OLR (1986) 33 (5) 377

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

B40. Area studies, surveys, weather

86:2587 Takeuchi, Morio and Tokuei Uchiyama, 1985.

Synoptic analysis of polar lows over the Japan Sea area and heavy snowfalls in the coastal plain regions. Pap. Met. Geophys., Tokyo, 36(1):1-21. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Yamagata Local Meteorol. Observ., 990 Japan.

B50. Common atmospheric properties (temperature, humidity, etc.)

86:2588 Horel, J.D., 1985. Persistence of wintertime 500 nab

height anomalies over the central Pacific. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(11):2043-2048.

The persistence of daily 500 mb geopotential height anomalies during the 17 winters from 1966 to 1982 is documented for a region noted for its frequent blocking activity. (Persistence is expressed in terms of the degree to which a height value remains constant during the next several days.) For a 9 grid-point region centered on 50°N, 165°W, blocks (large positive geopotential height anomalies) tend to be less persistent than negative height anomalies between -100 and -200 m. The greater persistence of negative height anomalies in this region is related to periods of stronger than normal zonal flow centered near 40°N (high zonal index). Climate Res. Gr., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

BII0. Climate, climatology 86:2589

Dickinson, R.E., 1985. Climate sensitivity. Adv. Geophys., 28(A):99-130.

A review of current knowledge of climate sensitivity as revealed by general circulation models concludes that GCMs will improve with further research on the radiative interactions of clouds; the storage and redistribution of thermal energy in the ocean; high-latitude climate feedback processes, in partic- ular ice-albedo feedbacks; and land-surface proc- esses. NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA. (msg)

86:2590 Manabe, Syukuro and Kirk Bryan Jr., 1985. CO 2-

induced change in a coupled ocean-atmosphere

model and its paleoclimatic implications. J. geophys. Res., 90(C6): 11,689-11,707.

Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model specifi- cally designed to evaluate the sensitivity of climate, this study obtains six climate equilibria which correspond to atmospheric CO 2 concentrations varying by a factor of 16; the model allows a calculation of climatic signatures in the ocean as well as on land. In general, the model appears to be consistent with a CO 2 hypothesis for climate changes in the Cenozoic except that the tropical SST in the model has a small but significant increase with increasing atmospheric CO 2, while SST from the isotopic record appears to have no systematic trend during the Tertiary. The climate corresponding to one-half normal CO 2 is markedly different from the normal and high-CO 2 cases. Sea ice extends to middle latitudes, and the thermohaline circulation is largely confined to an area between the ice margin and the equator. Poleward heat transport by ocean currents is very small in high latitudes, markedly reducing the surface air temperature there. GFD Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA.

86:2591 Nicolis, C., 1985. Correlation functions and variability

in a periodically forced oscillatory climate model. Geophys. astrophys. Fluid Dynam., 34(1-2):65-82. Inst. d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique, 3 Ave. Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.

86:2592 Oort, A.H., 1985. Balance conditions in the Earth's

climate system. Adv. Geophys., 28(A):75-98.

Three pressing issues regarding global balances of angular momentum, water, and energy are exam- ined. (1) The required return flow of angular momentum from mid-latitudes to tropics; it may occur in the continents, not in the oceans. (2) Water vapor from subtropical lands and oceans; if it diverges, large volumes of water may flow under- ground into desert regions. (3) Cross-equatorial transports of heat in the world ocean; seasonal variations may be huge, not small. GFD Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA. (mwf)

B140. Air-sea interactions

86:2593 Branstator, Grant, 1985. Analysis of general circu-

lation model sea-surface temperature anomaly

378 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (I 986) 33 (5)

simulations using a linear model. Part II. Eigen- analysis. J. atmos. Sci., 42(21):2242-2254.

An eigenanalysis of the barotropic vorticity equation linearized about 300 mb climatological flow from the NCAR CCM control simulation is described. The goal is to determine if the known behavior of the Community Climate Model during equatorial Pacific SST anomaly experiments can be interpreted in terms of the linear modes calculated in the analysis. Using the eigenfunctions of the adjoint system, some of the forced linear solutions are expanded in the eigenbasis. Those modes with long periods control these solutions but no one mode dominates. The structure of the adjoint eigenfunction which cor- responds to the fastest growing eigenfunction has most of its amplitude in southern Asia and the north Indian Ocean. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.

86:2594 Branstator, Grant, 1985. Analysis of general circu-

lation model sea-surface temperature anomaly simulations using a linear model. Part I. Forced solutions. J. atmos. Sci., 42(21):2225-2241.

A linear, nondivergent, barotropic vorticity-con- serving model reproduces the midlatitude response to anomalous forcing well. Basic state-perturbation interaction supplies nearly as much energy to the perturbation flow as anomalous forcing does. The linear model is incapable of reproducing the finding that the structure of the general circulation model's midlatitude response is insensitive to the longitudinal position of the forcing anomaly. However, a Green's function analysis of the linear model points out that the midlatitude pattern which dominates the GCM experiments is very easily forced by anomalies over the East Indies. Thus it may be that anomalous precipitation in that region, caused by a weakening of the Walker circulation, is the primary impetus for the midlatitude flow anomalies. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.

86:2595 Bryan, Kirk and M.J. Spelman, 1985. The ocean's

response to a CO2-induced warming. J. geophys. Res., 90(C6): 11,679-11,688.

In a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, a fourfold increase in atmospheric CO 2 causes a warming sufficiently intense to produce a partial collapse of the thermohaline circulation of the ocean. The downward pathways for heat, which include dif- fusion and Ekman pumping, remain open, but the partial collapse of the thermohaline circulation closes the normal upward pathways associated with abyssal upwelling and high-latitude convection. As a result the thermocline is able to sequester almost

twice as much heat as predicted from the behavior of a neutrally buoyant tracer under normal climatic conditions, producing a negative feedback for greenhouse warming. However, the partial collapse of the thermohaline circulation found in the numer- ical experiment would also affect the global carbon cycle, possibly producing a climatic feedback as strong as that caused by an enhanced uptake of heat from the atmosphere. G F D Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA.

86:2596 Greatbatch, R.J., 1985. On the role played by

upwelling of water in lowering sea surface temperatures during the passage of a storm. J. geophys. Res., 90(C6):1 i,751-11,755.

Sea surface temperature has been observed to fall by as much as 6°C in response to the passage of a hurricane; considerable upward movement of cold water has also been observed. This upward move- ment of cold water is well understood and is a feature of studies with numerical models; the question, however, remains as to how much the cooling of the sea surface is enhanced by the upwelling compared to that which would occur from vertical mixing alone. This paper addresses this question and applies the ideas raised to discuss the role upwelling plays in the numerical experiments of Chang and Anthes (1978). Atmos. Phys. Gr., Impe- rial Coll. of Sci. and Tech., London, UK.

86:2597 Hartman, Blayne and D.E. Hammond, 1985. Gas

exchange in San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia, 129:59-68. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0741, USA.

86:2598 Jahne, B. et al., 1985. He and Rn gas exchange

experiments in the large wind-wave facility of IMST [Institute de Mecanique Statistique de la Turbulence, Marseille, Francel. J. geophys. Res., 90(C6): 11,989-11,997.

The experiments included simultaneous measure- ments of Rn and He gas exchange rates, wave slope measurements at four fetches, and bubble meas- urements. Compared with transfer velocities meas- ured previously in smaller tunnels, results are considerably lower. This effect can be explained qualitatively by differences in the wave field, which must be taken into account as an important param- eter for gas exchange. Wave breaking, starting at 12 m/s wind, was not intense. Consequently, only low bubble densities are obtained, not significantly enhancing gas exchange. Inst. for Umweltphysik der Univ. Heidelberg, FRG.

OLR (1986) 33 (5) B. Marine Meteorology 379

86:2599 Kagan, B.A., V.A. Ryabchenko and A.S. Safray,

1985. Numerical experiments on estimates of the response of the ocean-atmosphere system to anthropogenic changes in the vegetation cover. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 21(8):803-809. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Changes in vegetation cover are accompanied by enhanced albedo, reduced soil moisture content and increased atmospheric CO z. Using a seasonal ther- modynamic model of-the ocean-atmosphere system, the character and scale of possible climatic con- sequences due to variations of these parameters are investigated.

86:2600 Kang, Y.Q., 1985. On annual variations of seawater

ISSTI and air temperatures [AT] and sea-air temperature separation [SST-AT] in the East Sea (Japan Sea). Bull. Korean Fish. Soc., 18(4): 374-380.

In the Tsushima Current region of the Japan Sea, the annual means of SST and AT are high due to warm water advection by the current; annual amplitudes of SST and AT are small because the annual variations of heat advection by the current and of the incoming solar radiation are almost out of phase. In summer the SST and AT are almost the same, but in winter the SST is 6-10C ° higher than the AT. Physical processes responsible for the observed SST-AT in the Japan Sea and their consequences in thermal interactions are discussed. Dept. of Oceanogr., Natl. Fish. Univ. of Pusan, Nam-gu, Pusan 608, Korea.

86:2601 Lau, N.-C., 1985. Modeling the seasonal dependence

of the atmospheric response to observed El Nifios in 1962-76. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(11):1970- 1996.

Two 15-year atmospheric GCM integrations are conducted with the lower boundary over the tropical Pacific being forced by observed month-to-month SST changes during the period 1962-76. A descrip- tive account is given on selected aspects of the 30-year model climatology, as well as the anomalous model behavior through the life cycles of El Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes cen- tered in the years 1965, 1969 and 1972. These model results are compared with published observations. Capability of the model to simulate the seasonal dependence of various climatological features rele- vant to ENSO is assessed. The phenomena examined include the flow field and rainfall in different monsoon regions, the planetary scale waves in the

extratropics, and the low-level convergence zones in the tropical Pacific Basin. GFD Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08542, USA.

86:2602 Manabe, Syukuro and R.T. Wetherald, 1985. CO z

and hydrology. Adv. Geophys., 28(A):131-159.

Results from a series of climate sensitivity studies suggest future increases in atmospheric CO2 may lead not only to temperature changes but also to alterations in global hydrology. Predicted changes include: increased precipitation and evaporation rates, increased high latitude run-off, earlier snow- melt, increased summer dryness and winter soil moisture in middle and high latitudes, and decreased winter soil moisture in the poleward periphery of a subtropical desert. Underlying mechanisms are discussed and the need for coupled ocean-atmos- phere studies is stressed. GFD Lab., NOAA, Prince- ton, N J, USA. (gsb)

86:2603 Philander, S.G. and E.M. Rasmusson, 1985. The

Southern Oscillation and El Nifio. Adv. Geophys., 28(A): 197-215.

A review is presented of current knowledge of the El Nifio-Southern Oscillation, an interannual phenom- enon characterized by anomalously warm surface waters in the tropical Pacific and associated climatic and ecological changes. Seasonal and interannual variability, teleconnections, and the 1982-1983 episode are discussed; special emphasis is placed on air-sea interactions. GFD Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA. (gsb)

86:2604 Riordan, A.J., S. SethuRaman, J.M. Davis and S.

Viessman, 1985. Measurements in the marine boundary layer near a coastal front [Cape Hat- teras area]. Geophys. Res. Letts, 12(10):681-684.

The front, although commonly associated with the development of coastal cyclones, is shallow and often difficult to detect. During the case described, the coastal front divides air masses of quite different character. To the east of the surface wind shift line a warm, statically unstable boundary layer was asso- ciated with strong fluxes of latent heat from the surface. To the west, however, the boundary layer was cold and stable with negligible air-sea heat exchange. A low-level jet in the frontal zone carried the warm moist air westward toward eastern North Carolina. Subsequent moderate precipitation and cyclone passage may be associated with the frontal boundary. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., NC, USA.

380 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1986) 33 (5)

BI80. Winds

86:2605 Park, S.-U. and D.N. Sikdar, 1985. Barotropic

instability over the Arabian Sea during the onset of summer monsoon 1979. Mausam, 36(3):275- 286.

Analysis of winds over the Arabian Sea indicates that low-level winds increase significantly, an onset vortex develops, and the low-level westerly jet shifts northward and broadens in the central Arabian Sea prior to monsoon onset over southern India. A linear barotropic stability analysis of zonal winds during different monsoon stages shows that barotropic instability is important only during the early phases of the monsoon over the Arabian Sea and is confined to the lower troposphere. The barotropic wave disturbance, revealed in barotropic stability diagrams, tilts SE-NE, implying northward trans- port of the westerly momentum. The net gain of momentum just north of the maximum zonal shear zone may be responsible for an acceleration of the flow and the broadening of the low-level jet over the Arabian Sea. Dept. of Meteorol., Coll. of Nat. Sci., Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151, Korea.

B190. Pressure gradients, air masses

86:2606 Businger, Steven, 1985. The synoptic climatology of

polar low outbreaks. Tellus, 37A(5):419-432.

Model results reveal significant negative anomalies in both the temperature and height fields at the 500 mb level over the Norwegian and Barents Seas, indicating strong positive vorticity and very low static stability on the days when mature polar lows were present. Ridging along the west coast of Greenland and trough development north of Nor- way resulted in a northerly flow as much as 3 days prior to the outbreak of polar lows, and the development of low-level baroclinicity. The evolu- tion of the negative height anomaly just prior to polar low outbreaks is suggestive of forcing by a migratory short wave aloft; the 1000-500 mb thickness composite supports this view. However, comparison of the surface and thickness composites reveals only slight asymmetries in the respective contours, indicating that the atmosphere was nearly equivalent barotropic on the days when strong polar lows were present over the region. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

86:2607 Carleton, A.M., 1985. Satemte climatological aspects

of the 'polar low' and 'instant occlusion.' Tellus,

37A(5):433-450. Dept. of Geog. , Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

86:2608 Chu, Pao-Shin and R.W. Katz, 1985. Modeling and

forecasting the Southern Oscillation: a t ime- domain approach. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(11): 1876-1888.

An index consisting of the difference of normalized SLP departures between Tahiti and Darwin is used to represent the SO fluctuations. Using a time- domain approach, the autoregressive-moving aver- age (ARMA) process which is chosen to fit the monthly SO1 expresses the index for the current month as a function of both the SOl one month and seven (or nine) months ago, as well as the current and previous month's random error. A purely autoregressive process is identified as representative of the seasonal SO fluctuations, with the SO1 for the current season being derived from the index for the immediate past three seasons and a single random disturbance term for the current season. Examples help illustrate the degree to which the future behavior of the SOI is predictable on the basis of its past history alone. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

86:2609 Rasmussen, Erik, 1985. A case study of a polar low

development over the Barents Sea. Tellus, 37A(5):407-418.

In the Bear Island region, the polar low develops when an upper-level cold core vortex from the northeast is advected across the ice edge and the region of extreme SST gradients in the Svalbard- Bear Island region. Strong convection is believed to play an important role in the transformation of the upper-level vortex into a polar low with greatest intensity near the surface. Meteorol. Dept., Univ. of Copenhagen, Haraldsgade 6, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.

86:2610 Rasmussen, E. (organizer), 1985. [Polar lows.] Sym-

posium, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 1984. [Special section.] Tellus, 37A(5):393-477; 7 papers.

86:2611 Sardie, J.M. and T.T. Warner, 1985. A numerical

study of the development mechanisms of polar lows. Tellus, 37A(5):460-477.

The Atlantic polar low developed in a shallow but intense baroclinic zone in the Denmark Strait region during the first 24 h of the forecast period;

OLR (1986) 33 (5) B. Marine Meteorology 381

baroclinity was sufficient to allow realistic devel- opment while the polar low was in the vicinity of this baroclinic zone. However, both convective and non-convective latent heating and the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat were necessary for the simulation of observed development after this polar low entered the Norwegian Sea. Like the Atlantic polar low, the Pacific polar low developed in an intense baroclinic zone, but this baroclinic zone was deep. Baroclinity in conjunction with only non- convective latent heating overdeveloped the polar low, unlike the analytic results. It was only through the use of the convective parameterization and the convective heating profile that correct development of the simulated Pacific polar low resulted. Surface fluxes played little role; moist baroclinity and CISK were important to the observed development of both polar lows. Australian Numerical Meteorol. Res. Centre, P.O. Box 5089AA, Melbourne, Vict. 3001, Australia.

86:2612 Wilhelmsen, Kari, 1985. Climatological study of

gale--producing polar lows near Norway 11978- 1982]. Tellus, 37A(5):451-459.

The polar lows were most frequent in December and January; in February, there were only two cases. The lows were observed in weather situations with wind from NE, N or NW in the Norwegian Sea or Barents Sea, and with synoptic scale cyclones somewhere between Iceland and Novaya Zemlya. Half of the tracks crossed the area between Bear Island and the coast of North Norway. The propagation speed was usually between 8 and 13 m/s over the sea, and between 15 and 20 m/s over land. North Norway Weather Central, P.O. Box 2760 Elverhoy, N-9001 Tromso, Norway.

B220. Waves

86:2613 Willmott, A.J., 1985. The generation of baroclinic

Rossby waves by meridional oscillations of a zonal wind stress. Geophys. astrophys. Fluid Dynam., 34(1-2):39-63. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Exeter, North Park Rd., Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.

B250. Clouds

86:2614 Mukherjee, A.K. and G. Gurunadham, 1985. Stratus

clouds off Yemen coast. Mausam, 36(3):287-290. Meteorol. Off., Pune, India.

B270. Precipitation

86:2615 Chen, Yi-Leng, 1985. Tropical squall lines over the

eastern Atlantic during GATE. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(11):2015-2022.

During the entire period of GATE, all oceanic squall lines over the A/B array developed in the vicinity of the near-equatorial convergence zone (NECZ) when a strong midtropospheric easterly jet along the leading and southern borders of a Saharan air outbreak was observed. The peak magnitude of the jet exceeded 16 m s ~ for all squall line occurrences. Phase III easterly wave activity was the most pronounced of the three phases. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.

86:2616 Fujita, Masaharu, Ken'ichi Okamoto, Harunobu

Masuko, Takeyuki Ojima and Nobuyoshi Fugono, 1985. Quantitative measurements of path-integratod rain rate by an airborne micro- wave radiometer over the ocean. J. atmos, ocean. Technol., 2(3):285-292.

The equation of radiative transfer is used to quantitatively relate the antenna temperature to the rain rate profile inferred by the scatterometer. Influence of the SST on radiometer measurements of rain is evaluated by a model computation; predic- tion agrees excellently with the measurements. The effect of nonuniform rain along the propagation path is also evaluated. Excess antenna temperature in the 10 GHz band is proportional to the path- integrated rain rate, and a method for determining the reference temperature is suggested. Radio Res. Lab., Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan.

B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones, etc.

86:2617 Kurihara, Yoshio, 1985. Numerical modeling of

tropical cyclones. Adv. Geophys., 28(B):255-281.

Numerical modeling investigations carried out by the Hurricane Dynamics Project at NOAA's Geo- physical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory are reviewed. Modeling problems are discussed as are numerical simulations of cyclogenesis, storm intensification, hurricane structure, spiral bands and comma vor- tices and hurricane landfaUs. Future modeling needs

382 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1986)33 (5)

(improving numerical simulations and cyclone pre- diction) are also addressed. GFD Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA. (msg)

B310. Chemistry

86:2618 Levine, J.S., C.P. Rinsland and G.M. Tennille, 1985.

The photochemistry of methane and carbon monoxide in the troposphere in 1950 and 1985. Nature, Lond., 318(6043):254-257.

The ~ l%/yea r increase in tropospheric methane and ~2%/year increase in tropospheric carbon monoxide, deduced from recent analyses of ground- based solar infrared spectra recorded in 1950 and 1951, have very important implications for tropo- spheric chemistry. Photochemical calculations in- dicate that as a result of the increase of methane and carbon monoxide, levels of the hydroxyl radical, the key species in the photochemistry of the troposphere, may have decreased by about 25%. Atmos. Sci. Div., NASA Langley Res. Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA.

86:2619 Rinsland, C.P. and J.S. Levine, 1985. Free tropo-

spheric carbon monoxide concentrations in 1950 and 1951 deduced from infrared total column amount measurements . Nature, Lond., 318(6043):250-254.

Published total vertical column amounts of carbon monoxide deduced from infrared solar spectra recorded during 1950-51 have been reanalysed based on improved spectroscopic parameters for CO and a curve of growth. From a comparison of the 1950-51 results and modern measurements, an average increase of ~2% per year in the free tropospheric concentration of CO above Europe is estimated for 1950-77. Atmos. Sci. Div., NASA Langley Res. Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA.

86:2620 Rinsland, C.P., J.S. Levine and Thomas Miles, 1985.

Concentration of methane in the troposphere deduced from 1951 infrared solar spectra. Nature, Lond., 318(6043):245-248.

The 1-2% increase in tropospheric methane since 1977 has important implications for atmospheric photochemistry and climate. To extend the meas- urement baseline, researchers analysed solar ab- sorption spectra and determined mean troposphere CH 4 mixing ratios for the years 1951 and 1981; an average rate of CH 4 increase of 1.1_+0.2% per year for this period was found. Atmos. Sci. Div., NASA Langley Res. Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA.

B350. Pollution (see also C210-Chemica l pollution, E300-Effects of pollution, F250- Waste disposal)

86:2621 Tsunogai, Shizuo, Takayoshi Shinagawa and Taka-

yoshi Kurata, 1985. Deposition of anthropogenic sulfate and Pb-210 in the western North Pacific area. Geochem. J., 19(2):77-90.

Monthly deposition rates of sulfate, chloride, so- dium, calcium, and Pb-210 were determined over a two-year period at twelve stations in the Japanese islands. High winter deposition of sea salt particles was indicative of the strong winter monsoon. Global air pollution was suggested as the primary source of the consistent excess sulfate (3-10 g m 2 y~) depo- sition pattern. Dept. of Chem., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate 041, Japan. (gsb)

B380. Forecasting

86:2622 Krishnamurti, T.N., 1985. Numerical weather pre-

diction in low latitudes. Adv. Geophys., 28(B): 283-333.

The first single-level weather prediction models for the tropics could not perform better than clima- tology or persistence. With greater numbers of observations from surface- and space-based plat- forms, the analysis of motion, thermal, mass, and humidity fields is improving. A phenomenological thrust is seen where 'the detailed 3-dimensional definition of initial state on many scales will be based on statistical structure functions as well as dynamical principles.' Dept. of Meteorol., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL, USA. (mwf)

86:2623 Neumann, C.J., 1985. The role of statistical models in

the prediction of tropical cyclone motion. Am. Statistn, 39(4)(Pt. 2):347-357.

Tropical cyclones occur over many of the Earth's tropical marine areas. Responsibility for tracking and predicting the future storm course is assigned to one or more domestic or foreign meteorological services. These services routinely activate a number of statistical and dynamical prediction models as objective guidance preparatory to issuing official forecasts on these storms. The role of the statistical models in this process is examined. Res. and Develop. Unit, Natl. Hurricane Center, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.

OLR ~ 1986) 33 (5) 383

86:2624 Pike, A.C., 1985. The use of meteorological data in

the prediction of tropical cyclones. Am. Statistn, 39(4)(Pt.2):335-346.

Recent studies have shown that the ability to forecast tropical cyclone motion and intensity has not improved significantly over the past decade, in spite of apparent advances in the statistical and dynamical modeling of the motion- and intensity- change processes. The quality and quantity of data have apparently not kept pace with the modeling efforts; in fact, increased sophistication in modeling alone may be counterproductive. This study exam- ines the entire data problem, discusses the remedial measures being taken, and points out some of the pitfalls in the statistical use of meteorological data. Res. and Develop. Unit, Natl. Hurricane Center, Coral Gables, FL 33146-2976, USA.

86:2625 Sikka, D.R., S.S. Singh and S. Rajamani, 1985. Some

results of the impact of additional data collected during MONEX-79 on the performance of an objective analysis scheme and barotropic predic- tion. Mausam, 36(3):309-314. Indian Inst. of Tropical Meteorol., Pune, India.

B440. Books, collections (general)

86:2626 Manabe, Syukuro (guest editor), 1985. Issues in

atmospheric and oceanic modeling. Part A. Climate dynamics. Adv. Geophys., 28(A): 1-591; 19 papers.

These 19 papers devoted to climate dynamics comprise the first of a two-part volume dedicated to Joseph Smagorinsky, the recently retired Director of

NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University. They review the progress made in theoretical meteorology over the past 30 years and Smagorinsky's influence as a pioneer of the organic model-building process. General cir- culation models (GCM) have made long-range weather forecasting possible and increased our understanding of the consequences of increasing CO2 on climate conditions, of ozone depletion in the stratosphere, and the possible effects of a nuclear exchange on atmospheric circulation. Articles cover climate, the middle atmosphere, planetary atmos- pheres, and ocean dynamics; each is discussed in terms of historical perspective, present status, and future research prospects. (lit)

86:2627 Manabe, Syukuro (volume editor), 1985. Issues in

atmospheric and oceanic modeling. Part B. Weather dynamics. Adv. Geophys., 28(B): 1-431; 13 papers.

This volume is dedicated to Joseph Smagorinsky for his contributions to dynamical meteorology, par- ticularly his early realization of the value of large-scale numerical models constructed jointly by theoreticians and computer specialists. Four parts comprise the issue: numerical weather prediction (medium range forecasting at the ECMWF, ex- tended range forecasting, predictability studies, data assimilation); mesoscale dynamics (mesoscale pre- dictability, thermal and orographic mesoscale sys- tems, atmospheric front theory); tropical dynamics (cyclone modeling, low-latitude weather prediction); and turbulence and convection (sub-grid-scale mod- eling, ensemble average, turbulence closure, the planetary boundary layer, modeling convection). GFD Lab., NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA. (msg)

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

C10. Apparatus and methods

86:2628 Carignan, R., F. Rapin and A. Tessier, 1985.

Sediment porewater sampling for metal analysis: a comparison of techniques. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 49(11):2493-2497.

Sediment centrifugation at 5000 rpm followed by filtration (0.45 /~m membrane) was equivalent to dialysis for Co, Ni, Cr, Fe, Mn but gave higher and more variable concentrations for Cu, Zn and organic carbon. Concentrations comparable to those ob- tained by dialysis were found when centrifugation speed was increased to i 1,000 rpm and when 0.2 or