; 1 petr. 2. 6), romelsac SeiZleba daveyrdnoT

rwmeniT, ise rom morwmuneni, rogorc cocxali qvebi, Caebmebian

sulierebis saxlis SenebaSi:@,,da Tquenca, viTarca lodni cxovelni

aReSenebodeT saxlad sulierad, samRdelod wmidad, Sesawiravad

msxuerplTa sulierTa, saTnoTa RmrTisaTa iesu qristes mier” (1 petr. 2.

5).

RvTiuri siyvarulisa da siwmindis gamocxadebiT qriste adamians

aiZulebs, gaakeTos arCevani sinaTlesa da sibneles Soris. qedmaRal

urwmunoTaTvis igi iqceva Sebrkolebis qvad, cdunebis klded (rom. 9. 33;

1 petr. 2. 8); qristes mtrebi bolos Semusrulni arian. dawunebuli da

Tavkided qceuli lodis saxe Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs lukasTan:

"yoveli, romeli daeces lodsa mas zeda, Seimusros, da romelsa zeda

daeces, gananqrios igi" (luk. 20. 17). SesaZloa, aq gvaqvs miniSneba qvaze,

romliTac danieli aRniSnavs mesias da ama qveynis xelmwifeebze

gamarjvebul mis samefos: "hxedevd, vidre ara gamoekueTa lodi mTisagan

Tჳnier ჴelTasa, da daekueTa xatsa ferჴTa zeda rkinisaTa da kecisaTa,

da daawulilna igini sruliad” (dan. 2. 34).

erTi mxriv,Qqvebi gvagoneben im kavSirs, romelic ufalma daamyara

sakuTar xalxTan (qvis filebze dawerili saRvTo kanoni, rjuli), xolo

mis sapirispirod is gvevlineba `gulqvaobisa~ (sisastikisa) da civi

garegnuli formalizmis simbolodac.

112

miuxedavad imisa, rom islami mxolod me-7 saukuneSi Seiqmna

rogorc mkacri, monoTeisturi religia, wminda qvebs, anTropomorfulis

garda, aqac udidesi mniSvneloba mieniWa, rogoricaa qaabis Savi qva _

abrahamis simbolo.

wminda qvebis simbolika farTodaa gavrcelebuli pirvelyofil

religiebSi. Semdeg igi aikrZala da gvxvdeba ukve ara magiuri azriT,

aramed simboluriT: `maTi qmediToba (aqtiuroba) damokidebulia mxolod

uflis nebaze~ (diufuri 1974: 489).

ebrael ers wminda qvebis kulti, rac gavrcelebuli iyo

pirvelyofil religiebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, akrZaluli hqonda.

TumcaRa arcTu iSviaTi iyo am sakrZalavisagan gandgoma mezobel

kerpTayvanismcemel xalxTa zegavleniT. uflis akrZalvas sakmaod

xSirad iviwyebda xolme israeli da uflis gafrTxilebac rCeuli

erisadmi muqariT iyo savse: àdgilsa leRovansa? igi Senda nawil, ese

Senda samkÂdrebel. maT ganufend msxuerplebsa, da maT miarTuemd

saklvelebsa. amaT zeda ukue ar ganvrisxnea?” (es. 57.6). bibliidan msgavsi

magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba.

`qva Zvel aRTqmaSi araa mxolod kerpTayvanismcemlobis sakulto

sagani. uflis nebiT mas CamoSordeba religiuri da magiuri

mniSvnelobebi da eniWeba mxolod simboluri datvirTva _ igi xdeba

RmerTTan mtkice kavSiris niSani~ (alibegaSvili 1999: 21).

qvis, lodis, kldis simboluri mniSvneloba axal aRTqmaSi

igavuri miniSnebiTaa SemoTavazebuli petre mociqulis saxelis

ganmartebasa da mis misionur funqciasTan mimarTebiT, rasac macxovari

sazRvravs: `Sen xar klde, da amas kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesia Cemi, da

bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian mas” (maT. 16.18).

Zvel qarTul leqsikaSi Tvlis erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa _ Zvirfasi,

patiosani Tvali, qva. `Tvali ewodebis qvaTa patiosanTa~ _ ganmartavs

sulxan saba orbeliani `sityvis konaSi~; amdenad, farTo mniSvnelobiT,

`Tvalic qvaa, romelTanac, individualuri maxasiaTeblebidan

gamomdinare, adamians sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba SeiZleba hqondes~

(alibegaSvili 1999: 17).

113

wminda qvebi met-naklebad niSnebia imisa, rom RmerTi myofobs

CvenTan, isini qristes simboloebia, romlebiTac ufali ganacxadebs

Tavis yofnas am samyaroSi.

gauTleli qva xdeba wminda, qmediTi niSani RvTis myofobisa

WeSmarit morwmuneebTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, qristes xateba,

romelSic ufali avlens Tavis yofnas miwaze. gaTlili, damuSavebuli

qva ukve kerpis saxes iZens.

Zvirfasi qvebi, patiosani Tvlebi, sakuTriv aRebulni, aRar

saWiroebs `damuSavebas~. isini TavisTavad niSnebad da simboloebad

iqceva TavianTi feriTa da faqturiT, riTac Zvelad fasobdnen.

ebraelebi da maTi mezobeli xalxebi did faseulobad Tvlidnen

da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Zvirfas Tvlebs da, saerTod,

yvela qvas, romlebic TavianTi maRalxarisxovnebiTa da TvisebebiT,

zogadkulturuli TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani iyo. `bibliaSi xSirad

moixsenieba patiosani qvebi da maT aqvT rogorc yofiTi, aseve simboluri

mniSvneloba RvTismsaxurebaSi. amitom, materialuri Rirebulebis mxriv,

Zvirfasi qvis dasaxasiaTeblad, sazogadod, sami ganzomileba

Camoyalibda: silamaze, simtkice da araCveulebrioba _ patiosani qva

unda iyos iSviaTi da moduri~ (alibegaSvili 1999: 26).

Qqva, xSirad, rogorc aRvniSneT, kldesTan gaigivdeba. klde

udabnoSi, saidanac mosem wyali gadmoadina aRniSnavs qristes, romelic

Tavad Rvris xsnis macocxlebel wyals: àramed erTan erisaganman

laxuriTa ugumira guerdsa missa, da meyseulad gardamoÃda sisxli da

wyali" (ioan. 19.34).

sxva azriT, qriste is myari qvaa, romelsac eyrdnobian morwmuneni.

Zalian sainteresod iCens Tavs ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~

qvaTa saxe-simboloebi. wminda ioanes mowafeebi aaronis Sesamoselis

patiosan Tvlebad moixsenebian, romelTac samkurnalo Tvisebebi

axasiaTebT: `mowafeni misni aTormetni igi Tualni pativis-cemulni

mixedviTa, gandgmul kvarTsa mas aaronisa, sargebel da mkurnal

yovelTaTÂs myofTa qalaqisa amis Cuenisa, romelni xadiam miT, romelni

mcired Semdgomad migeTxras~ (abulaZe 1955: 26-28). metad sagulisxmo da

xatovania, Cveni azriT, es Sedareba, radgan ioane da misi mowafeebi

114

sworedac, rom ,,mkurnalad” moevlinen imdroindel qarTls, sadac

,,kerpTmsaxurebaÁ aRmaRlebul iyo”. maTi wminda moRvaweobiT qarTli

,,ganikurna” eSmakTa msaxurebisagan.

Azogadad agiografiuli xatweraa – asketis mier qvis Camokideba,

qvaze dawola, TavqveS sasTumlad qvis dadeba; qvis svetze dgoma

bibliuri tradiciis ganvrcobaa. ,,qva SenivTebul miwierebad cxaddeba da

martvilis, asketis sulier aRzevebad gaiazreba, sulier ZalTa

gamarjvebad, adamianur miwier bunebaze: qva ametyvelebs uxilav,

RvTivsulier gamocxadebiT WeSmaritebasa da gardaisaxeba am axali

realobis xilul mowmed, erTgvar mijnad, zRurblad xilulsa da

uxilavs Soris” (wereTeli 2007: 54-55).

sasTumlad dadebuli qva wminda adgilad moiazreba. swored es

bibliuri paradigmaa ,,wmida ninos cxovrebis” erT-erT epizodSi,

rodesac faravnis tbasTan wm. Nninom sasTumlad ,,lodi” daido da

esizmra kaci, romelmac dabeWdili wigni gadasca.

svimeons ,,edva qvaÁ erTi ganÃuretili da viTarca ZmaTa maT

daiZinian, xolo man Camoikidis igi qedsa da dgan igi vidre ciskris

Jamamde. da mere dadvis igi mdumriad Tvinier cnobisa maTisa” (gariti

1957: 307).

svimeonma ,,Seqmna Tavisa TÂsisa qvaÁ erTi romelsa aqunda

simrgule ori wyrTaÁ, ahmarTa igi da dadgis mis zeda” (kekeliZe 1918: 67).

metad dainteresoa ,,sami qvis’’ simbolika, romelic Tavs iCens

agiografiaSi. sailustraciod movixmobT epizodebs svimeon mesvete

(halabielisa) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosis) ,,cxovrebebidan”.

svimeonTan mivida SeZrwunebuli xalxi. maTi sofeli TandaTan

inTqmeboda wyalSi da mTa TandaTan hfaravda sacxovriss, mTis qveS

ismoda grgvinva: wmida svimeonma maT sam qvaze jvris gamosaxva, qvebis

Tavsa, bolosa da SuaSi dadeba, sami Rame uZilod locvaSi myofoba

urCia. ,,wmidaman hrqua maT: ,, wariReT Tquen Tana sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT

TiToeulsa mas zeda saxei jvarisaÁ da erTi maTgani daadgiT TaviT

kerZo misa, da erTi boloÁT, da erTi saSoval da ganaTieT sami Rame

uZilad...” (gariti 1957: 130)

115

svimonTan mivida eri, maT sofels gvalva da SimSili moeloda,

wyaro daSra da ,,ganxma” miwa: ,,wariReT sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT mas zeda

saxe jvarisaÁ”, da wyaroSi am qvebis Cayra brZana.

RamisTevisa da locvis Semdgom aRmoxda kvlav Zlierad wyali

(kekeliZe 1918: 38).

asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebebSi qvebi ierusalimidan wamoRebuli

madlis simboloa. wminda daviT garejeli midis ierusalimSi, saidanac

mxurvale locvis dros aiRebs sam qvas da garejSi gamobrundeba: èsreT

Semdgomad friadisa vedrebisa da cremlTa daTxevisa adgilsa mas zeda,

queyanad dadrekilman aRixuna samni qvani da viTar TÂT mis qristes

saflavisagan gamokueTilni sarwmunoebiT STasxna igini evlogiad

malaksa Sina TÂssa. Amisa Semdgomad ukumoqceuli vidoda garesjamdi

momyvanebelsa gzasa moxaruli~ (abulaZe 1955: 179).

am qvebs mxolod wminda mama rodi aRiqvams, rogorc ierusalimis

siwmindes. Ppatriarqs ecxadeba angelozi da auwyebs, rom monam daviTman

`wariRo madli ierusalimisaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 180) da ebrZana patriarqs,

raTa malemsrboli gauSvas daviTis dasawevad da mxolod mesamedi (erTi

qva) dautovos, xolo danarCeni ukan, ierusalimSi daabrunos. ,,Semosili

dabebkuli samosliTa da aqus Zueli malaki, romelsa Sina sxenan samni

qvani, evlogiad miRebulni” (abulaZe 1955: 180)... malemsrbols unda

euwyebina daviTisTvis uflis neba ,,ori nawili ukan vaqcio

ierusalimadve da ara sruliad Ãuebul iqnes madlTagan, xolo mesamedi

igi mominiWebies SenTvis warRebad udabnosa Sina” (abulaZe 1955: 180).

marTlac, patriarqis wargzavnilebma erTi qva dautoves daviTs,

xolo danarCeni ori nawili ierusalimis madlisa ukanve daabrunes.

es epizodi mniSvnelovania imiT, rom qvebi gvevlinebian maradiuli

WeSmaritebis saxed. SeiZleba isini wminda samebis nawilebadac aRviqvaT.

maTi simboluri gaazreba metad damafiqrebelia, radgan ierusalimi

carieldeba madlisagan am qvebis waRebis Semdeg, Aanu qvebi am

SemTxvevaSi simboloa qristianuli rwmenisa, RvTiuri madlisa, romelic

ierusalims gaaCnia. ÿgarda amisa, safiqrebelia, rom wminda daviTs

simdablis, sarwmunoebis, Rvawlis gamo mieniWa RvTis madli. es aRar iyo

Cveulebrivi qvebi, yovel nabijze rom xvdeba adamians, qvebs daviT

116

garejelis rwmenisa da Tavmdablobis niSnad madlis ganfenis funqcia

daekisraT. qva, qvis dadgma xom RvTis nebis ganmtkicebas, fuZe-qvad,

saZirkvlad dadebas aRniSnavs.

arc Tu ise iSviaTad, asurel moRvaweTa `cxovrebebSi~ gvxvdeba

Zvirfasi qva _ margaliti.

margalits mravalferovani simboluri datvirTva aqvs

gansxvavebul religiebsa Tu kulturebSi.

Zvirfas qvebs Soris igi yvelaze mniSvnelovani simboloa naTlisa

da qalurobisa. Mmisi mkrTali elvareba asocirdeba savse mTvaresTan,

warmoSoba, dakavSirebuli wyalTan _ nayofierebasTan, xolo TvalTagan

dafaruli ganviTareba niJaris wiaRSi _ dabadebasTan, aRdgomasa da

ganaxlebasTan.

margaliti sisufTavis, sispetakis, qalwulebrivi ucodvelobis

simboloa. asocirdeba, rogorc sinanulis, aseve sixarulis cremlebTan.

margaliti sulieri sibrZnis simbolocaa: `Rrmad wyalSi, niJaris

wiaRSi manaTobelma siTeTrem gaxada margaliti simbolo sibrZnisa da

ezoTeriuli codnisa~ (tresideri 1992: 98).

margaliti emblemaa, rogorc nayofierebis, ise srulyofilebis.

qristianebTan `Zvirfasi margaliti~ asocirdeba naTlobis

wyalTan, agreTve is aris simbolo qristesi, mariamis wiaRSi.

antikuri tradiciiT, zRvis qafidan margalitiviT ibadeba

siyvarulis qalRmerTi afrodite (romaulSi _ venera).

asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebebSi margalitis saxe-simbolos

avtori ramdenimejer moixmobs. is grZnobs sakuTari Sromis siZneles,

roca ekideba wminda mamaTa Rvawlis aRweras da am Sromas margalitis

mopovebis sirTules amsgavsebs: àraTu advilad sauravsa rasme veZiebT,

aramed siRrmesa da zRÂsaTa patiosanTa margalitTa, SromiT

mosagebelTa, gunebavs cxadad gamoCinebaÁ, romelni gamzadebul arian

ganyofad simdidresa, uxrwnelsa safasesa, saRmrToTa niWTasa, naTesavisa

mimarT Cuenisa sityÂTa madlisaÁTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 4).

am SemTxvevaSi, margaliti simboloa saRvTo niWis fasdaudebeli

simdidrisa.

117

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ aris epizodi, romelSic wminda

mama gadawyvets, datovos qalaqi da wavides udabnoSi sakuTari sulieri

Zalis gamosacdelad; agreTve mas gadawyvetili aqvs sabolood Seswiros

Tavi uflis siyvaruls: èneba wmidasa mamasa Cuensa, raÁTamca martod

iyofvoda, wadier iyo TÂssa sayoflad qalaqsa mas, romelsa

xuroTmoZRuar da Semoqmed RmerTi ars, zecisa ierusalems,

ganmcxromelsa maTTana dResaswaulisa SerTvad keTilTa vaWarTa zecisa

margalitisa maZiebeli. Aaqa moikudina Tavi TÂsi, raÁTa povos cxovrebaÁ

saukunoÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 28).

am epizodSi zeciuri margalitis maZieblad gvevlineba wminda

ioane, romelic saukuno cxovrebisaTvis amqveyniur siamovnebaTa daTmobas

amjobinebs. `zeciuri margaliti~ am SemTxvevaSi swored im saukuno

cxovrebis simboloa, romelic Znelad moipoveba, msgavsad margalitisa.

es simboluri saxe bibliidan momdinareobs, roca caTa

sasufeveli vaWar kacs aris Sedarebuli, romelic eZebs lamaz

margalits da misTvis mzadaa gayidos, anu dasTmos yovelive faseuli,

rac mas gaaCnia: `da pois ra erTi margaliti mraval sasyidlisa, warvida

da gnyida yovelive, raca edva, da moiyida igi~ (maT. 13.46).

rogorc vnaxeT, qvaTa simbolika sakmaod mravalferovania. Tumca,

unda aRiniSnos, rom asurel moRvaweTa cxovreba-wamebanSi maTi

simbolika bibliur safuZvlebs emyareba.

qristianuli azrovnebisaTvis araa ucxo qvaTa miTologiuri saxe-

simbolika; amgvari zegavleniT aris Seqmnili TviT bibliuri

warmodgenebic Zvirfas qvebze, romlebic israelis Tormeti tomis

simboloc aris. mtkice lodi, razec Tavad qristianuli aRmsarebloba

efuZneba, mTavari mociqulis saxelSi simon-petred gansaxovndeba.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saxarebis mixedviT _ klde maradiuli taZris

saZirkvelia, magram ara adamianuri, amqveyniuri nayofis niadagi.

118

b) samyaros oTxi stiqiis simboluri gaazreba `Siosa da evagres

cxovrebis~ erT epizodSi

cnobilia, rom samyaro oTxi elementisagan – (cecxli, wyali,

haeri, miwa) – Sedgeba. TiToeul maTgans, garda imisa, rom samyaros

mTlianobas ganasaxiereben, sxvadasxva simboluri datvirTva aqvs ama Tu

im xalxTa religiasa da miTologiaSi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa maT

Sesaxeb swavlebis gavlena mcire aziisa da evropis xalxTa kulturebze.

Zveli berZnuli filosofia samyaros oTx elements ganixilavda, rogorc

demiurguli sawyisis masalas, riTac Seiqmna yovelive arsebuli.

qristianobam SeiTvisa da Taviseburad gaaRrmava antikuri filosofiuri

moZRvreba oTxi elementis kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelTa ,,daxsnad” miiCneoda

sikvdili (emeseli 1914: 61-62). ,,qvynisagan” anu miwisagan adamianis Seqmnis

principma da moZRvrebam kavSirTa Sesaxeb Taviseburad gadaWra sxeulis

(miwaTyofilis) sakiTxi, rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve sulisa da xorcis

gayris (,,kavSirTa daxsnis”) Semdegac: ,,miwa xar da miwad iqec” (ruxaZe

2007: 28). amgvari damokidebuleba ufro ganviTarebuli saxiTaa mocemuli

Zvel iranul mazdeizmSi, miTraizmsa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis sxva

formebSi. igi arc sxva aRmosavluri kulturebisTvisaa ucxo,

gansakuTrebiT Zveli induri da Cinuri naturfilosofiisaTvis.

marTalia, bibliis teqstTa uZvelesi SreebisaTvis samyaros

Semadgeneli nawilebisadmi amgvari midgoma araa misaRebi, magram

mogviano, babilonuri periodidan moyolebuli, samyaros elementaruli

nawilebiT warmodgena bunebrivi xdeba da masze Sexeduleba ZiriTadi

religiuri swavlebis mixedviT yalibdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

samyaros Sesaxeb warmodgenebi yovel droSi sinkretuli azrovnebis

nayofia, ramac safuZveli daudo qristianul epoqaSi samyaros oTxi

Semadgeneli elementis _ stiqiis _ ganzogadebulad warmodgenas.

wyali: upirveles yovlisa, aris sicocxlis wyaro da Zala: mis

gareSe dedamiwa unayofo udabnoa, SimSilisa da wyurvilis qveyana, sadac

adamianebi da cxovelebi ganwirulni arian sasikvdilod. magram arsebobs

sikvdilis wylebic: damRupveli wyaldidoba, romelic averanebs miwas da

STanTqavs yovelive cocxals. dabolos, sakultod damkvidrebulia

119

yoveldRiuri yofiTi wes-Cveuleba _ adamianebis an sagnebis wyliT

ganbana gansawmendad, radgan isini Sebilwulni arian yoveldRiurobasTan

sxvadasxvagvari Sexebis Sedegad. amgvarad, wyali _ xan cxovelmyofeli,

xan ki SiSis momgvreli, magram mudam ganmwmendeli, mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli adamianis cxovrebasTan da kavSir-aRTqmis eris

istoriasTan. vnaxoT, rogoria wylis simbolikis ganviTareba bibliur

teqstebSi:AN

RmerTi, mTeli samyaros meufe, kacobriobas Tavisi neba-surviliT

Cuqnis wyals da, amdenad, ganagebs adamianTa beds. israelianebi,

romlebmac SeinarCunes Zveli babilonuri kosmogoniis warmodgenebi,

ganarCeven wylis or masas. ,,zeda wylebs” akavebs cis kamara, romelic

warmodgenilia, rogorc myari zedapiri, ,,samyaro” (dab. 1. 7; fsalm. 148. 4;

dan. 3. 60; Sdr. gamocx. 4. 6). rodesac ixsneba caTa sarkmlebi, wyali

SeiZleba Camovides miwaze wvimis an namis saxiT, romliTac RamiT

ifareba mcenareebi: ,,Zirni ganvirTxne wyalTa zeda da cuari iqceodis

samkalsa Cemsa zeda” (iob. 29. 19; qeb. 5. 2; gam. 16. 13). rac Seexeba

wyaroebsa da mdinareebs, maT warmoqmnis ara wvima, aramed uzarmazari

wyalsacavi, romelzec ganisvenebs dedamiwa, ,,qveda wylebi”, ufskruli

,,raTa ufalman RmerTman Senman Segiyvanos Sen queyanasa mas didsa da

keTilsa, sada-igi mdinareni wyalTani da wyaroni ubskrulTani dian

mTaTa da velTa” (rjl. 8. 7; dab. 7. 11; rjl. 33. 13; ezek. 31. 4).

RmerTi, romelmac daadgina es wesrigi, aris wylebis meufe. igi

rogorc qveda, ise zeda wylebs Tavisi neba-surviliT Seakavebs an

saSualebas aZlevs, idinon da amgvarad iwvevs gvalvas an wyaldidobas:

,,ukueTu daayenos wyali, ganaჴmos qveyanaჲ, ukueTu miuteos erTbamad,

warwymidos igi da daaqcios” (iob. 12. 15). ufalma wvimas ,,wesi daudgina”.

igi Tvalyurs adevnebs imas, rom wvima movides ,,Tavis droze”. Tu wvima

mova Zalian gvian (ianvarSi), ziani miadgeba naTesebs, xolo Tu wvimebi

udrood Sewydeba, ,,mkamde sami TviT adre”, dazaraldeba mosavali: ,,da me

aRviRo Tqvengan wჳmaჲ uwinares samTa TTueTa mkaTasa. da vwumo qalaqsa

erTsa zeda, xolo qalaqsa erTsa zeda ara vwჳmo, da nawili erTi

dailtos da nawili, romelsa zeda ara vwჳmo, ganჴmes” (amos. 4. 7).

120

samagierod, rodesac RmerTi inebebs da miscems adamianebs gazafxulisa

da Semodgomis wvimebs, qveynis keTildReoba uzrunvelyofilia (es. 30. 22).

zustad aseve, Tavisi neba-surviliT ganagebs RmerTi ufskruls

(fsalm. 134. 6; igav. 3. 20). Tu igi mas amoaSrobs, daSreba wyaroebi da

mdinareebi (amos. 7. 4; es. 44. 27; ezek. 31. 15), rac gamoiwvevs gaveranebas. Tu

igi ufskruls pirs gauxsnis, maSin gadmodindeba mdinareebi da maT

napirebze uxvad gaizrdeba mcenareuloba (ricx. 24. 6; fsalm. 1. 3; ezek.

19. 10).

udabnoebSi wyaroebi da Webi erTaderTi adgilebia, sadac

cxovelebsa da adamianebs SeuZliaT wylis daleva (dab. 16. 14; gam. 15. 23,

27); isini ZiriTadi sasicocxlo simdidrea.

imisda mixedviT, erTgulia Tu ara xalxi aRTqma-kavSirisa, RmerTi

mas ugzavnis an Seakavebs wyals. rodesac israelianebi icaven RvTis

rjuls, ismenen RvTis sityvas, RmerTi xsnis zecas da droulad agzavnis

wvimas (lev. 26. 3. 10; rjl. 28. 1. 12). amgvarad, wyali aris RvTis wyalobis

Sedegi da niSani imaTTvis, vinc mas erTgulad emsaxureba (dab. 27. 28;

fsalm. 132. 3). xolo Tu israeli urCia, RmerTi mas sjis _ ,,da Sevmusro

ginebaჲ igi ampartavnebisaჲ da vyo caჲ Tquen zeda viTarca rkinaჲ da

queyana viTarca rvali” (lev. 26. 19), raTa man Seisminos da moiqces (amos.

4. 7).

amgvarad, gvalva aris RvTis mier urjuloTa dawyevlis Sedegi (es.

5. 13; ezek. 4. 16; ezek. 31. 15). aseTia, magaliTad, gvalva, romelmac

gaaverana qveyana aqabis mefobis dros, rodesac israelma ,,daiviwya

uflis mcnebani da baalebis gzaze wavida” (3 mef. 18. 18).

wyali ar aris mxolod sicocxlis Zala. zRvis wylebi

mogvagoneben demonur SfoTvas Tavisi mudmivi RelviT, xolo Tavisi

simwariT _ naRvels. mdinareebis ucabedi adideba, niadagi da yovelive

cocxali rom miaqvs elWeqis dros (iob. 12. 15), aRniSnavs ubedurebas,

romelic mzad aris moulodnelad Tavs daatydes adamians (fsalm. 123).

RmerTi mdinareebs dasasjelad ugzavnis Tavis xalxs, rodesac igi

misdami undoblobas iCens (es. 8. 6); aseve sjis RmerTi israelis uZveles

mtrebs (ier. 47. 1).

121

mrisxane wylebis Tema esazRvreba keTilismyofeli wylis Temas: es

wyali aris ara marto sicocxlis Zala, aramed ganbanis, sibilwis

mospobis saSualebac: ,,da gangbane Sen wyliTa da wargrecxe sisxli Seni

Sengan da gcxe Sen zeTiTa” (ezek. 16. 9).

maspinZlobis erT-erTi mTavari wesi iyo stumrisTvis fexebis

dabana gzis mtvris mosaSoreblad (dab. 18. 4; dab. 19. 2; luk. 7. 44; 1 tim. 5.

10).

sikvdilis wina dRes iesom isurva TviTon, monis msgavsad,

Seesrulebina es movaleoba, raTa Tvinierebisa da qristianuli

siyvarulis magaliTi eCvenebina: ,,da moiRo wyali da STaasxa sabanelsa

mas da iwyo banad ferჴTa mowafeTa TჳsTa da warhჴocda ardagiTa miT,

romeli moertya” (ioan. 13. 5).

fizikuri sisufTavisTvis aucilebeli wyali aris aseve zneobrivi

siwmindis simbolo. adamianebi xelebs ibanen imis niSnad, rom ucodvelni

arian da boroteba ar CaudeniaT (fsalm. 25. 6; maT. 27. 24).

warRvnis saSualebiT RmerTma mospo urjuloni da ,,ganwminda”

dedamiwa (petr. 3. 20).

iudevelTa rituali gulisxmobda wyliT mravalgvar ganwmendas:

mRvdelTmTavari unda ganbaniliyo, rodesac emzadeboda kurTxevisaTvis:

,,da ahron da Zeni misni moiyuanne karTa zeda karvisa sawamebelisaTa da

ganhbanne igini wyliTa” (gam. 29. 4). wyliT ganbana evaleboda adamians,

romelic cxedars Seexo (lev. 11. 40), raTa igi gawmendiliyo keTrisagan

(lev. 14. 8) an romelime sqesobrivi sibilwisagan (lev. 15). sxeulis es

sxvadasxvagvari gawmenda aRniSnavda gulis Sinagan gawmendasac, rac

aucilebeli iyo imaTTvis, visac RmerTTan miaxloeba surda. magram

sxeulis gawmendas ar SeeZlo moeca sulis WeSmariti ganwmenda. axal

aRTqmaSi qristem daadgina ganwmendis axali saxeoba: igi simbolurad

mianiSnebs masze, rodesac saritualo ganbanisaTvis gankuTvnil wyals

aqcevs Rvinod _ rogorc sulis, ise ganmwmendeli sityvis simbolod

(ioan. 15. 3; ioan. 13. 10).

esqatologiur perspeqtivaSi wyals, Cveulebriv, simboluri

mniSvneloba aqvs. israeli ar aCerebs Tavis mzeras mxolod materialur

realobaze, mas imedi aqvs, rom moipovebs netarebas, romelic ar

122

mdgomareobs mxolod xorciel keTildReobaSi. wyali, romelic

ezekielis xilvaSi taZridan moedineba, aris cxovelmyofeli RvTiuri

Zalis simbolo, Zalisa, romelic mofenilia mesianur droSi da exmareba

adamianebs, moiwion uxvi nayofi (ezek. 47. 12; ier. 17. 8; fsalm. 1. 3; ezek. 19.

10).

wyali aris simbolo RvTiuri sulisa, romelsac ZaluZs udabnos

gadaqceva ayvavebul baRad, xolo urjulo xalxisa _ WeSmarit

,,israelad”. sxvagan RvTiuri sityva Sedarebulia wvimasTan, romelic

anayofierebs miwas (amos. 8. 11), xolo sibrZnis moZRvreba aris

cxovelmyofeli wyali (es. 55. 1; zir. 15. 3; 24. 25-31).

RvTisgan Sors myofi adamiani mxolod unayofo da uwylo miwaa,

romelic ganwirulia sasikvdilod: ,,da suli Cemi viTarca queyana

urwyuli Sendami” (fsalm. 142. 6).

swored amitom miiswrafvis igi RmerTisken, rogorc furiremi _

wylis nakadisaken: ,,viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT

wyalTasa, egre surin sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo!” (fsalm. 41. 2), magram

Tu RmerTi masTanaa, maSin igi emsgavseba baRs, romelSic moCqefs

cxovelmyofeli wyaro (es. 58. 11).

qriste movida, raTa adamianebisTvis moetana cocxali wylebi,

romlebic nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo. am wylebs SeuZliaT, mouklan

wyurvili aRTqmuli miwisken mimaval xalxs (1 kor. 10. 4; ioan. 7. 38).

wylis simbolika Tavis srul mniSvnelobas iZens qristianul

naTlisRebaSi. Tavdapirvelad wyali monaTvlisas gamoiyeneboda misi

ganmwmendeli mniSvnelobis gamo. ioane naTlismcemeli atarebs wyliT

naTlobas ,,codvebis misateveblad”: ,,me ukue naTel-gcem Tquen wyliTa

sinanulad. xolo romeli Semdgomad Cemsa movals, uZlieres Cemsa ars,

romlisa ver SemZlebel var ჴamlTa misTa tჳrTvad. man naTel-gces Tquen

suliTa wmidiTa da cecxliTa” (maT. 3. 11). amisTvis iyenebs iordanes

wyals, romelmac odesRac keTrisgan gankurna nayamani (4 mef. 5. 10-14).

magram monaTvlisas ganiwmindeba ara sxeuli, aramed suli, ,,sindisi”:

,,romlisa saxed aw Tquenca gacxovnebs naTlis-Rebaჲ, ara ჴorcTagan

ganSorebaჲ mwinkulisaჲ, aramed gonebisa keTilisa trfialebaჲ RmrTisa

mimarT aRdgomiTa iesu qristesiTa” (1 petr. 3. 21). es aris ganbana,

123

romelic codvebs gvacilebs (1 kor. 6. 11; efes. 5. 26; ebr. 10. 22).

naTlisRebis wylis am ZiriTad simbolikas pavle mociquli umatebs kidev

erTs: mosanaTli adamianis Casvla wyalSi da amosvla aris misi

qristesTan damarxvisa da sulieri aRdgomis simbolo: ,,anu ara uwyiTa,

rameTu romelTa-ese naTel-viReT qriste iesuჲs mier, sikudilisa misisa

mimarT naTel-viReT? (rom. 6. 3).

naTlisReba, romelic adamians aziarebs RvTiur suls, aris

sicocxlis axali safuZveli. SesaZloa, amas gulisxmobda qriste,

rodesac adamianebs wyliT kurnavda: ,,da ese viTarca Tqua hnerwyua

queyanasa da Seqmna Tiჴaჲ nerwyჳsagan da scxo Tiჴaჲ igi TvalTa mis

brmisaTa” (ioan. 9. 6).

rogorc vnaxeT, naTvla niSnavda axlad dabadebas, rasakvirvelia

_ suliers. amis gamo swored wyali iqca dabadebis simbolod. Cveni

yuradReba miipyro froidis dakvirvebam sizmrebze. is wers: ,,dabadeba

sizmarSi gamoixateba yovelTvis wyalTan mimarTebaSi” (froidi 1999: 168)

imave daskvnamde mivida fsiqo-analitikuri skolis meore didi

warmomadgeneli oto ranki. froidi wyals, rogorc dabadebis simbolos,

xsnis biologiisa da embriologiis safuZvelze (1. ZuZumwovrebic da maT

Soris adamianic warmoiSva wylis cxovelebisagan; 2. dedis wiaRSi nayofi

wyalSia...) Cveni azriT ki, sizmarSiac gamoxatulebas unda poulobdes

qristianuli simbolizmi, miT ufro, rom froidi dakvirvebas axdenda

qristian moqalaqeebze, romelTac qvecnobierad, ara aqtiurad, wyali

naTvlasTan dakavSirebiT gaazrebuli hqondaT dabadebis simbolod,

ramac gamoxatuleba pova sizmarSic.

wyalTan dakavSirebiT wyaroc da Wac simbolurad naTvlis

aRmniSvnelia. asevea gaazrebuli abano wignSi efeselTa mimarT: ,,raÁTa

igi wmida-yos, ganwmida sabaneliTa miT wylisaÁTa da sityÂTa” (efes. 5.

26).

miwa: samyaros `ferweruli tilo~, sicocxlis warmoSoba-

aRorZinebis sayovelTao simbolo, yovelive suldgmulis cxovrebis

asparezi. èsaa qaluri sawyisi, maradiuli saSo, yovlismSobi da

yovlismSTanTqmeli~ (abzianiZe...2006: 149).

124

adamianis cxovreba mTlianad dakavSirebulia miwasTan da imasTan,

rasac miwa Tavisi nayofierebiT iZleva. RmerTma miwa misca adamis

modgmas, magram mxolod es garegnuli CarCo rodi akavSirebs adamiansa

da miwas. àdamiani~ warmoiSva `miwisagan~ da misi saxeli – adami

warmodgeba sityvisagan `miwa~. am kavSirs uZvelesi civilizaciebic

grZnobdnen da gamoxatavdnen ase – `dedamiwa~.

miTologiur tradiciaTa umetesobaSi (egvipturis gamoklebiT)

deda-miwa dawyvilebulia casTan, romelic mamakacur sawyiss

ganasaxierebs. cisa da miwis `SeuRlebas~ miTologiaSi metyveli

argumentebi adastureben _ wvima, elWeqi, meteoritebi _ `zeciT

movlenili macneni~ (abzianiZe...2006: 149).

XIX s-is CaTvliT, evropis samiwaTmoqmedo regionebSi jer kidev

arsebobda tradicia _ pirveli sagazafxulo kvali erTgvar `saqorwini

sareclad~ warmodgeniliyo.

miwa, rogorc yovelive arsebulis mSobeli, miTologiaSi `didi

dedis~ (didi qalRmerTis) iersaxiT gvevlineba: iqneba es gea, kibele Tu

demetra.

samyaros `samSrovan~ vertikalur modelSi (zeskneli-skneli-

qveskneli) miwa Sualeduri elementia _ adamianTa sacxovrisi;

horizontalur proeqciaSi is samyaros centria, msoflio okeaniT

garSemortymuli. es centri grafikulad kvadratis saxiT gamoisaxeboda

(magaliTad, CineTSi), romlis oTxive mxares saswaulebrivi xeebi

izrdebodnen. sxva SemTxvevaSi centrSi aRmarTuli iyo `msoflio xe~ an

`msoflio RerZi~...

miwa dedobriobisa da zrunvis simboloa; universaluri simbolo

nayofierebisa da àrsobis purisa~. miTebSi adamianis Seqmnaze

moTxrobilia, rom adamiani Seiqmna miwisagan, talaxisagan, Tixisagan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni Soreuli winaprebis warmosaxvaSi miwa

inertulobasTan, pasiurobasTan, simZimesa da wyvdiadTan iyo

asocirebuli (ramdenadme sikvdilTanac), saboloo jamSi, mis simbolur

speqtrSi mainc mZlavrobs sicocxlis mamkvidrebeli sawyisi. miwas,

gnebavT Tixas, romlisganac Seiqmna adami, Tavisi bibliuri simbolikac

aqvs, viTarca `kvarcxlbeks RmerTis ferxTa~ da maradisobis xilul

125

fenomens: `naTesavi warvals da naTesavi movals, da queyana ukunisamde

hgies” (ekl. 1. 4).

cecxli: metad sainteresod aris cecxlis simbolika gaSlili

bibliur teqstebSi.

abraamis amorCevis droidan cecxlis niSani RmerTsa da mis xalxs

Soris urTierTobaTa mTel istorias gahyveba (dab. 15. 17). am bibliur

gamocxadebas araferi aqvs saerTo e.w. sabunebismetyvelo religiaTa

bunebis filosofiasTan an im religiebTan, romlebic cecxls

aRmerTeben. oTxi stiqiis Teorias israeli, albaT, yvela uZveles

xalxTan iziarebda; magram mis religiaSi cecxls hqonda mxolod erTi

mniSvneloba _ igi iyo niSani, romelic, TiTqosda, miuTiTebda etapebs

RmerTisken mimaval gzaze. da marTlac, iahve, romelic ebmeba pirad

dialogSi adamianTan, yovelTvis moevlineba mas ,,cecxlis saxiT”; meore

mxriv, cecxli ar aris erTaderTi simbolo, romelic aRniSnavs RvTaebis

arss: is an dakavSirebulia sapirispiro simboloebTan, rogoricaa sio,

wyali, qari an gardaiqmneba sinaTled.

udabnoSi xalxis mogzaurobis ZiriTadi gamocdilebis mixedviT,

cecxli gamoxatavs ara marto RvTis sidiades, aramed, upirveles

yovlisa, mis siwmindes _ mimzidvelsac da SemaZrwunebelsac. qorebis

mTaze movlenili buCqi, romelsac cecxli ukidia, magram ,,ar iwvis”,

izidavs moses, RvTiuri xma ki afrTxilebs mas, rom sanam RmerTi ar

uxmobs da sanam TviTon mose ar ganiwmindeba, igi am buCqs ver

miuaxlovdeba (gam. 3. 2). sinas mTis garSemo cecxli gizgizebs, mTa

kvamliTaa dafaruli, magram ar CamoiSleba, xalxi ki SiSisgan Zrwis; igi

ar unda miuaxlovdes mTas, xolo moses kvlav gamoecxadeba ufali da

mouxmobs TavisTan asasvlelad. amgvarad, RmerTi vlindeba, rogorc

cecxli, romlis mizani ar aris Tavis gzaze yvelafris STanTqma, radgan

igi uxmobs maT, visac ganwmends.

amave adgilas mogvianebiT momxdari ambavi gvexmareba, ukeT

gavigoT cecxlis simboluri mniSvneloba. elia winaswarmetyveli,

aRsavse SuriTa da TviTon cecxlis msgavsi (zir. 48. 1), eZebs sinas mTaze

RvTis yofnis kvals. didi da Zlieri qarisa da miwisZvris Semdeg igi

126

xedavs cecxls, magram ,,arc cecxlSi iyo ufali”: imis mauwyebeli, rom

ufali Caivlis, swored sapirispiro simbolo _ Cumi niavia (3 mef. 19. 12).

winaswarmetyveluri Tqmuleba mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs

cecxlis niSnis rols religiur simbolikaSi. Tavisi mowodebis Jams

esaia mxolod kvamls xedavs (es. 6. 4) da fiqrobs, rom daRupulia, radgan

miuaxlovda RvTiur siwmindes; magram xilvis bolos misi bageebi

ganiwmindeba muguzliT (es. 6. 6-7). ezekielis pirvel xilvaSi mZvinvare

qari da cecxli Sepirispirebulia RrublebSi gamobrwyinebul

cisartyelasTan (ezek. 1. 28), oRond Rrublebidan moCans adamianismagvari

ram (ezek. 1. 26); es saxe ufro gamosvlaSi aRweril manaTobel Rrubels

mogvagonebs, vidre sinaze RmerTis gamocxadebas. danielis apokalifsSi

cecxli im garemocvis nawilia, romlis fonzec vlindeba RvTis myofoba

(dan. 7. 10). kidev ufro mniSvnelovania misi roli samsjavros aRweraSi

(dan. 7. 11).

im Teofaniis ganmartebisas, romelic udabnoSi moxda, rogorc

meore rjulis, ise samRvdelo tradiciebSi, dazustebulia cecxlis

niSnis ormagi mniSvneloba: cocxali RmerTis gamocxadeba da uzadobis

moTxovna wminda RmerTis mier. RmerTma, romelic laparakobda ,,cecxlis

Suagulidan”, misca moses aRTqmis fiqalebi: (rjl. 9. 10), raTa euwyebina,

rom igi ar unda warmoedginaT gamosaxulebaTa saSualebiT. es cecxli

damangrevelica da adamianis SemSinebelic (rjl. 5. 5); mxolod RvTis

rCeuli gadarCeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi imyofeba am cecxlis

pirispir (rjl. 4. 33). rodesac am stadias miaRwevs, israeli SeZlebs,

warmoadginos RmerTi ,,STanmTqmeli cecxlis” saxiT (rjl. 6. 15), magram

ar gaaigivos igi bunebis stiqiasTan.

cecxli aris codvasTan RmerTis Seurigeblobis simbolo; igi

STanTqavs yvelafers, rasac Sexvdeba; aseve eqceva RmerTi gamousworebel

codvils. sxvagvari viTareba gvaqvs rCeulTan: mas ufleba aqvs

miuaxlovdes cecxls, raTa gardaiqmnas.

RmerTis warmodgena STanmTqmeli cecxlis saxiT gvxvdeba

RvTismsaxurebisas, rodesac msxverplSewirvisas mimarTaven

,,yovladdasawvel” rituals. SesaZloa, israelianebTan es aris sruli

ganwmendis survili, ufro sworad, imis survili, rom RmerTs miarTvan

127

ucilobeli ZRveni, romelsac israeli gamoxatavda msxverplis dawviT.

Tumca cecxls ar gaaCnia ganmwmendeli Zala nebismieri ritualis

aRsrulebisas: magaliTad, akrZalulia Tavisi pirvelSobili vaJis

cecxlSi dawvis warmarTuli wesi (lev. 18. 21; dab. 22. 7; dab. 12). magram,

simboluri TvalsazrisiT, cecxls didi mniSvneloba aqvs kultSi:

samsxverploze mudam unda enTos xelTuqmneli cecxli (lev. 6. 13). iseTi

mniSvnelovani msxverplSewirvebis dros, rogoric iyo abraamis (dab. 15.

17), gedeonis (msaj. 6. 21), daviTis (1 neSt. 21. 26), elias (3 mef. 18. 38)

msxverplSewirvebi, Cven vxedavT RvTis saswaulebriv monawileobas _

imdenad cxads, rom Semkvrivebuli wyalic ki saswaulebrivad aaldeba,

riTac axali, maradiuli cecxli warmoiSveba (2 mak. 1. 18-22). cecxlis

gardmovlinebiT RmerTi adasturebs imas, rom adamianis mier gaRebuli

msxverpli misTvis sasurvelia da xels uwyobs RvTismsaxurebrivi

kavSiris ganmtkicebas.

xalxi xalisianad asrulebda msxverplSewirvas, magram ar surda

gaego sinas mTaze movlenili cecxlis WeSmariti mniSvneloba. da mainc,

RvTiuri cecxli adamianebs moevlineba winaswarmetyvelTa saxiT, Tumca

Cveulebriv imisTvis, rom ganwmindos da dasajos isini RvTis siwmindis

fexqveS gaTelvis gamo. mose saxeze rides ifarebs, riTac anelebs im

RvTiuri cecxlis brwyinvalebas, romelsac asxivebs misi saxe (gam. 34. 29).

moses msgavsad, elia winaswarmetyveli, romlis "sityva lampariviT

anaTebda" "пророк, восставший как огонь"@(zir. 48. 1), TiTqos Tavisi neba-

surviliT ganagebs elvas, raTa daamciros ampartavnebi (4 mef. 1. 10.).

winaswarmetyvelni RvTis risxvas xSirad aRweren, rogorc cecxls:

igi sjis urjuloT (amos. 1. 4), rac mogvagonebs qanaanur ritualebs

TofeTis velze (es. 30. 27-33); magram cecxli mxolod mosaspobad ar aris

gankuTvnili: igi ganwmends kidec. amas mowmobs winaswarmetyvelTa

arseboba, romlebic uaxlovdebodnen RmerTs da ar iferflebodnen. is,

rac israelisgan darCa, hgavs muguzals, romelic amogdebulia

cecxlidan (amos. 4. 11). esaia, romlis bagesac Seexo ganmwmendeli cecxli

(es. 6. 6), TiTqosda, Sinagani wuxilis gareSe qadagebs, xolo ieremias

gulSi TiTqos gizgizebs cecxli, romlis Caqrobac mas ar ZaluZs (ier.

20. 9), xalxisTvis igi iqceva gamosacdel qurad (ier. 20. 9).@@

128

qristes mosvlasTan erTad daiwyo bolo epoqa, Tumca JamTa

aRsasruli jer ar damdgara. axal aRTqmaSi cecxli kvlav inarCunebs

Tavis tradiciul esqatologiur mniSvnelobas, magram religiuri

sinamdvile, romelsac igi moaswavebs, aqtualizdeba ukve eklesiis xanaSi.

ieso cecxliT naTlavs (maT. 3. 11). igi ar gvevlineba damsjelis

rolSi, magram, Zveli aRTqmis tradiciuli saxeebis kvaldakval, Tavis

msmenelebs unarCunebs gankiTxvis dRis cecxlis molodins, roca

saubrobs ,,cecxlis geenaze” (maT. 5. 22), im cecxlze, romelSic Caiyreba

RvarZli (maT. 13. 40;) da nasxlavi (ioan. 15. 6); es iqneba Cauqrobeli

cecxli (maT. 9. 43), WeSmaritad cecxlis qura (maT. 13. 42, 50).

pirvelma qristianebma SeinarCunes gamoxatulebis es formebi da

iyenebdnen maT Sesabamis situaciebSi. pavle mociquli maT iyenebda JamTa

aRsasrulis aRsawerad (2 Tes. 1. 8); iakobi aRwers dampal-daJangul

saunjes, romelsac cecxli STanTqavs (iak. 5. 3);

epistoleSi ebraelTa mimarT naCvenebia saSineli perspeqtiva _

cecxli, romelmac unda dasajos urCi adamianebi (ebr. 10. 27). rwmena unda

ganiwmindos am esqatologiuri cecxlis molodinSi (1 petr. 1. 7), iseve

rogorc saqme mociqulTa (1 kor. 3. 15) da devnil qristianTa cxovreba (1

petr. 4. 12-17).

ioanes gamocxadebaSi warmodgenilia cecxlis orive saxeoba:

TeofaniaTa cecxli da samsjavros cecxli. yvelafris centrSi dgas Ze

kacisa, da ,,Tualni misni iyvnes viTarca ali cecxlisaჲ, da Tavsa zeda

missa gჳrgჳnni mravalni, romelTa zeda weril iyo saxelebi, da saxeli

werili, romeli aravin uwyis, garna man Tavadman” (gamocx. 19. 12). erTi

mxriv, Teofania _ ,,TiTqos minis zRva, cecxlSereuli” _ (gamocx. 15. 2),

meore mxriv ki _ sasjeli _ eSmakisaTvis gankuTvnili ,,cecxlisa da

gogirdis tba” (gamocx. 20. 10), es aris ,,meore sikvdili” (gamocx. 20. 14-15).

iesom Cauyara safuZveli axal eras. igi imTaviTve rodi Seudga

Tavisi misiis aRsrulebas, rogorc amas varaudobda ioane

naTlismcemeli. ieso win aRudga zebedes ZeT, romelTac surdaT

upurmarilo samaritelebze gardmoevlinaT cidan cecxli (luk. 9. 54).

miuxedavad imisa, rom misagebeli cecxli qristes miwieri cxovrebis

dros iaraRs ar warmoadgens, macxovarma mainc Seasrula, misTvis Cveuli

129

xerxiT, ioanes mier gacxadebuli. swored es gamoxata man Znelad

gansamartavi sityvebiT: ,,cecxlisa moved mifenad queyanasa zeda da raჲ

mnebavs, raჲTa awve aRegznes! (luk. 12. 49).

im droidan eklesiaSi damkvidrebulia simbolo _ cecxli,

romliTac iwvis samyaro iesos msxverplis wyalobiT. es cecxli enTo

emausSi mimavali ori mowafis gulSi, rodesac maT esaubreboda

mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qriste (luk. 24. 32). igi moevlina mowafeebs,

romlebic Sekrebiliyvnen sulTmofenobis dRes (saqme 2. 3). es ciuri

cecxli aris ara gankiTxvis, aramed TeofaniaTa cecxli, romliTac

xorcieldeba naTlisReba cecxliTa da suliwmidiT (saqme 1. 5); cecxli

amjerad sulis simboloa, da, Tumca cxadad ar aris naTqvami, rom es

suli aris TviTon siyvaruli, Txrobidan sulTmofenobis Sesaxeb Cans,

rom misi misiaa gardaqmnas isini, vinc unda gaavrcelos yvela xalxSi

erTiani ena, sulis ena.

rogorc vnaxeT, bibliur teqstebSi cecxli gamoxatavs RvTiur

energias, ganwmendas, ganaxlebas, sulier swrafvas.

zogadad, cecxli pativmoyvareobisa da sqesobrivi ltolvis

simbolodac gvevlineba. ìs Zlieri da aqtiuri elementia. simboloa,

rogorc aRmSeneblobiTi, ise damangreveli Zalebisa~ (tresideri 1992:

246).

aRsaniSnavia sabaseuli ganmarteba cecxlisa; is cecxls samyaros

Semadgenel elementad ganmartavs: `cecxli ars erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani,

subuqi da uzeaRmavlesi sxvaTa, mwvelobiTi da ganmanaTlebelobiTi,

mxurvali da xmeli pirvelsa dResa dabadebuli Semoqmedisa mier~

(orbeliani 1993: 333).

grafikulad cecxli alqimiaSi gamoixateba samkuTxedis saxiT,

radgan iTvleba, rogorc substancia danarCeni samis gamaerTianeblad:

miwisa, wylisa da haerisa.

sayofacxovrebo doneze cecxli iTvleba dacvis, damSvidebis,

simyudrovis, anTebuli keris simbolod, magram is SeiZleba iyos

saSineli, damangreveli bunebis Zalebis simboloc.

130

Zvel, primitiul religiebSi cecxls Tavdapirvelad pativs

scemdnen, rogorc RmerTs, Semdeg ki – rogorc gamoxatulebas

RvTaebrivi Zalisa.

qristianul xelovnebaSi: cecxli umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa

mowameobisa da rwmenisa. almokidebuli guli simboloa zogierTi

wmindanisa, magaliTad wminda avgustinesi. iudaizmSi cecxli, agreTve

iTvleba borotisagan dacvis simbolod: angelozebi cecxlovani xmlebiT

icavdnen dakargul samoTxes.

haeri: aqvs saerTo simbolika sunTqvasTan da qarTan, romlebic

mxatvrebisaTvis ufro advili gamosaxatavi iyo. haeris simbolika

ukavSirdeba stoicizms (ZvelberZeni filosofosi zenoni II s. Cv. w. aR-

mde.). saerTod, haeri sulieri cxovrebis, Tavisuflebis, sisufTavis

simboluri saxea. garda amisa, is pirveli elementia umravles

kosmogeniur TeoriebSi.

rogorc vnaxeT, cecxls, miwas, wyals da haers, kosmogoniuri

daniSnulebis garda, sxva simboluri datvirTvac hqonebiaT.

vnaxoT, rogori simboluri datvirTva aqvs samyaros oTx elements

asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zvel redaqciebSi. amis Sesaxeb

SesaniSnavi msjelobaa àbibos nekreselis cxovrebaSi~, roca wminda mama

cdilobs, daarwmunos xalxi, rom cecxli RmerTi ar aris da igi

mxolod erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia samyarosi: àra ars RmerTi igi,

aramed sxuaTa bunebaTagani ars, erTisa nivTisagan mcire nawili,

romelTagan aRhmarTa RmerTman sofeli ese. gansworebiT dabadebul

arian notiaÁ, civi, xmeli da cecxli, romeli ukueTu Tumca erTierTsa

aRemata, gan-mca-qarda meore igi~ (abulaZe 1955: 193). aq sityvasityviT aris

ganmartebuli samyaros Sedgeniloba da is wonasworoba, romelic

RmerTma daawesa.

materialuri samyaros Semadgeneli oTxive elementi (stiqioni,

kavSiri) garkveuli proporciiTac aris Seqmnili da

urTierTgamawonasworebelicaa: ,,erTierTisa mpyrobelobaÁ aqus

simargualesa mas Sina. esreT gansworebiTa nawilTaÁTa dganan eseni”

(abulaZe 1955: 193).

131

aq yuradRebas ipyrobs Semdegi garemoeba. aristoteles mixedviT,

materiis Semadgenel oTx elements _ cecxls, haers, wyals da miwas _

TavTavisi Tvisebebi aqvs, rac, sxvaTa Soris, Cinebulad aris

ganmartebuli sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikoniTac: ,,qveyana (miwa)

grili da xmeli ars, wyali _ grili da notio... haeri notio da

mxurvali ars... cecxli mxurvali da xmeli ars” (orbeliani 1993: 112-113).

magram, amave dros, am ori Tvisebidan erT-erTi specifikurad

damaxasiaTebelia yoveli elementisaTvis. amrigad, cecxlis specifikuri,

umTavresi Tvisebaa simxurvale, haerisa _ sinotive, wylisa _ sicive,

miwisa _ sixmele.

amis gauTvaliswineblad Zneli iqneboda abibos nekreselis

,,cxovrebis” zemoT motanili citatis azris gageba: ,,gansworebiT

dabadebul arian notiaÁ, civi, xmeli da cecxli” (abulaZe 1955: 193).

maSasadame, `notia~ aris mosalodneli wyali ki ara, aramed haeri, `civi~

aris wyali, `xmeli~ aris miwa.

momavalma kvleva-Ziebam unda gaxados naTeli, Tu ratom aris am

teqstSi elementebi (cecxlis garda) moxseniebuli ara Tavisi saxeliT,

aramed specifikur TvisebaTa mixedviT (ese igi, haeris nacvlad

dasaxelebulia misi specifikuri Tviseba _ sinotive, wylis nacvlad _

sicive, miwis nacvlad _ sixmele). an ratom ara aris cecxlic am rigSi

CarTuli da ar ixsenieba, rogorc ,,mxurvali”? revaz TvaraZis azriT,

,,gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, rom elementTa amgvari moxsenieba

asaxavdes swored uZveles viTarebas, erTob arqaul plasts qarTuli

filosofiuri terminologiisa” (TvaraZe 1997: 274-275).

mecnierTa nawilma (S. nucubiZe, i. fancxava) ,,aristotelikosad” da

,,peripatetikosad” dasaxa abibos nekreseli swored imis gamo, rom igi

oTxi elementis Sesaxeb am moZRvrebas emyareba mazdeanebTan kamaTisas.

amave dros, cxadia, rom abibos nekreseli gansakuTrebiT originaluri

ar yofila Tavis msjelobaSi. oTxi elementis Sesaxeb moZRvreba

imdroindel qristianul msoflioSi ukve fexmokidebuli Teoriuli

saganZuris nawili iyo da saqarTveloSi misi Semotana mxolod imas

mowmobs, rom qarTuli religiur-filosofiuri azrovneba cdilobda, ar

CamorCenoda Tavis Tanadroul msoflio azrs.

132

Tumca `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ aris epizodi, romelSic

samyaros oTx elementze sxvagvaradaa saubari. aq wminda mamebi sZleven

samyaros Semadgenel elementebs. saubaria cnobil epizodze, sadac

erTad Sekrebili wminda mamebi RvTis sadideblad saswaulebs axdenen.

wminda ioanem moiTxova Rvino, winaaRmdeg Cveulebisa, da roca

gadaswera jvari, `ganuteva igi haersa Sina mdgomare iyo WiqaÁ igi haersa

Sina STamokidebuli marTlad myovar Jam~ (abulaZe 1955: 119). amis Semdeg,

ioane sTxovs Sios, moimoqmedos saswauli. Sio morCilad Tanxmdeba da

nakverCxals idebs xelze, asxams sakmevels da ukmevs iq myofT. `xolo

wmindaÁ Sio morCil iqmna sityuasa berisasa da aRdgomilman miiRo

nakuerCxali nebsa TÂssa zeda da daasxa mas zeda sakumeveli, romlisgan

aRvidoda suli sulnelebisaÁ haerad. da akumia wmindaman yovelTa mun

myofTa, romelnica mxilvelni ese viTarTa saswaulTa adidebdes

RmerTsa, moqmedisa sakÂlvelebaTasa, romleman misca ese viTari madli

moSiSTa misTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 120). wminda ioane am saswauls adarebs

qaldevelebis mier Sepyrobil sami yrmis saswauls babilonSi, roca ali

ver Seexo maT da garSemomyofni ki `Seiwuebodes alisa mis mier maT zeda

mofenilsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 120).

wminda ises sTxoves, mieRo misgan kurTxeva. ise morCilad adga da

daiwyo locva mdumared, Semdeg ioanes sTxova Tanadgoma da mxolod

amis mere moaxdina saswauli. isini mividnen mdinaresTan, `romelsa

ewodebis qsani~, isem Cado kverTxi wyalSi da iwyo wyalma sxva gziT

svla. `xolo wyali igi, Ä sakÂrvelebaTa SenTa qriste, uCveulsa gzada

da ufalsa misgan pirvelad vidoda Sedgomili RmerTSemosilTa wmindaTa

maT mamaTa, rameTu qveyanaÁ igi, myari uwinares da daRrmavdeboda TÂnier

romelsave aRmomTxrelsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 121).

am saswauliT aRtacebuli avtori acxadebs: àha sakÂrveli, rameTu

kacTa miwisagan wyalnica daemorCilebian! erTi haersa warmoadginebs

msaxurad da meore cecxlisa bunebasa daSrets da wardevnis

mÃurvalebasa missa, sxuaÁ wyalsa da miwisa bunebasa daimorCilebs. amas

yovelsa xedavdes da RmerTsa adidebdes yovliT kerZove~ (abulaZe 1955:

122).

133

rogorc dasawyisSi vnaxeT, cecxls, wyals, miwasa da haers,

kosmogoniuri daniSnulebis garda, sxva simboluri datvirTvac

hqonebiaT, magram am SemTxvevaSi mainc miviCnevT, rom maT swored

samyaros Semadgeneli elementebis funqcia gaaCniaT da maTi daZlevac

simbolurad gvesaxeba adamianebisagan, romlebic swored am oTxi

elementisagan Sedgebian. samyaroSi araferia iseTi, rac adamianSi ar

iyos. amis gamoa swored, rom adamians mikrosamyaros, anu mikrokosmoss

uwodeben (Zv. qarTulad `mcire sofeli~). samyaros Semadgenel

elementTagan qveynad bevr rameSi mxolod ori an erTi maTgania.

àdamianSi ki oTxive elementia: sxeulis siTbo – cecxli, wyali –

sisxli, miwa – xorci, haeri misi sulia~ (siraZe 1987: 5). saswaulis

epizodSi erTi sityvac ar aris naTqvami imis Taobaze, rom wminda mamebi

swored samyaros Semadgenel elementebs amarcxeben. ar aris msjeloba

msgavsad àbibos nekreselis cxovrebisa~, rom RmerTma am oTx elementze

aawyo da gaawonaswora sruliad samyaro da, Cveni mxridan davumatebT,

adamianic.

saswaulis epizodSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaZlierdes

adamiani RvTis miaxlebis gzaze. uaRresad morwmune adamianebi amarcxeben

sakuTar miwier bunebas. gasagebia avtoris aRfrTovanebac da am epizodis

mizandasaxulobac: kidev ufro gauRrmavos rwmena morwmune mkiTxvels da

daanaxos mTel sazogadoebas is Zala, ramac SeaZlebina wminda mamebs

samyaros Zalebis damorCileba.

g) `ganixsna sartyeli~ _ erTi epizodis simboluri

gagebisaTvis

wminda evagre eriskacobisas gaxldaT spaspeti farsman mefisa.

mefis laSqrobis dros gadawyvita, Tavi uflisaTvis Seewira da berad

aRkveciliyo. Ddabrunebuli mefe friad Sewuxda am ambis gamo da

moindoma, moenaxulebina evagre, raTa daeyoliebina igi saero

samsaxurSi dabrunebaze. wminda mamam, ra Tqma unda, uari ganucxada

mefes. Aamis Semdgom auwya wminda Sios mefis mobrZaneba. man Tavad

134

gadawyvita mefesTan gasuliyo, radgan es ukanaskneli senakSi apirebda

wminda mamasTan Sesvlas. da, roca wminda Sio Tavis samyofelidan

gamovida, `mixedna ukue mefeman da ixila raÁ xati misi, zari ganxda,

rameTu madli raÁme RmrTisaÁ ixila mis zeda saSineli da myis daagdo

queynad Saravandi mefobisaÁ da ganixsna sartyeli da miiswrafa da

davarda ferxTa Tana berisaTa... kualadca Seurvdeboda da mravliTa

cremliTa iTxovda mis miersa kurTxevasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 109-110).

am monakveTSi saintereso is aris, rom mefe muxlmoyrili evedreba

wminda mamas kurTxevas, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos _ aq gasakviri araferia;

mraval teqstSi gvxvdeba msgavsi scena. aq Cveni yuradReba miipyro mefis

moqmedebam _ man samefo gvirgvini daagdo da sartyeli Seixsna.

gvinda oriode sityviT SevexoT gvirgvinis, samefo Saravandis,

simbolikas.

,,gvirgvini _ gamarjveba, maRali, privilegirebuli mdgomareoba,

Tavmoyvareoba, ,,rCeuloba” _ umaRlesi niSania sulieri Zalauflebisa.

gaaerTiana ra wris, sxivebis, varskvlavTa da ekalTa simbolika _

gvirgvini gaxda umaRlesi RvTiuri, mziuri, sulieri damcavi niSani

mraval kulturaSi” (tresideri 1992: 163); miuxedavad amisa, is mxolod

saxea Tavis morTulobisa, rCeuli personis identifikaciisa da

gamoyofisaTvis mowodebuli.

samefo Saravandi warmoiSva ubralo gvirgvinebisgan, Cveulebriv,

dawnuli dafnis an zeTisxilis rtoebisagan, balaxis, lerwmis an sxva

mcenareTagan, romlebic gamoiyeneboda saqorwino an gamarjvebis wes-

CveulebebSi. msgavsi gvirgviniT amkobdnen olimpiur TamaSebSi

gamarjvebulT. mmarTvelebi sakuTar Tavs ufro Zvirfasi gvirgvinebiT

asCuqrebdnen. es gvirgvinebi damzadebuli iyo oqros, vardebis, qsovilis,

Zvirfasi Tvlebisa da bumbulis kombinaciiT. formebi TandaTan daixvewa

da gaerTianda. miRebul iqna gvirgvinTa damzadeba Zvirfasi liTonebisa

da Tvlebisagan. Tavis amgvari morTuloba iZenda gacilebiT met da

rTul simbolur mniSvnelobas.

qristianobaSi, aseve iudaizmsa da budizmSi, gvirgvini simboloa

sulieri gansxivosnebis da maradiuli cxovrebis. qristes eklis

135

gvirgvinis precendentebi gvqonda uZveles droSi _ eklis gvirgviniT

amkobdnen msxverplad Sesawir adamianebs.

bevri RvTaeba warmogvidgeba Tavis morTulobiT. is mianiSnebda

maT ,,specializacias”: berZnul nayofierebis RvTaebas amkobda gvirgvini

borblebisagan, romaul Rvinis RmerTs ki yurZnis lerwmisgan

damzadebuli Saravandi amSvenebda.

dasavlur kulturasa da xelovnebaSi gvirgviniT gamoxataven ara

mxolod mefeebsa da RmerTebs, aramed wamebulebs, poetebs, wmindanebsa

da alegoriul figurebs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa _ rwmena, imedi, sibrZne,

WeSmariteba, dideba da Tavad eklesiasac ki.

metad sainteresoa gvirgvinis simbolika asureli mamebis cxovreba-

wamebaTa Zvel redaqciebSi. ,,abibos nekreselis wamebis” avtori wm. mamaze

ambobs: ,,daidga gÂrgÂni ZlevisaÁ TÂT motacebiTa, afrinebiTa maRlad,

romelman nayofni gamouxuna TÂsiT TaviT TÂT SewevniTa maRlisaÁTa”

(abulaZe 1955: 188).

aq ,,gÂrgÂni ZlevisaÁ” simbolurad wm. mamis sulier gamarjvebaze

mianiSnebs. man mowameobrivi sikvdiliT sZlia borotebas. swored am

mSvenieri saxe-simboloTi gadmogvcems avtori wm. mamis SebrZanebas

suleTSi, sadac aseve gvirgvinmosil wmindanebs Soris imkvidrebs

adgils: ,,da kualad mÃneTa maT Tana mowameTa Ruawlsa miiswrafa da

asparezi igi mswrafl waritaca da gÂrgÂniTa pativ-cemulTa Soris ipova

Suris meZiebelTa marTalTa rCulisaTa” (abulaZe 1955: 188). motanili

citata a redaqciidanaa, xolo b redaqciis avtori metad xatovnad

gadmogvcems abibos nekreselis Rvawls da mis mowameobriv sikvdils. igi

,,oriTa gÂrgÂniTa” pativcemulia (misi moRvaweoba da mowameobrivi

aRsasruli): ,,rameTu Soris orTa wmidaTa ganwyobilTa warmodga

mRdelobisa saydari modgamTa Tana ubiwod mRdelobiTa da marTl

mkueTelobiTa, da kualad mowameTa Tana mÃned moRuawebiTa oriTa

gÂrgÂniTa pativcemuli Soris ganwyobilsa marTalTasa” (abulaZe 1955:

188).

unda aRiniSnos, rom gvirgvini xSirad samkaulis mniSvnelobiTac

gvxvdeba aRniSnul teqstebSi. ase magaliTad, ,,ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebaSi" ioanes qarTlad Camosvla da damkvidreba uflis nebis

136

aRsrulebad aris gadmocemuli. a redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT: ufalma ori

saqmisaTvis moavlina ioane qarTlad _ ,,pirvelad, raÁTa samkaul iqmnas

da gÂrgÂn Cvenisa amis qalaqisa... da meored, rameTu adgili igi, romelsa

miivlina, godoli iyo pirvelTa maT warCinebulTaÁ, sada-igi

kerpTmsaxurebaÁ aRmaRlebul iyo” (abulaZe 1955: 26-28). am SemTxvevaSi

gvirgvini samkaulis mniSvnelobas iZens. wm. mamis moRvaweoba gaalamazebs

da daamSvenebs qarTls. albaT, swored amitom b redaqciaSi avtori

mxolod ,,samkauls” iSveliebs wm. mamis Rvawlis aRsaniSnavad: ,,xolo ese

amisaTÂs yo RmerTman, rameTu pirvelad samkaul eqmna eklesiaTa da

garemo qarTvelTa erTa, da meored amisTvis daeyuda adgilsa mas, rameTu

godoli aReSena warmarTTa” (abulaZe 1955: 26-28). igive iTqmis g

redaqciazec: ,,eseviTari samkauli kaTolike eklesiisa da qarTlisa

erisa didi mnaTobi daamkÂdra RmerTman mTasa amas zeda, raTa maRliT

mohfendes yovelTa garemosTa misTa zeda brwyinvalesa elvasa locvaTa

TÂsTasa” (abulaZe 1955: 27).

davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel epizods ,,Siosa da evagres

cxovrebidan”. samefo gvirgvinis dagdeba, am SemTxvevaSi gvesaxeba

mefobis pativis ugulvebelyofad. mefe siwmindis winaSe muxls iyris,

magram ras unda niSnavdes sartyelis Sexsna?

sartyeli, sabeli welze, Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebis teqstebSi

arc Tu ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba. macxovars ,,sartyeli tyavisaÁ ertya

welTa misTa” (maT. 3. 4).

sartylis simbolika mravalferovania: erTguleba, umankoeba, Zala,

mzadyofna moqmedebisaTvis. igi mravali simboluri gagebiT gvxvdeba,

radgan gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod samosis dasaWerad (aqedan

momdinareobs misi simboluri gageba, rogorc umankoebisa), aramed

iaraRis, fulis, xoragis, instrumentebis satarebladac.

,,sartylis moxsna niSnavda samxedro samsaxuridan gadadgomas”

(romSi) (tresideri 1992: 290).

misi tareba colqmrul erTgulebasac gamoxatavda. ase magaliTad,

romaelebi TavianT sacoleebs ukeTebdnen cxvris bewvis sartyels. amis

sapirispirod, igi seqsualobis simboloc gaxldaT _ romaul

137

miTologiaSi cnobilia afrodites qamari, romelic mis mflobels

mimzidvelobas sZenda.

jadosnuri qamari gvxvdeba miTologiaSi, rogorc emblema Zalisa

(skandinaviur miTologiaSi _ toris qamari, romelic mis Zalas

aormagebda).

inglisSi qamris boZebiT Rirsebasa da wodebas aniWebdnen.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mefis mier sartylis Sexsna imave simbolur

mniSvnelobas unda atarebdes, rac mefis Saravandis gadagdeba gaxldaT,

anu mefe iviwyebs, uaryofs mefobis pativs, Rirsebas da siwmidis winaSe

qeds ixris.

mefis sartyeli rom misi Zalauflebisa da pativis atributia, amis

sailustraciod sakmarisia gavixsenoT epizodi sulxan-saba orbelianis

`wigni sibrZne sicruisadan~:

mefem memkvidris gamocda gadawyvita. jumberi mamas spiloze

amxedrebuli eaxla. roca `Camoxda spilodam, sartyeli Semoixsna,

spilosa zeda daagdo...~ (orbeliani 1989: 53). am da sxva ucnauri

saqcieliT gaocebulma mefem Svils misi moqmedebebis ganmarteba sTxova:

`_sartyeli rad Semoixsen da spilosa zeda miagde?

jumber Tqva:

_raJams mefe anu didi vinme sajdomiT TÂsiT siCqariT aRdges,

esreT xams, TÂsi Zliereba TÂssave sajdomsa dautevos da TÂTan Tavi

icnas, rome igi sajdomi ars didi hubuti, Tvaram umisod yovelive gare

SemoeZarcveba.~ (orbeliani 1989: 53-54).

aq sartyeli mefis Zlierebis simbolodaa ganmartebuli. amis

mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, farsman mefem Tavisi siZliere `Semoixsna~ da

morCilebis gamosaxatad da kurTxevis misaRebad muxli moiyara wminda

mamis winaSe.

sartyelTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi epizodi gvaxsendeba Zveli

qarTuli literaturidan, kerZod, `wminda grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebidan~.

wminda grigoli Seityobs aSot kurapalatis sasaxleSi mcxovrebi

`siZvis diacis~ arsebobas da gadawyvets, Caerios mefis pirad

138

cxovrebaSi, radgan didi codva da Seuracxyofa aaridos mas da mis

ojaxs.

netari grigoli aSot kurapalatis aryofniT sargeblobs da

`marjve dros~ SearCevs siZvis diacTan misasvlelad. igi ar akurTxebs

mas da arc jvars daswers, radgan ,,siZvis diaci” eSmaks hyavs

damorCilebuli da ar aris Rirsi kurTxevisa.

qali Tavis beds wminda mamas miandobs da SesTxovs: `wmindao

mamao, xelTa SenTa var, umjobesi sulisa CemisaÁ izrune~ (Zveli

qarTuli... I, 1963: 296).

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac darwmunda qalis sinanulSi, daswera

jvari da akurTxa igi. `maSinRa juari daswera da akurTxa locviTa da

SeWurva madliTa~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 297), magram aq xdeba CvenTvis

saintereso faqti _ `misca TvisTa xamlTa sabeli, raÁTa sartylad

Seirtyas da man yo egreT~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 297).

mama grigols `siZvis diaci~ sartyelSebmuli mihyavs monasterSi.

TiTqos sawinaaRmdego simbolikas vawydebiT sartylisa _ Tu

farsman mefis SemTxvevaSi, morCilebas sartylis Sexsna gamoxatavda, aq

codvili monaniebis Semdeg sartylad sabels ikravs da ise mihyveba

wminda mamas.

aq SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT aWis monastris wminda giorgis

xati. Ees xati sxvebisagan gansxvavdeba, masze iaraRdaSvebuli wminda

giorgia gamosaxuli. gveleSapi damarcxebulia, magram ara mkvdari, mas

sabeli aqvs Sebmuli da dedofals mihyveba; rac yvelaze saocaria _

gveleSaps monanie Tvalebi aqvs.

swored, ase unda iqnas aRqmuli, Cveni azriT, es scenac: gveleSapi

monaniebamde borotebisa da codvis simbolo da gansaxiereba iyo; siZvis

diacic aRiarebs codvebs, igi moinaniebs maT da amis gamo ar iRupeba,

piriqiT, igi uflis gzas daadgeba, emorCileba mis nebas. Tumca, erTic

unda aRiniSnos, wminda mama qals `xamlTa sabels~ Seartyams. gavixsenoT,

Tavdapirvelad mama grigoli axlos ar mouSvebs qals: ùbrZana

ganSorebulad dajdomaÁ~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 296), iqneb, `xamlTa

sabelic~ miniSneba iyo imisa, rom qali mainc codvili gaxldaT. Cveni

azriT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ar iqneboda miTiTebuli, ra Seartya

139

sartylad mama grigolma (agiografiul ZeglebSi xom araferia

SemTxveviT naxsenebi).

lia wereTeli Tavis statiaSi ,,ese ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ”

(asureli mamebis ,,cxovrebaTa” saxismetyvelebis paradigmebi) ganixilavs

sartylis saxismetyvelur sazriss. ,,sartyeli gamosaxavs wmindanis mier

xorcieli bunebis Zlevas, daTrgunvas, tanjvas, sartyeli Suawelis, anu

adamianis zeda da qveda sxeulis nawilTa gamyof zRvars mianiSnebs,

adamianis qvena bunebis mTlianad damorCilebas, zeda _ sulieris mier”

(wereTeli 2007: 54). statiis mizania, warmoaCinos svimeon mesvetis

(halabielisa) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis (umcrosis) _ mesveteobis

fuZemdebelTa ,,cxovrebebTan” asurel mamaTa ,,cxovrebebis” mimarTeba.

mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom orive svimeon mesvetis ,,cxovreba”

pirvelwyaroa asureli mamaTa cxovrebebisa. orive es ,,cxovreba”

amkvidrebs wmida mamaTa Sesamoselis saxismetyvelebas, romelsac ra Tqma

unda, wyarod Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebiseuli saxismetyveleba aqvs.

mkvlevars statiaSi aRwerili aqvs mesveteobis fuZemdebelTa

Sesamoseli. sartyeli xorcSi ise Zalumad aqvT Semortymuli orive

svimeon mesvetes, rom isini sisxliania, xorcs awylulebs, saSinel suns

gamoscems, matlebs aCens da a.S. ramdenadac sazarelia aRwerili

suraTebi, imdenad xazgasmulia ,,xorcis ZleviT” sulieri sispetakisa da

simaRlis miRweva: ,,kualad moiro sabeli lifisaÁ ficxeli da moirtya

igi welTa misTa SiSuliv da sabelman man SeWamna welni misni vidremdis

aRorZinda Ãorci misi zeda kerZo sabelsa mas. da viTarca euwya

mamasaxlissa saqmei ese, Sehxsna mas sabeli igi iZulebiT da savse iyo igi

ÃorciTa da sisxliTa welTa misTaÁTa” (gariti 1957: 122).

kunkuli, ,,dabebkuli samoseli” da ,,sabeli” _ aucilebeli

saxismetyvelebaa asuruli tradiciiT wmida mamaTa Sesamoselisa.

,,svimeon umcrosi sakvirvelmoqmedis sartylisa da matlis

saxismetyvelebis kvali ,,SuSanikis wamebaSi” TvalsaCinoa” (wereTeli 2005:

21).

aqve gvinda davimowmoT daviT aRmaSeneblis sartylis

saxismetyveleba wignidan ,,cxovrebaÁ mefeT mefisa daviTisi”: mefis mier

sisxliT savse ube, sartylis Semoxsnisas ,,namtknari” sisxlis gadmoRvra,

140

romelic mefis Wrilobebidan gadmodenilad miiCnies, magram aRmoCnda,

rom mtris sisxli iyo. sartylis saxismetyvelebas mocemul teqstSi

kidev erTi niuansi emateba, rac misi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisis axal

xatmetyvelebad gvesaxeba _ es mefis sabrZolo-saraindo Rvawlisa da

RvTivsulierebis gansaxovnebaa.

cnobilia, rom Tavad berebic atareben sartyels. `Tokis sartyeli

berisa aris miniSneba Sekruli da gaSoltili qristesi~ (tresideri 1992:

291).

erT-erTi kaTolikuri ordenis berebis qamrebs hqondaT sami kvanZi,

rac aRniSnavda qristes morCilebas, upovarebis aRTqmas da umankoebas.

aseve, ubiwoebas gamoxatavs Cingulum, romelsac ikeTeben mRvdlebi

kaTolikuri wirvis dros.

Mmsgavsi epizodia ,,wm. Ddimitris wamebaSi” aRwerili. Aam

nawarmoebis sami redaqcia arsebobs. (uadresi redaqciisTvis ix. PGP116,

col. 1167-72; Sualeduri anonimuri redaqcia, XI s.-is xelnaweriT moRweuli:

PG 116, col. 1173-1184; mesame, anu svimeon metfrastiseuli redaqcia, X-XI ss.:

PG 116, col. 1185-1202). efTvime mTawmindels wminda dimitris qarTuli

ciklis Sesaqmnelad berZnulidan wamebis Sualeduri redaqcia

gadmouRia. Aam redaqciaSi mowame dimitris da mtarval maqsimianes

figurebi ukve garkveuli literaturuli modelebis mixedviTaa

damuSavebuli. Mmaia maWavariani Tavis naSromSi ,,hagiografiuli

paradigmebi wm. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis mixedviT” acxadebs: ,,efTvime

ar Semoifargla Txzulebis mxolod TargmaniT. Ggarda calkeuli

monakveTebis gadasxvaferebis da kleba-matebis magaliTebisa, efTvimem

Sualeduri redaqciis teqstSi ori mniSvnelovani da saintereso

cvlileba Seitana, riTac kidev ufro metad gamokveTa mTavari

personaJebis saxeebi da Txzulebis saerTo mizandasaxuloba.”

(maWavariani 2007: 47) (,,wm. dimitris wamebisa’’ da ,,Sesxmis’’ efTvimeseuli

teqstebi gamoqveynebuli ar aris. statiis avtori miTiTebisas

sargeblobs k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis

TanamSromlis nino natraZis mier gadmowerili da kritikulad

dadgenili teqstebiT. Cvenc naSromSi imave wyaros davimowmebT).

141

Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, gvainteresebs erT-erT epizodi, romelSic

imperator maqsimianesa da dimitris Sexvedraa gadmocemuli. samive

redaqciaSi wm. dimitrisa da imperatoris Sexvedra aRwerilia patara

monakveTSi – stadionze Sesvlis win imperators mohgvrian datyvevebul

dimitris.Ggatacebuli gladiatorebis momavali orTabrZoliT,

imperatori dimitris dakiTxvas brZolis dasasrulamde gadadebs da

brZanebs mis datyvevebas stadionis maxloblad mdebare abanos bnel

sakanSi.

efTvime Tavis TargmanSi swored am epizodSi rTavs imperatorisa

da wm. dimitris vrcel dialogs. imperatori dimitris ekiTxeba,

simarTlea Tu ara, rom igi qristiania. dimitri ar uSindeba rwmenis

gamoaSkaravebas. imperatori mas gadmosabireblad pativsa da warCinebas

hpirdeba. dimitri pasuxobs hagiografiuli gmirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

SemarTebiT: ,,yovelive didebaÁ Seni Senda iyavn warsawymedelad, xolo

Cemda cxorebaÁ qriste ars da sikudili misTÂs sixaruli ars” da a.S.

maSin imperatori dimitris wamebiT daemuqreba, magram dimitri,

rasakvirvelia, ar Sedrkeba. igi ixsnis sartyels, daugdebs maqsimianes

win da mimarTavs antiTezebiT gamarTuli sityviT, sadac

dapirispirebulia pativi amqveyniuri da pativi uxrwneli: ,,aha esera,

sartyeli pativisa Senisa Sendave iyavn, mefeo. xolo Cemda iyavn qristÀ

da sasoebaÁ, romelman igi momces me pativi uxrwneli da waruvali

saukunoÁ ukunisamde”. aq dialogi mTavrdeba. ganrisxebuli imperatori

demetres datyvevebas brZanebs. amis Semdeg efTvimeseuli Targmani met-

naklebi cvlilebebiT mihyveba berZnul teqsts. statiis avtori miiCnevs,

rom es CanarTi efTvimeseulia da gamiznulia dimitris Rvawlis ukeT

warmoCenisaTvis. rac Seexeba sartylis moxsnas, maia maWavariani Tvlis,

rom es saxe SesaZloa momdinareobdes Zveli aRTqmidan: ,,da uqmne

Sesamoseli wminda ahrons, Zmasa Sensa, uqmne pativad da didebad” (gam. 28,

2); ,,da ese samoselni arian, romelni uqmne mas samkerde da samxre da

ferxTa sasxmeli, samoseli fesuedi da farSamangi da sartyeli” (gam. 28,

4) Cven migvaCnia, rom dimitris mier sartylis Sexsna amqveyniuri

didebisa da pativis uaryofas gamoxatavs. swored amas hpirdeboda

imperatori mas qristes rwmenaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi.

142

davubrundeT isev `Siosa da evagres cxovrebas~. Cveni azriT,

farsman mefem sartylis SexsniT wminda mamis winaSe sakuTari

Zalaufleba da mefuri atributi uaryo, msgavsad samefo Saravandis

gadagdebisa, riTac mianiSna ama soflis ZlierTa uZlurebaze uflis

didebulebis winaSe; mas ara aqvs amqveyniuri `sabeli~ da mxolod

SemoqmedTan samudamo, udroJamo sulieri kavSiri rCeba.

daskvna

saxismetyvelebiTi sqema-leqsikoni

naSromis dasasrul gvinda, SevajeroT mopovebuli masalebi da

SevadginoT erTgvari saxismetyvelebiTi sqema-leqsikoni; amiT SevecdebiT,

gamovkveToT asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi mopovebuli saxe-

simboloebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri mniSvneloba. amisaTvis cal-calke

gamovyofT nawarmoebebs da maT redaqciebs.

ìoane zedaznelis cxovreba~

mcenareTagan simboluri mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba yvavili (a red. 6),

misi moxmobiT avtors surda, mieniSnebina qristianuli rwmenis

sitkboebaze.

xe (Ziri) _ (a red. 20) moxmobilia bibliuri analogiiT.

nergi _ (a red.) axalnergebad iwodebian axlad qristianobas

naziarebi qarTvelebi, xoli b (mokle) redaqciaSi imave adgilas

axalnergad ukve qveyanaa dasaxelebuli;

ekali _ èklovani ese queyanaÁ~ _ agiografi avtori samoTxidan

gamoZevebuli kacobriobis sasjelad miRebul cxovrebas eklovan qveynad

moixseniebs (a red. 30); imave adgilas b redaqciaSi `xrwna da sikvdilia~

dasaxelebuli, xolo g (metafrasul) redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT: ufalma

dasaja adami `da ganRmrTobisa wil sikudili daesaja da samoTxiT

eqsoria iqmna~ (g. 31). aSkaraa, rom uZvelesi redaqciis avtorma erT

mxatvrul saxeSi, erT saxe-simboloSi (èklovani qveyana~) gamoxata

amqveyniuri cxovrebis arsi da is didi sasjeli, romelic kacobriobam

pirvelcodvis Sedegad miiRo.

143

ifqli da RvarZli _ g (metafrasul) redaqciaSi es saxeebi

moxmobilia sikeTisa da borotebis simboloebad (g red. 39) bibliuri

analogiiT.

nayofi: a redaqciaSi agiograf avtors moxmobili aqvs nayofis

saxe-simbolo (a red. 6), rodesac saubrobs guliTadi locvis

yovlisSemZleobaze _ `nayofi igi locvisaÁ~.

zoomorfuli saxeebi:

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ a redaqciaSi gvxvdeba mglis

simbolo, viTarca saxe borotebisa da codvisa: `ganiota boroti mgeli~

(a red. 5) _ aRniSnavs avtori wminda ioanes siwmindeze saubrisas. wminda

mamam Tavisi samwyso boroti mglisagan anu codvisagan daicva.

daTvi _ ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ daTvi veluri Zalebis

saxe-simboloa, romelic siwmidis winaSe uZlurdeba. igi samive

redaqciaSi gvxvdeba (a red. 52, b _ 52, g _ 54). ra Tqma unda, daTvi Tavisi

realuri mniSvnelobiTac Cans, magram ar gamovricxavT misi, rogorc

mxatvrul saxe-simbolod aRqmasac.

mtredi: wminda ioane mTaze daemkvidreba. am epizodSi avtori

moixmobs fsalmuns: `xolo me viTar vgoneb, netaro, Seni ars sityuaÁ ese:

`vinmca mcna me frTeni viTarca tredni, aR-mca-vfrinde, aRvimaRle, mi-mca-

ved, ganvisuene udabnosa~(a red. 26). aRsaniSnavia, rom imave adgilas g

redaqciaSi, gvritis saxe-simbolos moixmobs avtori wminda mamis

daxasiaTebisas _ `moyuare ese guriti~ (g red. 27) basili didic am

frinvelis swored udabnosmoyvareobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

gveli da Rriankali _ qvewarmavlebi satanuri Zalebis saxe-

simboloebia _ (g red. 39).

qvaTa simbolika: Zalian sainteresod iCens Tavs ìoane zedaznelis

cxovrebaSi~ qvaTa saxe-simboloebi. wminda ioanes mowafeebi aaronis

Sesamoselis patiosan qvebad moixsenebian: `mowafeni misni aTormetni igi

Tualni pativis-cemulni mixedviTa, gandgmul kvarTsa mas aaronisa,

sargebel da mkurnal yovelTaTvis myofTa qalaqisa amis Cuenisa,

romelni xadian miT, romelni mcired Semdgomad migeTxras~ (a red. 26-28).

144

Zvirfas TvalTagan simbolur saxed gvxvdeba margaliti, viTarca

Znelad misarweveli saukuno cxovrebis simbolo. xolo wminda mama

`zecisa margalitis~ maZieblad gvevlineba (a red. 28).

naTlis simbolika:

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ mravlad gvxvdeba naTlis saxe-

simbolo. es saxe uflis didebulebis warmosaCenadaa xolme moxmobili;

wminda samebac naTlis saxismetyvelebiTaa ganmartebuli (a red. 8-9).

araerTgzis gvxvdeba `dauRamebeli naTlis~ saxe (g red 5, 67),

romlis arsis SecnobiTac uflis maradiulobazea miniSneba.

wminda mamebi pirdapir mnaTobebad moixseniebian (g red. 27), xSiria

aseve maTi varskvlavad moxseniebac (g red. 5, 17, a red. 16, b red. 16).

samyaros stiqiaTagan ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ simboluri

mniSvnelobiT moxseniebulni arian cecxli da wyali. am SemTxvevaSi am

saxe-simboloTa moxmobiT avtori amqveyniur cxovrebas gamoxatavs,

romelic savsea borotebiTa da codviT. maTi gadalaxva ganwmendas

ukavSirdeba (g red. 67).

,,samkaul da gÂrgÂn” ioane zedazneli, uflis nebis aRmsrulebeli,

samkaulad da gvirgvinad eqmneba qarTls. ,,samkaul iqmnas da gÂrgÂn

Cvenisa amis qalaqisa” (a red. 26). moxmobil magaliTSi gvirgvini

samkaulis mniSvnelobiTaa naxsenebi.

b da g redaqciebSi gvirgvini aRar gvxvdeba da mxolod samkaulia

wm. mamis Rvawlis simbolur gamoxatvisaTvis moxmobili. ,,xolo ese

amisaTÂs yo RmerTman, rameTu pirvelad samkaul eqmna eklesiaTa da

garemo qarTvelTa erTa, da meored amisTvis daeyuda adgilsa mas, rameTu

godoli aReSena warmarTTa” (b red. 26) igive iTqmis g redaqciazec:

,,eseviTari samkauli kaTolike eklesiisa da qarTlisa erisa didi

mnaTobi daamkÂdra RmerTman mTasa amas zeda, raTa maRliT mohfendes

yovelTa garemosTa misTa zeda brwyinvalesa elvasa locvaTa TÂsTasa”

(g red. 27).

rogorc vxedavT, ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi vxvdebiT

saintereso saxe-simboloebs. agiografi avtori simboloTa moxmobiT

amdidrebs da ufro sainteresos xdis wminda mamis Rvawlis aRweras, misi

145

saxisa da damsaxurebis warmoCenas. garda amisa, am saxe-simboloebs

udidesi mxatvrul-esTetikuri funqcia gaaCnia.

`Siosa da evagres cxovreba~

mcenareTagan am teqstebSi simboloebad gvevlinebian:

xe (g red. gv. 70);

nayofi (g – 70);

yvavili (g _ 70);

vardi (g –70);

SroSani (g _ 70);

finiki (g _ 70);

naZvi (g _ 70).

monakveTi, sadac avtori wminda mamebs axasiaTebs, datvirTulia

SesaniSnavi saxe-simboloebiT, romlebiTac is mianiSnebs wminda mamaTa

siwmidesa da gamorCeulobaze. es mxatvruli saxeebi srulyofilad

gvixsnian maT saxesa da Rvawls: `viTarca finiki aRyuavnes da viTarca

naZvi libanisaÁ ganmravldes, WeSmaritad amaRldes wmindani ufroÁs

yovelTa xeTa nayofierTa da yuavian saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa, viTarca

vardni Suenierni da viTarca SroSanni sulnelni...`

sxvagan finiki da nayofi, aseve nayofierebis mniSvnelobiTaa

moxmobili ( g red 77).

axeli nergi _ (g _ 78)

nergi, yvavili, keTilis Ziri (b red. 85).

ifqli da RvarZli _ Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSic es saxeebi

sikeTisa da borotebis arsis warmosaCenad arian moxmobilni (bibliuri

analogiiT).

zoomorfuli saxeebidan gvxvdeba:

gveli, viTarca simbolo borotebisa da codvisa. (g red. 97).

aRsaniSnavia, rom imave adgilas b redaqciaSi _ ùxilavi mteria~ _

amave saxis warmosaCenad naxsenebi. g redaqciis avtorma gvelis

146

simbolika gamoiyena satanis dasaxasiaTeblad. man saxe-simbolo moixmo,

raTa ufro gamZafrebuli yofiliyo aRqma am Zalisa.

cxovelTagan am teqstebSi gvxvdeba mgeli, rogorc veluri,

daumorCilebeli Zalis simbolo (b red. 114, g _ 115), magram TviT es

mxecic SeiZleba Zleuli iqnes da siwmindis samsaxurSi Cadges. amiT

avtori kidev erTxel mianiSnebs wminda mamaTa siwindesa da uflis

yovlisSemZleobaze.

frinvelTagan gvxvdeba mtredi, uflis saCuqari usazrdood

darCenili wminda mamisaTvis (b red. 96, g – 96).

qvaTa simbolika aqac `zecis margalitiT~ aris Semofargluli,

romelic Znelad misaRwevi saukuno cxovrebis simboloa (b red. 141).

naTlis simbolika _ `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ analogiur

saxe-simboloebs vxvdebiT naTlisa. `naTeli dauRamebeli~ (g _ 125),

`brwyinvale varskvlavi~ (b _ 98), imave adgilas varskvlavis nacvlad

sanTlis saxe-simboloa moxmobili (g _ 98), romlis arsic mWidrod

ukavSirdeba naTlisa da, zogadad, naTlobis simbolos.

`daviT garejelis cxovreba”

`daviT garejelis cxovreba~ sxva teqstebTan SedarebiT,

simboloTa simwiriT gamoirCeva, Tumca mis redaqciebSic vxvdebiT

saintereso saxe-simboloebs, romlebic nawarmoebis mxatvruli saxis

SeqmnisaTvis did rols asruleben, aseve gvexmarebian wminda mamis saxis

gamokveTaSi.

mcenareTagan gvxvdeba rto, nayofi, Ziri (b red. 147). avtori wminda

mamis mSoblebze saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom RvTismosavma mSoblebma

keTili nayofi gamoiRes da wminda daviTi aRzardes: `garna esreTve

keTilTa ZirTagan sagonebel ars keTilisa amis rtosa aRmoCinebaÁ da

keTilman xeman keTilica gamoiRos nayofi~ (b red. 147). xe xom nayofiT

icnoba _ èseca sanatreli TÂsTagan sacnaur hyofda romlobasa

ZirTasa`. Tavad wminda daviTi `nayofi Suenieri” mianiSnebs Tavis `Ziris”

gamorCeulobaze.

147

zoomorful saxeTagan simbolurad mniSvnelobs _ iremi (a red.

156, b – 156). is RvTis saCuqaria, wminda mamebs sazrdos awvdis.

veSapi – simbolo borotebisa da codvis, romelic unda

damarcxdes sikeTis mier (a red. 159, b – 159).

frinvelTagan kakabi da qori (a red. 168, b – 168). qori _

mtacebeli frinvelis saxe moixmo agiografma avtorma, raTa ufro

gamoekveTa uflis yovlisSemZleoba. es mtacebeli siwmindis winaSe ukan

ixevs, mSviddeba da iviwyebs mtaceblur bunebas. xolo kakabi miusafari

sulis simbolod gvevlineba, romelic saWiroebs zrunvasa da dacvas.

àbibos nekreselis wameba”

àbibos nekreselis wamebac~ ar gamoirCeva simboloTa siuxviT. am

teqstebSic imave saxe-simboloebs vxvdebiT, rac sxva asurel mamaTa

cxovrebebSia moxmobili.

mcenareTagan simbolurad mniSvnelovania:

nayofi (a red. 189, b – 189).

vardi (a red. 189, b – 189).

qvaTa simbolika aqac `zecisa margalitis~ saxe-simboloTi

Semoifargleba. mas imave simboluri datvirTviT ixmobs avtori, rac

ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSia~. (a red. 196).

naTlis simbolika _ agiografi avtori wminda abibosis

daxasiaTebisas acxadebs: wminda mamam `sanTeli TÂsi aRanTo zeda

maRalsa mTasa, raTa yoveli sofeli xedvides naTelsa mas dauSretelsa,

orpirad manaTobelsa...~ (a red. 189) moxmobil magaliTSi sanTeli saxe-

simboloa wminda mamis Rvawlisa, xolo imave adgilas b redaqciaSi _

sanTeli Tavad wminda abibosia: `... sanTeli maRlad mnTebare, mnaTobi da

ganmanaTlebeli yovelTa mxilvelTa misTaiTa” (b – 189).

,,gÂrgÂni ZlevisaÁ” _ am saxes avtori wm. mamis sulieri

gamarjvebisa da aRzevebis simbolod moixmobs (a red. 188).

odnav qvemoT aRwerilia abibos nekreselis sasufevelSi

SebrZaneba. igi ,,gÂrgÂniTa pativcemulTa Soris” (a red. 188) (wmindanTa

sulieri Rvawlis simbolo) ,,oriTa gÂrgÂniTa” (b red. 188) pativcemulia.

148

am SesaniSnavi saxe-simboloTi gamoxatulia wm. mamis moRvaweoba da

mowameobrivi aRsasruli.

àbibos nekreselis wameba~, rogorc vxedavT, simboloTa simwiriT

gamoirCeva. Tumca is saxe-simboloebi, romelnic aq gvxvdebian, teqstis

mxatvruli saxis SeqmnisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.

warmodgenili Temis mizani iyo, warmogveCina im paradigmul saxeTa

simboluri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic asurel moRvaweTa cxovreba-

wamebebSi iCens Tavs. mxatvruli literaturis istoriaSi cnobili

saxeebi, romlebic sxvadasxva epoqisa da xalxis sityvakazmul

mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba, mdgradi, paradigmuli pirvelsaxeebia, romelTa

gamoCena gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia normirebul literaturaSi, rac

calkul avtorTan msgavsi ideuri poziciis an SemoqmedebiTi

gamocdilebis mauwyebelia. es paradigmuli saxeebi yovelTvis identuri

mniSvnelobisani ar arian. urTierTmsgavs mxatvrul elementebs

gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas sZens sxvadasxva konteqsti.

RvTismieri samyaro Rrmad simboluria. `xelTuqmneli~

simboloebis wyalobiT igi dabadebidan `soflisaÁT qmnuliTa maT Sina

sacnaurad ixilvebis, da samaradisod igi Zali misi da RmrTaebaÁ” (rom.

1. 20). garemomcveli samyaros simboloebi `bunebis trafaretuli

movlenebi ar arian~ (losevi 1973: 203). maT gansakuTrebuli azri da Zala

aqvT. maTi meSveobiT `cani uTxroben didebasa RmrTisasa da qmnilisa

ÃeliTa misTasa mouTxrobs samyaro” (fsalm. 18. 2). aseTi simboluri

aRqma SesaZlebelia ara maTi ganmartebiT, aramed sulieri gamWriaxobiTa

da dakvirvebulobiT. mxolod amgvarad SegviZlia axlad gamoRviZebul

bunebaSi sayovelTao aRdgomis simbolo davinaxoT, anda mzis

ganusazRvreli Suqmfinaroba aRviqvaT, rogorc WeSmariti sinaTlis

simbolo, romelic àra Tu igi iyo naTeli, aramed raÁTa wamos naTlisa

misTÂs" (ioan. 1. 8). mzis cxovelmyofeloba _ sicocxlis momniWebelze

ufro metyvelebs, romlis mier yvelaferi Seiqmna, da `Tvinier misTa

arca raÁ iqmna, raodeni raÁ iqmna; mze misi aRmovals borotTa zeda da

keTilTa da wÂms marTalTa zeda da cruTa” (maT. 5. 45) _ simboloa

usazRvro, RvTaebrivi mowyalebisa; sameba _ mze, sinaTle, siTbo _

149

ganmWvret gonebas wminda samebamde aRamaRlebs da a.S... es siaxlove xels

gviwyobs, avmaRldeT saxeebidan _ garemomcveli samyaros simboloebidan

maT Semoqmedamde.

simboloebi da sxva pirobiTi niSnebi, dionise areopagelis azriT,

warmoiSoba ara TavisTavad, aramed gansazRvruli da, amasTan,

winaaRmdegobrivi mizniT, erTdroulad cxadyon da dafaron WeSmariteba...

erTi mxriv, simbolo raRacas aRniSnavs, gamoxatavs, amave dros,

miuwvdomels cxadyofs, usasrulobas sasrulobad aqcevs. meore mxriv,

igi aris safuZveli, saidumlo damcveli gamouTqmeli WeSmaritebisa

`pirvelSemxvedris~ Tvalisa da yurisagan, romelic Rirsi ar aris misi

wvdomisa. simbolos es Tavisebureba vrceldeba gamosaxvis sxvadasxva

formaze, rogoricaa alegoria, saxe, xati. simboloebi Rrma wvdomas

moiTxovs, radgan maTSi Sefarulia saidumlo da samyaros, rogorc

harmoniuli mTlianobis, axsnis safuZvlebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom

simbolos wvdoma mxolod gonebis ZaliT SeuZlebelia. misi axsna da

saidumloebrivi Zalis gamovlena mxolod sulier samyarosTan

ontologiuri Sexebis dros aris SesaZlebeli. simbolos arsSi garkveva

rwmeniT miiRweva, rwmeniT, romelic aris arxilul saqmeTa mamxilebeli

(ebr. 2.1.) da romlis meSveobiTac empiriul realobas sulieri

realobisagan vasxvavebT.

mopovebuli da ganxiluli masalebis SejerebiT yalibdeba

erTgvari saxismetyvelebiTi sqema, risi meSveobiTac ikveTeba asureli

mamebis cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi mopovebuli saxe-simboloebis

mxatvrul-esTetikuri mniSvneloba.

mxatvruli saxe, simbolo agiograf avtors moTxrobis xatovani da

xasiaTobrivi gadmocemisaTvis aqvs gamoyenebuli. swored, amis gamoa, rom

narativi mxatvruli teqstis saxes iZens; magram aqve Tavs iCens

religiuri swavleba, rasac ori mxare aqvs: dafaruli RvTaebrivi sibrZne

ganemartos adamianebs, eklesiis mrevls, romelTaTvis samagaliTodac

ikiTxeba wmindanTa `cxovrebani~ liturgiisas da dafaros is

apokalifturi azri, rac mxolod umaRlesi sulieri xeldasxmis gzaze

SedgomilTaTvis sacnaurdeba.

150

amave dros, bibliur paradigmas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, rom

lokaluri istoriis CarCoebSi mimdinare movlenebi, rogoricaa

wmindanTa cxovreba-moRvaweobani, organulad CarTos bibliuri drois

msvlelobaSi. es faqti mxatvrul, agiografiul teqsts hiperteqstad

aqcevs. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mxatvrul saxe-simboloTa Seswavlis,

gamokvlevis gareSe SeuZlebelia dadgindes agiografiuli Zeglebis

funqcia da mizanmimarTuleba, Tema da idea, romlis kompaqturad,

cxovrebiseuli magaliTebiT gadmocema dausaxavT avtorebs miznad.

151

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. abakelia 2007: abakelia n., sicocxlis ciklTan

dakavSirebuli sakraluri xis simbolika qarTul miTo-ritualur

sistemaSi, semiotika, I, Tb. 2007. 23-40gv.

2. abakelia 1997: abakelia n., simbolo da rituali qarTul

kulturaSi, Tb. 1997

3. abzianiZe...2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q., “simboloTa

ilustrirebuli enciklopedia”, tomi I, (a-m), bakmi, 2006

4. abramiSvili 1972: abramiSvili g., daviT garejelis cikli

qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi”, Tb. 1972

5. abulaZe 1955: abulaZe il., “asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis

wignTa Zveli redaqciebi”, Tb. 1955

6. averincevi 1977: Аверинцев С. С., Поэтика ранневизантийской

литературы, М., 1977

7. averincevi 1983: Аверинцев С. С., Истоки и развитие

раннехристианской литературы. – Ист. Всемирной Литературы, т. I, М., 1983

8. averincevi 1987: Аверинцев С. С . Литературный энциклопедический

словарь, Москва, 1987

9. averincevi 2001: Аверинцев С. С. София-Логос. 2-е исп. изд., 2001.

10. amonios ermasis...1983: amonios ermasis Txzulebebi qarTul

mwerlobaSi, teqstebi moamzades naTela keWaymaZem da maia rafavam,

gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo m. rafavam, Tb., 1983

11. alibegaSvili 1999: alibegaSvili g., “epifane kviprelis

“TvalTai” da qristianuli egzegetikis tradiciebi, Tb., 1999

12. arabuli 1989: arabuli a, “CauZveR laSarelao...”,

literaturuli Ziebani 3, XVIII, Tb., 1989, 428-445gv.

13. aruTinova 2007: aruTinova n., simbolo, semiotika, I, Tb. 2007

235-242gv.

152

14. arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: arqimandriti rafaeli,

“saubrebi marTmadideblobaze”, I, Tb., 1994

15. axali...1963: axali aRTqumaÁ uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesi,

sakaTalikoso sabWos gamocema, Tb., 1963

16. baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n., Txzulebani, Tb., 1968

17. baramiZe 1966: baramiZe r., “narkvevebi mxatvruli prozis

istoriidan”, Tb. 1966

18. barbaqaZe 2007: barbaqaZe c., diskusia niSnisa da simbolos

urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, semiotika, I, Tb. 2007 19-22gv.

19. bardaveliZe 1941: bardaveliZe v., qarTvelTa uZvelesi

sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar), Tb., 1941

20. basili didi 1979: basili didi, “mÃecTaTÂs saxisa sityuaÁ”

_ Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades b.

gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma, Tb., 1979

21. baRiSvili 2002: baRiSvili e., jvari (simbolika da

mniSvneloba), literatura da sxva, almanaxi, #4, Tb., 2002 57-69gv.

22. bezeraSvili 2000: bezeraSvili q, bernar kuli,

“mayvalovanis” gagebisaTvis Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi,

literaturuli Ziebani XXI, 2000, 56-71gv.

23. beli 1910: Белый А., Символизм, М., 1910

24. biganiSvili 2005: biganiSvili T., simboluri

saxismetyvelebis tradicia Zveli aRTqmidan axal aRTqmamde da

saRmTo werilidan himnografiamde naTlis simbolikis mixedviT,

literaturuli Ziebani XXVI, Tb., 2005, 34-37gv.

25. bize 1990: Бизе А.. Историческое развитие чувства природы, С-П.,

1990.

26. gamyreliZe 1984: Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Вяч. Вс. Иванов,

Индоевропейский язик и индоевропейцы (Реконструкция и историко-

типологический анализ проязика и прокультуры), ч. 1, Тв., 1984

27. gariti 1997: gariti J., cxorebaÁ da gangebaÁ wmidisa sÂmon

mesuetisaÁ da sakvirvelmoqmedisaÁ, romeli iyo damkvidrebuli

153

mTasa zeda halabisasa, cxorebaÁ efrem asurisa (sinuri xelnaweri)

1957

28. genoni 2002: Генон Р.. Символы священной науки. М. 2002.

29. gza sameufo 1994: gza sameufo, Zveli saeklesio

literaturis biblioteka, # 2, 1994

30. gogiaSvili 2006: gogiaSvili e., gveleSapisa da faskunjis

gamosaxulebebi wm. ioane sinelis ,,klemaqsis” XII saukunis

garejuli nusxis (H-1669) arSiebze Fabula. Zeitschrift für Erzählforschung.

Volume 47, Issue 1 part 2, 2006. S. 65-78

31. grZeliZe 1987: grZeliZe T. “simbolikis sakiTxebi qarTul

hagiografiul mwerlobaSi”, literaturuli Ziebani” 2, XVII, Tb.,

1987, 301-311gv.

32. guramiSvili 1955: guramiSvili d., `daviTiani", (meore

gamocema), Tb., 1955

33. demusi 1970: Demus O., Byzantine Art and The West, New York,1970

34. dionise areopageli 1987: dionise areopageli, “ciuri

ierarqiis Sesaxeb”, Targmna e. WeliZem _ saRvTismetyvelo krebuli,

3, Tb., 1987. 206-276gv.

35. diufuri 1974: Ксавъе Леон-Дюфур, Словаръ библейского богословия,

Бр.1974.

36. egorovi 1960: Основы Марксистско-Ленинской эстетики. Исскуство

феодальной эпохи. М. 1960. ред. Егоров А.

37. elaSvili 1997: elaSvili q., xeTa simbolika Zvel qarTul

prozaSi, (sakandidato disertacia), 1997

38. elaSvili 2000: elaSvili q., RvTismSoblis simboluri saxe

da adreuli periodis qarTuli hagiografia, literaturuli Ziebani

XXI, Tb. 2000, 45-48gv.

39. elaSvili 2004: elaSvili q., naTlis saxarebiseuli

simbolika qarTul hagiografiaSi, klasikuri da Tanamedrove

qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 2004

40. eliade mirCa 1988: eliade mirCa, miTis aspeqtebi, saunje,

1988 #6, 302-310gv.

154

41. ervini 1935: Prof. Erwin R. Goodenough _ By Light, Light. The mustic

gospel of Hellenistic Judaism. New Haven, 1935, p. 11

42. efrem asuri 1991: efrem asuri, qadageba uflis

mosvlisaTvis, soflis aRsasrulisa da antiqristes

gamoCinebisaTvis, mTargmneli marine niauri, gadmobeWdilia

wignidan ,,sityva marTlisa sarwmunoebisa”, Tbilisi, 1991, t. III, gv.

76-84

43. vaJa-fSavela 1964: vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli

krebuli, tomi III, poemebi, Tb., 1964

44. volfsoni 1970: Wolfson H. The Philosophy of the Churсh

Fathers,Cambrige,1970, -283p.

45. TvaraZe 1997: TvaraZe r., gadasaxedi, Tb. 1997.

46. ivanovi 1987: ivanovi m., “simbolo RvTismetyvelebisaTvis”,

saRvTismetyvelo krebuli 3, Tb., 1987. 366-383gv

47. ioane minCxi 1987: ioane minCxis poezia, saqarTvelos ssr

mecnierebaTa akademia, k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa

instituti, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo

lela xaCiZem, "mecniereba", 1987

48. ioane damaskeli 1992: damaskeli ioane, “marTmadideblobis

zusti gadmocema”, “sityva marTlisa sarwmunoebisa”, t. IV, Tb. 1992

49. ioane damaskeli 1976: damaskeli ioane, ,,dialeqtika”,

qarTuli Targmanebis teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da teqsti

daurTo maia rafavam; k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institute. Tb.,

,,mecniereba”, 1976

50. ioane petriwis Sromebi 1940: ioane petriwis Sromebi, wigni

1, prokle diadoxosis platonuri filosofiis kavSirni, qarTuli

teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo simon

yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1940

51. ,,iovane oqropiris cxovrebis”....1986: (,,iovane oqropiris

cxovrebis” Zveli qarTuli Targmani da misi Taviseburebani 968

wlis xelnaweris mixedviT. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,

155

gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo r. gvaramiam, ,,mecniereba”,

Tbilisi, 1986

52. kalandariSvili 2005: kalandariSvili e., qristianuli

mqadagebloba da sulxan-saba orbelianis homiliebi, Tb., 2005

53. kasireri 1923: Cassirer E., Philosophic der symbolischen Formen Bd 1-3,

B., 1923

54. kekeliZe 1918: kekeliZe k. qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi.

kimeni I. Tb.: 1918

55. kekeliZe 1920: kekeliZe k., “TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ

mitrofane mzÂrnel mitropolitisaÁ”, tf., 1920 VIII

56. kekeliZe...1969: kekeliZe k., al. baramiZe, “Zveli qarTuli

literaturis istoria” Tb., 1969

57. kekeliZe 1972: kekeliZe k., etiudebi Zveli qarTuli

literaturis istoriidan XI, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1972

58. kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k., Zveli qarTuli literaturis

istoria, t. II, Tb., 1981

59. kirile ierusalimeli 1855: Творения иже во святых отца нашего

Кирилла Архиертскопа Иерусалимского, М., 1855

60. kvaWantiraZe 2005: kvaWantiraZe m., gameoreba (werilebi,

eseebi). Tb.: gamomcemloba èrovnuli mwerloba~, 2005.

61. kiknaZe 2004: kiknaZe z, miTologiuri enciklopedia

ymawvilTaTvis (wigni mesame), qarTuli miTologia, Tb., 2004

62. kulturologia... 1998: Культурология ХХ век, (энциклопедия), т. 2

(м-я) Санкт-Петербург, Университетская книга, 1998

63. kuWuxiZe 1998: kuWuxiZe g., zeasvla habo tfilelisa,

religia, #11-12, 1998

64. lazarevi 1986: Лазарев Б. Н., Византийская эстетика, история

Византинской живописи, т. 1 М., 1986. стр. 9-15.

65. lesingi 1957: Лессинг, Лаокоон (или о границах живописи и поэзии),

М., 1957

66. lomaia 1926: lomaia (bardaveliZe) v., xis kultisaTvis

saqarTveloSi, “saq. Mmuzeumis moambe”, Tb., 1926, 164-178gv.

156

67. losevi 1970: Лосев А. Ф. Философская энциклопедия, т. 5, М., 1970,

стр. 10—11.

68. losevi 1972: Лосев А. Ф. Логика символа –Кантекст ¬- 1972 ,М.,

1973

69. mamisadaSvili 1998: mamisadaSvili x., “naTlis simbolo

sakulto teqstebSi”, kldekari, 1998 #1, 225-230gv.

70. maWavariani 2007: maWavariani m., ,,hagiografiuli paradigmebi

wm. Ddimitris wamebasa da Sesxmis mixedviT” lit. Ziebani, 2007

XXVIII 45-52gv.

71. merkvilaZe 2005: merkvilaZe d., ,,asureli mamebi da

meudabneoba”, 2005

72. metreveli 2004: metreveli saba-firuz, agiografiuli

mwerlobis zogierTi Tavisebureba, “ganaTleba”, 2004

73. mirianaSvili 1997: mirianaSvili l., ,,garejas mravalmTa da

adamiani” 1997

74. muraviovi 1848: Муравьëв А. Н., Грузия и Армения, ч. 1, СПб. 1848.

75. mcxeTuri... 1981: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, (moses xuTwigneuli,

iso nave, msajulTa, ruTi), teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da

gamokvleva daurTo el. doCanaSvilma, Tb., 1981

76. mcxeTuri... 1982: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, (mefeTa I, II, III, IV,

neStTa I, II, ezras I, II, III wignebi), gamosacemad moamzada el.

doCanaSvilma, Tb., 1982

77. mcxeTuri... 1983: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, (tobis, ivdiTis,

esTeris, iobis wignebi, fsalmuni, igavTa wigni), teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo el. doCanaSvilma, Tb., 1983

78. mcxeTuri... 1985: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, (eklesiaste, sibrZne

solomonisa, qeba qebaTa solomonisa, winaswarmetyvelta wignebi _

esaia, ieremia, baruqi, ezekieli), gamosacemad moamzada el.

doCanaSvilma, Tb., 1985

79. mcxeTuri... 1986: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, (danielis, mcire

winaswarmetyvelTa da axali aRTqmis wignebi), teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo el. doCanaSvilma, Tb., 1986

157

80. murRulia... 1992: murRulia g., alibegaSvili g., maRlaferiZe

v., “saubrebi qarTul literaturaze”, ganaTleba, Tb., 1992

81. nemesios emeseli 1914: nemesios emeseli. bunebusaTÂs kacisa.

s. gorgaZis gamocema. tf.: saeklesio muzeumis gamocema, #17, 1914

82. nozaZe 1963: nozaZe v., “vefxistyaosnis RvTismetyveleba”,

parizi, 1963

83. orbeliani 1991: orbeliani sulxan-saba, leqsikoni qarTuli,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT

moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo

ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1991, t I.

84. orbeliani 1993: orbeliani sulxan-saba, leqsikoni qarTuli,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT

moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo

ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1993, t II.

85. orbeliani 1989: orbeliani sulxan-saba, sibrZne sicruisa,

qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1989

86. petre iberieli 1961: petre iberieli (fsevdo dionise

areopageli), “saRTmrToTa saxelTaTÂs”, Sromebi, efrem mciris

Targmani, gamosca gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo samson

enuqaSvilma, stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1961. 3-98gv.

87. ramiSvili 1978: ramiSvili g., enis energetikuli Teoriis

sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978

88. rusTaveli 1986: rusTaveli SoTa, “vefxistyaosani”, teqsti

gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali, ganmartebani, komentari da

bolosityva daurTo n. naTaZem, Tb., 1986

89. ruxaZe 2007: ruxaZe l., sikvdil-sicocxlis

urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli

mwerloba (soflis bibliuri paradigma da wm. SuSanikis wamebis

saxismetyveleba) lit. Ziebani, 2007 XXVIII 28-35gv.

90. sabinini 1882: sabinini g. (m), ,,saqarTvelos samoTxe”, s, pet.

1882

158

91. samociqulos ganmarteba...2006: samociqulos ganmarteba

gamokrebuli ioane oqropirisa da sxva wmonda mamaTa

Txzulebebidan, Targmani efrem mciris (kariWisZis mier), teqsti

gamosacemad moamzada da winasityva daurTo eqvTime

koWlamazaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2006

92. siraZe 1977: siraZe r., “simbolur-alegoriuli

gamoxatvisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi”, mnaTobi, 1977. #8

93. siraZe 1978: siraZe r., qarTuli esTetikuri azris

istoriidan, ,,xelovneba”, Tb., 1978

94. siraZe 1982: siraZe r., saxismetyveleba”, Tb., 1982

95. siraZe 1987: siraZe r., qarTuli agiografia”, nakaduli, Tb.,

1987

96. siraZe 1992: siraZe r., `qristianuli kultura da qarTuli

mwerloba” I, Tb., 1992

97. siraZe 1997: siraZe r., “wminda ninos cxovreba” da dasawyisi

qarTuli agiografiisa, Tb. 1997

98. siraZe 1998: siraZe r., `wminda ninos cxovrebis”

saxismetyveleba”, Tb. 1998

99. siraZe 2002: siraZe r., “qarTuli paradigmuli

saxismetyvelebisaTvis”, sjani III, Tb., 2002, 19-37gv.

100. siraZe 2008: siraZe r., ,,kultura da saxismetyveleba”,

gamomc. inteleqti, Tb., 2008

101. sulava 2002: sulava n., “himnografiis saxismetyveleba”,

sjani III, Tb., 2002, 90-103gv.

102. surgulaZe 1986: surgulaZe i., qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis

simbolika, Tb., 1986

103. tabiZe 1993: tabiZe g., tomi I, leqsebi, Tb., 1993

104. tokarevi 1987: Мифы народов Мира, энциклопедия в двух томах,

Главный редактор С. А. Токарев, 1, М., 1987, 11, М., 1988.

105. tresideri 1992: Тресиддер Джек, ,,словаръ символов” М. 1992.

106. trubeckoi 1901: Трувецкой С. Н., Учение о логосе в его истории,

т. 1, 1901

159

107. uvarovi 1908: Уваров А. С., ,,Христианская символика,, М., 1908

108. uznaZe 1947: uznaZe d., enis Sinaforma, ,,fsiqologia”, t. IV,

1947

109. farulava 1982: farulava g., “mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis

Zvel qarTul prozaSi”, Tb., 1982

110. florenski 1972: Флоренский Павел, священик, Иконостас-

Богословские Труды, сб. 9, М., 1972

111. frezeri 1848: Фрэзер Дж., Золотая ветвъ, М-Л, 1931

112. froidi 1999: Фрейд З.. Введение в психоанализ. Лекции 1-15. СПб.,

Алетейя СПб, 1999

113. qarTuli...1979: qarTuli oTxTavis bolo ori redaqcia, Tb.,

1979

114. qarTuli poezia 1979: qarTuli poezia, Zveli qarTuli

poezia V_XIIIss., t. I, Seadgina sargis caiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1979

115. SaniZe 1968: SaniZe mz., “Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa

Targmanebisa” (teqsti da SeniSvnebi), Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris

Sromebi, tomi II, Tb., 1968

116. Cveni saunje 1960: Cveni saunje, Zveli mwerloba, I, Tbilisi,

1960

117. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, ,,Tsu

gamomcemloba”, Tb. 1947

118. CubinaSvili 1959: Чубинашвили Г.И., ,,Грузинское чеканное

исскуство”, Тб. 1959

119. Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi,

/seqtembris sakiTxavebi/, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada n. goguaZem,

Tb., 1986

120. Zveli qarTuli... 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-Xss.), dasabeWdad moamzades il.

abulaZem, n. aTanelaSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c.

jankievma da c. jRamaiam, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da

radaqciiT, Tb., 1963

160


literaturis Zeglebi wigni III (metafrasuli redaqciebi XI-XIIIss.),

dasabeWdad moamzades ilia abulaZem, e.gabiZaSvilma, n. goguaZem, m.

dolaqiZem, g. kiknaZem da c. qurcikiZem, ilia abulaZis

xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tb., 1971


literaturis Zeglebi, wigni IV, svinaqsaruli redaqciebi (XI-

XVIIIss.), gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo enriko

gabiZaSvilma, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tb.,

1968

123. Zveli qarTuli enis..1973: Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, i.

abulaZis redaqciiT, ,,mecniereba”, Tb., 1973

124. wereTeli 2005: wereTeli l., ZaZa da antioqiis palekarti,

lit. Ziebani, 2005, XXVI 20-28gv

125. wereTeli 2007: wereTeli l., ese ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ”

(asureli mamebis ,,cxovrebaTa” saxismetyvelebis paradigmebi), Llit.

Ziebani, 2007, XXVII 52-67gv.

126. WeliZe 1990: WeliZe e., “biblia da qristianoba”, skola da

cxovreba, 1990, #9, 57-67gv.

127. javaxiSvili 1967: javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli eris istoria,

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I, Tb., 1967

128. javaxiSvili ...1943: javaxiSvili i., berZniSvili n., janaSia

s., saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi xanidan mecxramete saukenis

damdegamde, Tb., 1943

Date post:	28-Sep-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

avtoris stili daculiapress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Disertaciebi/lela_gabrielashvili.pdf ·...

Documents