TANAH, PERTANIAN & PANGAN MASA DEPAN diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13 Mk. Pengelolaan...

TANAH, PERTANIAN

&

PANGAN MASA DEPAN

SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN

KETAHANAN PANGAN

diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13

Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH

SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN

KEMANUSIAAN

Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/what_is_ag_land.htm……………….. 21/12/2012

LAHAN PERTANIAN

Agriculture can be defined as the systematic and controlled use of living organisms and the environment

to improve the human condition. 'Agricultural land' is the land base upon which

agriculture is practiced. Typically occurring on farms, agricultural activities are

undertaken upon agricultural land to produce agricultural products.

Although agricultural land is primarily required for the production of food for human and animal consumption, agricultural activities also include the growing of plants

for fibre and fuels (including wood), and for other organically derived products (pharmaceuticals, etc).

UPAYA MENUJU KE BERLANJUTAN

o o o o

EROSI: DICEGAH

PEMUPUKAN

PENGOLAHAN TANAH: MINIMUM/TANPA

SISTEM POLATANAM: DIVERSIFIKASI, SISA PANEN KEMBALI PEMBAKARAN

SISA: DILARANG

ORGANIK SINTETIK

BERIMBANG

SUMBERDAYA ALAM

1. Agriculture – Food products, Coca, Drugs

2. Minerals – Diamonds, oil, Copper, Sand/Gravels etc.

3. Forests – Timber, Herbs, Animals, Parks etc

4. Water resources – Hydropower, Drinking and irrigation water, Lakes etc.

5. Nature Tourism

1. Over the Land2. Agricultural – main products, cash products, Livestock,

Herbs, Timber3. Under the Land4. Minerals, oil, Underground water, Stone5. On the surface6. Irrigation, Hydropower, River, Sand, river gravel, Snow

mountain, National parks and animals Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel

Kennesaw State University USA

SUMBERDAYA ALAM

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation ……………… 23/12/2012

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed

soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in

preventing soil consolidation.In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is

referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of

sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of

surface and sub-surface water from a given area.

1. Policy shift2. 1994-UNDP definition of Human Security3. Economic security-Assured basic income4. Food Security-Physical and economic access to food as well as

adequate purchasing power5. Health Security-Minimum protection from diseases and

unhealthy lifestyles.

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm .....23/12/2012

HUMAN SECURITY

Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA

Food security is commonly defined as sustained access for all individuals to an adequate and safe supply of food for an active,

healthy and productive life.

http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm

1. Environmental security-Clean water, Air pollution, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, etc.

2. Personal security-Protect from physical violence, Domestic abuse, Crime.

3. Community security-Protect from loss of traditional relationships, ethnic and cultural value.

4. Political security-Human rights, Freedom of speech, etc

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html ..... 23/12/2012

HUMAN SECURITY


Environmental SecurityThere are three hierarchical levels at which the food insecurity paradigm can be considered to be acting so as to generate environmental insecurity, which then generates additional food insecurity. At the top is the state; the midlevel is the village or community; and at the bottom are households, the level at which the

actors usually have greatest influence on the environment.

http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html

• Who own the natural resources

• How to distribute and redistribute the fruit of natural resources

• Who is responsible for security of Natural resource centers, Transmission lines and Transportation

• Need for new security force other than national army to protect?

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm ..... 23/12/2012

MINAT ttg KETAHANAN


Special feature on land tenure: securing land for the futureLand is vital for farmers and the communities in which they live. Not only does it provide them with economic means to create their livelihood, but it is their most

important social and cultural asset. A farmer without land has nothing. A farmer with land has a respected place in the community and society at large.

However, owning land or having secure access to it are not always readily achieved. This is particularly true in many poor countries, where legal and cultural restrictions on land rights present a strong obstacle for rural people, particularly the poorest and most vulnerable among them. In many cases, women are not even entitled to land.

http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm

MINAT ttg KETAHANAN• Natural resource potential can be utilized?

• Need Security (protection)

• Need Investment

• Need Market

• Need technology

• Need Manpower – Upward Migration

• Upward Migration creates a new sets of conflict

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1

…..23/12/2012


The Relationships among Sustainable Development, Sustainable Land Management, Sustainable Agriculture, and Sustainable Soil

Management. (Redrawn from Dumanski 1997)

http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1

PERTANIAN SAAT INIWe have converted 38% of Earth’s surface for agriculture, the

practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption.

Croplands (for growing plant crops) and rangelands (for grazing animal livestock) depend on healthy soil.

Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

Agricultural Capability Classes

Class 1Class 1 land is capable of producing the very widest range of crops. Soil and

climate conditions are optimum, resulting in easy management.

Class 2Class 2 land is capable of producing a wide range of crops. Minor restrictions

of soil or climate may reduce capability but pose no major difficulties in management.

Class 3Class 3 land is capable of producing a fairly wide range of crops under good

management practices. Soil and/or climate limitations are somewhat restrictive.

Class 4Class 4 land is capable of a restricted range of crops. Soil and climate

conditions require special management considerations.

Class 5Class 5 land is capable of production of cultivated perennial forage crops and

specially adapted crops. Soil and/or climate conditions severely limit capability.

Class 6Class 6 land is important in its natural state as grazing land. These lands

cannot be cultivated due to soil and/or climate limitations.

Class 7Class 7 land has no capability for soil bound agriculture.

Croplands

• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration

• Provide partial erosion protection • Can build soil organic matter

• Store atmospheric carbon

• Provide wildlife habitat for some species

Ecological Services Economic Services

• Food crops

• Fiber crops

• Crop genetic resources

• Jobs

Natural Capital

Croplands

Ecological Services

Economic Services

• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration

• Provide partial erosion protection

• Can build soil organic matter

• Store atmospheric carbon

• Provide wildlife habitat for some species

• Food crops

• Fiber crops

• Crop genetic resources

• Jobs


TANAH: SUATU SISTEM

Parent material, such as bedrock, is weathered to begin process of soil formation.

Parent material = material geologis dasar di suatu lokasiBedrock = masa batuan padat yang kontinyu penyusun kerak bumiWeathering = proses yang menghancurkan batuan

Diunduh dari: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Soil…… 21/12/2012


Typical layers found in a soil profile. (Source: Physical

Geography.net)

Most soils have a distinct profile or sequence of

horizontal layers. Generally, these horizons result from the

processes of chemical weathering, eluviation, illuviation, and organic

decomposition. Up to five layers can be present in a

typical soil: O, A, B, C, and R horizons

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Weathering

"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi.

Misalnya: Kemiringan, Curah hujan, Tekstur tanah, Kapasitas air tersedia,

Biomasa vegetasi, dll.

Struktur tanah

Resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5

cm in diameter.

Commonly found in surface horizons

where roots have been growing.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/granular.gif

http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/images/fig3-30_large.jpg

STRUKTUR KUBUS: Blocky Structure

Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 5.0 cm

in diameter.

Can be subangular or angular blocky.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/blocky.gifhttp://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/

glenimages.nsf/Images/gl167_profile/$File/gl167_profile.jpg

Struktur Prismatik

Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long.

Usually found in lower horizons.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/prismatic.gif http://soils.usda.gov/technical/

manual/images/fig3-27_large.jpg

Struktur Pipih

Thin, flat plates of soil that lie

horizontally.

Usually found in compacted soil.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/platy.gif

http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/i/Arid_03.jpg

DEGRADASI TANAH DI DUNIA

Europe’s land is most degraded because of its long history of intensive agriculture.

But Asia’s and Africa’s soils are fast becoming degraded.


Most soil degradation is caused by:• livestock overgrazing• deforestation• cropland agriculture.


SEBAB-SEBAB DEGRADASI TANAH

KOMPONEN TANAHSoil is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic

components and living organisms.


HUMUSDark, crumbly mass of undifferentiated material made up of

complex organic compoundsSoils with high humus content hold moisture better and are

more productive for plant life.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm …… 21/12/2012

Components of soil organic matter and their functionsSoil organic matter consists of a variety of components. These

include, in varying proportions and many intermediate stages, an active organic fraction including microorganisms (10-40 percent),

and resistant or stable organic matter (40-60 percent), also referred to as humus.


PROFIL TANAH

Consists of layers called horizons.

Simplest:

A = topsoil

B = subsoil

C = parent material

But most have O, A, E, B, C, and R


SOIL PROFILE

O Horizon: Organic or litter layer

A Horizon: Topsoil. Mostly inorganic minerals with

some organic material and humus mixed in. Crucial for

plant growth

E Horizon: Eluviation horizon; loss of minerals by leaching, a process whereby solid materials are dissolved

and transported away

B Horizon: Subsoil. Zone of accumulation or deposition

of leached minerals and organic acids from above

C Horizon: Slightly altered parent material

R Horizon: Bedrock

Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……

20/12/2012

Diunduh dari: http://ktcomilloniportfolio.wikispaces.com/file/view/AG1060a.gif/127711929/AG1060a.gif ……

21/12/2012

DESKRIPSI TANAH

Soil can be characterized by color and several other traits:Texture (percentage sand, silt, clay)Structure; PorosityCation exchange capacity ; pHParent MaterialInfiltration rateNutrient concentrations

Best for plant growth is loam, an even mix of sand, silt and clay.

Diunduh dari: http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=111 …… 21/12/2012

Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_Essenti

alCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

EROSION & DEPOSITION

Erosion = removal of material from one place and its transport elsewhere

by wind or water

Deposition = arrival of eroded material at a new location

These processes are natural, and can build up fertile soil.

But where artificially sped up, they are a big problem for farming.


Sand dunes around Moses Lake are all that are left of the wind erosion in that area.

The smaller particles, silt and clay were blown eastward toward the Palouse.

The deposition of the silt and clay particles led to the formation of the Palouse Hills. The Palouse Hills are a wind/water

erosional surface.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……

20/12/2012

EROSION & DEPOSITION

Diunduh dari: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr32en/content.html…… 21/12/2012

Four types of soil erosion on an exposed slope.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e05.htm …… 21/12/2012

EROSI TANAH

TIPE EROSI TANAH

Diunduh dari: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1509 …… 21/12/2012

Raindrop impact is the major cause of soil particle detachment , which can result in the particles moving down slope in flowing water (as sheet

erosion) during a rainfall event. Flowing water can also detach soil particles if the velocity is high enough, usually where water starts to

concentrate (rill and gully erosion ). If the velocity is reduced sufficiently, particles will settle out. The velocity at which settling begins is dependent on particle size and density, as is the time required for the particles to settle out. Large,

dense particles, such as grains of sand, settle first. Fine clays settle out slowly and only in relatively still water.

Desertification

A loss of more than 10% productivity due to:

• Erosion

• Soil compaction

• Forest removal

• Overgrazing

• Drought

• Salinization

• Climate change

• Depletion of water resources

• etc.

When severe, there is expansion of desert areas, or creation of new ones, e.g., the Middle East, formerly, “Fertile Crescent”.


ConsequencesCauses

Worsening drought

Famine

Economic losses

Lower living standards

Environmentalrefugees

Overgrazing

Deforestation

Erosion

Salinization

Soil compaction

Natural climate change


DEGRADASI TANAH

Diunduh dari: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/soilconservation.html …… 21/12/2012

KONSERVASI TANAH

Soil conservation is the best way to make sure that we have the land we need to live on. Erosion is the biggest

enemy of soil and land conservation. Protecting / conserving soil with grass, plants or mulch is needed. Always make sure that the soil on your property stays

right where it should be!

Several farming strategies to prevent soil degradation:• Crop rotation; • Contour farming• Intercropping; • Terracing• Shelterbelts; • Conservation tillage

Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/Library/Books/Book%2032/an%20introduction%20to%20agroforestry/html/15_effects_of_trees.htm?n=80 ……

21/12/2012

MENCEGAH DEGRADASI TANAH


Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn and soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and fight pests

and disease.

Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012

ROTASI TANAMAN

DESIGNING THE CROP ROTATION PATTERN:

1. Based on knowledge from past years or from rainfall data, determine the onset and the end of the rainy season.

2. Choose short-maturing varieties of both rice and legume crop to accomodate a three-crop sequence or to avoid water stress.

3. Estimate the planting and harvesting dates of each crop in the cropping sequence.

4. If, based on the rainfall occurrence and drainage system, only a two-crop sequence is possible, there is a flexibility to choose a longer duration crop variety which has other desired characteristics.

.

Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012

ROTASI TANAMAN.

Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce erosion on hillsides.

Diunduh dari: http://www.bensoninstitute.org/Publication/Lessons/Images/L1/LandPreparation/fp/

1306.jpg …… 21/12/2012

PERTANIAN KONTUR

The management practices such as contouring, strip planting, cover cropping, alley cropping,reduced tillage, terracing and leaving some crop residue on the land help to eliminate or

minimize the loss of soil from water and wind erosion

TUMPANG-SARI = Intercropping

Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide nutrients and reduce erosion.

Diunduh dari: http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I0000fvxRkqx3M18 …… 21/12/2012

Uganda. Kayunga district. Kiwugu. Intercropping fields of maize, beans and pineapple plants. © 2004 Didier Ruef

Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804181442&type_id=4 …… 21/12/2012

ALLEY CROPPINGThe Concept of Alley Cropping on Sloping Lands

Fast-growing, deep-rooted legume trees such as leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala) have been planted in double or

single rows in Indonesia and the Philippines by small-scale farmers on sloping lands to control erosion (Lungren and Nair 1985). Food crops are then planted in the alleys between the trees. Periodic pruning is needed to prevent shading of the food crops by the tree canopy. Once established, the trees

facilitate terrace formation within the alley

Cutting stairsteps or terraces is the only way to farm extremely steep hillsides without causing massive erosion.

Bench terraces are a soil and water conservation measure used on sloping land with relatively deep soils to retain water and control

erosion. They are normally constructed by cutting and filling to produce a series of level steps or benches. This allows water to infiltrate slowly into the soil. Bench terraces are reinforced by retaining banks of soil or

stone on the forward edges. This practice is typical for rice-based cropping systems.

In China, a modification of bench terraces includes an interval slope planted with perennials and grasses between individual terraces. This

system is suitable where soil erosion is critical, rainfall is low and labor and farm manure are not typically available. Shrubs or herbs can also be

grown on the edges of the terraces.

Diunduh dari: http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/ …… 21/12/2012

TARASSERING

No-till and reduced-tillage farming leaves old crop residue on the ground instead of plowing it into soil.

This covers the soil, keeping it in place. Here, corn grows up out of a “cover crop.”

Diunduh dari: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/machines_11.html …… 21/12/2012

PENGOLAHAN TANAHKONSERVASI

Conservation tillage is not a panacea for all crops everywhere.It often requires more chemical herbicides (because weeds are

not plowed under).It often requires more fertilizer (because other plants compete

with crops for nutrients).But legume cover crops can keep weeds at bay while nourishing

soil, and green manures can be used as organic fertilizers.

Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18636/soil-fertility-in-organic-farming-systems:-much-more-than-plant-nutrition …… 21/12/2012

PENGOLAHAN TANAHKONSERVASI

The increased soil stratification and size and activity of soil organism populations under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage lead to increased nutrient retention. Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of Illinois.

Adapted from House and Parmelee (1985).

Reduces erosion

Saves fuel

Cuts costs

Holds more soil water

Reduces soil compaction

Allows several crops per season

Does not reduce crop yields

Reduces CO2

release from soil

Can increase herbicide use for

some crops

Leaves stalks that can harbor crop pests and fungal

diseases and increase pesticide

use

Requires investment

in expensive equipment

DisadvantagesAdvantages

Trade-Offs

Conservation Tillage


Date post:	14-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	shea-hough
View:	215 times
Download:	0 times

TANAH, PERTANIAN & PANGAN MASA DEPAN diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13 Mk. Pengelolaan...

Documents