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Basic pharmco and kinetics

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Basic Pharmacology as taught at the Mae Tao Clinic by Prof Thomas Buckley, UConn
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Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy
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Page 1: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics

University of Connecticut

School of Pharmacy

Page 2: Basic pharmco and kinetics

What do medications do?

In general, medications may do the following:

1. Alter the activity of cells

2. Replace substances that are deficient or missing in the body

3. Neutralize substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

4. Destroy cells that harm the body

Page 3: Basic pharmco and kinetics

What do medications do?

In general, medications do the following:

• Alter the activity of cells

• Replace substances that are deficient or missing in the body

• Neutralize substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroy cells that harm the body

Page 4: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Cells have specific functionsSome cells in heart are responsible for keeping the heart beating at a certain rate

Some cells in the liver break-down drugs and other chemicals

Some cells in the pancreas release insulin, a hormone to control blood sugar

Some cells in our stomach release acid to digest food

Some cells in our guts absorb food, nutrients and drugs into the body

Some cells in muscle controlling how the muscle contracts and relaxes

Page 5: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Lock and Key- Receptor Signaling

Page 6: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Agonist vs Antagonist

Go and Do It!

Stop! Don’t do it!

Blocker

Page 7: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Medicines may alter cell functions

• Digoxin affects the cells in heart that regulate the rate of heartbeat

• Glibenclamide affects the cells in the pancreas to increase insulin release

• Hydrochlorothiazide affects the cells in kidney to increase loss of water in urine

Page 8: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells that harm the body

Page 9: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells that harm the body

Page 10: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Deficiency could be Disease

• Patients with Type 1 Diabetes don’t have cells that release insulin

• Some diabetes patients may need to inject insulin to treat diabetes

Drugs may replace the Deficiency

Page 11: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Deficiency could be Disease

Low calcium in diet increases risk of osteoporosis, a condition of weak bones that break/fracture easily.

Calcium supplement can keep bones strong to prevent fractures

Drugs may replace the Deficiency

Page 12: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells that harm the body

Page 13: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells that harm the body

Page 14: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Drugs may neutralize

After we eat, cells in our stomach release acid to digest the food. This acid does not bother us as long as it’s within the stomach.

Sometimes when excess acid is released, it moves from its natural place in the stomach up into the food pipe. This causes a burning sensation around the chest.

Antacids, like calcium carbonate, work by reacting with and neutralizing the excess acid.

Page 15: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells that harm the body

Page 16: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells or organisms that harm the body

Page 17: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Drugs may kill harmful cells or organisms

• Mebendazole kills harmful worms or parasites that infect our guts (intestines)

• Amoxycillin is a drug used to kill bacterial cells during certain bacterial infections

• In cancer patients, chemotherapy drugs are used to kill tumor cells

Page 18: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacology – How do drugs work?

• Altering the activity of cells

• Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body or are needed in higher amount

• Neutralizing substances that are excessive or doing harm to body

• Destroying cells or organisms that harm the body

Page 19: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacokinetics The trick to right dose

Too High or Supra-therapeutic dose

Too Low or Sub-therapeutic dose

Optimal dose

Drug Concentration in Blood

Time

Page 20: Basic pharmco and kinetics
Page 21: Basic pharmco and kinetics
Page 22: Basic pharmco and kinetics
Page 23: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacokinetics – How much drug is there?

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Metabolism

• Excretion

Page 24: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Absorption

• Some medicines work from outside the body – Dettol or Povidone Iodine to clean a wound

• Most medicines need to enter the body– Drug needs to overcome body’s barrier to

entry eg. gut wall for an oral drug

Page 25: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Routes of Administration

Most Common: • Oral (Tablet, Capsule, Liquid)• Injectable (IV/IM/SQ Injection)

Less common:• Rectal (Suppository, Cream)• Inhaled (Inhaler)• Dermal (Cream, Ointment, Lotion)• Vaginal (Suppository, Cream)• Intra-nasal (Spray)• Ophthalmic/Ocular (Eye or Ear drops)

Page 26: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Oral Absorption

Page 27: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Absorption through Stomach

ACIDIC

Page 28: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Absorption through Small Intestines

Page 29: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Food can affect absorption

Page 30: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Absorption throughLatter Parts of Small Intestines &

Large Intestines

Page 31: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Factors affecting Oral Absorption

• Breaking-down and dissolution of drug particles

• Digestive system’s movement and mixing of drug

• Presence and type of food

• Ability to pass through gut wall

• Stability of drug to enzymes

• Blood flow to the gut

Page 32: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacokinetics – How much drug is there?

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Metabolism

• Excretion

Page 33: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Distribution

• Describes how the drug circulates in the blood to different parts of the body after absorption

• Affects concentration of drug at the target organ

Drug in Gut Drug in Blood Drug in Target Organ

ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION

Drug

Page 34: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Factors Affecting Distribution

• Flow of blood to the different organs

• Drug’s tendency to bind to proteins in blood

• Drug’s ability to cross the wall of blood vessel and/or other barriers and enter the target organ

Page 35: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacokinetics – How much drug is there?

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Metabolism

• Excretion

Page 36: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Metabolism• Better described as conversion or transformation of drugs

– Generally converted to a more water-soluble form so it can be easily excreted in urine

• Enzymes specialized to detoxify natural toxic compounds can also affect drugs

• These enzymes are located primarily in LIVER but may also be found in other places like kidney, lungs or gut wall

• Drugs may be converted to:– Less toxic or effective compounds– More toxic or effective compounds– Compounds with different type of effect or toxicity

Page 37: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Factors affecting Metabolism• Race

– Different ethnicities have different metabolizing capabilities• Age

– Reduced in elderly and children• Sex

– Women are slower in metabolizing ethanol than men• Disease state

– Patient’s condition of liver may affect metabolism• Other drugs

– Some drugs, eg cimetidine, slow down the conversion process of some other drugs

– Some drugs, eg carbamazepine, speed up the conversion process of other drugs

• Food– May speed up or slow down metabolism

Page 38: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Pharmacokinetics – How much drug is there?

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Metabolism

• Excretion

Page 39: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Excretion

• Process of eliminating or throwing out the drug (either actual or converted) from the body

• Primarily happens through KIDNEY with urine but also through other organs– Feces (if poorly absorbed in gut or if diarrhea)– Lungs– Skin– Breastmilk in lactating women

• Use caution with dose if patient’s kidney function is poor

• Use caution if patient is breastfeeding

Page 40: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Drug Interactions• A drug’s effects is not solely determined by itself. Drugs interact with

other things.

• Drug interactions can increase or decrease the desired or undesired effects of drug

• Three broad categories of drug interaction:– Drug-Drug

• One drug’s effect changed by another drug • Eg. Increased/decreased metabolism in liver• May happen when two or more drugs are taken

– Drug-Food• Drug’s effect changed by food • Eg. Decreased absorption by binding in the gut.

– Drug-Condition• Drug’s effect changed by patient’s health condition• Eg. Harmful effects to a fetus when patient is pregnant

Page 41: Basic pharmco and kinetics

Effects of Drug Interaction

• Four general types of interaction effects:– Additive (3+2=5)

• Enalapril + Hydrochlorothiazide can lower blood pressure more than either drug alone

– Synergistic (3+2= 50)• Paracetamol + Alcohol can increase risk of liver toxicity

– Potentiation (0+2=20)• Metronidazole + Alcohol can cause serious side effects or

sudden death• Enalapril + Pregnancy can cause injury or death of fetus

– Antagonism (3+(-2)=1)• Doxycycline + Calcium/Milk taken together can decrease the

absorption and therefore effectiveness of Doxycycline• Poison + Antidotes may cure the toxic effects of poison


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