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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

One of the major problems most developing countries facing today is air

pollution and the major source of which is automobiles running on road. To reduce

the worlds pollution problems there is no one optimum solution, but one thing is for

sure; the automobile must clean up its act. Automobile factors like an increase in

fossil fuel consumption eventually emissions of !, "O#, and !O$will be increased

in accordance with these factors. The huge number of vehicles in the developing

countries will give a serious environmental load and therefore current technologies

like engine control and catalyst should be transferred to developing countries to

minimi%e automobile emissions.

The !O$ emission ratio during actual use is e#tremely large compared to other

process. Therefore; it would be very effective to develop high fuel economy and low

fuel consumption from !O$emission point of view. !oncerning resource availability

there has been a strong warning indicating that petroleum resources may be depleted

in the relative near future.

&asoline which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars isbecoming more and more e#pensive and impractical, especially from an

environmental standpoint. 'n the process of burning gasoline, it produces carbon

mono#ide, "itrogen o#ides and unburned hydrocarbons which are the main pollutants

and are responsible for bad effects of pollution.

There comes need to think about alternatives such as (iodiesel and natural

gas, )lectric cars, ybrid cars, ydrogen fuel cells but, these alternative fuels also

have some drawbacks which are discussed in detail in chapter * as comparative study.

One possible alternative fuel is the compressed air.There are ongoing projects

that are developing a new type of car that will run on compressed air. 'n this seminar

report of AIR POWERED CARS, we will learn about the technology behind

compressed air cars being developed and how these cars are best options providing

most comprehensive answer to todays urban pollution problems in simple economic

and most inoffensive manner which makes car users to replace their present cars

running on gasoline in the coming years as these cars are safe to use safe to users and

are also environment friendly.

+

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CHAPTER 2

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

One of the versions of an airpowered car is being developed by Ae

Her!"er#and his team of researchers at the -niversity of ashington using the

concept of a steam engine, e#cept there is no combustion. The ashington

researchers use li/uid nitrogen as the propellant for their 0"$111 prototype air car.

The researchers decided to use nitrogen because nitrogen makes up about 23 percent

of the )arth4s atmosphere.

The li/uid nitrogen, stored at 5$1 degrees 6ahrenheit 7+89 degrees !elsius:,

is vapori%ed by the heat e#changer. The heat e#changer is the heart of the 0"$1114s

cryogenic engine, which gets its name from the e#tremely cold temperature at whichthe li/uid nitrogen is stored. Air moving around the vehicle is used to heat the li/uid

nitrogen to a boil. Once the li/uid nitrogen boils, it e#pands to about 211 times the

volume of its li/uid form. This highly pressuri%ed gas is then fed to the e#pander,

where the force of the nitrogen gas is converted into mechanical power by pushing on

the engine4s pistons. The only e#haust is nitrogen, and since nitrogen is a major part of

the atmosphere, the car gives off little pollution.

ome of the leftover heat in the engine4s e#haust is cycled back through the

engine to the economi%er, which preheats the nitrogen before it enters the heat

e#changer, increasing efficiency. Two fans at the rear of the vehicle draw in air

through the heat e#changer to enhance the transfer of heat to the li/uid nitrogen.

The ashington researchers have developed a crude prototype of their car,

using a converted +83* &rummanOlson ainly?the fact that frost builds up and reduces the efficiency of the car.

$: Also with e#haust 0"$111 emits cold nitrogen gas which free%es water

vapor in the air to form small clouds behind the vehicle.

5: 't consumes about five gallons of nitrogen fuel per mile also it reaches a top

speed of only $$ m. p. h. and fails to accelerate up on hills.

*: Also the motor operates at less than $1 percent of efficiency.

Thus 0"$111 has failed due to lack of power, performance and fuel economy

$

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ith the same basic principle the ne#t version of air car has been developed

by &uy "egre, an engineer from the little town of !arros, 6rance, both literally and

figuratively. @uring his career of designing engines for lightweight aircraft and

formula one race car engines he became familiar with isotherm dynamics, a process

that creates power by e#panding air at an almost constant temperature. 'nstead of

using li/uid nitrogen "egre theori%ed that by heating and e#panding supercooled

compressed air he could power a nonpolluting car. !ompressed air is used to start

6ormula One cars, but in this case the compressed air is the fuel driving a motor with

classic components such as pistons and valves. To power the pistons, negres two

cylinder motor uses a combination of heated outside air and super compressed air

from tanks stored under the car.

The car can be refueled at home in four hours by a small compressor in the car

linked to the house electricity supply. hile the air is free, the electricity used to

refuel the tank at home would cost less than $. A rapid recharge, using a high

pressure air pump, charges the air tanks in $ 5 minutes at a compressed air filling

station. The basic principle of air car is protected worldwide by more than $1 patents

owned by >@'.

The >@' patents cover not only the basic principal, but also the means of

making it economically feasible. 6or this purpose, the conventional cylinders, pistons

and connectingrods have been redesigned. ystems for the recuperation of energy

have been developed as well as a new power transmission assembly.

To demonstrate the viability of the concept, three prototype vehicles e/uipped

with air, monoenergy, engines were developed. A ta#i called BTOCB 7Ta#i %ero

Collution:, a delivery van and a pickup truck were built. 'n >ay +883, the first road

tests of these prototypes were done in (rignoles, 6rance. The potential market for the

Bclean engineB concept is immenseD e.g., vehicles such as ta#is, buses, vans, delivery

trucks, industrial warehouse tractors, golf buggies, lake or canal boats and many other

applications in which fi#ed engines are primarily used in urban or restricted areas.

A version of the >@' engine can, in addition to air, also function with the use

of traditional fuel after vehicle reaches 91 kmph which is electronically controlled.

To manage the development process successfully, >@' has contracted its

product research and development activities to !E6@ Air olution, a company based

in (rignoles, 6rance. ere, under the direction of &uy "egre, some $1 engineers and

technicians have at their disposal the most modern e/uipment for engine and vehicle

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development, testing and production, supported by the latest in information

technology.

-ntil now, the main activities of this group have been to perfect the engine

and vehicle prototypes. After the first applications of the >@' monoenergy engine

have demonstrated, the engine will be introduced to major car manufacturers in order

to study its adaptation for their common models. The engine will be produced by the

manufacturers within their e#isting structures. The engine is significantly lighter less

e#pensive to produce, maintain and utili%e, pollutes less when it runs on fuel and is

totally pollution free when it runs on air.

>r. "egres silent, odourfree engine design was chosen for the world4s most

polluted city after a worldwide search by the >e#ican authorities that included tests

on do%ens of electric and other nonpolluting e#perimental vehicles. The ta#is,

produced by >otor @evelopment 'nternational 7>@': in (rignoles, 6rance, will hit

the streets of >e#ico !ity. Femarkably, these vehicles don4t stop at %ero pollution but

they actually remove pollution from the air. hen a driver brakes, the >@' vehicle

takes in polluted air and filters it, e#pelling the cleaned air upon acceleration. >@'

vehicles are e#pected to be released internationally at an average price of +5,111.

A >e#ican licensee, @ina, has signed a contract to produce an estimated

*1,111 GC ta#is and urban delivery vehicles a year. 't hopes to replace all of >e#ico

!ity4s 32,111 petrol and diesel ta#is.

The car is being studied by other countries, including the "etherlands, because

it can also clean up air that has been polluted by petrol vehicles.

(ut it may take even longer to persuade automobile manufacturers to build it.

(ecause car companies have set mentalities, they have already spent a great deal of

money on the electric car, which turned out be heavy and e#pensive, so they don4t

want to listen to another new idea. The >e#ican government, on the other hand, is all

ears. 't4s backing an order for *1.111 G.C. Ta#is to replace the gasoline and diesel

models in >e#ico !ity, which suffers from probably the worst air pollution in the

world due to its high altitude. >e#ico4s !ity first pollutionfree ta#is will hit the

streets in two years. hile they are not yet ready to displace fossil fuels, %ero

pollution vehicles can still play an important role in reducing the level of greenhouse

gases. 'f we start with ta#is, then move to buses and vans, it will take very little time

to improve the pollution problem in our cities.

*

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CHAPTER -

DETAILS O AIR POWERED CAR

1/ Air !a0+s

The air tanks in air powered cars are composed of an interior thermoplastic

container which ensures it is airtight. This is held in a coiled and crossed carbon fibre

shell. This techni/ue is the result of many studies into factors such asD mechanical

specifications, density of material, choice of fibres etc. 7Fefer figure no.5.+:

The specifications of tank are,

>a#imum effective pressureD 7511 bars:

Temperature of useD 7H*1I! to 91I!:

The tanks weigh 5= *1 kg for +11 liters of air at 511 bars.

pecial machines make the tubular shell as shown in figure 7Fefer figure no.5.$:

The tanks are submitted to numerous tests to meet official approval such asD

+: Cressure testing 7*1= b: $: Fupture testing 721= b:

5: !ycles at ambient and e#treme temperatures *: 6ireresistance testing

=: Fesistance to cuts 9: hock and fall testing

2: Airtight testing

@uring rupture testing, the tank cracks, but does not break up, producing nosplinters or fragments. 'n the event of a cracked tank, it is most likely to occur within

the cylinder itself

Ao%! !'e sae!3 o !'e compressed air s!ora#e !a0+s

Though these tanks hold 81 cubic metres of air compressed to 511 bars, even

in the case of a major accident, they would not e#plode since they are not metal.

'nstead an elongated crack would appear in the tank, without e#ploding, and the air

would simply escape, producing a loud but harmless noise. 6or e#tra security, aprotective plate is fi#ed underneath the vehicles chassis and in addition limits circuit

of high pressure air. 7Fefer figure no.5.5:

2/ C'assis

(ased on its e#perience in aeronautics, >@' has put together highlyresistant,

yet light, chasses, aluminium rods glued together. -sing rods enables us to build a

more shockresistant chassis than regular chasses. Additionally, the rods are glued in

the same way as aircraft, allowing /uick assembly and a more secure join than with

welding. This system helps to reduce manufacture 7Fefer figure no.5.*:

=

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-/ Air i)!er

The >@' engine works with air that is taken from the atmosphere and air pre

compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the onboard compressor or at service

stations e/uipped with a highpressure compressor.

(efore compression, the air must be filtered to get rid of any impurities that

could damage the engine. !arbon filters are used to eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and

other particles which, unfortunately, are found in the air in our cities.

't is the first time that a car eliminates and reduces e#isting pollution rather

than emitting dirt and harmful gases. The e#haust pipe on the >@' cars produces

clean air, which is cold on e#it 7between +=J and 1J: and is harmless to human life.

ith this system the air that comes out of the car is cleaner than the air that went in.

5/ E)ec!rica) s3s!em

&uy "Kgre, inventor of the >@' Air !ar, ac/uired the patent for an interesting

invention for installing electrics in a vehicle. -sing a radio transmission system, each

electrical component receives signals with a microcontroller. The >@' vehicles have

only one wire weighing less than one kilo, thus only one cable is needed for the whole

car. o, instead of wiring each component such as headlights, dashboard lights, lights

inside the car, etc, one cable connects all electrical parts in the car. This wire acts as a

waveguide to convey the commands to microchips that actually operate all electric

parts in the car. o the vehicle functions like a mini'nternet network, for

communication between vehicles. The advantages are the ease of installation and

repair and the removal of the appro#imately $$ kg of wires. hats more, the entire

system becomes an antitheft alarm as soon as the key is removed from the car.

The >@' vehicles will be nothing like Lcars.M They will take customers into a

new era of advanced, significantly safer and more secure, clean, low cost, mobility.

6/ E0#i0e o Air Car

!haracteristicsD ingle energy bicylindrical +$11cc engine with a pause at the

Ceak Fest Coint for 21I, variable volume e#pansion chamber, Cower limited to

$=cv.

)#pansion cylinderD +$11cc

Near of inventionD $111$11+

AdvantageD 'mpressive tor/ue motor curve.

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@isadvantageD The utili%ation of two connecting crankshafts for gears caused

vibration problems.7Fefer figure no.5.= P 5.9:

i#%re 0o. -.5 C'assis o Air Car

i#%re 0o. -.6 E0#i0e %sed i0 Air Car

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i#%re 0o. -.7 E0#i0e de!ai)s

pecial features D The pistons are mounted on rollers to minimi%e friction and

the loss of due lateral force on the liner. The marginal lubrication is provided

by a low pressure oil pump which uses very little energy. 't utili%es the bo#erdesign and the pause at CFC with just one crank.

7/ $od3

The >@' car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are most of the cars

on the market today. This technology has two main advantagesD cost and weight.

"owadays the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of cost it is cheaper to

serially produce sheet steel bodies than fibre ones. owever, fibre is safer because it

doesnt cut like steel and is easier to repair i.e. it is glued, also it doesnt rust etc. >@'

is currently looking into using hemp fibre to replace fibreglass, and natural varnishes,

to produce +11Q noncontaminating bodywork 7Fefer figure no.5.2P5.3:

O!'er ea!%res o air car

Total massD 3$1 kg.

)ngine cut out during standstills.

Rariable opening distribution. 0ow consumption.

!onrod system with pause of piston at top dead centre which allow alower pressure injection 751 bars:.

!lassic distribution seal with reduced friction due to use of rollers.

Threestage e#pansion, almost isothermic.

>a#imum power 7$=hp: +3.5 a#imum tor/ue 9.5 kgm S $=11 rpm.

Fear mount engine and Fear wheel drive.

Automatic continuously variable transmission.

uspensionD 6rontD coil springs and FearD pneumatic.

@isk brakes.

Fack and pinion steering.

TiresD classic tyres replaced with BgreenB tyres increase mileage by =Q

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i#%re 0o. -.8 Ac!%a) pic!%re o od3 o Air Car

i#%re 0o. -.9 Loca!io0 o e0#i0e a0d air !a0+

O0 c'assis o Air Car

+1

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CHAPTER 5

WOR:IN; O AIR POWERED CAR

$asic pri0cip)e

Air at +11 degree !elsius and 511 bar pressure is used as a fuel. hen this air

is allowed to e#pand at atmospheric conditions its volume is increased many times

this energy produced is used to drive pistons of air powered car.

Although the technology is new, the idea isn4t completely unknown to

6ormula One car, since every 6ormula One engine starts with a shot of compressed

air as an )nergy(ooster. &uy "egre has simply e#tended this concept for running the

engines by heating and e#panding supercooled compressed air.

Ao%! *or+i0# c3c)e

The secret of the working of Air powered motor is simply to decompress the

air in stages and in so doing efficiently release energy at each point in the chain.

This process is repeated as many times as possible to e#tract the ma#imum

energy efficiency from the compressed air.

'ts secret is isotherm dynamics.

'sotherm dynamics is a process that creates power by e#panding air at an

almost constant temperature, cylindrical e#pansions are between the isothermic andthe adiabatic. 'sothermic e#pansion is defined by a constant temperature during the

increase in volume. Adiabatic e#pansion is characteri%ed by a lack of thermic

e#change with the e#terior.

'n the following figure the green line, represents the ideal transformation of

the compressed airD in effect, the air temperature is the same coming in and going out

of the cylinder, and power is ma#imi%ed. 7Fefer figure no. *.+:

On the contrary, the worst transformation is the Adiabatic transformation,represented by the red line. The derived power is minimal, and the air leaves the

system at a very low temperature indeed.

The blue line, or polytropic curve, represents the transformation that the >@'

motor realises, and the individual stages outlined above can be seen. The

transformation going through the first cylinder is represented by the polytropic line

7somewhere between our ideal isotherm and the adiabatic curve:. The temperature rise

brings the line closer to the isotherm, and allows the second and subse/uent stages to

produce more power.

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.

i#%re 0o.5.1 PV dia#ram o *or+i0# c3c)e

"egre theori%ed that by heating and e#panding supercooled compressed air he

could power a nonpolluting car. "egres company, >otor @evelopment 'nternational

7>@':, created what it calls the !ompressed Air Technology 7!AT: car by combining

a lightweight automobile body with a new type of small rearmounted engine

Wor+i0# opera!io0s

i#%re 0o. 5.2 Wor+i0# s!eps i0 air car

S!eps i0 *or+i0# c3c)e

A.The air is released through the main line firstly to an alternator $ where the first

stage of decompression takes place. The now cold air passes through a heat e#changer

Cwhich adds thermal energy to the air using the warmth of e#ternal air. and provides

a convenient opportunity for air conditioning D. The warmed compressed air now

+$

po)3!ropic

iso!'ermic

re'ea!i0#

adiaa!ic

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passes to the motor E. where a two more stages of decompression and reheating take

place. The motor drives the rear a#le ;through the transmission . !ontrol of engine

speed is through a conventional accelerator pedal H controlling a valve within the

motor. An energy recycler 7Gero

Collution >otors:. This 6rench company has designed a two cylinder air powered car

called the e.Rolution. The first cylinder in the engine is the intakecompression

cylinder, and the second is an e#hauste#pansion cylinder, with an air injector on each

cylinder 'n between these $, with the transfer and the chamber inlet valves into each

cylinder, is the combustion chamber.

i#%re 0o. 5.- E0#i0e o air car

+5

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+: The air is e#panded here straight from the compressed air tank, and then

compressed in the first cylinder, during the first cycle of the engine

$: Then passed to the second where it e#pands, where the pistons pause for a

while at that time small amount of compressed air from the tank is released into the

e#pansion chamber to create a low pressure, low temperature volume of about +*8psi.

Ar!ic%)a!ed co0>rod

The >@' conrod system allows the piston to BpauseB at top dead centre

during appro#imately 21 degrees of the rotation of the crankshaft allowing e#pansion

at constant volume. @ue to the piston pause at the T@! gets sufficient time to

establish the correct pressure which gives engine a high tor/ue at high FC>. o the

force e#erted on the crankshaft is less substantial than in a classic system.

7Fefer figure no.*.*:

i#%re 0o.5.5 Ar!ic%)a!ed co0 rod

5: hortly before the valve to the e#pansion cylinder is opened, a high speed

shutter connects the compression and the e#pansion chamber.

*: This sudden pressure and temperature difference between the two chambers

create pressure waives in the e#pansion chambers, thereby producing work in the

e#haust chamber that drives the piston to power the engine, and turning the

crankshaft.

=: 't is then passed out of the e#haust having gone through a chemical filter,

rather like a catalytic converter, before going back into the atmosphere. This is

commonly because in typical urban use, the air is much polluted, and so the air

e#pelled from the air powered car is cleaned.

+*

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Po*er !ra0smissio0

&ear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system developed by

>@'. A computer which controls the speed of the car is effectively continuously

changing gears.The mo!o>a)!er0a!orconnects the engine to the gearbo#.

't has many functionsD

't supports the !ATs motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.

As an alternator it produces brake power

't starts the vehicle and provides e#tra power when necessary

'ts steeringwheel is e/uipped with a =k electric motoalternator.

This motor is simultaneouslyD

the motor to compress air

the starting motor

the alternator for recharging the battery

an electric moderatorbrake

a temporary power supply 7e.g. for parking:

"o clutch is necessary. The engine is idle when the car is stationary and the

vehicle is started by the magnetic plate which reengages the compressed air. Carking

manoeuvres are powered by the electric motor.

D%e) e0er#3 s3s!em

The eries 5* !ATs engines can be e/uipped with and run on dual energies

fossil fuels and compressed air and incorporate a reheating mechanism 7a continuous

combustion system, easily controlled to minimi%e pollution: between the storage tank

and the engine. This mechanism allows the engine to run e#clusively on fossil fuel

which permits compatible autonomy on the road.

hile the car is running on fossil fuel, the compressor refills the compressed

air tanks. The control system maintains a %eropollution emission in the city at speeds

up to 91 kmh.

Dis!ri%!io0 a0d (a)(es

To ensure smooth running and to optimi%e energy efficiency, !ATs engines

use a simple electromagnetic distribution system which controls the flow of air into

+=

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the engine. This system runs on very little energy and alters neither the valve phase

nor its rise.

$ra+e po*er reco(er3

The >@' vehicles will be e/uipped with a range of modern systems.6or e#ample, one mechanism stops the engine when the car is stationary i.e. at traffic

lights, junctions etc. -nlike conventional cars, the engine does not operate in traffic

jams, which thus saves on fuel. Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system

when the car brakes, the kinetic energy from braking is used to drive a pump that

helps to restore some of the lost pressure.

The !AT4s motor does re/uire a small amount of oil, about 1.3 ltrs that the

driver will have to change just every 5+,111 miles 7=1,111 km:. Air tanks fi#ed is

filled with normal air to a pressure of 511kCa an hold about 511 liters of air. This

compressed air can travel up to $11 km at a top speed of 89.= kph.

Re%e)i0# The air tanks could be refilled in one of two ways i.e.

+: )ither by using a household electrical source, it takes about four hours to refill the

compressed air tanks. Tanks are refilled by plugging the car into a mains socket to

feed the motoralternator which compresses the air with the motorcompressor.

$: Or by means of a special system, i.e. a rapid threeminute recharge is possible,

using a highpressure air pump at air stations. 7Fefer figure no. *.= P *.9:

These methods consume electrical energy which loads the power stations also

leading to increase pollution since power stations depend on fossil fuels for power

generation. ence some alternative sources of refueling which can be used in future

are; wind energy, hydraulic systems, fuel cells, photovoltaics etc can be used.

Eicie0c3

Gero Collution >otor vehicles would run at a cost of +ckm. 't would cost

F$=1 755c -: to fill the tank with air and the engine would have to be serviced only

once every =1,111km, because it runs cold. The engine weights just 5$ kg, but it can

do 81 kph. hen seating five people, the car the engine is lodged in, can accelerate

from 181 in 2 seconds.

'ts superefficient, and since it uses no combustion, it produces no air

pollution; ironically, the air from the e#haust is cleaner than the air that goes in

because of an internal filter. There is even an option for a hybrid model that would

automatically switch to a combustion engine mode burning traditional fuels when

+9

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the vehicle reached a certain speed. 791 kmph: Thus it is best option not only to stop

pollution but to reduce the present pollution.

i#%re 0o. 5.6 Hi#' press%re compressor a! air s!a!io0

i#%re 0o. 5.7 Hi#' press%re #as ?e! or re%e)i0# air (e'ic)es

+2

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CHAPTER 6

COMPARATIVE STUD@

6ollowing are the types of fuels or cars which are available in practice

nowadays but each of them has drawbacks when which compared with air powered

cars shows that air powered cars are best options to the current conditions.

1/;aso)i0e 't has two problems when burned in car engines. The first problem has

to do with smog and o%one in big cities. The second problem has to do with carbon

and green house gases. !atalytic converters eliminate much of this pollution, but they

are not perfect either.

hereas air powered cars doesnt produce pollution at all because it runs on

compressed air only instead air e#pelled from air car gives cooling effect.

2/ $iodiese) a0d 0a!%ra) #as These can greatly reduce emissions and can be

distributed through the current infrastructure. >oreover, e#isting cars can be

converted to run on these fuels. The drawback is that these fuels are more e#pensive,

and still emit some pollution.

!omparatively air re/uired for air powered cars are very cheaply refuelled and

just takes 5 minutes for refueling and doesnt produce pollution at all.

-/ H3rid cars T'esecars are already on the road and selling like mad. They have

the pollution controlling advantages of electric cars combined with a range and

performance better than gas powered vehicles. Their only drawback is they still rely

on fossil fuels. Also the system can be very heavy, bulky, and costly and re/uires a

comple# control system. Other disadvantage is safety implications of energy storage

system and re/uirement of additional maintenance.hen compared with hybrid cars air powered cars are light in weight and are

cheap in cost with very simple control system with very less maintenance. Also air

powered cars do not use fuels like fossils fuels henceforth maintaining the natural

resources of earth.

5/ H3dro#e0 %e) ce))s >ajor drawback to current fuel cell technology is that it

re/uires e#tremely high temperatures, to get the %irconium membrane to convert gas

into electricity. The reason fuel cells have not entered into the marketplace is because

they are very e#pensive right now. ydrogen is plentiful, but it re/uires power to

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separate it out of other compounds. hereas air powered cars runs on compressed air

only doesnt re/uire power for processing and very cheaply available.

6/ E)ec!ric cars These cars have been under development for years, but most of

those in production suffer from poor range or performance. "ew chemical battery

technologies improve the range and performance, but possibly at the cost of safety or

chemical pollution in the batteries. >ost batteries use heavy metals are not

environmentally friendly. And the better the battery is, the more e#pensive it is.

hereas air powered cars uses only air for operation and are economical as

well as environmental friendly. 6ollowing table shows comparative statement for

different features of air powered cars with the )lectric cars available in market todayD

Compariso0 c'ar! 2&&&

Nissa0

A)!ra EV

2&&1

To3o!a Ra(

5EV

2&&1 Ci!3 C.A.T

%e) !3pe )lectric )lectric Compressed Air

MP; A(#. +$5 +1* 1B9

A00%a) %e) cos! 55+.11 58+.11 22&.&&

A00%a) #ree0 'o%se #as emissio0s 5.= *.+ 1.2

Ra0#e +$8 +$9 12&

Top speed 2= mph 23 mph 7& mp'

E0#i0e c'arac!eris!ics 9$

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traffic lights, junctions etc. -nlike conventional cars, the engine does not

operate in traffic jams, which thus saves on fuel.

=: Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system when the car brake, the

kinetic energy from braking is used to drive a pump that helps to restore some

of the lost pressure.

9: @uring refueling the natural air is passed through carbon filter where the

impurities of the air are removed and henceforth the air e#pelled from the car

gives negative pollution i.e. it removes pollution from the surrounding air.

2: Air e#pelled from the engine has very less temperature below %ero degrees

which can be used for the A!s of the car. Also the air e#pelled from the car

has low temperature which gives cooling effect to surrounding.

3: 6or refueling at compressed air stations it re/uires only 5 minutes and also it

can be refueled at home within * hours.

8: Though the carrying capacity of the car is = persons, it can accelerate from 1

to =1 mph within 2 secs.

+1: To refuel the air tank of 511 ltrs at 511bars it re/uires appro# =.11 with

which it can travel upto $11 kms or can run for +1 hrs in city traffic. Thus

average running cost per km is + cent only.

++: )lectrics and e#isting cars re/uire some $= to 51 kg of wiring for functioning

of various parts whereas air powered cars uses single wire less than + kg for

various functioning and works like mini internet network.

+$: The cost factor for air powered cars is onetenth to the cost of gasoline cars.

Air po*ered cars a)so 'a(e some disad(a0!a#es )i+e

a: The power needed to develop compress air is electricity, and for generation of

electricity fuels are used which creates pollution at power stations.

b: hile operation the engine creates noise due to sudden e#pansion of air.

c: !onsidering power point of view air powered cars are still behind gasoline

cars.

(ut these drawbacks are not much serious and can be removed by,

-sing wind, hydraulic systems, fuel cells and photovoltaic to fill up air

tanks

(y encasing the engine to reduce noise

$1

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(y increasing air carrying capacity we can increase power output of air

car.

Thus air cars are the best options suitable to current conditions around us.

CHAPTER 7APPLICATIONS

Though air powered cars are meant mainly for individual consumers in urban

areas most of the early adopters will be businesses like ta#i services and local

transport.

Also products are manufactured for the retail and fleet customer market and

are mainly used for local transportation. )ach vehicle is e/uipped with the same type

of engine power output of $=C with a ma#imum speed of 93mph.6ollowing are some of the models developed by >@' D

1/ ami)3 car

@escription D A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The

vehicles design is based on needs of typical family

6eaturesD Airbag, air conditioning, 9 seats 7Fefer figure no. 9.+:

2/ Va0

@escriptionD @esign for daily use in industrial urban or rural environmentswhose primary drivers would be tradesmen farmers and delivery drivers.

6eatures D Airbag, air conditioning, $ seats, +.= m5 7Fefer figure no. 9.$:

i#%re 0o. 7.1 ami)3 car i#%re 0o.7.2 (a0

-/Ta4i

@escriptionD 'nspired by 0ondon ta#i with numerous ergonomic and comfort

advantages for the passenger as well as drivers.

$+

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6eatures D Airbag, air conditioning, 9 seats 76igure no. 9.5:

5/Pic+ %p car

@escriptionD The Cleasure car designed for e#cursions outdoor sports or water

sports. Also suitable for small business P tradesmen

6eatures D Airbag, air conditioning, 9 seats 76igure no. 9.*:

i#%re 0o. 7.- Ta4i i#%re 0o. 7.5 Pic+ %p car

Speciica!io0s *'ic' are commo0 !o ao(e mode)s

+: @imensionD 5.9*m, +.2$m, +.2=m $: eightD 2=1 a#imum speedD ++1 ileageD $11511 a#imum loadD =11 inicat is the city car of the future.

6eaturesD Airbag, air conditioning, A(, 5 seats, +.= m5. 76igure no. 9.=:

$$

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EMBED Word.Picture.8

i#%re 0o. 7.6 Mi0ica!

Speciica!io0s *'ic' are %0commo0 !'ose o ao(e me0!io0ed are

+: @imensionsD $.9=m, +.9$m, +.9*m $: >a#imum loadD $21 @' has developed various vehicles and systems which promise to drastically

change the outlook of public transportation and energy use.

i#%re 0o. 7.7 =ero po))%!io0 P%)ic !ra0spor!a!io0 co0cep!s

THE =ERO>POLLUTION PU$LIC TRANSPORTATION CONCEPTD B!AT4s

insideB

A new concept in public transportation, the >-0T'!AT is a train, consisting of a

number of carriagesD 7Fefer figure no. 9.9 P 9.2:

;e0era) O(er(ie* i#%re 0o 7.8 Dri(ers car

$5

The drivers car70ocomotive:

Cassenger carriages7agons:

http://www.theaircar.com/http://www.theaircar.com/

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)ach carriage is selfpowered and runs on an >@' !ATs 7!ompressed Air

Technology systems:

)ach passenger carriage is attached to the drivers car and has its own steering

which reproduces the same changes in direction as the drivers car and ensure perfect

coordinationD

)asy to drive

-rban agility

Acceleration and braking in the passenger carriages are coordinated with the

drivers car, and highly accurate intercarriage sensors maintain the distance between

each carriage. The drivers car controls the passenger carriage features such asD

opening and closing the doors, lights, heating, air conditioning and more.

The driver and passenger cars benefit from the noncontaminating technology

developed by >@'D

&lued aluminum chassis.

Twopart body with a layer of polyurethane foam.

inglecable electric system.

!arriages are e/uipped with pneumatic suspension

No0>com%s!io0 #e0era!io0 a0d co>#e0era!io0

Catented by >@', the !ATs eries 5* motocompressors motoalternators

are also noncombustion generators, very safe and very powerful.

hile running, the motoalternator, working as an engine gets its energy from

the citys mains supply and moves the motocompressor, working as a compressor to

replenish or maintain the high pressure of the air in the tanks.

'n the case of a power cut, the motocompressor automatically becomes anmotor and, powered by the compressed air from the tanks, forces the motoalternator

to switch into an alternator to provide electricity.

The basic 5* C1$ engine can produce generator sets of += $1 k at a very

attractive price.

6or higher power, >@' proposes an original and economical solution 7also

patented: according to which various lowpowered generator sets are grouped into a

rack, interconnected and controlled by an energy station. The motocompressor

motoalternators can thus be turned on as re/uired, one at a time or all together.

$*

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ossi) %e) #e0era!or se!

6or uninterrupted supply, the !ATs eries 5* motocompressor moto

alternator is perfectly adaptable to generation with combustible fuels such as gas,

petrol and diesel. -sing fossil fuel a !ATs eries 5* can produce appro#imately *1k. -sed in a multirack format, with $= motors interconnected, up to +111 k can

be reached. 'n parallel to providing electricity, the set of !ATs eries 5* generators

can supply compressed air to a filling station.

Ad(a0!a#es o !'e CATFs #e0era!or se!s

7+:"o worry about combustible provision 7$: !omplete starter safety

75: afety of use 7*: Attractive buying price

7=: -nprecedented running costsThus Air vehicles are also perfectly adopted to public transport also

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The pollution of world is increasing continuously so we need to find the ways

to find our power needs maintain /uality of life and protect the environment so there

is an obvious need to stop pollution just because we are not able to give up a means oftransport such as cars.

Cresent cars pollute clean air create health problems and poor air /uality so its

time to wake up and start being responsible for future generations.

'n urban areas pollution caused by traffic is responsible for diseased such as

chronic bronchitis and asthma attacks e/ually serious is the economic impact of this

pollution.

'f we really want to live in a globalised world we have to know that pollutionhave no bound when each of us owns a diesel or petrol car we will have millions of

e#haust pipes producing pollutions that we can hardly imagine.

There are various e#cellent solutions e#isting outside the world of petroleum

and its time to reali%e it. One of them is air powered vehicles as it is the only one

system which works against pollution and its side effects such as global warming.

The different versions of air powered vehicles provide e/uation most

comprehensive answer to urban pollution. They cost less to operate and are arguably

more environmental friendly.

$=

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These produce %ero pollution not only that during there operation they actually

remove pollution from air i.e. when driver brakes the air powered cars, the car takes in

the polluted air and filters it e#pelling the clean air upon acceleration.

Also during working the air e#pelled from the car is at temperature below %ero

degrees !elsius so unlike the traditional cars it doesnt add heat to surrounding

instead it makes surrounding colder thus preventing global warming effect produced

by traditional cars.

Thus the A'F CO)F)@ !AF are the best options which provide most

comprehensive answer to the present urban pollution problems in simple, economic

and inoffensive manner. Thus these vehicles are safe to manufacture, safe to use, safe

to users and also environment friendly.

GGGGG

REERENCES

7+.: www.howstuffworks.com

7$.: www.aircar.com

75.: www.%eropollution.com

7*.: www.bellwetherinteractive.com

7=.: www.globalstewards.org

79.: www.planetsave.com

72.: www.%evcat.com

73.: www.indranet.com

78.: www.carstreet.com

7+1.: www.technologyreview.com

7++.: >athur harma L'! )nginesM @hanpat Fai Cublications 7+888:

7@isadvantages of Traditional 6uels:

7+$.: @omkundwar, @omkundwar L'.!.)nginesM @hanpat Fai publications 7+888:

7@isadvantages of Alternative 6uels:

7+5.: Catrick Conticel Ligh time for ybridsM Automotive )ngg. 'nt., 6eb $11$

7@isadvantages of ybrid cars:

7+*.: @r. arton Anderson L>aking !leaner, !heaper 6uel cellsM, !lean edge news $2 Aug $11+, 7@isadvantages of ydrogen 6uel !ells:

$9

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7+=.: Abe ert%berg Lhy Air !ars are (etter than )lectric !arsM,

ashington )ducation $8 Aug $11+, 7@isadvantages of )lectric car (atteries: