2015

Compiled by Nomthandazo MankazanaEdited by Danny Glenwright

includesSADC Gender Protocol

Post 2015

The Southern African Gender Protocol Alliance's visionis of a region in which women and men are equal in allspheres. The Alliance promotes and facilitates the creationof gender equity and equality through lobbying andadvocacy towards the achievement of the 28 targets ofthe SADC Protocol on Gender and Development by 2015.Gender Links coordinates the work of the Alliance.

© Copyright Southern Africa Gender Protocol 2014Barometer - South AfricaISBN 978-0-9922433-3-3

Gender Links9 Derrick AvenueCyrildene, 2198

Johannesburg, South AfricaPhone: 27 (11) 622 2877

Fax: 27 (11) 622 4732Email: alliance@genderlinks.org.zaWebsites: www.genderlinks.org.za

www.sadcgenderprotocol.org

Compiled by:Nomthandazo Mankazana

Edited by:Danny Glenwright

Design/Layout:Debi Lee Designs

Unless otherwisespecified, all tables and

figures ©Gender Links.

Alliance partnersCoordinatorGender LinksConstitutional and legal rightsWomen and Law in Southern Africa WLSAGovernanceWomen in Politics Support Unit WIPSUHealth, HIV and AIDSSouthern Africa HIV and AIDS InformationDissemination Service SAfAIDSCare workVoluntary Services Overseas-Regional AidsInitiative South AfricaEconomic JusticeZimbabwe Women’s Resource Centre andNetwork (ZWRCN)AngolaPlatforma da Mulheres Accao (PMA)BotswanaBotswana Council of NGO (BOCONGO)DRCUnion Congolaise des Femmes des Medias(UCOFEM)LesothoWomen and Law in Southern Africa (WLSA-Lesotho)MadagascarFPFE Federation Pour la PromotionFeminine et EnfantineMalawiNGO Gender Coordinating Network(NGOGCN)MauritiusMedia Watch OrganisationMozambiqueForum MulherNamibiaNamibia Association of Non-GovernmentalOrganisations TrustSeychellesGEMPLUSSouth AfricaSouth African Women in Dialogue SAWIDSwazilandSwaziland Action Group Against AbuseTanzaniaTanzania Gender Network ProgrammeZambiaWomen and Law in Southern Africa –ZambiaZimbabweWomen’s Coalition of ZimbabweFaith Based OrganisationsNorwegian Church AID Southern AfricaOfficeMen’s GroupsSonke Gender JusticeClimate Change, Gender CC

Contents

Acronyms 2List of tables 3List of figures 4Acknowledgements 5Executive summary 6Country context 12

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RIGHTS 15

Articles 4-11

GENDER AND GOVERNANCE 31

Articles 12-13

EDUCATION AND TRAINING 55

Article 14

ECONOMIC JUSTICE 67

Articles 15-19

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE 89

Articles 20-25

HEALTH 115

Article 26

HIV AND AIDS 131

Article 27

PEACE BUILDING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION 147

Article 28

MEDIA, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 159

Articles 29-31

IMPLEMENTATION 177

Article 32-36

GENDER, CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE 195

DEVELOPMENT

1CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

3

4

2

5

6789

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

10CHAPTER

11CHAPTER

AIDS Acquired Immune-Deficiency SyndromeARPT Adaptive Research Planning TeamARV Anti-Retroviral (Drugs)CA Constituent AssemblyCBO Community-Based OrganisationCDB Convention on Biological DiversityCEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against WomenCGE Commission for Gender EqualityCRC Constitutional Review CommissionCSOs Civil Society OrganisationsDDCC District Development Coordinating CommitteeDMMU Disaster Management and Mitigation UnitDTI Department of Trade and IndustryEMA Environmental Management AgencyEPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control ActEU European UnionFOA Food and Agricultural OrganisationFAWEZA Forum for African Women Educationalists ZambiaFBOs Faith Based OrganisationsFD Forestry DepartmentFNDP Fifth National Development PlanGBV Gender Based ViolenceGIDD Gender in Development DivisionHIV Human Immune VirusICPD International Conference on Population and DevelopmentICT Information Communication TechnologyILO International Labour OrganisationIPV Intimate Partner ViolenceLCMS Living Conditions Monitoring SurveyIUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature (The World Conservation Union)MACO Ministry of Agriculture and CooperativesMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMMR Maternal Mortality RatioMTCT Mother-to-child-transmissionNAC National HIV/AIDS, STD, TB CouncilNAPA National Adaptation Programme of ActionNAPCD National Action Plan to Combat DesertificationNCCRS National Climate Change Response StrategyNCS National Conservation StrategyNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNGP National Gender PolicyNGO Non-governmental OrganisationNGOCC Non-governmental Organisations Coordinating CouncilOVE Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperPMTCT Prevention of Mother to child transmissionRNE Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and DegradationSADC Southern African Development CommunitySALGA South African Local Government AssociationSAPS Southern African Police ServiceSAWID South African Women in DialogueSPA Strategic Plan of ActionSTATS SA Statistics South AfricaSTD Sexually Transmitted InfectionsTB TuberculosisTBA Traditional Birth AttendantUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeVAW Violence Against WomenWLSA Women and Law in Southern Africa

Acronyms

AIDSARPTARVCACBOCDBCEDAWCGECRCCSOsDDCCDMMUDTIEMAEPPCAEUFOAFAWEZAFBOsFDFNDPGBVGIDDHIVICPDICTILOIPVLCMSIUCNMACOMDGsMMRMTCTNACNAPANAPCDNCCRSNCSNEAPNGPNGONGOCCOVERSPPMTCTRNESADCSALGASAPSSAWIDSPASTATS SASTDTBTBAUNFCCCVAWWLSA

2 SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa

Tables

SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa 3

Table I: Sectors covered by the SGDI and CSCTable II: Summary of progress and challenges over the past yearTable III: Key indicators of the status of South African women compared to women in other SADC countriesChapter 1Table 1.1: Women and men's perceptions of constitutional and legal rightsTable 1.2: Analysis of gender equality clauses in the ConstitutionTable 1.3: Remaining discriminatory legislationTable 1.4: Access to justiceTable 1.5: Provisions on marriage and family laws; the boy and girl childTable 1.6: Proposed revised targets and indicators for Constitutional and legal rightsChapter 2Table 2.1: SGDI and CSC scores on governanceTable 2.2: Gender and decision-making in South AfricaTable 2.3: Representation of women and men in key party structuresTable 2.4: Gender in political party manifestosTable 2.5: Representation of women in the national parliamentTable 2.6: Women in provincial legislaturesTable 2.7: Provincial leadershipTable 2.8: Women in CabinetTable 2.9: Gender and local government in South AfricaTable 2.10: Gender and local government in SA by political partyTable 2.11: Portfolio committees in the SA parliament led by womenTable 2.12: South Africa's commitments to gender equalityTable 2.13: Enhancing participation by women in public lifeTable 2.14: Summary of 50/50 campaign strategy in SADCTable 2.15: Summary of prosed indicators for governanceChapter 3Table 3.1: Women and men's perceptions of education in South AfricaTable 3.2: Representation of women in the teaching professionTable 3.3: Summary of proposed indicatorsChapter 4Table 4.1: SGDI and CSC scores on productive resources and employment, economic empowermentTable 4.2: Economic growth and gender indicatorsTable 4.3: Men and women Executive Management Positions in 2012Table 4.4: Minutes per day spent on different types of work by sex, 2000 and 2010Table 4.5: Strategic Framework on gender and women's economic empowermentTable 4.6: Barriers to access to finance for womenTable 4.7: Land owned by women by ProvinceTable 4.8: Beneficiaries of Land Reform ProgrammesTable 4.9: Employment rate by sex and population groupTable 4.10: Distribution of males and females by monthly earnings between 2001 and 2014Table 4.11: Conditions of employmentTable 4.12: Levels of unemployment by sex and age group 2001 and 2014Table 4.13: Proposed targets and indicators for economic justiceChapter 5Table 5.1: SGDI and CSC scores for Gender Based ViolenceTable 5.2: VAW respondents in four provincesTable 5.3: Summary of key baseline indicators on GBV against the SADC Gender ProtocolTable 5.4: South Africa National Crime statistics March 2011-March 2013Table 5.5: Human Trafficking Index SA, 2011-2013Table 5.6: Sexual harassment lifetime prevalenceTable 5.7: Summary of proposed indicatorsChapter 6Table 6.1 SGDI and CSC for HealthTable 6.2: Key sexual, reproductive and health indicatorsTable 6.3: Access to water in South Africa by ProvinceTable 6.4: Summary of proposed indicators for HealthChapter 7Table 7.1: SGDI and CSC scores for HIV and AIDSTable 7.2: National Plan on Care-workTable 7.3: Summary of proposed indicators for HIVChapter 8Table 8.1: SGDI and CSC score for peace and securityTable 8.2: Analysis of gender provisions in relevant security services legislationTable 8.3: South Africa Police Service SAPS employee profile by race and genderTable 8.4: Summary of women's representation in SAPSTable 8.5: Women's representation in correctional servicesTable 8.6: Summary of proposed indicators for peace and securityChapter 9Table 9.1: SGDI and CSC score on the mediaTable 9.2 Key gender indicators for South African media training institutionsTable 9.3: Proportion of women sources in individual community mediaTable 9.4: Summary of proposed media targets and indicators post 2015Chapter 10Table 10.1: Overall SGDI and CSC for ImplementationTable 10.2: National gender machinery and processesTable 10.3: South Africa at the SADC Gender Protocol@Work SummitTable 10.4: Alliance Steering committee in provincesTable 10.5: Summary of proposed targets and indicators for SGP implementationChapter 11Table 11.1: Changes in climate patterns in Southern AfricaTable 11.2: Gender dimensions of climate changeTable 11.3: Ministries directly responsible for climate change in S.ATable 11.4: Policy framework related to climate change in South AfricaTable 11.5: Women's and men's differential experiences of climate changeTable 11.6: Proposed targets and indicators on gender gender and climate change

78

11

161721232527

323637394142434344454749495051

566164

68687072737679798182828485

909194969798

108

116116126128

132141143

148150152152153156

160164168172

178183185187191

196197200201202206

Figure I: Comparison of the SGDI and CSC by country for 2014Chapter 2Figure 2.1: Thenjiwe Mtintso's conceptual framework on women in leadershipFigure 2.2: Women in parliament, cabinet and local government - 2014Figure 2.3: Women in parliament in SADC: 2005-2014Figure 2.4: Comparison of the proportion of women in NCOP per provinceFigure 2.5: Comparison of proportion of women by political party in the NCOPFigure 2.6: Women's representation in cabinet 2009 to 2014Figure 2.7: Women in local government in SADC 2005-2014Figure 2.8: Level of participation versus percentage women in councilsChapter 3Figure 3:1: Literary levels of women and men in SADCFigure 3.2: Women and men over 25 who can read in at least one languageFigure 3.3: Levels of education for women and men over 25 yearsFigure 3.4: Proportion of girls and boys in primary schoolFigure 3.5: Proportion of girls and boys in secondary schoolsFigure 3.6: Proportion of women and men in tertiary educationChapter 4Figure 4.1: Women in economic decision-making in 2014Figure 4.2: Unpaid housework, care of others and collecting fuel and water among employed women and men in each population group, 2010Figure 4.3: Labour force participationFigure 4.4: Labour participation rate of females by province, 2001 and 2014Figure 4.5: Employed women and men aged 15-64 years by industry, 2011Figure 4.6: Women and men aged 15-64 years by occupational category, 2011Figure 4.7: Employed persons entitled to benefits by sexFigure 4.8: Unemployment of women and menChapter 5Figure 5.1: Women and men's perceptions on Gender Based Violence in SADCFigure 5.2: Women's experience and men's perpetration of GBV in four provinces of SAFigure 5.3: Women's experience and men's perpetration of intimate partner violenceFigure 5.4: Women's experience and men's perpetration of emotional intimate partner violenceFigure 5.5: Women's experience and men's perpetration of rapeFigure 5.6: Awareness of Domestic Violence Act by women and menFigure 5.7: Personal attitudes: Women and men should be treated equallyFigure 5.8: Personal attitudes: A woman should obey her husbandFigure 5.9: Awareness of Domestic Violence Act by women and menChapter 6Figure 6.1: Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100 000 live births in Southern AfricaFigure 6.2: Health self-assessment, 2008 and 2009Figure 6.3: Visits to a health worker during the month prior to the interview, 2011Figure 6.4: Use of private health facilities in the month prior to the interview,2008Figure 6.5: Access to medical aid benefits, 2002 and 2011Figure 6.6 Percentage of births attended by skilled personnelFigure 6.7: Contraceptive usage among sexually active women in Southern AfricaFigure 6.8: Total coverage of sanitation facilitiesFigure 6.9: Rural coverage if sanitation facilitiesFigure 6.10: Urban coverage of Sanitation facilitiesChapter 7Figure 7.1: Percentage population infected with HIVFigure 7.2: Proportion of women and men living with HIVFigure 7.3: Comprehensive knowledge on HIV and AIDSFigure 7.4: Percentage pregnant women living with HIV on PMTCTFigure 7.5: Percentage of population infected by HIVFigure 7.6: Percentage of those eligible receiving ARVsFigure 7.7: Percentage reduction of deaths due to HIV between 2001 and 2012Chapter 8Figure 8.1: Women's and men's perceptions on peace building and conflict resolution sectorFigure 8.2: Percentage of women in the Defence Sector in Southern AfricaFigure 8.3: Women's representation in SADC police forcesFigure 8.4: Women in peace keeping 2011-2012Chapter 9Figure 9:1: Key entry points for gender in the mediaFigure 9.2: Progress in media house scores by countryFigure 9.3: Women sources in SA elections since 2004Figure 9.4: Topics covered in the mediaFigure 9.5: Women politicians as news sources in 2014Figure 9.6: Coverage of politicians during the 2014 South African electionsChapter 10Figure 10.1: Costing model developed by Gender LinksFigure 10.2: Alliance structure in South AfricaFigure 10.3: Gender Score Card comparison from 2012 to 2014Chapter 11Figure 11.1: Proportion of households with access to electricity

ANNEX A: BACKGROUND NOTE ON GENDER AND RELATED INDICATORSBIBLIOGRAPHY

4 SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa

Figures

7

3538414242434446

565657585859

6972808181818384

909191919295

103103104

117119119119120120122125125126

132132135137138139140

149150151155

160168170170170171

180188189

203

210215

This 2014 South Africa Gender Protocol Barometer is an annual publication of the Southern African GenderProtocol Alliance that has tracked implementation of the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development sincethe first baseline Barometer in 2009. South African Women in Dialogue (SAWID) is the focal network of theAlliance in South Africa.

South Africa Alliance Programme Coordinator Nomthandazo Mankazana coordinated the project andcontributed to writing and proofing the report. Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance manager SifisosamiDube manages the programme. She and Alliance Senior Programme Officer Lucia Makamure contributedto the editing and proofing of the report.

The European Union (South Africa) funded the research, design, layout and printing of the report.

A representative from the National Prosecuting Authority speaks about the need for gender equality duringthe Eastern Cape Women Demand Action Dialogue in 2013. Photo: Gender Links gallery

SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa 5

Acknowledgements

With less than one year left before the deadline for the28 targets of the SADC Gender Protocol, South Africais among the top three performers in the SouthernAfrican Development Community (SADC) region usingindicators based on empirical data and citizenperceptions.

However, negligible progress in several sectors temperssterling performance in some areas - notably educationand political participation. Contradictions in areas linkedto the Constitution; custom, culture and religion; HIVand AIDS and gender violence threaten to roll backfragile gains. Glaring gender gaps remain in theeconomic sphere. Overall, South Africa has as many“red lights” as “green lights” in the 2014 South AfricaBarometer.

The 2014 South African SADC Gender Barometer isproduced by Gender Links (GL), the coordinator of theSouthern African Gender Protocol Alliance (the“Alliance”), in partnership with South African Womenin Dialogue (SAWID), the Alliance Country Network. InSeptember and October 2014, Gender Links, SouthAfrican Local Government Association (SALGA) andSAWID , with support from the European Union SouthAfrica (EU SA) conducted Women in Politics consultationsin all nine provinces under the banner “50/50 by 2015and demanding a strong post-2015 agenda.” With localgovernment elections coming up in 2016, South Africawill have missed the deadline for 50/50 representation

in local government. However, the electionswill present a good indicator in 2016 to gaugethe commitment of the government and thepolitical parties to parity goals.

The Alliance uses two measures to rate eachSADC state's performance towards reachingthe 28 targets: the SADC Gender and Deve-lopment Index (SGDI), introduced in the 2011regional barometer, and the complementaryCitizen Score Card (CSC), which the Alliancehas used for four years.

While the SGDI is an empirical measure, theCSC gauges perceptions. Both are important.The SGDI is an empirical measure based on23 indicators for the six sectors that haveaccurate data in the 15 countries (see AnnexA for details on the SGDI gender and relatedindicators). These comprise Governance (three

indicators), Education (three), Economy (five), Sexualand Reproductive Health (three), HIV and AIDS (three),and Media (six). To create the composite index,researchers gave each category equal weight bycalculating the average score across the indicators inthat category. Table III at the end of the summaryprovides an outline of key indicators for South Africanwomen compared to other women in SADC. Annex Aat the end of the report explains the SGDI in detail aswell as how it compares with other gender-relatedindicators.

Despite gains from the progressive constitution, on theground discriminatory practices, social norms andpersistent stereotypes often shapes inequitable accessto opportunities, resources and power for women andgirls. Further, serious gender-related challenges persist,including unacceptable levels of gender-based violence.1

Men remain more likely to be in paid employmentregardless of their race, while women remain morelikely to be doing unpaid work.

Thus the unemployment rate remains highest amongwomen.2 Women's education status has yet to empowerthem compared to their male counterparts. For example,the proportion of employed women with tertiaryeducation is almost 10 percentage points lower thanthat of men with the same level of education.Furthermore, women with tertiary education earnaround 82% of what their male counterparts earn.3

6 SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa

Executive summary

South African women celebrate following an intergenerational dialogue in August 2014.Photo: SAWID

1,2,3 Statistics SA Gender Report 2013.

SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa 7

Figure I: Comparison of the SGDI and CSC by country for 2014

Mozambique

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Angola

South Afric

a

Tanzania

Namibia

Lesotho

Swaziland

Mauritius

Zambia

Malawi

Botswana

MadagascarDRC

SGDI

CSC

Seychelles

6667

7676

7172

6670

61

68

64

68

6463

68

61

69

6164

59 58

Zimbabwe

73

76

Average

8276

62 61

70

53

47

Source: 2014 Regional SADC Gender Protocol Barometer based on information from country reports.

Table I provides a breakdown of the scores by sectorbetween 2013 and 2014. It shows that with the exceptionof the SGDI score of 52% for HIV and AIDS (placing SouthAfrica at eighth place), South Africa scores higher than70% in most cases. South Africa is in sixth place oneconomic justice issues, despite scoring 77%, which is adrop compared to the 2013 SGDI. Interestingly, citizensscored above 70% for all areas in 2013, while in 2014citizens scored the government less than 70% in allsectors, making the percentage point drop differencebetween nine and 14. This percentage point differenceappears to illustrate a lack of confidence in thegovernment.

Key findings

Whilst the country has made great strides in workingtowards the elimination of discrimination against women,a number of challenges remain, especially concerninggender-based violence (GBV), with more than one inthree women having reported experiencing some formof it. On the positive side, South Africa has a progressiveconstitution and its lawmakers have passed a plethoraof laws to promote gender equality.

Table I: Sectors covered by the SGDI and CSC

Overall

Constitutional and legal rights

Gender and governance

Education and training

Economic justice

Gender based violence

Health

HIV and AIDS

Peace building and conflict resolution

Media, information and communication

Percentage pointdifference between

2013 and 20142014 2013

76%

79%

100%

77%

81%

52%

81%

SGDI % SADCRANK

CSC % SADCRANK

SGDIdifference

CSCdifference

SGDI % SADCRANK

CSC % SADCRANK

2

1

1

6

2

8

2

62%

68%

66%

66%

61%

68%

64%

68%

69%

69%

9

9

10

9

11

7

5

79%

81%

100%

78%

81%

54%

81%

2

1

1

6

2

8

3

71%

78%

78%

78%

75%

77%

78%

82%

82%

82%

3

1

1

2

2

3

1

2

1

1

-3%

-2%

-

-1%

-

-2%

-

-9%

-10%

-12%

-12%

-14%

-9%

-14%

-14%

-13%

-13%

Figure I shows that overall South Africa scored 76%,second highest in the region, using the empirical SGDIscore: this is a three percentage point drop from 2013,when the country scored 79%. Citizens rated the countryan overall score of 62%, which is also down from 71%in 2013 and down from 64% in 2012. At 64%, men rated

the country higher than women (51%) with regard toprogress in meeting the 28 targets of the SADC Protocol.In 2013, men rated the country at 68% and a womanranked it at 71%; the percentage point drop betweenthe two years is four and 21 respectively.

8 SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa

The South African Constitution guarantees equality before the law andprohibits discrimination based on sex or gender.The country has signed and ratified the key international and regionalinstruments and conventions on gender equality and women's rights.

South Africa has one of the highest women's representation in parliamentin SADC.The ruling ANC has a voluntary quota system in place.

While South Africa missed the deadline for 50/50 representation in thenational elections in 2014, it could become the first country to reach50/50 representation following the 2016 elections.The Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) has been leading acampaign for a legislated quota ahead of the 2014 elections.The Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment (WEGE) Bill hasstrong provisions for ensuring 50% representation of women in allareas of decision-making, but this is yet to be passed.

South Africa ranks first in the education sector with an SGDI score of100%.The country has reached gender parity at primary, secondary andtertiary school levels.The education sector received an allocation of 20% of the country's2014 national budget.

South Africa's SADC Gender and Development Index (SGDI) scorefor economic justice is 77%; 12 percentage points higher than that ofthe Citizen Score Card (CSC) at 65%.At 41%, women see the best representation as government seniormanagers at 41%.South Africa has the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework PolicyAct, No 5 of 2000 with preferential treatment of women of all races,black people and persons with disabilities in procurement transactions.Statistics South Africa has scheduled the next time use survey for2016.

Red light Green light

Despite notable progress, obstacles remain, particularly around women'saccess to justice, which is relatively poor.While the Women and Gender Equality Bill seeks to implement theConstitution and the SADC Gender Protocol, the Traditional CourtsBill threatens to roll back many of the positive gains made.

Women's representation in the national elections is 40% a drop from43% before the 2014 elections.South Africa as the most progressive country in SADC whererepresentation is concerned has missed the mark to reaching 50/50in 2015.Women representation in the local government decreased from 48%to 38% in the 2011 local government elections.

Women remain underrepresented in political party structures, with onlythe ruling party with a quota of 50/50.South Africa's main opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) party, led bythree women, remains firmly opposed to quotas.

EducationGender-based violence in schools is a serious problem; many pupilssuffer high levels of physical and sexual violence in schools.No clear programme exists to reintegrate girls who get pregnant.

Retention is an issue; girls drop out due to teenage pregnancy, earlymarriage, HIV and AIDS. Girls tend to be responsible for caring forsick family members.Economic justiceWith 23% women in economic-decision making, South Africa ranksninth in the SADC region.

At 4%, women see the least representation at level of CEOs of privatecompanies.South African men earn twice the amount earned by women in thesame positions, on average women earn 58% of what men earn.

Time Use Survey of 2010 showed that women spent 229 minutes perday on unpaid care work compared to 97 minutes per day spent bymen.Gender based violenceMore than three quarters (77%) of women in Limpopo; 51% in Gauteng;39% in the Western Cape; and 37% in KwaZulu-Natal report experiencingsome form of violence over their lifetimes.

Constitutional and legal rights

Table II: Summary of progress and challenges over the past year

Governance

SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa 9

Red light Green lightThe overall citizen score for South Africa dropped from 77% in 2013to 60% in 2014.South Africa has strong policy and legislative provisions, which thenecessary stakeholders should implement.

South Africa, at 81%, ranks second in the SGDI. This success can beattributed to the country's health system, which is highly rankedcompared to the region.60% of sexually active women have access to contraceptives, whilemuch of the region is remains less than 50%.Abortion is legal in South Africa and is freely available at state clinicsand hospitals.

South Africa has one of the biggest ART treatment campaigns in SADCwith 56% of the population of those infected with HIV and AIDS on AntiRetroviral Treatment (ARV) treatment.

Over the last decade, there has been a 27% reduction in deathsbecause of HIV and AIDS due to much higher uptake in Anti Retrovirals(ARVs). This is gradually diminishing the burden of care.The overall infection rate is declining and now stands at 17%.95% of women receive Preventing Mother to Child Transmission ofHIV (PMTCT) treatment whilst pregnant.

South Africa has a woman minister of defence, police commissionerand international advisor to the president.The White Paper on National Defense in South Africa; Correctionalservices Act 111 of 1998 and the SA Police Services Act of 1995 aregender sensitive.The South African government is committed to the achievement of50/50 representation of women in missions, leadership and all structuresresponsible for peacekeeping.Lawmakers promulgated a gender mainstreaming strategy in 2008through the Defence Policy and Strategy.

South Africa is third in the region with an SGDI score of 81%, and aCSC score of 82%, placing the country in first position in the region.The Print and Digital Media Transformation Task Team (PDMTTT) hasintegrated gender in its recommendations on the transformation of theprint and digital media in South Africa.Institutions of higher learning have been working to mainstream genderin their teaching curriculum.

According to the citizen's score of 60% for men and 64% for women,there remains plenty of work for government.Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the predominant form of violenceagainst women in four provinces of South Africa.Emotional violence is the highest form of IPV amongst women.HealthThe mortality rate is 145 per 100 000 live births.

The rate of foetal alcohol syndrome is extremely high.

Sanitation is a challenge in South Africa, especially the right to accessdignified ablution facilities.HIV and AIDSThe SGDI in the HIV/AIDS sector is one of the worst performing areasfor the country at 52%, ranking eighth in the SADC region.Citizens score the government 68%, which ranks the country at ninthplace, a drop from eighth in 2013.Care work is an unpaid profession in South Africa.

Women constitute 60% of those infected.At 20% for women and 30% for men, South Africa, comes 14th in theSADC region with regard to comprehensive knowledge on HIV andAIDS.Peace and SecuritySouth Africa has 27% representation of women in the defense force,34% in the police force, 28% in correctional services and 19% inpeacekeeping forces.

Sexual violence against women, particularly in armed conflicts, is stillcommon and officials have not tackled it in a meaningful way.

MediaThe Information Bill threatens media freedom in South Africa.

Whilst Press Freedom remains a critical issue in South Africa, itsgendered dimension has remained on the periphery of the discourse.

10 SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa

Red light Green lightGender Links is working with 15 community radio stations as part ofthe Centres of Excellence (COE) for gender in the media project.Women make up 28% of news sources in community media, which ishigher than the 20% in mainstream media, as measured in the 2010Gender and Media Progress Study (GMPS).

South Africa is one of 13 countries that have signed and ratified theProtocol. It has also deposited its instruments.South Africa has a National Gender Policy and Women's EmpowermentFramework.18 councils in South Africa have committed to become Centres ofExcellence (COEs) for gender in local government. They are all localisingthe targets of the SGP.The Southern African Gender Protocol Alliance in South Africa led bySAWID, held workshops in all nine provinces of South Africa involvingwomen politicians. The campaign has helped to re-energise the women'smovement, especially at the local level.

South Africa is signatory to international instruments on climate change.

South Africa has achieved a target of halving the proportion of peoplewithout sustainable access to safe drinking water by half.Although not endowed with abundant natural forests, South Africa hasimplemented a monitoring system for natural habitats that includesdiscussion of crop cultivation, mining, plantations and urban development.Women's participation in climate change is increasing.Women comprise 60% of key decision-makers in climate change andenvironmental sustainability.Citizen participation is integral in formulating policies around climatechange and environment management such as the Climate ChangeTrain dialogues.The government, through its National Development Plan, is committedto become a less resource intensive economy and adopt sustainabledevelopment practices.

ImplementationOne year before the 2015 deadline, South Africa has not aligned itsgender policy and action plan towards the 28 targets of the Protocol.South Africa has not yet developed a costed action plan.

The women's movement remains weak and fragmented; it has notrecovered the energy of the count- down to democracy that resultedin the Women's Charter and several progressive developments.

Climate changeOver the years, South Africa has seen floods and drought that posefood security threats for the country.Climate change effects threaten inclusive national development.

Table II is based on the findings of the 2014 South AfricanSADC Gender Protocol Barometer. Red lights highlightchallenges and green lights highlight progress. The table

shows that while there has been considerable progress,South Africa needs to redouble its efforts to achieve thetargets set for 2015.

SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa 11

% WOMEN

ZIM

BA

BW

E

34

16

12

50

50

42

23

85

90

15

7

12

14

100

960

59

66

52

58

82

13

38

11

25

57

22

TA

NZ

AN

IA

SO

UT

H A

FR

ICA

SW

AZ

ILA

ND

NA

MIB

IA

12

6

11

49

45

52

23

74

86

11

14

22

12

100

440

41

47

38

52

86

33

27

28

29

61

18

36

34

28

52

46

40

28

90

91

6

3

43

12

100

440

34

49

44

61

77

36

22

27

28

60

19

18

22

25

48

50

51

30

55

59

46

34

30

12

16

320

65

82

58

58

95

40

33

29

33

37

24

40

38

41

50

55

58

23

47

63

28

22

45

16

60

145

60

90

20

60

95

50

38

34

50

64

23

44

n/a

27

50

50

n/a

33

68

79

5

4

54

14

100

0

41

99

67

42

95

n/a

n/a

na

n/a

n/a

31

MO

ZA

MB

IQU

E

MA

UR

ITIU

S

MA

LA

WI

MA

DA

CA

SC

AR

DR

C

LE

SO

TH

O

BO

TS

WA

NA

AN

GO

LA

25

42

23

49

53

53

25

61

72

43

33

41

12

100

200

55

81

65

60

85

40

39

37

47

60

20

39

36

28

47

44

38

25

87

83

1

3

11

12

100

490

12

54

36

58

51

27

25

32

28

26

45

19

26

8

49

52

61

33

48

81

12

5

38

12

100

37

76

100

80

28

96

33

36

23

79

82

15

17

11

15

50

45

40

27

85

80

10

5

11

8

100

460

46

71

42

59

73

23

27

24

29

50

15

23

6

19

50

50

48

17

62

65

4

2

38

14

100

240

40

44

23

46

3

33

10

19

44

71

46

27

46

37

49

57

61

21

60

75

28

23

63

12

0

620

47

62

39

59

62

73

47

52

67

73

20

10

6

14

46

36

32

21

70

72

36

n/a

26

12

67

549

18

74

15

59

6

22

18

10

18

77

17

8

19

17

50

52

53

29

75

83

20

15

43

12

50

160

53

99

40

55

95

46

24

37

37

54

18

TABLE III: Key indicators of the status of South African women compared to women in other SADC countries

SE

YC

HE

LL

ES

33

n/a

29

46

44

40

29

64

78

n/a

n/a

24

12

100

450

6

49

25

59

14

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

ZA

MB

IA

GOVERNANCE

Parliament

Local government

Cabinet

EDUCATION

Primary School

Secondary School

Tertiary level

ECONOMY

Economic decision making

Labour force participation - Women

Labour force participation - Men

Unemployment - Women

Unemployment - Men

Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of labour force)

Length of maternity leave (weeks)

Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Maternal mortality rate (out of 100,000)

Using contraception

Births attended by skilled personnel

HIV and AIDS

Comprehensive knowledge on HIV and AIDS women

Living with HIV as proportion of total

HIV positive pregnant women receiving PMTCT

MEDIA

Overall

Board of directors

Management

Female staff in institutions of higher learning

Proportion of students in institutions of higher learning

News sourcesSource: Gender Links 2014. n/a = not availableNumbers in red have regressed whilst numbers in green have progressed over the last year.

Table III is a comparison of the progress made by SouthAfrica to attaining 50/50 representation in the differentsectors compared to other countries in the region. The

green text shows progress whilst the red shows that therehas been a decline in the area.

The Republic of South Africa is located at the southerntip of the continent of Africa. Namibia, Botswana andZimbabwe lie to the north of South Africa; whileMozambique and Swaziland lie to the east and theKingdom of Lesotho, and independent enclave, issurrounded by South African territory.

South Africa is a constitutional democracy. South Africainaugurated its current president, Jacob Zuma, on 10May 2009 following the fourth successful election sinceSouth Africa became a democratic state.

South Africa has three capital cities: Cape Town, thelargest in population terms, is the legislative capital;Pretoria is the administrative capital; and Bloemfonteinis the judicial capital. South Africa has a bicameralparliament: the National Council of Provinces (the upperhouse) has 90 members, while the National Assembly(the lower house) has 400 members.

It has 11 official languages recognised by the Consti-tution, and, since 2000, the country has recognised signlanguage as the 12th official language. They are Sepedi,Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga,Afrikaans, English, IsiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.English is the most commonly spoken in commercialand public life. IsiZulu has the largest proportion ofpeople who regard it as their mother language.

The previous apartheid government defined four mainracial groups: African, White, Coloured and Asian/Indian.The population of South Africa (as of 2013) is 51 million.Since the end of apartheid in 1994, the African NationalCongress (ANC) has dominated South African politics,achieving 62.15% of the vote in the most recent electionin 2014. The main challenger to the rule of the ANC isthe Democratic Alliance (DA), which received 22.2% ofthe vote in the 2014 election. Other major politicalparties represented in Parliament include the Congressof the People (COPE), which split from the ANC andwon 0.67% of the vote in 2014 and Inkatha FreedomParty (IFP), which mainly represents Zulu voters andtook 4.6% of the vote in the 2014 election. The formerANC youth league president broke off from the ANCto form the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), whichtook 6.35% of the votes, and finally, Agang SA, foundedby academic scholar Mamphela Ramphele, won 0.28%in the election.

South Africa has nine provinces: Northern Cape, Gau-teng, North West, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. The

provinces subdivide into 52 districts: six metropolitansand 46 district municipalities. The country has dividedthe 46 municipalities into 231 localities. The districtmunicipalities also contain 20 district management areas(mostly game parks) directly governed by the districtmunicipalities. The six metropolitan municipalitiesperform the functions of both district and local munici-palities.

Economic data

By UN classification, South Africa is a middle-incomecountry with an abundant supply of resources; well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy andtransport sectors; a stock exchange (the JSE Limited)that ranks among the top 20 in the world; and a moderninfrastructure supporting an efficient distribution ofgoods to major urban centres throughout the entireregion. South Africa is ranked 25th in the world in termsof gross domestic product (GDP) (purchasing powerparity) as of 2007.

Advanced development is significantly localised aroundfour areas: Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Durban andPretoria/Johannesburg. Beyond these four economiccentres, development is marginal and poverty is stillprevalent despite government efforts at tackling it.Poverty is also present in these four economic centres.Consequently, the vast majority of South Africans remainentrencched in poverty. However, key marginal areashave recently experienced rapid growth. These includeMossel Bay to Plettenberg Bay; the Rustenburg area;the Nelspruit area; Bloemfontein; Cape West Coast andthe KwaZulu-Natal's North Coast.

Principal international trading partners of South Africa,aside from other African countries, include Germany,the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdomand Spain. Chief exports include corn, diamonds, fruit,gold, metal and minerals, sugar, and wool. Machineryand transportation equipment make up more than one-third of the value of the country's imports. Other importsinclude chemicals, manufactured goods and petroleum.

12 SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa

Country context

SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer • South Africa 13

Gender equality

In the years of the struggle against apartheid, the fightfor equality between men and women took a back seat.Today, armed with a constitution that outlawsdiscrimination of any form, South Africans have beentackling the deep-seated legacies of racism andpatriarchy simultaneously.

Under the legally entrenched system of apartheid, blackwomen suffered the triple burden of race, gender andclass. The system skewed the allocation of resources infavour of whites, with the result that black peoplereceived inferior education and inadequate social service.In addition, the rural areas, to which aparthed legislationconfined many black people, remained largely under-developed.

Black women living in rural areas suffered the mostunder apartheid. The migrant labour system, whichdrew able-bodied men away from rural areas to workin the gold and diamond mines, ensured that womenhad to take primary responsibility for maintaining theland. However, women could not own land becausethe law viewed them as minors incapable of enteringinto contracts.

Men had “marital powers” over their wives, whichmeant that women could not transact any business orappear in court without their husbands, unless thecouple had entered into an ante nuptial agreementthat excluded the husband's marital power. Undercustomary law, which governs the lives of many blackwomen, especially in rural areas, women remainperpetual minors. The laws place them under theguardianship of their fathers, then their husbands, andfinally their sons or a male relative from the husband'sfamily.

As men moved into urban areas for work, women inrural areas became the primary breadwinners andcaretakers. Until 1986, influx control regulations madeit especially difficult for black women to work in theurban areas of South Africa. The apartheid governmentformed alliances with traditional leaders to restrictfemale migration to urban areas. This placed a heavyburden on women as it forced them to stay in thehomelands. However, some women moved to urbanareas in search of work, but because of poor skills levelsand high unemployment, they had very few options.Women most commonly took up jobs in domestic serviceand beer brewing. Today black women make up themajority of those in the “survivalist” sector and theunemployed.

The political context for changeThe African National Congress (ANC) Women's Leagueplayed an important part in ensuring that women's

issues featured on the national liberation agenda. TheWomen's League and the multi-race federation of SouthAfrican Women strongly resisted when the governmenttried to extend pass laws to women.

In 1956, the Women's Defiance Campaign marked animportant event in the history of South Africa's fightfor liberation and freedom. On 9 August 1956, 20 000women of all races marched to the Union Building inPretoria to protest against the extension of pass lawsto include black women. The women demanded to seethe then-prime minister, Johannes Strijdom, andchanted: “Strijdom wa thint'abafazi,wathint' imbokodhouzokufa” (You strike a woman, you strike a rock, youwill be crushed). Today, 9 August is a national holidaycelebrated by South African women and men. It is aday when South Africans take stock of their commitmentto women's liberation.

Women's movement now: South African Womenin DialogueSouth African Women in Dialogue (SAWID) is anindependent South African women's platformcommitted to hearing the voice of every woman andto improving the status of women by engaging nationalgovernment, the private sector, civil society, (includingnon-governmental organisations, community-basedorganisations, faith-based organisations and donors) ina partnership to shape community, provincial andcontinental agendas. SAWID is the driving force behindthe Ministry of Women in the presidency.

South Africa and the post 2015 agenda

The targets of the Southern African DevelopmentGender Protocol (SGP) and the Millennium developmentGoals (MDGs) end in 2015. South Africa has made manystrides in achieving the targets of the Protocol and theMDGs. With the end of the Protocol in sight, the SouthAfrican Alliance has been instrumental in leadingdiscussions on the post-2015 agenda, includingdeveloping new targets and indicators for the SADCregion, the rest of Africa and the world. The Allianceproposes 300 new indicators, including 100 for gender-based violence.

On 16 October 2014, the Alliance hosted a roundtablediscussion on the Post-2015 agenda. The Departmentof Trade and Industry, Small Business; the Monitoringand evaluation department of Women in the Presidency;the Commission on Gender Equality; and the WorldBank trust attended the discussion. In conjunction withthe Alliance, the group prioritised five priority indicatorsfor each theme of the Protocol in South Africa. Findthe proposed indicators and priorities at the end ofeach chapter throughout this barometer.