Fasilitas PermukaanBagian Pertama

dari Kuliah Transmigas

RS. Trijana Kartoatmodjotrijana52@gmail.com

Universitas TrisaktiDepartemen Teknik Perminyakan

References

Surface Production Operations, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, Arnold, K., Stuart M.I., Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas

Oil Field Processing Volume One: Natural Gas, Manning F.S., Thompson, R.E., Buthod, P., PenWells Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma

References

Oil Field Processing Volume One: Crude Oil, Manning, F.S., Thompson, R.E., Buthod, P., Sublette, K.L., PenWells Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

GPSA Engineering Data Book, Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Grading

Attendance 10%(sesuai peraturan minimum 70%)

Assignments 20% Mid Semester 30% Final Exam 40%

Surface Production FacilitiesIntroduction

Evacuation

Compression

ContainmentRemoval

Dew PointConditioning

Gas

Oil

Evacuation

Degassing

Dehydration

Disposal

De-OilingWater

ProductionfromWells

Surface Treatment of Fluids

Separationand

Treatment

Oil Well Surface Treating System

Heater-Treater(Separates oil, gas

and emulsified water)

Oil storage

To pipeline

Wellhead

Free-Water Knockoutor Separator(Eliminates freewater and gas)

LACT Unit(Meters oil, measures

impurities, sends impure oil back to

heater-treater)

Lease Automatic Custody Transfer

Perforations

Packers Casing

Well Components

Christmas tree

AngelWellhead monitors and controls well pressures

Tubing

Casing head

Tubing head

Wellhead

Suspend casing and tubing in well

Master valve

Wellhead

Stops fluid flow, shutting in well

Casing valve

Wing valveControls production line

To productionequipment

Pressure gaugesChoke

Wellhead

Tee

To productionequipment

Basic Separator

Gas/oilMixture

Gas

Oil levelcontrolFloat

Oil

Gas

Oil

If oil level drops, float closes oil outlet

Vertical Separator

Primarily used for

high gas content wells

Gas

Oil

Three-Phase SeparatorGas

Water Oil

Feed

Demister

Weir

Water

Horizontal SeparatorPrimarily used for high liquid content wells

Courtesy of Expro Group

Horizontal Separator

Offshore Oil Storage

OilSales

Production platform(Oil processing only)

Oil storageplatform

Wells

Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading System (FPSO)

Anchor chainsFlexible risers

Shuttle tanker (transfers oil from moored

tanker to refinery)

Storage and treating tanker (moored to sea floor)

Floating Production,

Storage, and Offloading

System (FPSO)

Nodal Analysisand Artificial Lift

Artificial Lift

phPh = hydrostatic

pressure

pwfPwf = flowing well

pressure

Psurf = surface pressure

psurf

Artificial lift is required when reservoir pressure is not sufficient to lift fluids to surface.

Uses alternate sources to lift or lighten fluid column

Artificial Lift

Neglecting frictional forces, the well:

Flows if pwf

pwf

Ph = hydrostatic pressure

Pwf = flowing well pressure

Psurf = surface pressure

> ph + psurfph

psurf

+

Artificial Lift

pwf

Ph = hydrostatic pressure

Pwf = flowing well pressure

Psurf = surface pressure

ph

psurf

+

Dies if pwf ph + psurf

Neglecting frictional forces, the well:

Flows if pwf > ph + psurf

Artificial lift needed

Artificial Lift

Decreases backpressure against reservoir

Increases pressure difference (drawdown) between reservoir and wellbore.

Common Artificial Lift Types

Sucker rod pump (or beam pump)

Gas lift

Electric submersible pump (ESP)

Hydraulic pump

PCP

Sucker Rod Pumping

Most common artificial lift method. Used mostly in shallow to medium-depth oil fields (< 10,000 ft).

Identified by characteristic pump unit.

Surface pumping unit is connected via sucker rods to a downhole pump.

Conventional Rod Pumping System

Base

Polished Rod

Flow Line

Downhole Pump

HorseheadEqualizer Bearing

Pitman

Walking Beam

Samson Posts Must support load on polished rod

Strong enough to resist bending under weights at both ends

Holds polished rod on verticalTransfer rotary motion from cranks to walking

beam

Gas Lift InstallationsProduction

Conventionalvalves

Open installation

Gas Injection is performed in stages from top to bottom via gas lift valves until all liquid is removed and well is flowing

Gas injected at depth lightens density of the liquid column

Added gas decreases hydrostatic pressure

Fluid seal

Gas Lift InstallationsProduction

Conventionalvalves

Packer

Gas

Closed installation

Standingvalve

GAS LIFT PRODUCTIO

N FLOW CHART

Gas Lift Requirements

Careful design Surface gas compression and a

supply of gas No reciprocating rods

Less damaging to tubing No special wellhead equipment

Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)

Power Cable

Pump

Pump intake

Protector

MotorPerforations

Fluids enter system

Run with tubing stringBanded to tubing

Hung below fluid levelby discharge head

Equalizes pressuresIsolates motor from fluids

Mounted above perforations for cooling

Surface powerenters through wellhead

Fluid Level

ESPs

Designed to pump at very high flow rates (100 to 10,000 BPD)

Sensitive to solids and free gas

Under favorable conditions, can run several years

Less efficient than other methods

Expensive

Progressive Cavity Pump

Cross Section of PCP

Principals of hydraulic lift operation.

Operation of positive

displacement

Jet or Venturi Pump

Pressure

Rate

Natural flow (NF)Beam pumping (BP)

Electric submersiblepumping (ESP)

Gas lift (GL)

qNF qGLqBP qEP

Pressure Losses in Well System

P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir

P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion

P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing

P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline

Pr PePwfsPwf

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

P4 = (Pwh - Psep)

PsepSales line

Gas

LiquidStock tank

PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss

Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.

Pwh

Nodal Analysis

P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir

P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion

P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing

P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline

Pr PePwfsPwf

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

P4 = (Pwh - Psep)

PsepSales line

Gas

LiquidStock tank

PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss

Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.

Pwh

Inflow Performance Curve

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Production rate, STB/D

Flow

ing

botto

mho

le p

ress

ure,

psi

Inflow (Reservoir) Curve

Outflow Performance Curve

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Production rate, STB/D

Flow

ing

botto

mho

le p

ress

ure,

psi

Outflow (Tubing) Curve

System Graph

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Production rate, STB/D

Flow

ing

botto

mho

le p

ress

ure,

psi

Inflow (Reservoir) CurveOutflow (Tubing) Curve

2111 STB/D

1957.1 psi

Solution Node At Wellhead

P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir

P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion

P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing

P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline

Pr PePwfsPwf

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

P4 = (Pwh - Psep)

PsepSales line

Gas

LiquidStock tank

PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss

Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.

Pwh

System Graph - Wellhead Node

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Production rate, STB/D

Flow

ing

wel

lhea

d pr

essu

re, p

si

Inflow CurveOutflow Curve

2050 STB/D

500 psi

Pressure

Rate

Natural flow (NF)Beam pumping (BP)

Electric submersiblepumping (ESP)

Gas lift (GL)

qNF qGLqBP qEP

Basic Process Scheme

Process Overview

Oil and Gas Production

Oil and gas is produced in almost every part of the world.

Production from 100 bbl/day to 4000 bbl/day per well.

Depth of production from 20 m to 3000 m, and more.

Current trend of petroleum production: Explore reservoirs at ultra high water depth. Develop subsea production system

Production System

1. Onshore well2. Offshore, fixed,

muiltiplatforms3. Offshore, fixed, self

contained platforms4. Offshore, self contained,

concrete gravity platforms

5. Offshore, floating, single-point mooring

6. Storage/shuttle tanker7. Offshore, floating, tension

leg platforms8. Subsea manifolds

OnshoreProduction from a few tens barrels a day upward.Worldwide, there are several millions oil and gasproduction wells.Production system:sucker rod pump(donkey pump).

Onshore (Cont.) Heavy crude, tar sands and

oil shales have become economically extractible. Heavy crude may need

heating and diluent. Tar sands have lost their

volatile compounds and are strip mined or could be extracted with steam.

These unconventional of reserves may contain more than double thehydrocarbons found in conventional reservoirs.

Subsea FPSO Development

Accomodation

Heli-deck

Offloading

Power genarationProcess facilitiesShuttle tanker

Thruster

Mooring Chain/WireSubsea SystemsRiser

Thurett

Offshore Production System

Type of Offshore Platform

to 400 ft)

(to 1500 ft) (1500 to 3000 ft)

(1500 to 7000 ft)

(2000 to 10000 ft)

Type of Offshore Platform (Cont.)in relation with water depth

Shallow Water ComplexWater depth up to 100 m.Several independent platforms with different parts of the process and utilities linked with gangway bridges.Individual platforms will be described as:-Wellhead Platform-Riser Platform-Processing Platform-Accommodations-Platform and Power-Generation Platform

Integrated Steel Jacket Platform

Fasilitas PermukaanBagian Pertama dari Kuliah TransmigasReferencesReferencesGradingSurface Production FacilitiesIntroductionSurface Treatment of FluidsOil Well Surface Treating SystemWell ComponentsWellheadWellheadWellheadBasic SeparatorVertical SeparatorThree-Phase SeparatorHorizontal SeparatorHorizontal SeparatorOffshore Oil StorageFloating Production, Storage, and Offloading System (FPSO)Slide Number 19Nodal Analysisand Artificial LiftArtificial LiftArtificial LiftArtificial LiftArtificial LiftCommon Artificial Lift Types Sucker Rod PumpingConventional Rod Pumping SystemGas Lift InstallationsGas Lift InstallationsSlide Number 30Gas Lift RequirementsElectric Submersible Pump (ESP)ESPsProgressive Cavity PumpCross Section of PCPPrincipals of hydraulic lift operation.Operation of positivedisplacementJet or Venturi PumpSlide Number 39Pressure Losses in Well SystemNodal AnalysisInflow Performance CurveOutflow Performance CurveSystem GraphSolution Node At WellheadSystem Graph - Wellhead NodeSlide Number 47Basic Process SchemeProcess OverviewOil and Gas ProductionProduction SystemOnshoreOnshore (Cont.)Subsea FPSO Development Offshore Production SystemType of Offshore PlatformType of Offshore Platform (Cont.)Shallow Water ComplexIntegrated Steel Jacket Platform