Bahan Kajian MK. Pengelolaan SDALH
Smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub sept2013
TANTANGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR
The amount of rain we receive has not changed. And most rain still falls west of the coastal ridge.
But to provide surface drainage, each year close to two million acre-feet of water is moved through
canals to the estuaries and the Aquifer.
Green Water Credits :
are payments for farmers’ water management activities that are, now, unrecognized and
unrewarded.
Benefits to poor rural people drive this initiative which, at the same time, safeguards water
resources for everyone.
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Kelangkaan air akan mengganggu habitat, ekonomi dan kehidupan masyarakat
It already threatens food security, health and development; shortage is increasingly felt in cities.
On present trends, 2.8 billion people will be suffering absolute water shortage by 2025 and two thirds of the global population
will be suffering water stress.
This is where climate change will strike first.
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We are caught unpreparedThe source fresh water is
rainfall;two thirds of which is held in
the soil andused by plants - green water;
only one tenth becomes accessible stream flow
and groundwater - blue water.
Nearly all investment in water goes into abstraction of this
easily accessible water.
More than two thirds of the water abstracted is used for
irrigation.
Replenishment is neglected.
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A policy shift is needed …
from coping with water scarcity to creating
opportunities.
Management of the whole freshwater resource, including
demands and uses even before the water reaches
streams and groundwater, opens a wider stage for negotiation, trade-offs
between competing claims, and action to optimize water
flows.
Pemilahan air hujan menjadi green water dan aliran blue water
Green water management: banking water in the soil
Water productivity can be significantly increased, the hazards of flood and drought mitigated, and rural
livelihoods secured by two fundamental improvements in soil management:
increasing infiltration of rainfall into the soil, thereby cutting storm runoff, and shifting unproductive
evaporation to productive water use.
Air hujan ditampung
dalam waduk musiman di
sekitar kawasan hutan:Manfaat irigasi
Manfaat PerikananManfaat Rekreasi
More infiltration means banking water in soils and aquifers which
feed river base flow;
less storm runoff means less soil and bank erosion, less flooding, and less siltation of streams and
reservoirs
Teknik-teknik pengelolaan Green Water :All this can be achieved by low-cost green water management
Pengolahan tanah menurut garis kontur dengan parit yang dalam
Upaya untuk memanen air hujan di lahan pertanian dataran tinggi
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KEMISKINAN MENJADI KENDALA
Farmers are well aware of their private benefits from green
water management - but they need immediate as well as long-term returns for their labour and
material inputs.
Where farmers are poor,with limited access to markets
and low prices for their produce, poverty drives a preference for shortterm returns – so that the short-term cost of green water management outweighs any
long-term privatebenefits.
Further incentives are needed for farmers to adopt and maintain best practice.
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Green Water Credits bridge the incentive gap
Quite small, regular payments by
downstream waterusers enable farmers to
adopt sustainablemanagement of land
and water; at the same time,
they combat rural poverty by diversifying
income(Figure 7). This is a particular case of
Paymentsfor Environmental
Services.Green Water Credits bridge the incentive gap
Regular payments by downstream water users enable upstream farmers to do the right thing
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The proof-of-concept in Kenya2 demonstrates:
• Trade offs between upstream land use and management and
downstream water availability,river regulation, and siltation of
reservoirs;
• Practical ways to assess the resource, optimize water allocation,
and appraise costs and benefits;
• The cost of green water management may be covered by the
additional water revenues alone.For the Upper Tana, annual water
benefits may reach $US 12-95 millions compared with costs of2-20 millions; for a 20 per cent
adoption scenario, annual water benefits are $ 6-48 millions and
costs 0.5 to 4.3 millions.
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How are Green Water Management and Green Water Credits different from soil and water conservation as it has been practised for half a century?
Generations of effort in soil and water conservation has made no appreciable difference to the degradation of land and water resources in most parts of the world
because:
• It was never financially viable;• Soil conservation has been handled by agricultural extension services, in isolation
from water policy;it was seen as a benefit to farmers;
• Water management has been undertaken in isolation from land management by engineers and public utilities, concentrating on the very limited, easily-abstracted
stream flow and groundwater- blue water;• Green Water Management deals with water at source and flowing through the
landscape; with rainfall; with green and blue water together;• Green Water Credits is a financial mechanism in which the downstream users strike a deal with upstream land and water managers to maintain the resource and mitigate
floods and droughts.
Correcting the present market failure makes best practice financially viable. It also is the most practicable adaptation to climate change.
Proof of concept
In Kenya’s Upper Tana catchment, Green Water Credits is viable because of:
• Recognition of deteriorating land and water resources in the face of escalating
demands on these same resources ;• Profitable downstream water users, willing and able to pay
for water managementin the catchment;
• The enabling framework of the 2002 Water Act, implemented by the Water
Resources Management Authority requires waterto be treated as an economic good.
TAHAPAN OPERASIONAL• Assess existing land and water rights and competing claims
on the water resource.• Assess the water resource, its value in all its competing
uses, the costs of mismanagement, the extent to which green water management can optimize the resource, and the costs
of this management .• Establish a platform for negotiation between interested
parties; ensure that each is wellinformed; seek optimum allocation; agree on a fair price;
• Establish a mechanism for collection and payment of credits, verification of claims, and settlement of disputes.
Payments may be financed by a mix of water users and public utilities, insurers, and general taxation.
1. Background: Rural poverty
2. The un-managing of water in rainfed systems
3. Bridging the Gap-Green Water management
4. Towards holistic Agricultural Water Management (AWM).
GREEN WATER MANAGEMENT:PENGALAMAN DI AFRIKA
www.waterbucket.ca/cfa/?sid=4&id=1&type=single
Masalah utamanya adalah ....
Experiences and knowledge emanating
from many years of project implementation
are not influencing policy change for
investments in AWM
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Kemiskinan pedesaan menjadi tantangan utama di wilayah ESA
• Total population is 350 million
• 73% (260 million) live in Rural areas
• 56% of the rural population extremely poor.
• 85% of the rural poor depend on agriculture
• About 54% of the region’s poor live in high rainfall/productive areas.
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Extent of Drylands in Eastern and Southern Africa
Climate Zone Area km2 (million)
Population (million)
Share of area
Share of population
Arid & semi-arid 3.7 36 38% 14% Dry sub-humid 3.0 76 31% 30% Moist sub-humid & humid
2.9 148 31% 56%
Total 9.6 260 100% 100% Source: FAO databases. (Urban population and areas are excluded
Wilayah ESA merupakan lahan kering yang luas
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Tetapi ……… air tidak kekurangan…
The water crisis is not about too little water…. but about managing water badly such that billions of people & the environment suffer badly. (Water Vision, 2000)
Kekeringan pertanian disebabkan oleh gagalnya
menggunakan air hujan pada saat turun ke bumi dan di
tempat jatuhnya di muka bumi … gagal panen tidak
perlu terjadi ……..
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Berapa banyak air yang kita makan ?• ONLY 200 m3 per person/year for industrial +
domestic uses, BUT...• A colossal 1,300m3 per person/year for food …
• Yet, many water supply indicators are confined to drinking water and sanitation
• Most of our water needs are for the food thus
• This should be a central focus of IWRM!
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Pembagian air hujan yang jatuh (rainfall) di daerah Tropika
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Pembagian air hujan dan Konsep The Green Water • Green water resource – soil
moisture generated from direct rainfall infiltration on its way to vaporize
• Green water flows – total evapo-transpiration from soil moisture
• Productive green flow –Transpiration of plants we use beneficially
• Non-productive green flow – Evaporation flows
• Blue water flow – surface runoff and base flow
• Blue water resource – groundwater, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands
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… menahan air di daerah hulu lebih mudah dan dapat melindungi lahan dengan lebih baik
It is Child’s play in the highlands with sheet flow in small channels
Then muscles are needed once water is in gullies
In trouble once large gullies and streams fill with water
Up-stream
Mid-stream
Down-stream
Afte
r: H
atib
u et
al
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Food Security (tons m-3)
RWH for SI
What are the G-B Trade-offs?
Natural Forestry
Ecosystem Services eg.
Carbon Sequestration
Income Security (€ m-3)
Employment (e.g in tourism) (Md
m-3)
Green Water Use and Management
Commercial IrrigationIndustryHydro Power
Ecosystem needs within the watershedDownstream Commitments
Blue Water
Flow and Manage
ment
Human needs within the watershed
NR - Products (Assorted)(Euros m-3)
Electricity (€ m-
3)
Tree Crops
ALTERNATIVES IMPACT
WATER AVAILABLE FOR LOCAL
MANAGEMENT
RAINFALL
Reserve
Commercial Forestry
Annual Crops
Woodlands
Rangelands
WetlandsWildlife
Surface or Underground
Fisheries
Reserve
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Current trends for responding to felt needs …
• The UN Millennium Development Goals on hunger recommends among others; “water management (irrigation), soil fertility management, agro-processing, marketing ……
• NEPAD’s (CAADP) has recommended among others, “extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems, especially small-scale water control, building up soil fertility and moisture holding capacity of agricultural soils and expansion of irrigation” as one of three “Pillars”
• IFAD’s ‘thrusts’ aims at “improving access to and management of land and water” as one of the strategies
Irrigasi menjadi salah satu solusinya …..
• Irrigation provides 40% of global food from 17% of cultivated land...
• It supported the green revolution in Asia,• Secures food security, and ...• Higher incomes for farmers, agro-entrepreneurs,
and others through ...• Direct and indirect employment, and trade
opportunities.• In ESA, only about 5% of irrigation potential has
been tapped…..
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And because …over 90% of irrigation water is used to compensate
for losses in conveyance,
application, and/or inefficiencies in the
management & utilization of rainwater.
Thus:Managing green water is the missing link to…
Optimal water productivity for
agriculture
Selanjutnya...
• Estimates suggest that irrigation can provide only ≈15% of the increased agricultural water requirement to attain the MDG targets.
• The remaining 85% will have to come from better management of the water in rainfed agriculture.
• Hence the need for IWRM to turn attention to “green water”
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Revitalisasi pertanian juga akan memerlukan …..…
• Agricultural growth by 75% (SSA) from intensification rather than extensification of agriculture
(FAO, 2000) • Increasing water productivity from rainfed & irrigated
agriculture by 60% (UN-Water Africa, 2003).
• Increasing yields of staple crops under smallholder systems (to exceed 1.0 t ha-1 )
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Hal ini memerlukan Agricultural Water Management (AWM) yang holistik..,
• AWM adalah
“Any kind of human action that influences the natural flow of water to farmers’ crops, or any form of agriculture that takes advantage of naturally rising or falling water levels for crop production”.
(FAO, 1995 Water Report 7. Irrigation in Africa in figures)
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Sehingga, Agricultural Water Management (AWM) meliputi…
1. Irrigation (supplemental or full)2. Drainage (surface, subsurface, seasonal)3. Soil and water conservation4. Rangeland rehabilitation 5. Wetland rehabilitation6. Water for livestock, including for fodders7. Rainwater harvesting (blue and green)8. Watershed management9. Soil fertility (manures, fertilizers, residues)10. Conservation agriculture (deep tillage, mulching)11. Agronomic practices to optimize water uptake12. Climatic variability mitigation13. Low quality water (saline, waste water)14. Capacity building programmes in AWM15. Water used in value addition
Green Water Management (GWM) bermakna…Kemampuan untuk mengendalikan sumberdaya air untuk
pertanian
… sebagai kunci untuk
mengentaskan kemiskinaan
pedesaan
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Keterkaitan AWM dengan Markets dan Trade….
Innovative integration of AWM and trade will facilitate… Unlocking the un-taped potential in “managed”
water for agriculture, to provide…. More water in the root zone, leading to… More water uptake by plants, resulting in… More kg of useful biomass per mm of water
depleted, which with appropriate market linkages should lead to…
Higher earnings (€, Birr, Shs) per kg produced – more wealth per drop
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Peranan kita sebagai agen perubahan …………………
• Informing People,
• Influencing Perceptions,
• Changing of Attitudes,
• Engaging in activities, to institutionalize…….
• Best Practices in AWM.
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Country
Region
Province
Projects
Local Institutions
National Institutions
Regional Institutions
International Institutions e.g.
UN
International
Operational FrameworkSc
ale-
Up
Scale-out After IIRR, 2000
The higher the scale-up the wider the reach
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Rekomendasi
1.Green water management will require hard work, and activities on the ground, implemented by farmers themselves…..How can we assist them?
2. Technology and inputs are beyond the reach of poor smallholders in the ESA……the South Asian green revolution was heavily subsidized,……ESA farmers require technology pull (rather than push).
3. Green Water Credits provide direct incentives to farmers who practice AWM- What incentives are these and how to make them sustainable?