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7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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1st Great Awakening (c. 1739-
1742)
key leaders: Jonathan Edwards(Congregationalist), GeorgeWhitefield (Anglican), Gilbert Tennent
(Presbyterian)emphasis onpreaching for conversion,experimental religion
division between supporters,
opponents of revivals (e.g., Edwardsvs. Charles Chauncy; Old Side vs.New Side Presbyterians)
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Whitefield (unfocused)
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Edwards
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1st G.A. (cont.)
dissent, schism, controversy all part
of legacy of 1st G.A.in New
England, Separatist or Strict
Congregationalist churches appearedwith new affirmation of regenerate
church membership, rejection of
earlier compromises like the HalfwayCovenant of 1662
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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1st G.A. (cont.)
a new Baptist division developedbetween Regulars and Separates Regulars had existed before the revival,
had some continuities with EnglishParticular Baptists
Separates originated in New Englandwhere at times entire SeparateCongregationalist churches becameBaptist (over 100)they viewedbelievers baptism as a way of protectingregenerate membership
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1st G.A. (cont.)
at times already existing Regular Baptist
churches split (e.g., 1st Baptist in Boston
in 1743strongest supporters of revival
broke away and started 2
nd
Baptistyetnot all Regulars were anti-revival)
characteristics of Separates:
did not accept Philadelphia Confession
said that Bible alone was sufficient basisfor their beliefs
critical of Regulars on examination of new
members re: their conversions
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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1st G.A. (cont.)
Separate preaching noisier, with more
exhortation than Regular preaching
Regulars more expositional
Separates usually less educated, less
privileged than RegularsRegulars better
educated, more likely from urban areas or
towns, whereas Separates found more
often in rural areas or frontier
Separates sometimes called New Lightsbecause of emphasis on possibility of
immediate inspiration from Holy Spirit
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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1st G.A. (cont.)
Separates more suspicious of associations
threatening autonomy of local churches
(although many Separates eventually
organized associations)
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Baptist Leaders in
Evangelistic Surge
Hezekiah Smith (1737-1805):
Baptist preacher who was born on Long
island and raised in NJgraduated from
College of NJ (Princeton) in 1762 labored for a time in the South as an
itinerant
involved in founding of RI College
(Brown) in 1764
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Leaders (cont.)
1766although he was not a classic
Separate, Smith became pastor of a Separate
Baptist Church in Haverhill, MA, and served
there for 39 yearshe also itinerated
throughout New England, contributing tochurch growth in that region (by 1790 there
were 92 Baptist churches in MA with
combined membership of over 6000)
he helped to organize the Warren (RI) Assoc.in 1767 and the Mass. Baptist Missionary
Society in 1802 (1st state org. of its kind)
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Leaders (cont.)
Morgan Edwards (1722-1795):
born in Wales, educated at Bristol Baptist
College in Englandon John Gills
recommendation, he came to FBC,Philadelphia, in 1761, where he was
active in the Phila. Assoc.he helped in
the founding of Brown
promoted evangelistic efforts of Phila.Assoc.in 1771 he became evangelist-
at-large, serving mainly in the South
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Leaders (cont.)
his travels led to his 2-vol. Materialstoward a History of the Baptists
he and other Phila. Assoc. missionaries
planted many Regular Baptist churches
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Leaders (cont.)
Shubal Stearns (1706-1771):
born in Boston, raised in CT as a
Congregationalist
converted under George Whitefieldsministry in 1745 and joined Separate
Congregationalists
1751Stearns immersed and became a
Separate Baptistserved for while in achurch in CT
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Leaders (cont.)
1754moved to the South, briefly to
Virginia and then on to Sandy Creek, NC
(1755)
a moving, emotional preacherStearnspastored the Sandy Creek church and
itinerated extensively
during his time in Sandy Creek, 42 other
churches were formed and 125 werecalled as preachers
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Leaders (cont.)
1758Stearns set up Sandy Creek
Assoc., 1st Separate assoc.
Stearns assisted by brother-in-law Daniel
Marshall (1706-1784), another formerCongregationalistMarshall preached
widely in VA, NC, SC, and GA
Shurden characterized Sandy Creek
tradition as one of ardor that expresseditself in individualism,
congregationalism, biblicism, and
egalitarianismalso known for
invitations
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Baptists & Early Stages of
2nd Great Awakening Virginiaevidence of revival about
1785-1791a key leader was John
Leland (1754-1841), a Separate
Baptist preacher who moved fromNew England to VA in 1777he
pastored at Mt. Poney, Orange, and
Louisa (near Charlottesville) and also
itineratedhe baptized 400 in a 20
square mile area between 1787-89
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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Leland
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2nd G.A. (cont.)
Virginia (cont.)revival marked by
physical & emotional
manifestationsalso brought unity
between Regulars & Separates in1787
7/30/2019 Baptists and Revivals in 18th-Century America
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2nd G.A. (cont.)
Kentuckyrevivals beginning in 1785
brought significant growth for
Baptistsby time of KY statehood in
1792, there were already 55 Baptistcongregations and 3 associations
camp meetings like Cane Ridge
(1801) brought new growth after
some decline in 1790shelped spark
union of Regulars & Separates in
1801
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Camp Meeting Scene
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2nd G.A. (cont.)
Kentucky (cont.)by 1840 there were
711 Baptist churches in KY and 50
associations (1 in every 15 people in
state was a Baptist)