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Section 1 Introduction 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 2 Fire protection planning 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Fire protection objectives 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Types of fire protection measures 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Structural fire protection 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Technical fire protection 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Fire detection and gas warning systems 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Fire extinguishing systems 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Smoke control systems 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Emergency and rescue facilities 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 Fire fighting systems 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Fire protection management 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Supporting fire protection measures 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Overall fire protection concept 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Cerberus fire detection systems 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Basic design of a fire detection system 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Technical requirements of the fire detection system 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 System requirements 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 System building and operation requirements 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Fixed fire extinguishing systems 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Water extinguishing installations 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Sprinkler systems 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2 Deluge system / water curtain 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.3 Foam extinguishing system 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Gas extinguishing systems 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 FM200 gas extinguishing system 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 CO2 extinguishing system 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Special extinguishing systems 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Dry chemical extinguishing system 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Inerting systems 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Fire risk assessment 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Reducing the risk of arson with an intruder detection system 23. . . . . . . .

Section 3 Fire detection systems 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Basic principle of a fire detection system 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Scope of monitoring 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 AlgoRex) fire detection system 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Introduction 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 System overview 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 AlgoRex fire detectors 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Detection intelligence at three levels 33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 AlgoRex evaluation and operation 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 The right combination of AlgoRex system versions 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Section 4 Fire detectors and accessories 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Fire phenomena and detector types 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Detection principles 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Smoke detector 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Flame detector 41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Heat detectors 43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Sensor signal evaluation 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Scope of monitoring 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Zones with fixed extinguishing systems 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Choosing a suitable detector system 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Choosing a detector for normal applications 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Choosing the appropriate AlgoRex detector 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Suitability by application 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Number and arrangement of point-type detectors 53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Monitoring area per smoke detector 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Monitoring area for point-type heat detectors 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Monitoring area for point-type flame detectors 55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Number and arrangement of manual call points 56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 Number and arrangement of linear smoke detectors 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Air sampling smoke detection systems (ASD) 58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Duct 59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono 59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex 60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.4 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Modular 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 Typical applications 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 5 Fire detection control units 65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Introduction 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Siting the control unit 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Power supply 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 AlgoControl fire detection system control unit 68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Evaluation – Alarm – Operation – Control 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Configuration and structure of the fire detection system control unit 71. . . . . . . 4.2.1 System overview 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 System structure 72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.3 Product range 74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4 Topology 75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Alarm concept 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Fire control facilities 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 General 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 Activation of fire control facilities 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 Activating the external control 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.3 Test mode of the fire detection system 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.4 Testing the fire control facility 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.5 Safety precautions 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Section 6 Line network 81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Installation of a fire detection system 82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Installation of the detection line network 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Basic information on the detection line network 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Fire detectors in explosion hazard areas 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Electromagnetic environment 87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 7 Standards and approval institutions 89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Standards for fire detection systems 90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 European standards 90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 UL standards (Underwriters’ Laboratories Inc. USA) 91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Testing laboratories 92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Certification and approval institutions 92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 IP protection categories 93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Explosion protection types 94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 8 Danger management systems 95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Introduction 96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Functions 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Main functions 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Other important functions 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 System concept 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 System structure 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Specific security features 101. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Examples of danger management systems 102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Example 1: DMS7000 danger management system 102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Example 2: System type LMSmodular (Local Monitoring System) 103. . . . . . . . .

Section 9 Evacuation and voice communication systems 105. . . . . . . . . .

1 Introduction 106. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Main functions of an emergency voice communication system 107. . . . . . .

3 System concepts 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Autonomous system 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Centralized system 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Decentralized system 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Section 1 Introduction

This security guide is intended to:

Provide general basic principles.

Assist in the selection of risk-specific fire protection concepts.

As a means of planning fire detection systems.

As a work of reference.

The information in this security guide is based on half a century of worldwide experiencein the planning and installation of detection systems, and the capabilities of Cerberus firedetection products.

For more detailed information on the general planning of fire detection systems refer toCRP manual, section 2.

In all cases, local and national codes, standards and regulations that govern theplanning and installation of detection systems take precedence.

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Section 2 Fire protection planning

1. Fire protection objectives 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Types of fire protection measures 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Structural fire protection 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Technical fire protection 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Fire protection management 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Supporting fire protection measures 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Overall fire protection concept 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Cerberus fire detection systems 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Basic design of a fire detection system 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. Technical requirements of the fire detection system 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Fixed fire extinguishing systems 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1. Water extinguishing installations 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2. Gas extinguishing systems 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3. Special extinguishing systems 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Fire risk assessment 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Reducing the risk of arson with an intruder detection system 23. . . . . . . .

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1 Fire protection objectives

The basic objective of effective fire protection measures is to protect human lives, mate-rial assets and the environment from dangers and the effects of fire.

Specifically this means:

1. Preventing danger to life and health (personnel protection)

2. Preventing material damage (asset protection)

3. Preventing ecological damage (environment protection)

To ensure adequate fire safety most countries have enacted national and regional regula-tions that allocate the responsibility as follows:

Personnel protection is normally governed by laws and ordinances.

Asset protection is usually governed by insurance companies which publish correspond-ing guidelines and regulations.

Such laws, ordinances, guidelines and standards have in all cases precedence over therecommendations in this security guide and must be conscientiously taken into consider-ation when planning a fire protection system.

In cases where no laws and ordinances exist, the fire detection system should be plannedin accordance with sound fire protection engineering practice.

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2 Types of fire protection measures

The purpose of fire protection measures is to prevent fires and to limit the extent of firedamage. These basically relate to the structural, technical and organizational conceptsand are summarized below:

2.1 Structural fire protection

Structural fire protection is a fire prevention measure. Its purpose is to prevent the out-break of fires and the spread of incipient fires.

The most important elements of structural fire protection areAccessibility for the fire department,Protective gaps between individual buildings and installations,Fire walls between adjoining buildings,Building materials and interior finishes of materials that are non-combustible or self-ex-tinguishing,High fire resistance of the structural elements,Fire compartmentation for limiting the spread of smoke and heat,Fire-proof sealing of shafts and ducts,Short, fire-proof escape and rescue paths,Storage of combustible materials in separate compartments, to isolate them from igni-tion sources,Lightning protection in areas with high lightning expectancy,miscellaneous supporting measures.

2.2 Technical fire protection

Technical fire protection includes facilities and systems which in the event of a fire contrib-ute to personnel safety and damage limitation.

2.2.1 Fire detection and gas warning systems

Automatic fire detection systems

An automatic fire detection system is designed to detect a fire in its incipient stage and toautomatically initiate preprogrammed control functions.

For example:Alarming persons who are in danger,Calling the fire fighting forces and rescue teams,Activating devices for restricting smoke and fire propagation, for example, closing firedoors, fire dampers, and the like,Activating fixed extinguishing systems,Activating smoke and heat venting systems, escape route pressurization,De-energizing technical systems (installations),Controlling building services systems, particularly heating and ventilation systems andelevators,Activating the emergency lighting,Activating the evacuation systems,

and the like.

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Non-automatic fire detection systems

In non-automatic fire detection systems the alarm is initiated manually. This is only pos-sible if a person is on the premises.

A non-automatic fire detection system can also be part of an automatic fire detection sys-tem.

The control functions that are initiated in the event of an alarm are the same as for auto-matic fire detection systems.

Gas warning systems

Gas warning systems detect hazardous concentrations of combustible gases or vaporsin the air. When the threshold concentration is exceeded they automatically:

Activate audible and/or visual alarm devices for warning persons,Call intervention squadsReduce the explosion hazard by:

Switch on the ventilationShut off the gas supply, pumps and motors,Close valves,

and the like.

2.2.2 Fire extinguishing systems

Sprinkler systems

Sprinkler systems are automatic extinguishing systems that respond to flaming fires andspray water within the area of the fire. There are two basic types of sprinkler systems:

Wet pipe systems for frost-free rooms,Dry pipe systems for rooms with frost hazard.

For special applications there are also mixed systems as well as host (fire detection sys-tem) controlled systems, and systems with foam generators.

Their functions are:Preventing the outbreak of a total fire,Limiting the fire spread,Limiting the heat spread,Calling the fire fighting and rescue squads,Activation of fire protection equipment.

Special cooling and extinguishing systems

These extinguishing systems use extinguishing agents in the form of water, foam orchemicals. They are activated manually or automatically by a fire detection system.

The following system types exist:Water spray systems/irrigation installationsWater atomizing systemFoam extinguishing systemDry powder extinguishing system.

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Gas extinguishing systems

Gas extinguishing systems are automatic extinguishing systems that are normally con-trolled by the fire detection system. To extinguish the fire they use inert gases such asCO2, N2, Ar and formerly halons which are now prohibited in most countries. The extin-guishing effect is based on oxygen starvation and in the case of halons and „halon re-placements” on the inhibition effect that impedes the chemical reaction between the com-bustion material and the oxygen.

Explosion suppression systems

Explosion suppression installations are extremely fast responding extinguishing sys-tems. Their function is to prevent dangerously high pressures (explosion pressure) re-sulting from the ignition of gas or dust in a room that is not of sufficient size. The equip-ment comprises a sensor system and an extinguishing system.

2.2.3 Smoke control systems

Smoke and heat venting systems

The function of smoke and heat venting systems is to extract smoke and heat in the eventof a fire.

The smoke and heat extraction reduces smoke logging and heat accumulation whichsimplifies the rescue of persons and the work of the fire fighting crew. The heat relief alsoenhances the stability of structural elements. These systems are controlled either manu-ally or automatically by the fire detection system.

Pressurization systems to keep areas free of smoke

These systems are used to keep safety staircases, escape routes and rescue zones freeof smoke. They are controlled either by smoke detectors of the fire detection system ormanually.

2.2.4 Emergency and rescue facilities

Emergency lighting

The emergency lighting is activated as soon as the normal lighting fails. The light intensitymust be adequate so that safe walking though rooms and escape routes and locating ofexits is possible.

Signalization of escape routes and exits

Signs and escape route markings make it easier to locate the exits in the event of dangeror a malfunction.

Evacuation and public address systems

Evacuation and public address systems are alarm systems for announcing alarm andevacuation messages through a speaker network.

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2.2.5 Fire fighting systems

Extinguishing equipment and extinguishing installations for manual fire fighting

Manual extinguishing equipment and installations are the most simple means for com-bating a fire quickly.

This category includes:Wall hydrants,Extinguishing water mains (dry/wet),Hydrants,Portable fire extinguishers.

This equipment can only be used if persons or fire fighting crews are on the premise.

Firemen’s lifts

Firemen’s lifts have to fulfil stringent requirements. They are used for transporting fire-men and their equipment, and for evacuating handicapped or injured persons. Under nor-mal circumstances they are also available for other users.

Emergency communications equipment

Communications facility that enables the fire department to communicate with the per-sonnel responsible for the building and the fire fighting.

2.3 Fire protection management

The objective of fire protection management is to prevent fires through organizationalmeasures and personnel training.

These include:Normal building maintenance,Good housekeeping,Periodic operational tests and corrective maintenance,Preparation of an emergency plan,Instructions to the personnel concerning,

operational fire hazards,existing fire protection installations,fire prevention rules,behavior in case of fire,

Monitoring of repair work,Inspection and maintenance of fire protection and fire detection installations,Utilization of safe equipment and machinery,Keeping all traffic and escape routes free from obstructions,Clearing out all unnecessary removable fire loads,Enforcement of no-smoking regulations or creation of smoker zones,Conducting fire drills,Conducting evacuation exercises,

and the like.

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2.4 Supporting fire protection measures

These include concepts that prevent arson based on supplementary facilities and sys-tems from intrusion protection applications. For the development of an intrusion protec-tion concept please consult the special Cerberus security guide „Intrusion”.

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3 Overall fire protection concept

The overall fire protection concept for any building is based on the following protectionobjectives:

Protection of human life

Protection of material assets

Prevention of business interruption.

Fire risks are defined in a multilevel fire protection concept that defines specific protectionobjectives. This means that each likely fire location is to be protected by adequate mea-sures so that no incipient fire can grow up to a serious fire.

Area of protection

1. Fire protection measures

5. Structural fire protection / containment

4. Automatic and manual suppression systems

3. Evacuation of building occupants

2. Automatic and manual fire detection

Smoking prohibition, fire load reduction, etc.

Buildings, room, process, etc.

Fire resistive architecture, compartmentation

Exit signs, emergency lighting, intercom etc.

Automatic extinguishing systems or fire brigade intervention

Smoke detection, occupant warning, calling the fire department

Fig. 1 Multilevel fire protection concept

Note that fire detection is only one part of a complete fire protection concept.

A fire protection concept for a specific installation should always take into considerationall available fire protection measures because each individual measure is subject to pos-sible malfunction.

Examples:

Protective measure RiskNight watchman Falls asleep, gets injuredRemove ignition source Welding during repair workFire detection system System being servicedHose cabinet Inadequate water supply, late interventionIn-house fire brigade Off hours, vacation, etc.Compartmentation Door left open, unsealed duct openingsAutomatic extinguishing system Pipes blocked, insufficient water supply

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Only by employing a series of different protection measures is it possible to re-duce the fire danger to such an extent that the required level of safety is achieved.

Which protection measures and how many of them should be implemented requiresgreat skill on the part of the fire protection engineer, both in evaluating the protectionneeds and prescribing adequate protection measures. Chapter 6 „Fire risk assessment”has been provided to the fire protection engineer as an aid in solving this problem.

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4 Cerberus fire detection systems

4.1 Basic design of a fire detection system

The objective of a fire detection system is to reliably detect incipient fires based on phe-nomena such as smoke, flames, heat, etc. by means of suitable detectors.

When a fire has been detected the system automatically generates an alarm and initiatesthe preprogrammed control functions.

Detection offire phenomena

Evaluationand operation Intervention

Suppression ofdeceptive variables

F

Fig. 2 Basic design of a fire detection system

4.2 Technical requirements of the fire detection system

The function of a fire detection system is to protect human life and material assets andtherefore may not have any weak points. As a consequence such a system must satisfyvery stringent requirements.

The requirements can be classified as follows:System requirements

andSystem building and operation requirements

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4.2.1 System requirementsAll parts of the system must conform to sound engineering principles as well as the rele-vant standards and safety regulations.

The requirements relate toSystem technology,Product quality,Functionality,Compliance with standards

etc.

The system technology requires characteristics such asHigh detection reliability (alarm plausibility),High immunity to deceptive phenomenaHigh system availabilityMaximum system design flexibilitySimple logical operationHigh installation flexibilityEasy service and maintenance

etc.

Key requirements are the high detection reliability and immunity to deceptive phenom-ena. This is one of the principal weaknesses of conventional fire detection systems. As aconsequence fire fighting and intervention squads are frequently confronted with thequestion: Is it a real alarm or a false alarm?

High alarm validity (plausibility) is just as important as quick system response in the eventof a fire. This insight is not new, but for its practical implementation, no suitable technol-ogy has in the past been available. Is a fire detection system that is immune to deceptivealarms, an unrealistic ideal?

No, Cerberus has found the solution. It is called AlgoRex a completely new fire detec-tion system. AlgoRex is the result of many years of experience and systematic re-search and development in the field for fire detection and sensor technology. The systemis based on state-of-the-art electronics and advanced data processing (see Section 3).

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4.2.2 System building and operation requirementsThe reliability of the fire detection system is largely influenced by the quality and planningof the installation. For this reason a high quality standard must be applied also in theseareas and conformity with the relevant standards, safety and installation regulations isrequired.

Planning phase

In this phase the designer defines a fire protection concept based on the risk assessment.This concept is an optimized combination of selected structural, technical, and organiza-tional fire protection measures. The design of a fire detection system must always bematched to other fire protection measures.

The technical planning of a fire detection system comprisesSystem planning: Defining the detector types, detector locations, monitoring areas andpossible sources of interference, etc.Alarm organization planning: Preparing an alarm concept that is tailored to the utiliza-tion and activities on the premises. Its purpose is to alert endangered persons and tocall the fire fighting and intervention squads, etc.Incorporation of other technical fire protection measures as listed in chapter 2.2Installation planning for the detectors, system control unit, operator terminal, controls,etc., including choice of installation material, line routing, etc.

Implementation phase

This phase comprisesInstallation of the system,Testing and commissioning,Handover of the fire detection system to the user,Training of all users, including fire fighting and intervention crews.

Operational phase

The operational phase comprisesSupervision and operation of the system,Regular re-instruction of the users,Fault remedy,Maintenance, that is, inspection, service, repair.

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5 Fixed fire extinguishing systems

5.1 Water extinguishing installations

5.1.1 Sprinkler systems

A sprinkler system is appropriate wherever rapid fire growth and temperature rise are tobe expected, where water is suitable as an extinguishing agent, were fire fighting is diffi-cult, and where the building occupants can escape only with a delay.

Typical applications are:High-rise buildingsLarge sales rooms, for example, department stores,Warehouses and factories with a large fire load,Unprotected steel building structures,Underground garages.

In this system the heat generated by the fire activates the sprinkler head (bursts the glassbulb, melts the fusible link, etc.). Water is released only in the immediate vicinity of thefire. This localized application of water controls the fire in such a way that water and firedamage is minimized.

1 Water supply2 Control valve (monitored)3 Valve station4 Pipe network with sprinkler

heads5 Alarm transmission (often to

the fire detection system con-trol unit)

6 External alarm to fire depart-ment

7 Audible alarm

1

2

7

4

36

5

Fig. 3 Sprinkler system

The system can be „wet” or „dry” (also called pre-action sprinkler). In a wet system thepipe network is always filled with water. Water is released as soon as a sprinkler headopens.

In a dry system there is only compressed air in the pipe network under normal conditions.Water fills the pipes only after a preliminary alarm, for example, when a smoke detectorhas responded. Water is released only if the fire grows large enough to activate a sprin-kler head.

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5.1.2 Deluge system / water curtainA deluge system is suitable where early and rapid extinguishing with large quantities ofwater is essential.

Possible applications are:Wood chip silos,Covered loading docks with doors that are not fire-resistive,Tanks used for storage of combustible liquids,Transformers,Paint shops,Cable ducts,Water curtains for sectioning-off fire compartments.

These system can be actuated manually and/or by means of a separate detectionsystem. The detection system could comprise a pipe network containing compressed airand control sprinklers, or smoke or heat detectors that are connected to a fire detectionsystem from which the control valve can be activated automatically or manually, etc.

In these systems all sprinkler heads are normally open and water flows from allsprinklers heads when the system is activated.

1

2

9

4

38

5

7

6

1 Water supply2 Control valve (monitored)3 Quick-opening valve (electrical

actuation mechanism)4 Pipe network with sprinkler

nozzles5 Manual call point6 Automatic fire detectors7 Fire detection system control unit

(extinguishing control unit)8 Alarm remote transmission9 Audible alarm

Fig. 4 Deluge system

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5.1.3 Foam extinguishing systemFoam extinguishing systems are water based systems that combine with foamconcentrate for smothering a fire.

Typical applications for such systems are:Outdoor tanks containing combustible liquids,

Internal foam flooding for fixed-roof storage tanks,Perimeter ring foam flooding for floating-roof storage tanks,Foam flooding for tanks with a sump

Tank storage areas inside of buildingsFoam flooding of rooms with foam sprayer,

Aircraft hangars, Solvent storage areas (light foam).

These systems are normally actuated manually unless they are part of a sprinkler system(e.g. aircraft hangar, etc.).

1 Water supply2 Control valve3 Main pump4 Foam extract container5 Foam pump6 Non-return valve7 Mixer8 Foam generator, foam pipe

1

2

9

4

3

8

5

7

6

2

2

2

Fig. 5 Low-expansion foam extinguishing system

1 Water supply2 Control valve3 Main pump4 Foam pump5 Non-return valve6 Mixer7 Blower8 Water/foam extract atomizers9 Foam expansion mesh10 Foam extract container

2

4

7

1

2

3

2

2

5

6

9

8

10

Fig. 6 High-expansion foam extinguishing system

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5.2 Gas extinguishing systems

5.2.1 FM200 gas extinguishing systemExtinguishing systems on the basis of FM200 are suitable for risks where a dry, cleanand non-toxic extinguishing agent is required (the concentrations of the decompositionproducts that arise during extinguishing are harmless) that does not damage the materialto be protected (no chemical reaction).

Such fires include:Liquids and other materials which in the event of a fire behave like combustible liquids,Gases (provided no ignitable gas/air mixtures can form after the fire has beenextinguished),Electrical or electronic cables and equipment,Computer and telecommunications equipment,

Possible applications for FM200:Paintworks, paint shops, powder coating systems,Oil baths,Electrical plant rooms,Computer rooms and data storage archives,Telecommunications equipment.

To prevent development of hazardous concentrations of combustion products anFM200 extinguishing system must be activated in the incipient stage of a fire.

For this reason only sensitive fire detectors should be installed in such fire compartments(i.e. smoke detector rather than heat detector).

FM200 is not suitable for locations in which deep-seated fires can be expected. In thesecases the gas cannot completely extinguish the fire before the gas is diluted to the pointwhere the combustion process continues.

Examples for which FM200 is not suitable:Deep-seated fires (smoldering fires) involving wood, paper, textiles, foams,Material that can burn rapidly without supply of air (for example, nitrocellulose,gunpowder),Combustible metals (for example, sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, uranium,zirconium, plutonium),Metal hydrides,Self-decomposing substances, for example, certain peroxides, hydrazine, etc.

Such fires can be expected in:Hardening plants, drying systems,Shops where arcing can occur,Cardboard and paper warehouses.

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1 FM200 cylinders2 Electromechanical or pyroelectrical valve

actuator3 Extinguishing nozzles4 Fire detection system control unit5 Manual call point6 Automatic fire detectors7 Illuminated warning panel8 Alarm sounder9 Piping network

4

7

1

2 3

5

6

8

9

Fig. 7 FM200 extinguishing system with central gas cylinder manifold

5.2.2 CO2 extinguishing systemIn the right concentration CO2 has a smothering effect and can be an efficient fireextinguishing agent. However, CO2 is toxic which means that evacuation must take placebefore the extinguishing agent is released.

CO2 extinguishing systems are suitable for:Electrical installations of all kinds where no personnel is present,Inside storage tanks containing combustible liquids,Oil baths (dip tanks),Paint shops,Rolling mills,Furrier’s warehouseetc.

These systems are normally actuated by hand and/or automatically by fire detectors (orin rare cases by fusible links).

1 CO2 cylinder2 Cylinder valve3 Balance4 Electromechanical or pyroelect-

rical actuator5 Pipe network6 Fire detection system control

unit (extinguishing control unit)7 Alarm device8 Automatic fire detectors9 Manual call point10 CO2 nozzle

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2

5

6

98 10

3

Fig. 8 CO2 extinguishing system

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5.3 Special extinguishing systems

5.3.1 Dry chemical extinguishing systemIn this type of system extinguishing agents in the form of powders are used. The primaryextinguishing mechanism is smothering, and in some cases chemical reaction. Thesesystems should not be used where chemical reaction or residues affect the object to beprotected.

Such systems are suitable for:Kitchens (grease fires),Certain drying ovens,Distillation towers,Tanker cars/loading terminals,Aircraft hangars,Aircraft engine test bays,Oil separators,

etc.

These systems are actuated manually and/or automatically by fire detectors (includingfusible links).

1 Dry chemical storage container2 Compressed gas (nitrogen) cylinder3 Main valve4 Actuator5 Pipe network with nozzles6 Fire detection system control unit

(extinguishing control unit)7 Automatic fire detectors8 Manual call point9 Alarm sounder10 Pressure reducer11 Booster valve12 Filling opening with safety valve13 Test and rinsing port

4

7

12

5

69

8

10

3

12

11

13

Fig. 9 Dry chemical extinguishing system

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5.3.2 Inerting systemsLike CO2 also inerting systems prevent the build-up of ignitable gas concentrations bydisplacing the oxygen with inert gas such as nitrogen or Argon. Such systems are used inchemical process systems where an explosion hazard is present.

1 Inert-gas cylinder2 Special feeder valve for

dosed release of inert gas3 Control unit4 Alarm sounder5 Concentration sensor6 Open nozzle7 Explosion hazard room8 Spare cylinder of inert gas

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2

5

6

83

2

Fig. 10 Inerting system

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6 Fire risk assessment

The term fire risk indicates the relative level of the fire hazard: High fire safety corre-sponds to a low fire risk, whereas low fire safety or high exposure to fire hazard meanshigh fire risk. The magnitude of the risk can be assessed as follows: For each room (orobject) the event probability of an incipient fire and its loss potential is defined basedon the following scale:

The following table shows how these parameters can be defined:

Event probability (E) Loss potential (L)

1 = highly improbable 1 = low or none Danger to life2 = improbable 2 = medium

Danger to lifeand/or property

3 = probable 3 = large(material or im-material assets)

4 = frequent 4 = very high

material assets)

5 = continuous 5 = catastrophic

The magnitude of the risk is calculated as the product of the event probability times theloss potential:

Risk = Event probability x Loss potential

R = E (1...5) x L (1...5)

In a first step the urgency of the required protective measures can be assessed based onthe following risk levels:

Risk level Description Priority level Urgency of protectivemeasures

16, 20, 25 Catastrophic risk 1 Immediate

8, 9. 10, 12, 15 Large risk 2 Short term

4, 5, 6 Medium risk 3 Medium term

1, 2, 3 Small risk 4 Long term

The risk levels that have to be reduced by suitable protection measures depend on therisk that can be tolerated. They must be assessed individually for each installation. Forexample, a relative risk of level 8 can be obtained by two different scenarios:

1. Low event probability with very high loss potential,

2. Frequent event probability with medium loss potential.

The second scenario is more frequent than the first one.

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7 Reducing the risk of arson with an intruderdetection system

In most cases an arsonist has to break into a building before he can start a fire. Burglarsoften become arsonists in order to destroy evidence, or out of frustration when they findnothing of value.

The following countermeasures are feasible as protection against arson:

Enclosing the premises or grounds with a fence or wall. The enclosure must becontinuous and not allow intruders to climb over.

Guarding the entrances with security personnel.

Installation of an access control system.

Surveillance of the premises and grounds by a combination of security patrols,watchdogs, and CCTV system.

Lighting of the grounds (floodlights, motion-activated lights, etc.).

Building windows that directly overlook public roads and therefore cannot be fenced in,must be protected against intrusion and projectiles (for example, with wire-reinforcedglass, steel bars, etc.).

Entrance doors must be fitted with safety locks.

Installations and components that form a vital part of daily operations must bemonitored by automatic intruder alarm devices.

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Section 3 Fire detection systems

1. Basic principle of a fire detection system 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Scope of monitoring 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. AlgoRex fire detection system 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Introduction 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. System overview 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3. AlgoRex fire detectors 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4. Detection intelligence at three levels 33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5. AlgoRex evaluation and operation 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6. The right combination of AlgoRex system versions 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 Basic principle of a fire detection system

Automatic fire detection systems detect a fire by identifying one of the fire phenomenasuch as invisible products of combustion, smoke, flames, or heat. In response the firedetection system control unit initiates an alarm and the preprogrammed control func-tions.

In this way it is possible to alarm the building occupants, the fire department, and to mini-mize the overall damage.

Automatic fire detectorsmonitor the rooms of a build-ing for fire and respond to thepresence of smoke, heat, andflames, by transmitting a sig-nal to the control unit.Manual call points allow im-mediate alarm initiation.Contacts of extinguishingsystems initiate the normalalarm procedure in the controlunit so that additional firefighting measures can betaken.

The fire detection systemcontrol unit – the brain of adetection system – processesthe signals it receives fromthe detectors.Cerberus fire detection con-trol units incorporate the lat-est technology. Due to theirmodular design and individualprogramming they can becontinually adapted to chang-ing system requirements.

Visual and/or audible alarmsignals as well as the firealarm transmission to the firedepartment are actuated bythe control unit.The control unit also carriesout a number of additionalfunctions such as– Activation of fire control

installations,– Activation of fixed extin-

guishing systems,– Transmission of fault sig-

nals

Detection / signaling Signal processing Alarm / intervention

F

Fire detection control unit

Automatic firedetector

Manual callpoint

Contacts ofextinguishingsystems

Fig. 1 Principle of a fire detection system

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2 Scope of monitoring

Each room in a building should be monitored by a fire detector to ensure early responseby the fire detection system. Complete monitoring is always recommended because onecan never predict when or where a fire will break out. It has been shown that approxi-mately one third of all fires occur in rooms that are seldom frequented.

Selective monitoring as illustrated in Figs. 3.to 5 should only be chosen in special casesand only with the approval of the fire protection engineer who is responsible for the proj-ect.

Fire detector

Manual call point

Fig. 2 Complete monitoring of all fire compartments

Fig. 3 Selective complete monitoring, that is, complete monitoring of one or severalfire compartments

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Fig. 4 Selective monitoring for property protection. The dark shaded area must bemonitored and the lightly shaded area surrounding it is included in the monitor-ing concept for greater overall safety.

Fig. 5 Selective monitoring for life safety through continuous monitoring of the es-cape routes.

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Fig. 6 Plant and machinery monitoring

Plant and machinery can be monitored with point-type detectors that are installed in closeproximity to the equipment to be protected.

Plant and machinery monitoring is also possible with air sampling smoke detectors (seeSection 4, Chapter 10).

Fig. 7 Monitoring of important electrical control systems

Important electrical control systems can be monitored with detectors that are installed inthe room, in the equipment itself, or in the plenum of the raised floor.

Also in this application monitoring with air sampling smoke detectors is possible (seeSection 4, Chapter 10).

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3 AlgoRex fire detection system

3.1 Introduction

True or false alarm? This is the question that each automatic fire detection system mustbe able to answer quickly and reliably. This task is getting more difficult because the firephenomena and deceptive variables from the environment and work processes are in-creasingly becoming more similar. However, the alarm reliability is the yardstick by whichall fire detection systems are measured. With the aid of modern communications technol-ogy and higher computer intelligence combined with lower space requirement (VLSI,Very Large Scale Integration) it is possible to successfully master this critical problem.

With AlgoLogic Cerberus is able to incorporate these technological advances into itsnew AlgoRex product range of interactive fire detection systems. To the relief of the spe-cialists working in fire protection engineering, Cerberus has created a system that dis-criminates exceptionally well between true fire phenomena and deceptive variables fromthe environment, and this without and significant degradation of the detection sensitivity.

ALARM

AlgoPilot CT11

Detector intelligence

Control unit intelligence

Interactive data exchangeEvaluation and detec-tion logic (algorithms)

Parameter setup(predefined detec-

tion behavior)

Fig. 8 AlgoLogic

The outstanding feature of the system is the AlgoLogic . The term AlgoLogic is a (acro-nym) contracted form of „Algorithm” and „Signal evaluation Logic”. It describes the over-all function of the system with respect to data acquisition, evaluation, communication,and processing. AlgoLogic is distributed in the detectors and in the fire detection systemcontrol unit. AlgoLogic combines the entire Cerberus know-how and experience as thebases for an unprecedented detection and diagnostic capability in the AlgoRex system.

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3.2 System overview

AlgoRex is more than an evolutionary refinement of a conventional technology. Thesystem is based on a comprehensive data base of scientific test results and theapplication know-how of the world’s most experienced fire detection systemmanufacturer.

Although the basic architecture with detectors, control unit and operator terminal remainsunchanged, already the external design demonstrates that AlgoRex is a totally newdevelopment. In addition to the three detector types

PolyRex Neuronal smoke detector DOT with AlgoLogic ,OptoRex Wide spectrum smoke detector DO with AlgoLogic ,ThermoRex Heat detector DT with AlgoLogic .

the system comprises the AlgoControl fire detection control unit and the AlgoPilotoperator terminal.

AlgoControl

PolyRex

OptoRex

ThermoRex

AlgoPilot

Fig. 9 AlgoRex interactive fire detection system with AlgoLogic

ALARM

AlgoPilot CT11

Detection and evaluation Alarm initiation

Detection capability Detection and evaluation at place of

installation 4 Dynamic danger levelsDetection reliability Correct algorithm at the right placeEmergency operation Detection capability is preserved

Signal checking Logical combination of signals Alarm verification Display Operation

Fig. 10 Distributed data processing and system intelligence

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3.3 AlgoRex fire detectors

The function of the fire detectors is to reliably detect and signal fires in their incipientstage.

Due to the individual programming the 3 standard detectors of the AlgoRex series cover abroad spectrum of possible fire hazards.

Neuronal smoke detector PolyRex

Equipped with multicriteria sensors that ensure reliable response behavior for all typesof fires.

Dynamic analysis of the smoke and heat sensor signals.

Neuronal network in the detector.

Wide spectrum smoke detector OptoRex

Reliably responds to a large variety of fires.

New, high-quality opto-electric sensor system.

Dynamically analyzes the „smoke” sensor signal within the detector itself.

Heat detector ThermoRex

Reliable heat detector for demanding requirements.

Selectable, standardized response categories.

Deception-proof response behavior for fast and slow temperature rise.

PolyRex OptoRex ThermoRex

Fig. 11 AlgoRex fire detectors

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3.4 Detection intelligence at three levels

Interactive detectors

Detector series with maximum detection reliability achieved through AlgoLogic, the eval-uation and detection logic with interactive signal processing based on programmable al-gorithms. These detectors can be parameterized: they can be optimally programmed tosuit the requirements of the installation location.

Interactive AlgoRex detectors are used wherever demanding environmental conditionsand high fire risks require maximum alarm validity, that is, detection reliability and falsealarm immunity.

AnalogPlus detectors

Addressable smoke and heat detectors with multilevel, intelligent signal evaluation. Ana-logPlus detectors achieve high detection reliability through centrally selectable but detec-tor-specific sensitivity settings, alarm verification and multicriteria logic.

Ideal for applications where a medium risk level and moderate environmental interfer-ence potential coincide.

Collective detectors

The smoke and heat detectors of the conventional limit comparator technology are ma-ture and reliable products.

They are suitable for areas with low fire risks and unproblematic environmental condi-tions.

Three detector types

PolyRex

Neuronal smoke detectors for dynamic multicriteria analysis of smoke and heat. Avail-able in interactive and addressable versions.

OptoRex

Wide-band smoke detector for dynamic analysis of smoke. Available in interactive, ad-dressable and collective versions.

ThermoRex

Heat detector for deception-proof response to fast and low temperature rise. Available ininteractive, addressable and collective versions.

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3.5 AlgoRex evaluation and operation

AlgoControl fire detection system control unitThe AlgoControl communicates in interactive mode with all devices connected to the sys-tem. It analyzes the incoming signals and compares them with stored values. In accor-dance with the program it activates the corresponding fire alarm and control devices.

All events and data are stored by AlgoControl in such a way that they can be retrieved atany time.

AlgoControl is available in several versions that are matched to the size of the installation,the field of application, and the various detector types.

System operationThe AlgoPilot information and operating panel serves as the display and control unit forthe entire system. Through AlgoPilot the system provides information on what it has de-tected and what measures were initiated. Particular attention has been given to:

Simple and logical operationPlain text information that is specific to the installationAction text for supporting the intervention squads

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

ok

F2

F1

0 C

Premises

Control function

off

off

off

off

Alarm devicefault

Remote transmissionfault

Systemfault

active

Remote alarmactive

Detectortest mode

AlgoPilot CT11

Acknowledge

Reset

ALARM

manned

Alarm device

Remote alarm

Information Alarms

Alarm device

onSystem

Faults

Alarm delay

AlgoRex

Fig. 12 Operating panel

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Alarm and control devicesFor alarming and informing internal and external intervention squads a number of visualand audible alarm devices is available. The programmed urgent measures are initiatedby corresponding control signals. For example:

Alarm soundersHorns, sirens and staff paging systems.

Signal lampsRotating and flashing beacons.

Remote transmissionAutomatic communication devices for transmitting alarm and fault mes-sages to various emergency control centers.

Fire control installationsProgrammable, automatic emergency control facilities, for example, forcontrolling ventilation units, fire doors, smoke dampers, elevators.

InterfacesFor serial connection to danger management systems.

Remote diagnosisPassword-protected remote diagnosis and parameter setup.

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3.6 The right combination of AlgoRex system versions

Sometimes a simple collective detector is adequate for the fire risk involved. But in manycases more sophisticated equipment is required, for example, an addressable detector.And sometimes only the best is good enough: an interactive detector with intelligent, al-gorithmic signal evaluation.

For this reason Cerberus has developed the AlgoRex range of detectors. It comprisesdetectors with different „IQs” that can be combined within the same system.

The most effective solutions is to tailor the fire detection system to the corresponding firerisk and the complexity of the installation, and to select the appropriate detectors.

It certainly does not make sense to install the most intelligent fire detector in rooms withlow risk and low interference.

On the other hand it is not logical to install a simple, collective detector in rooms with highfire risk and strong interference.

With AlgoRex it is possible to configure fire detection systems that are tailored exactly tothe risks, interference factors and individual requirements of an installation.

AlgoRex product concept

Product range Technology Special features Applications

High fire riskStrong interference– Fire risk relatively high– Interference factors exist– False alarms with severe effects

Interactive systemwith AlgoLogic

A

Future orientedtechnology

– Completely modularsystem concept withhighly developed orga-nizational intelligence

– High detection intelli-gence for true firephenomena andexcellent immunity todeceptive phenomena

– Production locations– Nuclear power stations– Parking garages– Areas with high hazard

potential– Complex objects– Buildings with mixed

utilization

Medium fire riskMedium interference– False alarm with relatively weak

effects– Little interference

Standard systemAnalogPlus

B

Latest technology

– Completely modularsystem concept withselected organizationalintelligence, designedfor efficient systemoperation

– Reliable detectioncapability and highimmunity tointerference allow abroad range ofapplications

– Industry– Warehouses– Shopping centers– Hotels– Hospitals– Administrative

buildings– Senior citizen homes

etc.

Basic system,collective

C

Proven technology

– Simple system conceptfor conventional ap-plication

– Reliable detection

– Small hotels– Children’s homes etc.

Low fire riskLow interference– Low to medium fire risk– First line alarm intervention by

internal staff– Little interference

Combination system

(A+B+C)

Future-oriented

Interactive, AnalogPLUSand collective combined

– Completely modular,adaptable system con-cept that comprises allthree technologies,with highly developedorganizational intelli-gence

– Comprehensive systemconfiguration capabili-ties that satisfy allapplicationrequirements

– All applications arecovered

– Can be tailored tospecific applicationrequirements

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Section 4 Fire detectors and accessories

1. Fire phenomena and detector types 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Detection principles 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Sensor signal evaluation 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Scope of monitoring 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Zones with fixed extinguishing systems 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Choosing a suitable detector system 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1. Choosing a detector for normal applications 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2. Choosing the appropriate AlgoRex detector 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3. Suitability by application 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Number and arrangement of point-type detectors 53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1. Monitoring area per smoke detector 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2. Monitoring area for point-type heat detectors 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3. Monitoring area for point-type flame detectors 55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Number and arrangement of manual call points 56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Number and arrangement of linear smoke detectors 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10. Air sampling smoke detection systems 58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1. Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Duct 59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2. Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono 59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3. Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex 60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4. Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Modular 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5. Typical applications 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 Fire phenomena and detector types

The following table lists the fire phenomena and the appropriate detector types.

Standard detectors Supplementary detectors

DOT115.

Neuronalsmokedetector withdynamicanalysis

DOT113.

Multisensorsmokedetector

DO11..

Wide-spectrumsmokedetector (scat-tered lightprinciple)

ASD...

Air samplingsmokedetector

DT11..

Rate of rise/fixedtemperaturedetector(standard)

D24..

Rate of risetemperaturedetector,2 criteria,fixedtemperaturedetector

S...

Infrared flamedetector(standard)

S24..

Infrared flamedetector(2-channel)

Smoke detectors Heat detector Flame detector

Smoke and/orheat fromflaming fires

or from

smolderingfires involvingwood, paper,plastics, etc.

Smolderingfire thatproduceslight-colored,visible smoke,for example,electrical fire,etc.

Fire that gen-erates visiblesmoke, for ex-ample, flam-ing fire ofplastics, oil,etc.

Early stage ofa smokegeneratingfire

Flaming fire, for example,involving wood, solvents,plastics, mineral oil products,etc.

Flaming fire of carbonaceousmaterials, for example,involving wood, plastics,alcohol, mineral oil products,but excluding the combustionof phosphorus, sodium,magnesium, hydrogen, etc.

SMOKE TEMPERATUREINCREASE HEAT RADIATION

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2 Detection principles

2.1 Smoke detector

Scattered-light smoke detector

The light source, the light stop and the light receiver are arranged in such a way that nolight is transmitted from the source to receiver along a direct path. Only when smokeparticles are present in the labyrinth is some of the light scattered on receiver.

The light source transmits brief, intensive light pulses of a specific frequency into the laby-rinth. The receiver signal is evaluated only if the light pulse frequency is synchronous withthe transmitter frequency.

Light source

Light stopLight receiver

Smoke particlesTransmitter optics

Fig. 1 Principle of the scattered light measurement

Labyrinth

Smoke particle

Light source

Labyrinth

Light stop

Light receiver

Fig. 2 Detector design

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Linear smoke detector

The linear smoke detector is based on the extinction principle, that is, the attenuation oflight by smoke is measured. The transmitter emits a strongly focused, infrared light beamacross the optical measuring section. If no smoke is present, a large part of the lightreaches the reflector and is returned to the point of origin via the same path. The incominglight produces an electrical signal in the photodiode of the receiver.

Detector

Measuring section

Reflector

Receiver

Transmitter

Fig. 3 Linear smoke detector without presence of smoke

If smoke penetrates the measuring section, part of the light is absorbed and part of thelight is scattered by the smoke particles, that is, the light rays simply change their direc-tion. The residual light reaches the reflector, traverses the measuring section again, andis attenuated again. As a result only a small portion of the light reaches the receiver. Thesignal becomes smaller and the receiver circuit initiates an alarm.

Scattering

Light beam Absorption

Smokeparticles

Scatter

Scattering

Fig. 4 Measuring principle of the linear smoke detector with smokeExtinction = Absorption + Scattering

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2.2 Flame detector

Sensor „A” (4,1 – 4,7µm)Sensor „B” (5 – 6µm)

Fig. 5 Flame detector S2406

The detector has two pyroelectric sensors that are sensitive in two different wave lengths.The first sensor „A” responds to infrared-active flame gases in the characteristic CO2-spectral range from 4,1 to 4,7µm, which is produced by the combustion of carboncontaining materials.

The second sensor „B” measures the infrared energy in the wave length region 5 to 6µm,that are emitted by interference sources (for example, sunlight, artificial light, radiantheaters).

Signals with a typical flame flicker frequency of 2 to 20Hz are compared in the electroniccircuit for amplitude and phase coincidence. When the infrared energy is emitted byflames, the signal amplitude of the first sensor is much greater than in the second sensor,and an alarm is actuated.

By contrast, a vibrating, hot body (for example, motor) produces a synchronous signal inchannels „A” and „B”. Because in this case the signal amplitude in channel „A” is smallerthan in channel „B”, no alarm is actuated. If a flame occurs at the same time, a non-synchronous signal is generated on channel „A” which immediately initiates an alarm.

The sensitivity and response integration time can be adapted to local conditions in twosteps by means of a switch.

µm3 42,5 5 6

A B

Wave lenght

Spe

ctra

l rad

iatio

n in

tens

ity

FlamesArtificial lightSunlightHot body

A Sensitivity range „A”B Sensitivity range „B”

Fig. 6 Relative spectra of flames and spurious radiation

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Conditions for alarm initiation:

Ratio channel A:B >> 1 (signals synchronous or asynchronous)

Ratio channel A:B ≥ 1 (signals asynchronous)

BA

A

AB

B

~1

~1

~1

Chan-Radiation source

Artificial light

Sunlight

Hot body

AlarmSignal strength(with modulation 2-20 Hz)

Synchronoussignal?

RatioA:B

no

no

no

+

A

A

B

B>>1

>>1Flame with

carbonac. material

yes

yes

≥1AB

yes+

nel

Fig. 7 Detector logic

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2.3 Heat detectors

Fixed temperature detectors

Fixed temperature detectors evaluate the maximum temperature at which an alarm is tobe actuated.

Alarmthreshold

Time

Temperature

Normal

Alarm

Noalarm

Alarm Alarmthreshold

Fig. 8 Operating principle of a fixed temperature detector

Such detectors are designed to operate either with a thermistor, a fusible link, bimetalstrip or expansion fluid. They frequently do not comply with EN54 standards.

Heat detectors detect flaming fires that actuate an alarm when a predetermined maxi-mum temperature is exceeded at the detector. They are suitable for detecting open fireswhere a rapid increase in the temperature can be expected, and in areas where a fasterresponding detector cannot be used.

Rate-of-rise temperature detectors

Rate-of-rise temperature detectors evaluate the rate of temperature increase per unit oftime (°C/min) at which an alarm is to be actuated.

Rate-of-rise temperature detectors are designed to operate with a thermistor, electricalresistance cable, or expansion liquid.

Time

Temperature

Normal

AlarmNo

alarmNTC1measuring resistor

NTC2reference resistor

Fig. 9 Operating principle of a rate-of-rise temperature detector with thermistors(NTC resistors)

The detector sensor consists of two NTC resistors which form part of a Wheatstonebridge. NTC1 is exposed to the ambient air immediately in front of the detector, whereasNTC2 is located inside the detector housing. If in the event of a fire the ambienttemperature increases relatively rapidly, the resistance value of NTC1 falls faster thanthat of NTC2. If a predetermined threshold is exceeded, an alarm is actuated.

If as a result of a very slow rise in temperature the resistance of NTC1 and NTC2decreases equally, an alarm is actuated when the maximum temperature determined bya third resistor is reached.

Rate-of-rise detectors detect flaming fires that cause a temperature rise within a givenunit of time and are, therefore, suited to the detection of flaming fires.

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3 Sensor signal evaluation

Detectors with collective address

Collectively addressed detectors are usually designed with a single sensor.

The sensor signal is amplified and if the alarm threshold is exceeded, the alarm is trans-mitted either directly or with a fixed delay to the system control unit where they areprocessed.

The system control unit can identify only the line on which the alarming detector is lo-cated. The responding detector can be identified only by observing the response indica-tor on the detector itself.

Alarmthreshold

Time

Sensor signal

Alarm

No alarm

Fig. 10 Sensor signal evaluation

Detectors with individually identifiable address

Addressable detectors can be equipped with either a single or multiple sensors.

The sensor contains the necessary electronics for evaluating the sensor signal and fortransmitting it as an analog value to the system control unit. The signals are transmittedsequentially, that is, one detector after another on a given line.

The sensitivity is automatically adjusted to compensate for increasing sensor contamina-tion.

In the control unit the analog signals of each detector are evaluated and compared withpreprogrammed values. In this way different detector states can be defined such as pre-alarm, alarm, fault, contamination, etc.

With individual detector addressing the control unit can determine the status and locationof each detector.

Alarm(normal sensitivity)

Alarm(high sensitivity)

Warning

Fault(defect)

Normal

Danger informationCentrally selectable / detector specific Sensitivity Alarm verification Logical combination of multiple detectors

Diagnostic information

Drift signal(contamination)

Det

ecto

r si

gnal

YearsSeconds Detector life

Fig. 11 Signal evaluation principle

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Neuronal detectors with algorithms

A neuronal detector is a multicriteria detector.

With the aid of algorithms the phenomena detected by the sensor are broken down intomathematical components and compared with the programmed standard values.

The algorithm’s characteristic is defined by means of parameters. By choosing a suitableparameter the detector is specifically adapted to the fire phenomena and environmentalinfluences to be expected.

This results in a dynamic detection behavior. The signal response is monitored andcompared over the entire period of time during which the fire phenomena are present.

The signal response refers to the totality of all measurable variables:Measured value Sensor-signal (amplitude, for example, smoke signal).Gradient Change of the measured value per unit of time (dynamic

behavior, ∆ of the smoke concentration).Fluctuation Small but rapid changes, static fluctuations of the measured

value (noise, transient phenomena).Algorithms Arithmetic rules adapted to the situation by means of

parameters.

Each detector is equipped with a microprocessor that controls the signal responses.Traditional sequential data processing is not fast enough for this purpose. For the com-plex signal analysis large quantities of data must be processed in short intervals.

This can be achieved with the aid of a neuronal network. All logical combinations are con-tinually linked to all others which means that the incoming data can be processed simulta-neously at many levels.

A neuronal detector achieves a high detection reliability and extreme deceptionimmunity.

%/m

t

t

Smoke densitydevelopment

Temperaturedevelopment

Signal strength

Signalfluctuation

Rate of rise

Signal strength

Signalfluctuation

Rate of rise

Algorithms

Dangerlevel

Diagnosticlevel

Optical sensor

Heat-sensor

ResultAnalysis, interpretation& sample comparison

Typicalcharacteristics

Sensor signals

Fig. 12 Signal processing in the neuronal smoke detector PolyRex

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4 Scope of monitoring

Basically complete monitoring of all fire compartments should be aimed at. Limiting themonitoring to specific fire compartments (some with complete monitoring) or specificrooms or groups of rooms (partial monitoring) is only sensible in exceptional cases.

For complete (or partial) monitoring also the following areas must be monitored:Elevator, transport and light shafts which due to their structure or accumulation ofcombustible material represent a fire risk.Cable ducts and shafts if these are accessible or if they are located close to othersectors that have no fire seal 1 ).Supply shafts of sanitary and heating installations if these are accessible or if they arelocated close to other sectors that have no fire seal 1 ).Rooms for ventilation and air-conditioning systems, as well as air intake and exhaust ducts.Chutes and shafts for materials and waste and their collection containers.Cabinets and structures that are large enough that a person can crawl in.Covered loading docks with protruding roof if these have no fire seal to the monitoredsector 1 ).Storage areas under a protruding roof if these have no fire seal to the monitored sector 1 ).Areas below galleries.Hollow spaces above suspended ceilings and below raised floors (as shown in thefollowing table).Hollow spaces above suspended ceilings with uniformly distributed openings thatmake up over 50% of the total ceiling surface and can consequently be regarded as partof the room below.Zones created in rooms by racks and other installations if the remaining clearance tothe ceiling is less than 0.5m.

Exceptions to the monitoring rulesSanitary installations, washrooms, toilets, if no combustible material or waste is storedthere and if the walls are constructed from non-combustible material.Cable shafts with cable seals at each floor, provided no electrical switching elements oremergency-off switches are located in these shafts.Rooms that are protected by automatic extinguishing systems, that have at least a fire-resistive insulation, and where no special benefit is gained from automatic monitoring.Hollow spaces above suspended ceilings and below raised floors that are constructedas a zone without monitoring.

Depending on the situation (to be decided on a case-by-case basis) the followingelements may be precluded from the monitoring:

Separate storage tank rooms that are isolated by fire walls.Civil defense rooms which in time of peace are not used for any other purpose.Separate, private living quarters that are isolated by fire walls.Freezing chambers and cold storage rooms with an area of less than 50m2.Separate battery rooms that are isolated by fire walls 1 ).

1 ) = Structural compartmentation is considered to be fire-resistive if it can withstand a fire for at least 30 to 90minutes.

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Monitoring in hollow spaces

Characteristic of hollow space Type of monitoring in this secondary area

Inaccessible or accessible but containing nocombustible material or source of ignition orfew and fire-protected electrical installations(at least self-extinguishing)

None

Accessible, containing electrical installationswith cable troughs that are concentrated in aspecific location

or

Built-in electrical equipment (for example,servo motors)

Selective monitoring along the electricalinstallations

or

Equipment monitoring of the built-in electricalequipment

Accessible and containing a large number ofdistributed electrical installations

Other/additional hollow-space characteristicsthat influence the fire hazard

Room monitoring (complete monitoring of thehollow space)

To be determined in each case based on thefire risk (probability of a fire break-out and itsconsequences)

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5 Zones with fixed extinguishing systems

Fixed extinguishing systems should be installed in zones where:

Rapid fire development and spread is highly likely (storage areas for solvents andplastics, etc..

The building structure has inadequate fire resistance (for example, danger of collapsedue to unprotected steel structures).

There is a high concentration of valuable property, or where costly damage can occurand additional risk-reducing measures are needed (EDP systems, switchgear, etc.).

In such zones a fire detection systems should also be installed:if the automatic extinguishing system alone cannot achieve the protection objectives,if called for by the type of extinguishing system (pre-action sprinkler system, delugesystem, gas extinguishing system etc.).

Depending on the fire development there can be a considerable difference in the timebetween the response of the fire detection system and the sprinkler system. In order toreduce the fire risk and fire damage it is often advisable to employ both systems in suchzones.

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6 Choosing a suitable detector system

Which detectors need to be specified where, depends on theMonitoring category or the general monitoring objectives of the fire detection system,Room height,Environmental conditions, including deceptive phenomena.

6.1 Choosing a detector for normal applications

Normally a smoke detector can be chosen based on the following table, provided thatdisturbance variables are minor and occur only rarely. The principal criteria for choosing adetector and parameter set or sensitivity are the monitoring objective and the assess-ment of the fire risk exposure.

Projection / DetectorsMonitoringcategory

Projection / monitoring objective Detection of: OptoRex PolyRex

Thermo-Rex

I – Flaming incipient fire

II– Flaming incipient fire– Smoldering incipient fire

(desired)

III – Flaming incipient fire– Smoldering incipient fire

–

Optimally suited Suited Conditionally suited – Unsuited

Influence of the room height

With increasing room height the influence of the fire phenomena weakens which meansthat more sensitive detectors must be installed.

Room Suitable detector type Suitabilityheight Flaming fire Smoldering fire

≤6m Heat detector (cl. 2) –

≤7,5m Heat detector (cl. 1) –

≤12m Smoke detector

12–20m Smoke detector with „increased” sensitivityorLinear smoke detector

≤20m Flame detector –

Optimally suited Suited – Unsuited

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6.2 Choosing the appropriate AlgoRex detector

Three different detector series are available:

DS115.. Interactive detector system

DS113.. AnalogPLUS detector system

DS110.. Collective detector system

Each of these systems has its own special characteristics and is suited to specificapplications.

System Characteristics Applications

Interactive – Freely programmable adjustment ofthe response behavior

– Optimum detection reliability– Also usable under critical ambient

conditions– High immunity to soiling– Immune to electromagnetic, electrical

and optical interference signals– Individual addressing– Microprocessor controlled electronics– Transmits 4 danger levels– Automatic self test– Remote diagnostic capability– Loop line with T branches

– Demanding system engineering ofany size

– Where transient or continuous in-terference is present which couldcause a false alarm

– With direct alarm link to the firedepartment

– Wherever the prevention of falsealarms has top priority

AnalogPLUS – Evaluation of two responsesensitivities

– Very good detection reliability– Immune to ambient influences– Electronics with integrated circuit

(ASIC)– Individual addressing– Drift signal– Detector monitoring– Loop line with module for T branch

– Normal system engineering– Large systems– For rarely occurring deceptive

phenomena that can cause falsealarms

– Alerting of the fire department withCAC

Collective – One response sensitivity for a wideapplication range

– Good detection reliability– Monitored line– Compatible with existing CERBERUS

control units– Electronics with integrated circuit

(ASIC)– Stub line– Favorably priced

– Easy system engineering– Small, easily manageable

systems– Few potential interferences that

could cause false alarms– No direct alerting of the fire de-

partment

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6.3 Suitability by application

Application Collective AnalogPLUS Interactive

Offices

Residential premises 1) 2)

Conference rooms 1) 2)

Hospital rooms 1) 2)

Smoker’s corners, smoker’s rooms 1) 2)

Cleaning closets

Corridors 1) 2)

Staircases

Attics, unheated

Sales rooms, large 1) 2)

Sales rooms, small 1) 2)

Museum rooms

Exhibition halls

Restaurants – 2)

Kitchens – 4) 4)

Pantries

Cold storage rooms 5, 6) 5, 6) 5, 6)

Cheese ripening rooms, cheese cellars 5, 6) 5, 6) 5, 6)

Telephone exchanges

EDP rooms

Switchgear rooms

Power supply ducts, dry

Power supply ducts, moist 5, 6) 5, 6) 5, 6)

Heating rooms

Print shops –

Spinning mills –

Weaving mills –

Carpentry shops –

Clean industrial buildings and warehouses(for example, electronics, foodstuffs)

Dusty industrial buildings and warehouses(for example, paper, textile)

–

Dirty industrial buildings and warehouses(for example, tires, foundry, steel)

– –

Warehouse with electrical and/or gasoperated vehicles

Warehouse with diesel operated vehicles – –

Passenger car garages 1) 2)

Truck/bus garages – 2, 3) 3)

Legend: Optimally suited 1) Alarm reconfirmation (Pulse memory) required Suited 2) Integration required

– Unsuited 3) Switch-off during cold start4) Recommendation: ThermoRex, max. temperature 80°C5) Detector heating6) Other detection systems may possibly have to be used,

for example, air sampling smoke detectors, heat cables, etc.

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Examining the environmental influences

Detectors may not be exposed to inadmissible environmental influences. The followinginfluences are particularly critical for

Smoke detectors: Smoke, dust, steam and other aerosols produced by work processesHeat detector: All heat sourcesFlame detector: Modulated heat radiation, sunlight

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7 Number and arrangement of point-typedetectors

In many countries the number and arrangement of point-type detectors is regu-lated by specific guidelines. This must be given priority in all cases.

All Detector types

The fire phenomena evaluated for an alarm (smoke, heat, radiation) have differentspreading properties. For this reason the number of detectors required (or the monitoringarea per detector) is largely influenced by the spreading characteristics of the corre-sponding fire phenomena.

Radiation

Heat(convection)

Smoke

Seat of fire

Fig. 13 Different spreading characteristics of different fire phenomena

Each room to be monitored must contain at least one automatic detector. Smoke andheat detectors are mounted on the ceiling or wherever the fire phenomena are expectedto spread and accumulate. Flame detectors require a direct line of sight to every likely firesource and are preferably installed high up in the corners of a room.

The detector arrangement must be adapted to the prevailing features of the room such asceiling construction, room division (wall recesses, etc.), furnishings, fittings, etc.

Other aspects to be taken into account:The corresponding fire phenomenon (smoke/heat/radiation) must be able to reach thedetectorForeseeable deceptive phenomenaForeseeable mechanical influences (vibration, etc.)Correct testing and replacement

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7.1 Monitoring area per smoke detector

The monitoring area (AM) is determined as a function of the room height and the fire hazard.

2

3

45679

25

110 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110 120130140150160

h [m]

AM [m2]

1215

20

3 2 1

Fire hazard levels / areas: 1 Low fire hazard2 Medium fire hazard3 High fire hazard

Monitoring area per smokedetector

Room height

Fig. 14 Monitoring area per smoke detector as a function of the room height and firehazard level

Area 2 can be chosen for most applications.

Area 1 should only be chosen ifall danger to life can be precluded,no valuable or irreplaceable property is stored in the corresponding room,the fire risk is low,other fire protection measures virtually preclude fire spread,no smoke logging, in particular by corrosive fission products, can occur in adjacent areas.

Area 3 is recommend ifserious danger to life exists,valuable and/or irreplaceable property is stored in the corresponding room,the loss of material property and installations would threaten the economic existence ofthe owner of the premises,the fire risk is classified as „high”.

7.2 Monitoring area for point-type heat detectors

The monitoring area depends on the size of the room to be monitored and the slope of theceiling. Typical values are 20m2 to 40m2 per heat detector.

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7.3 Monitoring area for point-type flame detectors

The flame detector should always be mounted in the high corner of the room at an angleof 45°. It monitors a cube with a side length a.

The room to be monitored is subdivided into one or several cubes. These are monitoredby a detector that is installed in an angle of 45° on a vertical axis. The side length a of thecube depends on the expected conditions such as flame size, room height, visibilityconditions, etc. For detailed planning please consult your national or regional Cerberusoffice.

45°

45°

max. mounting height = a

Fig. 15 Monitored cube with side length a

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8 Number and arrangement of manual call points

Manual call points must be installed in intervals of not more than 40m in clearly visiblelocations along the escape routes, for example, in corridors, staircases, lift foyers, en-trance halls, hose cabinets, and particularly hazardous areas.

Manual call point

Hose cabinet

≤40m

>40m

≤40m

Fig. 16 Arrangement of manual call points along escape routes

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9 Number and arrangement of linear smokedetectors

Between the transmitter and the reflector there must be a continuous line of sight.

5m ... 100mReflectorDetector

Fig. 17 Admissible monitoring distances

To ensure that smoldering fires with weak thermal convection can be detected in tallrooms, the detector must be installed in such a way that the IR beam is at the height atwhich the smoke will presumably spread.

3m u

p to

60%

Detector

of r

oom

hig

ht

Reflector

ReflectorDetector

Fig. 18 Arrangement of detectors at two different levels for detecting flaming andsmoldering fires in tall rooms

Maximum monitoring width

With increasing room height the monitoring width can be increased.

20

15

1210

8

6

4

3(m)

(m) Room height or installation height

8 10 11 12 13 14 15Max. monitoring width

9

If the monitoring beam is set at a low levelso that smoldering fires can be detected,the distance from the floor to the detectorrather than the room height is the widthcontrolling factor. For higher risks also asmaller monitoring width may be se-lected.

Fig. 19 Monitoring width as a function of the room height

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10 Air sampling smoke detection systems (ASD)

ÓÓÓ

ASD-Duct ASD-Mono

ASD-Flex

HSD

Ñ

ÑÑ

ÑÑ

ÌÌ

ASD-Mono

ÌÌ

ÑÑ

Fig. 20 Application example of an air sampling smoke detection system

An air sampling smoke detection system can detect even the smallest fires in equipmentbefore serious damage occurs. To stop the spread of fire it often suffices to switch off theequipment. Air sampling smoke detectors are a valuable supplement to conventionalroom detectors because they are an efficient means for preventing fire damage and inter-ruption of operations.

Possible applications areTelephone exchanges,Computer rooms,Switching and control installations,Clean rooms and the like.

Other applications include room monitoring.

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10.1 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Duct

The air sampling smoke detection unit ASD Duct is a passive system without its own fan.It is designed for monitoring existing ventilation systems for traces of smoke. However,monitoring is only possible as long as the ventilation remains in operation and the air iscirculating. For this reason an ASD Duct can supplement but not replace a conventionalfire detection system. Due to the strong dilution of the smoke the response sensitivity isusually far below that of a point-type detector.

Only one smoke detector can be installed in the ASD Duct.

Fig. 21 Principle of the air sampling smoke detection unit ASD Duct.

10.2 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono

The air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono is an active unit that is equippedwith its own fan. The air samples are transported via a fixed pipe network to the samplingchamber. ASD Mono is an ideal supplement to conventional fire detection systems. It isparticularly suitable for monitoring individual pieces of equipment and smaller rooms.

Activation of the extinguishing system and shut-down of the power to the equipment iscontrolled by the fire detection system control unit.

Only one smoke detector can be installed in the ASD Mono system.

The preferred fields of application for ASD Mono are individual switching and controlcabinets, EDP equipment including closed machines and ceiling voids, as well as othernot easily accessible rooms and areas with a small volume.

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ

Pipe system

Sampling holes

Airflow sensor

Smoke detector

Fan

Active detector AD1

Fig. 22 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono (AD1)

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10.3 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex

The air sampling smoke detection system is also an active system with built-in fan. It isespecially designed for the varied requirements of ventilated equipment. Preferredapplications are the monitoring of forced ventilated electronic cabinets, computerequipment, and similar installations.

The detection unit is installed directly above or on top of the equipment to be monitored.The suction funnels are connected to the detection unit by a flexible tube. Due to theirflexible design they can be installed without any modification to the equipment to be moni-tored. The electrical connection of the detection unit to the system control unit is estab-lished via a distribution box and special, flexible cables. This system is highly adaptableand can be easily modified if the equipment configuration or location changes. The air-flow within the flexible tube is monitored.

The detection unit is equipped with two optical smoke detectors, one of which can be setto a different response sensitivity. An integrated heat detector (rate of rise and maximumtemperature) is available as an option. This makes the ASD flex a universal detectionsystem with accurate status and fire location indication and differentiated alarm evalua-tion capability. Power switch-off to the monitored equipment can be initiated directly bythe detection unit whereas the extinguishing system is activated by the fire detectionsystem control unit.

ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ

BD5

EDP equipment

Fig. 23 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD flex (BD5)

Zone distribution box GVK- . . under the raised floor

Detection units BD5Fire detection control unit

Fig. 24 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex

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10.4 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Modular

The air sampling smoke detection system ASD modular is also an active system with itsown fan. It is a very efficient system that is available in various capacity stages. The airsamples are transported via fixed suction tubes to the sampling chamber. In addition tothe fire detectors in the air sampling chamber, detection equipment can be installed di-rectly in suitable locations of the air sampling tubes. With this arrangement it is possible todivide large monitoring areas into smaller areas that are easier to keep under surveil-lance. This makes it easier to locate the seat of the fire which is advantageous for system-atic shutdown of power to the monitored equipment. It also allows the automatic extin-guishing system to be activated precisely where needed.

ø 25

65

5 ø 25

5 ø 25

1

2

3 3 3 3

4

6

6 6

∅ 40∅ 405 ø 32 4

7

6 x ø 6

1 Display / operation and connections2 Airtight metal housing with fan3 Main smoke detector4 Main tubes5 Air sampling tubes with suction openings6 Detection unit BDA2400 with smoke detector7 Detection unit BDA2410 with smoke detector

Air sampling measurement chamber MP2424

Fig. 25 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD modular

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A multistage alarm concept can be implemented by installing the detection equipment indifferent locations. In addition smoke detectors with different response sensitivities canbe installed in the detection units, that is, standard smoke detectors with normal or in-creased sensitivity, or high-sensitivity smoke detectors. In each of the four main tubes theairflow is monitored separately.

For special applications a detection unit equipped with an HSD (high sensitivity detector)can be used.

Due to its modular design the air sampling smoke detection system ASD modular issuited to a broad range of applications. Typical applications are EDP systems and rooms,including infrastructure equipment, telephone exchanges and control centers, electricaldistribution systems, measurement, control and regulation systems, clean rooms, etc.

MP2424

ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ

BDA2400

BDA2400

BDA2400

BDA2400

BDA2400

Single detectormonitoring

Dual detectormonitoring

BDA2400

Fig. 26 Typical monitoring of control cabinets with ASD modular

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10.5 Typical applications

System ASD Duct ASD Mono ASD Flex ASD Modular

Application Standard HSD

Ventilation systems (supply air, exhaust air, circulation ducts of air-condi-tioning and ventilation systems)

Electrical and electronic cabinets, EDP equipment, printer systems andthe like– cabinet/equipment1), not ventilated– cabinet/equipment1), with forced ventilation2)

EDP installations (medium to large)

EDP power supply

EDP air-conditioning system

EDP rooms (room monitoring) 3)

EDP-automated data filing systems

Raised floors, suspended ceilings– small volume– large volume

Telephone exchanges and control centers 3)

Power distribution systems

Measurement, control and regulation systems

CNC machines / industrial robots

Machines / equipment / devices– in closed housings

Inaccessible rooms / zones– small volume– large volume

Clean rooms, for example, for semiconductor production

Tall rooms, e.g.:– covered courts / buildings with atrium– aircraft hangars– machine rooms (highly sensitive processes)

Automatic parking garages 5)

High bay storage systems 4)

Operating theaters (hospitals) 5) 5)

Highly sensitive electrical equipment such as flight simulators, high-per-formance computers

Historic buildings with valuable exhibitions or galleries 5) 5)

Archives, warehouses containing valuable works of art or documents 5) 5)

Vital installations in nuclear power stations 5) 5)

Rooms with electromagnetic sources of interference (EMI) 5) 5)

Sterile rooms

Rooms with high levels of radioactivity

Anechoic rooms (acoustics) 5)

Rooms with no possibility of installing point-type detectors

Rooms with heavy condensation (possibly with additional equipment)

1) Equipment: Unit within a housing, possibly with own power supply2) Forced ventilation: Removal of the heat produced by the equipment by means of exhaust fan or positive pressure in the room air-conditioning

system3) In addition to point-type detectors on the ceiling, for example, in case of high air change rates4) If smoke sensitive products are stored such as foodstuffs, textiles, medicines, etc.5) If point-type detectors cannot be used

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Section 5 Fire detection control units

1. Introduction 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Siting the control unit 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Power supply 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. AlgoControl fire detection system control unit 68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Evaluation – Alarm – Operation – Control 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. Configuration and structure of the fire detection system control unit 71. . . . . . .

5. Alarm concept 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1. Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Fire control facilities 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1. General 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 Introduction

The fire detection system control unit offers a variety of fire control and operating facili-ties. It has an alarm organization that can be optimally adapted to any situation. Due to itsmodular design the system can be configured to specific application requirements.

Control unit with integrated operating facility

Control unit with remote control console

F

F

Fig. 1 Operation of the fire detection system control unit

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2 Siting the control unit

The control unit should be installed in a room near the main entrance of the area to bemonitored, or at the entrance used for access by the fire department. If this is not feasiblefor technical reasons, the remote display and operating terminals can be used and placedaccordingly.

If, due to the system size, several control units are required, they are usuallydecentralized in order to keep the line network to the fire detectors and to the alarm andcontrol equipment as short as possible. Each control unit functions autonomously. Thesignals of autonomous fire detection control units can be combined in a danger manage-ment system (see Section 8).

3 Power supply

Two independent power sources must be available and both be calculated in such awaythat if one source fails, full operation of the system and the alarm equipment can be main-tained for a specific length of time.

One of the two power sources must be a permanent mains supply, the other a battery orcomparable source.

Power from the mains (primary source) must be supplied from a separate, fuse-protectedfeeder.

Equipment that is not part of the fire detection system may not be connected to thesystem’s power supply.

The battery autonomy must be sufficient to permit full operation of the fire detectionsystem during the emergency operation time (according to local regulations), as well asfull operation of the alarm devices for at least 30 minutes.

In view of the requirements of fault signal detection and troubleshooting we recommendthe following emergency power autonomy:

Emergency power criterion Emergency powerautonomy

– Without fault signal transmission

– With fault signal transmission, but with continually staffedin-house signal receiving station

– With fault signal transmission, line not monitored

– With fault signal transmission, line monitored

– Uninterruptible mains connection (for example, emergency die-sel generator for 24 h operation) and fault signal transmission

72 h

12 h

24 h

12 h

4 h

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4 AlgoControl fire detection system control unit

The control unit is the interaction point between the operator and the AlgoRex system.The allocation of the „competence” between the fire detectors and the control unit isclearly defined in AlgoRex.

Via the detector bus or detector line the AlgoControl unit receives the signals from auto-matic fire detectors, manual call points, and input modules, and performs thedecentralized control functions, for example, via the output modules.

The following detector systems can be connected to the control units of the CS1140 family:

Interactive smoke detectors with AlgoLogic , series DS1150

Addressable fire detectors AnalogPLUS , series DS1130

Collective fire detectors, series DS1100

It is also possible to integrate existing system components with detectors of the seriesMS7, MS9, MS24.

AlgoRex fire detectors with AlgoLogic , DS1150 series

AlgoLogic is a unique evaluation and decision logic that is based on algorithms. Itachieves maximum detection reliability and is able to clearly distinguish between true firephenomena and deceptive phenomena.

Interactive detector bus for fire detectorswith AlgoLogic, Series DS1150

AlgoRex fire detectors AnalogPLUS , DS1130 series

Addressable detector system with centrally selectable detector sensitivity and intelligentsignal processing (alarm verification, comparison and evaluation of signals from severaldetectors).

Addressable detector bus for firedetectors AnalogPLUS, Series DS1130

AlgoRex fire detectors, collective, DS1100 series

Conventional technology with respect to communication and signal evaluation (oneaddress per detection line, only alarm signaling). The detectors have the same high-quality sensor system as the other AlgoRex detectors.

Collective detection line for fire detec-tors series DS1100

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AlgoControl „black box” and AlgoPilot terminals

In the operation of the AlgoRex system the AlgoControl signal processing unit plays animportant role even though it does not have to be installed in a prominent place. As anelectronic black box it is usually put into the electrical control center or another technicalroom.

The user works with the convenient AlgoPilot terminal which can be installed in the mostconvenient location, for example, at the fire department access road, so that the arrivingfire fighting squad can immediately obtain an accurate picture of the situation.

Depending on the risk and protection concept more than one AlgoPilot terminal can beconnected to the AlgoControl signal processing unit via a communications loop. Thisdata bus between AlgoControl and AlgoPilot consists of a highly fail-save and superviseddata transmission channel that is immune to short circuits and interruptions.

C-Bus

Mains

Alarm devices

Alarm receiving center (for example,fire department)

Printer

Autonomous extinguishing sector

Periphery according to VdS:Fire department control panelFire department key boxMain fire alarm box

Fire control installations

I-Bus

Controlmodule

Linemodule

Service PC

Fire detection control unit AlgoControl

AlgoPilot control console

CPU

ALARM

AlgoPilot CT11

Fig. 2 Principle of the AlgoControl fire detection system control unit with AlgoPilot con-trol console

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4.1 Evaluation – Alarm – Operation – Control

The AlgoControl fire detection system control unit can be configured either with an inte-grated or a remotely installed AlgoPilot control console.

The principal functional characteristics of the control unit are:

Parameter driven organization logicComplete freedom in the adaptation of the control unit organization to changing cus-tomer requirements is ensured.

Programmable control outputsFor fire control operations user-programmable control outputs are available in the con-trol unit. Driver and/or relay outputs are available.

Reliable emergency power supplyOptimum charging and extended life of the emergency power batteries by usingmanufacturer-specific, parameter-driven charging characteristics.

Real-time clockAutomatic summer/winter changeover by the integrated real-time clock that has its ownbuffer battery.

Event memoryUp to 1000 events can be stored and retrieved chronologically and by information cate-gory.

Integrated emergency operation functionEmergency operation functions are integrated in the main function modules. Thismeans that in the event of a component failure the system is still able to signal a firealarm.

Extinguishing section activationAn extinguishing section can be activated via the „extinguishing” control module. A con-trol unit can handle several extinguishing sections.

The concept of decentralized intelligence has also been systematically implemented inthe design of the signal processing unit and the operator terminal; both are completelyautonomous with respect to the functions they fulfil. For this reason each unit can beinstalled wherever it best fulfils its functions.

This clear concept of functional segregation greatly increases the reliability and availabil-ity of the system. The main criteria for the design of the user interface of AlgoRex or Algo-Pilot were the user and operator requirements. Due to the diversity of data and the visual-ization of the information contents such a man-machine interface requires sophisticatedcommunications capabilities.

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4.2 Configuration and structure of the fire detection system control unit

The AlgoControl unit is configured largely in accordance with the logical system struc-ture. Detailed planning and configuration information can be found in the Cerberus con-trol unit manual CS11.

4.2.1 System overview

Det

ecto

r b

us

AlgoControl AlgoPilotDO11..

DOT11..

DT11..

OptoRex

PolyRex

ThermoRex

Co

mm

un

icat

ion

bu

s

Planning and

AlgoWorks

AlgoRex S11

DS11 Detector system CS1140 Control unit system

maintenance

CharacteristicsHigh selective detection capability,Menu-driven operator guidance,Distributed intelligence,Independent bus systems (detector bus / communications bus),Individual evaluation algorithms,Parameter downloading,Automatically recognizable detector replacement,Unrestricted address assignment,High configuration flexibility,Manufactured according to ecologically compatible principles,Compatibility with existing installations,High system availability and quality,Simple maintenance.

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4.2.2 System structureAlgoRex has a logical and a physical structure. The logical structure is completely sepa-rate from the physical structure which allows greater flexibility. The display and operationare governed by geographic and organizational aspects and are consequently indepen-dent of the actual hardware installation of the detector network.

Area

Section

Zone

Element

(e.g. main building)

e.g. 1st floor

e.g. room 104

e.g. DO1151

Logical structure

Device

e.g. interactive, collectiveaddress

point in room

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Logical and physical structureAs the following example shows the AREA (alarm organization level, usually a building) isthe highest logical level.

Main building 1st floor

1st floor

Room 104ground floor

2nd floor

Area

Section

Zone

Element

Mainbuilding

1st floor 2nd floorGroundfloor

EDP-Room

Ware-house

Room 104

Room103

Room 102

Recep-tion

Canteen

C-Bus

Device

Function unit

Station

D-Bus

I-Bus

Control unit

Geographic features (building structure)

Linking

Logical structure:

The logical structure is animage of the geographic fea-tures of an installation. It canbe flexibly adapted to thebuilding structure, room uti-lization, etc.The logical structure is inde-pendent of the line routingwithin the detector network.

Physical structure:

The physical structure is animage of the hardware. It re-sults from the hardware instal-lation.

Linking:

The lowest levels of the twostructures are logically linkedto each other. This linking de-termines which physical de-vices (e.g. detectors) areinstalled in which geographiclocation.

Logi

cal

stru

ctur

eP

hysi

cal s

truc

ture

Operator terminal

(e.g. detector)

(e.g. line module)

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4.2.3 Product rangeWith AlgoRex fire detection systems can be tailored to the user’s requirements. Threedifferent detector series and 2 different fire detection system control units are available.The fire detector series and control unit are selected on the basis of the application re-quirements and/or the system size.

DO1101 DT1101 / DT1102

– Collective-signal– Limit comparator technology

DO1131 DOT1131

– Single-detector signal– Multi-detector logic– Drift signal

DT1131

DO1151 DOT1151

– Single-detector signal– Individual evaluation algorithms– Multicriteria detectors with neuronal

network– Automatic application suitability check– Multidetector logic

DT1152

Collective

AnalogPLUS

Interactive

Detector series DS11

– For small to medium systems– With collective or analog addressable detectors

Control units CS11

Stand-alone

Network compatible

– For small to large systems comprising one or severalcontrol units

– For collective, AnalogPLUS or interactive detectors– Remotely installable control console

DS110.

DS113.

DS115.AlgoPilot

AlgoControl

CT1141 / CT1142

CS1110 / CS1115

CS1140

CC1141 /CC1142

AlgoControl

CI1110 /CI1115

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4.2.4 TopologyDepending on the detector series either stub lines, loop lines, or T-taps are possible.Two types of control units are available: stand-alone and network compatible. In largesystems the data line between the local control console and the danger managementsystem is implemented as a loop line.

collective

interactive

Network compatible

ÉÉÉÉ

collective

Stand-alone

AnalogPLUS

Danger management

AnalogPLUS CS1110 / CS1115

CS1140

system terminal

Control unit

Control console

CI1110 /CI1115

CC1141 /CC1142

CI1141 /CI1142

Gateway

CT1141 /CT1142

CK1141 /CK1142

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5 Alarm concept

General

The alarm concept must be defined individually for each installation.

Important is the quick transmission of alarm messages to the appropriate group of recipi-ents.

Audible and visual alarm devices must generate a signal that is clearly identifiable as afire alarm.

The alarm devices must be connected to the emergency power supply of the fire detec-tion system control unit and controlled via the corresponding alarm outputs.

The fire department must be alerted via a direct line that should preferably be monitored.

5.1 Cerberus alarm concept (CAC)

The Cerberus alarm concept prevents calling of the fire department for minor incidents.

The concept differentiates.:

1. Responsible personnel is present ⇒ „Day organization”

2. Responsible personnel is absent ⇒ „Night organization”

Day organization (personnel present)

When the day organization is active an alarm is initially transmitted to the responsiblepersonnel that investigates the situation.

If it is a serious incident the fire department is called immediately from the nearest manualcall point.

If it is a minor incident the fire is extinguished with the resources available locally and thealarm is reset.

Night organization (personnel absent)

When the night organization is active all alarms immediately trigger an „External alarm”.

Day and night organization

When either the day or night organization is active the actuation of a manual call point orthe activation of an extinguishing system immediately triggers an „External alarm”.

Monitored sequencesThe reaction of the personnel is monitored by 2 independent timer circuits. The first timercircuit monitors the presence of the personnel, the second circuit the duration of the re-connaissance. If no personnel is present or if the reconnaissance time is exceeded, an„External alarm” is transmitted immediately to the fire department and the prepro-grammed control functions are initiated.

Additional security provided by AlgoLogic

Based on the experience accumulated from a large number of fire tests, detection algo-rithms have been created and integrated in the AlgoRex detectors. Each detector con-

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tains the data for the algorithm that is optimally suited for fire detection. The detector au-tonomously evaluates the existing danger level and transmits the result to the systemcontrol unit. The latter validates the incoming signals based on stored values and initiatespreprogrammed decisions.

In addition the detection behavior of AlgoRex detectors is dependent on the day/nightorganization state. The same applies to multidetector zones. The result of this technologyis an incomparably high alarm validity.

yes

no

Day /Night

Nightorganization

Dayorganization

F

Algorithms

Multidetector zones

Highest alarm validity

Supplementary benefitin alarm concept with

AlgoRex

Localalarm

Presence

Acknowledg-ment

Recon-nais-sance Investigating Emergency Reset

F

Generalinternalalarm

External alarm

Alarm

yes

no yes

no

Fig. 3 Flow diagram „Cerberus Alarm Concept” (CAC)

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Alarm organization and means of alarm

The operational constraints must be taken into account when specifying the alarm orga-nization and means of alarm because the group of persons responsible for responding toa fire alarm may vary in each case. The alarm organization and means of alarm must berecorded in the system log book.

Alarm Purpose Means of alarm

Localalarm

specific, discreet alarm for per-sons who have to investigatethe alarm location

– Staff paging system

– Audible alarm devices in the rooms wherethe reconnaissance squad is stationed

– Coded bell signal, possibly also via staffpaging system

– System buzzer on the display and the con-trol panel of the fire detection system

– Mobile telephone

Generalinternalalarm

Specific alarm for calling outthe required fire fighting crews

– Same as for local alarm

– Generally alarm devices that are distributedall over the building through which themembers of the in-house fire brigade canbe called

– Telephonic transmission facilities for alert-ing the fire department

Initiation of the evacuationalarm, frequently only aftercareful deliberation, in order toavoid panic

– Separate evacuation speaker systemthrough which specific instructions aregiven

Specific warnings to persons indanger, e.g. floor-by-floor

– Separate evacuation signal, e.g. intermit-tent alarm signal, in case trained personnelare present

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6 Fire control facilities

6.1 General

Equipment that is part of the fire protection concept and which can be automatically con-trolled by the fire detection system.

This includes, for example:Switching off air-conditioning and ventilation system,Closing fire dampers,Closing fire doors,Activating smoke and heat extraction systems,Activating emergency lighting systems,Commanding elevators to the ground floor and blocking them there,Switching of machines and equipment of all types.

The control of such equipment must not adversely affect the fire detection system.

6.1.1 Activation of fire control facilitiesThe activation of fire control facilities depends on the situation prevailing in the monitoredarea and must be determined individually for each installation.

In smaller fire detection systems all fire control facilities are normally activated in theevent of an alarm.

In larger fire detection systems the fire control facilities are frequently controlled on azone-by-zone basis and activated selectively in case of a minor alarm or general internalalarm.

Vital installations can be controlled through multidetector zones. All controlled facilitiesshould move to their safe position in the event of a power failure.

For example:Fire doors and fire dampers should close.

The functions of the fire control facilities must be documented in the system folder.

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6.1.2 Activating the external controlOn the switch panel of the controlled facility a signal must indicate that the fire control hasbeen activated by the fire detection system.

The activated facility must be restored to its normal operating state independently of thefire detection system.

Example:

P

N

Fire detection system

External control

Relay contact closes in alarm condition, openswhen the alarm is reset, in exceptional caseswhen the audible fire alarm is switched off

Control voltage for ventilation

Fig. 4 Switching off the ventilation

6.1.3 Test mode of the fire detection systemIf the fire detection system is in TEST mode, the fire control facilities may respond only ifan alarm is overriding e.g. from a manual call point.

6.1.4 Testing the fire control facilityIt must be possible to test the function of the fire control operation without activating thecorresponding facility.

+

+–

–

OFF indicator

ON indicator

Switch-off button

InitiationExternal control

Fig. 5 OFF state indication of a fire control facility

6.1.5 Safety precautionsDepending on the type of facility or equipment, activation of the fire control operation thatcan have consequences that may possibly negate the benefits of automatic initiation.

In case of doubt, manual control should be given preference over automatic control.

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Section 6 Line network

The following section describes the planning of the line network of a fire detection system.National regulations must in all cases be followed even if they are not explicitly mentionedhere.

1. Installation of a fire detection system 82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Installation of the detection line network2.1. Basic information on the detection line network 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Fire detectors in explosion hazard areas 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Electromagnetic environments 87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 Installation of a fire detection system

High installation flexibilityAlgoRex allows complete freedom in the design of the line network. Loop lines, stub linesor both are feasible. It is also possible to connect different detector types to the same line.If existing detector networks are to be integrated or expanded, unshielded twisted pairssuffice in most cases.

Example:Existing detector networkModernization of existing systems withAlgoRex; connection of existing „collec-tive” systems: Loop line Stub line T-tabExisting installations can be integrated.

Example:New detector networkWith Interactive detectors Input/output (I/O) modules Special detectors Loop lines Stub lines T-tabsLines: unshielded twisted pair

I O I

Fig. 1 AlgoRex fire detection system: installation and connection versions

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Complete freedom in the design of the interactive detection line net-workT-taps with individual addresses can be connected to the loop at any time (without addi-tional equipment). This means that the line network can be designed as required by thebuilding structure and based on economic considerations rather than the limitations ofthe system. Later additions, extensions or utilization changes are consequently easy toimplement.

Very important:

If AlgoRex is used to upgrade an existing system, no new cabling is required. Even the oldinstallation wires of 220V detection systems can in most cases still be used, provided thequality of the installation conforms to current standards. AlgoRex requires shieldedcables only in very extreme situations.

Ex

I/OII I I

I

Fig. 2 Complete freedom in the design of the installation network with interactive de-tectors

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2 Installation of the detection line network

Particularly important for the AlgoRex system is the reliable function of the detection net-work. This means reliability also in case of line interruptions and short circuits which canoccur when building work is performed. With line separators in the detector and othermodules the control unit can automatically isolate the injured line segment while main-taining the functionality of the remaining detector network. On the two-wire detector busthe microprocessor-equipped output modules supply the decentralized fire control func-tions; input modules allow direct connection of collective fire detectors on an interactiveline, as well as non-AlgoRex fire detectors and other signal outputs (e.g. sprinkler con-tacts). As a rule neither the output modules nor the input modules require an externalpower source.

Also shunt-Zener-diode barriers can be integrated in the detector line so that explosionhazard rooms can be monitored with explosion-proof detectors connected to a normaldetector line.

The detector line routing capabilities for the AlgoRex system have been completely rede-signed; priority was given to the requirements of the electrical engineer and the installer.For example parallel branches (T-taps) which were previously not allowed, are now pos-sible with the AlgoRex system and they are also monitored. Depending on the selectedintelligence level, ring and stub lines can be implemented as desired so that the detectorline needs to be installed only in accordance with the building requirements rather thansystem limitations.

Also new with AlgoRex interactive is that the external (additional) response indicator ofthe detector does not have to be connected to the corresponding detector itself; it can beinstalled anywhere on the detector line or be fed by another detector. The assignment ofthe indicator to the detector is programmed in the system control unit. A response indica-tor can also be controlled by multiple detectors (e.g. multidetector zones).

2.1 Basic information on the detection line network

Separate line network

Fire detection systems must be operated via a separate line network.

Separation of signal and power lines

Despite the very high immunity of new detector systems, detector lines should preferablybe routed separately from other lines and systems in order to prevent electromagneticinfluences, (e.g. low-voltage and high-voltage cables, transmitter and high-frequencyequipment, pulse controls, lightning protection systems, etc.).

Ambient influences

The line network (dry, wet, or explosion proof) must conform to the same standard as forelectrical lighting.

Cable and wiring material

As protection against electromagnetic influences twisted cables should be used. Com-mercially available material that is suitable for telephone or low-voltage systems(<1000V) can be procured locally.

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Lines to the alarm devices

The following factors must be taken into consideration:Maximum load rating of the alarm output in the control unit,Maximum voltage loss 10%.

Detection line network

The fire detectors of a line are connected in series with a 2-wire line. Parallel wiring is onlypossible for addressable systems (except MS9i).

Serial wiring T-taps are only possible in systems with ad-dressable detectors

Fig. 3 Detector network

2.2 Fire detectors in explosion hazard areas

Fire detection equipment is normally installed in an intrinsically safe version.

Principle of intrinsic safety

EN50020 defines an intrinsically safe circuit as follows:

A circuit in which no sparks and no thermal effects occurring under the testing conditionsdefined in this standard (which comprise normal operation and certain fault conditions)are able to ignite a certain explosible atmosphere.

Within a system, circuits that are intrinsically safe must be separated from those whichare not intrinsically safe by means of suitable protective measures that satisfy certain re-quirements.

Intrinsically safe installation

In general explosion hazard areas constitute only a small part of a fire detection system.The control unit, operator terminals, etc. and large portions of the system wiring can,therefore, be installed in accordance with normal regulations, that is, they do not have tobe intrinsically safe. Within the explosion hazard area, however, the line network and allequipment must be intrinsically safe.

The separation between system components that are or are not intrinsically safe requiresthe installation of shunt-zener-diode barriers that limit the voltage, current, and power inthe intrinsically safe circuit to non-hazardous values. We differentiate between:

Shunt-zener-diode barriers category ib: these are only applicable for zones 1 and 2Shunt-zener-diode barriers category ia: these are applicable for zones 0, 1 and 2

At least for applications in zones 0 and 1 potential compensation is required, that is, con-tinuous grounding of all larger construction elements that can be touched. Shunt-zener-diode barriers without electrical isolation are to be connected on one side to the potentialcompensation which in case of multiple grounding can lead to undesirable compensationcurrents.

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Often a correct solution is only possible through electrical isolation (line coupler withshunt-zener-diode barrier).

Typical installation of a fire detection system in an „Ex” area

1) Depending on the application an evaluation shunt may be needed

FD control unit

System ground

Non hazardous area Explosion hazard areaDanger zones 1 and 2

Potential compensation

+–

Line

te

rmin

ator

Ex

1)

max. 57nF / 4mH / 25 fire detectors

max. 50Ω

No detectors allowed

Ex ExEx

Responseindicator Ex

Responseindicator Ex

Shunt-zener-diode barrier

Fig. 4 Fire detection system in an „Ex” area

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3 Electromagnetic environment

Definition

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) means that an electrical or electronic system canbe operated within the prescribed electromagnetic environment without interference ei-ther from or to other systems.

Particular precautions apply to the immunity of the AlgoRex system to electromagneticinfluences which in modern buildings tend to occur more frequently and more strongly.The detector, detector base and control unit are designed in such a way that – also in thecase of AlgoRex interactive – shielding against EMI (electromagnetic influence) is re-quired only in exceptional cases. In normal situations and in environments without EMpollution twisted conductors suffice. Care has also been taken that the AlgoRex itselfdoes not emit any inadmissible electromagnetic radiation.

Sources of interference

Fire detection systems must be protected against the following sources of interference:Strokes of lightning,Interference pulses caused by the switching of inductive loads,Electromagnetic influences,Inductive and capacitive coupling,Earth loops,Electrostatic charging or discharging,Radio communications,RF interference, e.g. from RF generators, transmitters, therapy rooms, radiology de-partments, etc.

Primary protection

Basically, each Cerberus product (detector, base, control unit) is tested during the devel-opment stage for immunity to interference, and optimized accordingly. By means of thebuilt-in primary protection a large portion of possible sources of interference are elimi-nated. However, trouble-free operation is only ensured if the equipment is installed ac-cording to the rules of electromagnetic compatibility.

Type ofpremises

Source of interference Interference location

Buildings ex-posed to light-ning

Thunderstorms– Direct strike– Strike via mains

Complete building, especially topfloors, mains leads to the control unitand terminals.

Hospitals andnursing

Short wave therapy and X-rayMicrowave equipment

Electronic therapy rooms, radiologydepartments, laboratories, repairshops

Microwave oven Kitchens, snack corners

Power stations,substations,transformerstations

High-voltage switchgear, On/off switching of large trans-formers, flashover in high voltage lines

Open-air high-voltage switchesHigh-voltage lines

Electronics in-dustry

High-frequency generatorsImpulse generators

Assembly of switching devices and ra-dio equipment; Insulation tests

Metal industry Large motorsInduction furnaces

Metal working machinesRolling mills

Timber and pa-per industry

Induction furnace Motors

Chipboard productionPaper coating

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Section 7 Standards and approvalinstitutions

1. Standards for fire detection systems 90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1. European standards 90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2. UL standards (Underwriter’s Laboratories Inc. USA) 91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Testing laboratories 92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Certification and approval institutions 92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. IP protection categories 93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Explosion protection types 94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 Standards for fire detection systems

The requirements to be satisfied by fire detection systems are defined in relevantstandards.

1.1 European standards

In Europe the standards are defined by CEN (European Committee for standardization)and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization).

The following member countries support CEN through active participation:

– Austria– Belgium– Denmark– Finland– France– Germany

– Greece– Ireland– Island– Italy– Luxembourg– Netherlands

– Norway– Portugal– Spain– Sweden– Switzerland– United Kingdom

The following table lists the standards that have either been published by the EuropeanTechnical Committee CEN TC72, or are in preparation or planned. These EN standardswill be adopted by the member states as national standards:

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Number ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Title ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Status ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁComments ÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁTimescheduleÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–1ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Components of automatic fire detection systems:Introduction

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Published:October 76

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Revision in preparationÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

E95

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–2 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Control and indicating equipment ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Voting ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

B96

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–3 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Audible fire alarm devices ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁEN54–4 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁPower supplies ÁÁÁÁÁÁVoting ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁB96ÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–5ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Heat sensitive detectors – point detectors containing a static element

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Published:October 76

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Revision in preparationÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

M96

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–6 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Heat sensitive detectors – rate or rise point detectors without static element

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Published: ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁWill be retracted as soon as the revisionof Part 5 is published

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

–

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–7ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Smoke detectors –point detectors using scattered light, transmittedlight, or ionization

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Published:July 82

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Revision in preparationÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

M96

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–8ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

High temperature heat detectorsÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Published:July 82

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Will be retracted as soon as the revisionof Part 5 is published

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

–

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–9 ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Fire tests for smoke detectors ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Published:July 82

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁWill be retracted as soon as the revisionof Part 7 is published

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

–

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–10ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Flame detectors ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

M96

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–11ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Manual call points ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

E96

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–12ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Optical beam detectors ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

E97

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–13ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

System requirements ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

97

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–14ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Guidelines for planning, design, installation,commissioning, use and maintenance ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

ÁÁÁÁÁÁ

97

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

EN54–15ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Point type multi-sensor fire detectorsincorporating a smoke sensor in combination witha heat sensor

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

In preparation ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

Work done in ISO / TC21 / SC23 / WG9to be submitted to parallel voting underthe Vienna agreement

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ

97

Notes to the table:The dates for the scheduled publications are non-binding approximate values (as of December 1995). B = beginning, M = middle, E = end ofcorresponding year.

In addition to these EN standards there are country-specific standards which must alsobe taken into consideration.

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1.2 UL standards (Underwriters’ Laboratories Inc. USA)

UL521: Heat detectors for fire protection signalling systemsUL268: Smoke detectors for fire protection signalling systemsUL268A: Smoke detectors for duct applicationUL38: Manual call pointsUL864: Control units for fire protection signalling systemsUL827: Central stations for watchman, fire-alarm and supervisory systemsUL217: Single and multiple-station smoke detectorsUL985: Household fire warning system unit

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2 Testing laboratories

Adherence to the standards is verified by the fire detection system industry throughperformance tests in laboratories. The major testing laboratories are:

ANPI: Association Nationale pour la Protection contre l’incendie (Belgium)CNPP: Centre National de Prévention et de Protection (France)DELTA: DELTA Electronics Testing (Denmark)LPC Lab: Loss Prevention Council Laboratories (UK)VdS-Lab: Verband der Schadenversicherer e.V. (Germany)ULI: Underwriters’ Laboratories Inc. (USA)ULC: Underwriters’ Laboratories of CanadaFMRC: Factory Mutual Research Corporation (USA)

3 Certification and approval institutions

The certification and approval institutions are organizations that work at the nationallevel. Their number is correspondingly large. On request we gladly supply you with anapproval list for Cerberus products and systems.

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4 IP protection categories

The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standard 529 describes the typesof protection against penetration of water and solid objects into the housing of electricaldevices.

The following table summarizes the most frequently specified protection categories

IP = International Protection.

Noprotection Water penetration protection

IP protection categories forelectrical devices according toIEC 529

Overview

Drip waterProtection against — perpen-

dicular inclinedSpraywater

Splashwater

Water jet Flooding Immer-sion

Submer-sion

IEC IP . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8

No

pro

tect

ion

0 . IP 00

Large foreign objects

max. ø 50 mm

1 . IP 10 IP 11 IP 12

ore

ign

ob

ject

s

Medium foreign objects

max. ø 12 mm

2 . IP 20 IP 21 IP 22 IP 23

pen

etra

tio

n b

y fo

Small foreign objects

max. ø 2,5 mm

3 . IP 30 IP 31 IP 32 IP 33 IP 34

nst

co

nta

ct a

nd

p

Granular foreign obj.

max. ø 1 mm

4 . IP 40 IP 41 IP 42 IP 43 IP 44

Pro

tect

ion

ag

ain

Dust deposition

5 . IP 50 IP 54 IP 55

Dust penetration

6 . IP 60 IP 65 IP 66 IP 67 IP 68

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5 Explosion protection types

If fire detection systems are installed in explosion hazard areas, the equipment to beinstalled must satisfy certain safety requirements.

For this purpose CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)has published the standards summarized in the table below.

Diagrams and applications for the types of protection

Types of protection /Standard

Symbol Diagram Application

Flame proof enclosureEN50018

d Heavy current engineering:(commutator) motors,transformers,switching devices, lighting units, alarmdevices and other sparking devices

Pressurized enclosureEN50016

p

p

See above, but especially for large devices

Oil immersionEN50015

Sand-filled enclosuresEN50017

EncapsulationEN50028

o

q

m

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ

Switching devices,transformers

Transformers,capacitors

Sealed devices

Increased safetyEN50015

e Squirrel cage induction motors, termi-nal and connection boxes,lighting units, current transformers,measuring and control devices

Intrinsic safetyEN50020

iL

CU ingnitableatmosphere

Low-voltage engineering:Measuring and control devices,Fire detectors(apparatus and circuits)

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Section 8 Danger management systems

1. Introduction 96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Functions 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Main functions 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Other important functions 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. System concept 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. System structure 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Specific security features 101. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Examples of danger management systems 102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Example 1: DMS7000 danger management system 102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. Example 2: System type LMSmodular (Local Monitoring System) 103. . . . . . . . .

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1 Introduction

Due to the growing complexity and size of buildings and the increasing concentration ofpersons and property, the building owner is confronted with ever higher risks. This re-quires better and more comprehensive protection. In most cases larger buildings and in-frastructures are equipped with complex security systems which comprise, for example

Fire detection systems,Extinguishing systems,Security systems,Gas warning systems,Access control,CCTV monitoring.

Control of a building must be possible also under the most complex conditions with re-spect to security, technical equipment, and maintenance, but with a minimum of person-nel costs. How can this be accomplished?

In such cases a master control center or danger management system for the control ofall security related equipment is recommended.

The following criteria and their combination constitute the basis for deciding on the instal-lation of such a management system:

Size and structure of the building (e.g. high-rise, industrial complex)Concentration of persons (e.g. airports, high-rise buildings, road tunnels)Concentration of assets (e.g. computer centers, historical buildings)Installation with high risk potential (e.g. nuclear power stations, chemical plants)Building operation costs

For a comprehensive solution also the organization of the security and service personnelas well as their role in the event of an emergency must be taken into consideration. Thisorganizational part of the concept is playing an increasingly important role.

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A typical application of such a danger management system is shown in the diagram be-low. Each of these buildings contains one or several systems of various sizes. For moni-toring and operating the entire complex these systems are connected to a central dangermanagement system.

Public tele-phone network

Fig. 1 Danger management system

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2 Functions

2.1 Main functions

In order to fulfil the requirements described in chapter 1 the danger management systemmust perform the following functions:

Reception of alarm messages from the systems,

Evaluation of the alarm messages,

Logical and easy-to-interpret representation of the events,

Execution of pre-programmed control sequences,

Control of the subsystems from the security control center: e.g. acknowledgmentand reset of alarms.

The reception, evaluation, display and process of messages are, of course, not limited toalarm situations: The above functions also apply to the processing of fault and statusmessages output by the subsystems.

2.2 Other important functions

Additional important functions must be available:

Display of alarms and other status messagesType of alarm, date and time, event location (with structure geographic designations),Supplementary text information,Graphic display of the alarm location,Printout of the alarm list and texts.

Operation of the subsystemsAcknowledgment, processing, and resetting of messages by means of function keys,mouse, or light pen,Expanded operation for special events,Access to password-protected (multilevel) system operation.

ControlTransmission of alerts to call fire department, police, service personnel, etc.,Control of fire dampers, ventilators, elevators, video cameras, etc.,Control of specific display panels (mimic panels).

InterfacesInterfaces to the building automation and management systems,Interfaces to staff paging systems, PLCs, etc.

History fileSaving the events in a permanent file,Selection and evaluation of the messages.

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LoggingChronological recording of all events,Causes of alarm.

Subsystem integrationIntegration of all subsystems (fire protection, intrusion, security, gas warning, etc.) in asecurity control center.

Other functionsSoftware tools for user data such as texts and graphics,Software tools for configuring the danger management system,Access to the danger management system via the public switched telephone networkfor diagnostic purposes (remote diagnosis).

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3 System concept

Á

MASystem console

Control units

1

2

8

CC

CC

Central management station

ÁCentral management station

1

2

8

CC

CC

CC

MCGateway

orcentral

processingunit

MD

Communication

CC

MCCentral

processingunit

MASystem console

Control units

Fig. 2 Block diagrams of two possible system structures

3.1 System structure

The danger management system is based on clear system structures. Data acquisitionand processing is performed at four levels:

Data acquisition level, peripheral devices

This level comprises all peripheral devices such as sensors, detectors, control ele-ments, alarm devices, etc.

Subsystem level

Describes the subsystems and comprises the satellite control units.

The required availability of the danger management system can only be achieved if thesatellite control units function completely autonomously. Their functions such as signalindication, operation, activation of the alarm devices, control of fire doors and elevatorsmust also be possible in the event of complete communications failure with the securitycontrol center.

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Communications level

The communications level comprises all network components required for data transmis-sion between the satellite control units and the security control center.

For adaptation to the physical conditions of the installation, the transmission network canbe designed with point-to-point connections or loop lines (CERLOOP) or a combinationof both. The CERLOOP corresponds to wiring class A which due to its immunity to shortcircuits and interruptions on the data line achieves a high reliability.

Management level

Includes all functions and equipment required for monitoring, operating and controllingthe satellite control units by a security control center. Although the satellite control unitsare normally controlled from the system main terminal in the security control center, theycan also be operated locally at any time.

The security control center consists principally of a gateway, a central processing unit, ansystem console, and printers.

3.2 Specific security features

The security control center is designed specifically for the demanding requirements ofdanger management systems:

The satellite control units are completely autonomous in their function and are indepen-dent of the security control center.The system behavior is largely standardized but allows sufficient flexibility for adaptingthe functions to specific installation requirements.The system console is designed for clear and simple display of the events and providescomprehensive operator prompts.Clear and easy-to-interpret priority structure of the event display as an aid to efficientprocessing and intervention.Multilevel, password protected operator access prevents manipulations byunauthorized persons.All system components are monitored and malfunctions are indicated on the corre-sponding subsystem as well as on the system console.High system availability is achieved by equipping all subsystems with a separate powersupply and emergency batteries.

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4 Examples of danger management systems

There are various types of danger management systems. All of them are based on theprinciple of central monitoring and control of satellite control units that are used for avariety of functions.

Two possible system types are described below.

4.1 Example 1: DMS7000 danger management system

In this system the priorities are largely tailored to the aforementioned security aspects.The DMS7000 is a control system that is developed and manufactured by Cerberus. It isequipped with appropriate interfaces for communication with the satellite units.

Two different operating consoles are available: A color monitor for displaying text andgraphics, and an LCD screen as a text-only display; the latter is backed up by a 24Vemergency operation battery.

With supplementary components such as MUX/DMX units, data concentrators, andcommunication interfaces it is possible to build very large systems comprising up to 64satellite control units. These offer flexible configuration possibilities for adapting thesystem to the physical characteristics of a zone.

Á

MCCentral

processingunit

Satellite control units Central management station

Fireprotection

Security

Gas

CC

CC

CC

MASystem console

Fig. 3 Example of a typical DMS7000 configuration

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4.2 Example 2: System type LMSmodular (Local Monitoring System)

LMSmodular is a monitoring system for the integration of danger detection systems thatoperates under Windows. Since LMS is designed as a danger monitoring system certainfunctions that can normally be executed under Windows are inhibited by the system. Atypical capability of this system is to integrate all Cerberus subsystems as well as variousnon-Cerberus systems such as CCTV and PLC systems.

The system architecture supports a so-called „one-level network configuration” and „two-level network configuration” with different gateways.

Local area

Fireprotection Security Gas

GatewayFire

protection ...

Gateway

Á

External area

Satellite control units

Evaluation

Fig. 4 Example of a typical LMS configuration

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Section 9 Evacuation and voicecommunication systems

1. Introduction 106. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Main functions of an emergency voice communication system 107. . . . . . .

3. System concepts 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Autonomous system 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Centralized system 109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3. Decentralized system 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 Introduction

The primary functions of the fire detection system is the timely alert of building occupantsin the event of a fire so that safe and orderly evacuation is possible. In most cases theevacuation alarm is initiated by means of bells and horns installed in the building. Thismethod has proven itself and shown to be effective for smaller buildings, provided theresponsible security personnel and the evacuation has been properly planned and thebuilding occupants adequately instructed.

As a result of today’s trend to ever larger buildings, conventional alarming methods canno longer be regarded as adequate.

Audible signals from alarm devices are often ignored and may possibly be misinter-preted. A much more reliable method is the transmission of a spoken announcement.

To enhance the safety of the building occupants a voice transmission system is installedwhich distributes a spoken message via loudspeakers in order to:

Supply information on dangerous situations and their development,Give instructions on the escape routes to be used in certain building sections,Evacuate the entire building,Reassure the building occupants if there is no (longer any) danger.

A supplementary emergency telephone system installed throughout the building sup-ports the fire brigade in its task of evacuating the building, preventing panic, and estab-lishing contact with the fire fighting squads.

Today such emergency voice communication systems are increasingly considered to bean essential addition to fire detection systems in medium to large buildings. Cerberus hasextensive experience and know-how in the planning and delivery of evacuation andpublic address (PA) systems.

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2 Main functions of an emergency voicecommunication system

Signal generators

Microphone

Aud

io s

igna

ls

Selection (automatic and manual)

Amplifier

Zone 2

2

Loud

spea

kers

Loud

spea

kers

Zone 1

Alert

Evac

Page

AlertEvacPage 1

Amplifier

Fig. 1 Functional diagram of a voice communications system

In medium and larger systems three different signals or channels are normally available:

Alert

In order to alert the building occupants a pulsed tone (e.g. low pulse frequency) is trans-mitted throughout the building. This signal has the lowest priority (depending on the localregulations the alert signal can also be a synthesized voice message).

Evac

An evacuation signals (e.g. high pulse frequency) is transmitted via the speakers to thoseparts of the building that are directly affected by the danger. This signal clearly has ahigher priority than the alert signal (depending on the local regulations the evac signalcan also be a synthesized voice message).

Page Signal

Whenever necessary the fire brigade can give specific instructions through the micro-phone which are transmitted either throughout the entire building or only portions thereof.This signal has a higher priority than the evac signal.

The required signal (channels) can be selected automatically (via the fire alarm system),and or manually by the fire brigade.

The voice communication system should be designed in such a way that all 3 signals(channels) described above can be simultaneously selected for different areas (zones),that is, all three signals are available throughout the building to each amplifier (audiobus). If this important function exists the system is a true 3-channel system.

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Example: high-rise building with 20 floors

Fire on the 8th floorAutomatic alert signal to all 20 floors,Automatic evac signal to floors 7, 8, and 9 (the evac signal overrides the alert signal forthese 3 floors).After it has become clear that the fire is spreading also to the 9th floor, the fire brigadeworking on this floor contacts the control center via the emergency telephone systemand orders the immediate evacuation of the 10th floor.The control center manager then transmits a page signal (live or prerecorded an-nouncement) to the 10th floor and requests the occupants to immediately leave thebuilding via the staircase. (The page signal overrides the alert signal for this floor).

In the future additional independent channels will become necessary, for example fortransmitting pre-programmed messages for elevators and staircases.

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3 System concepts

The practical requirements to be met by such systems can vary considerably. The systemselection must be based on the size and structure of the building, the panic risk, thetechnology of the fire detection system, and the desired convenience. Three basic con-cepts are described below:

3.1 Autonomous system

The EVAC systems comprises speaker lines that are distributed throughout the building.The speaker system is fed with corresponding signals (alert, evac, page, see above).

Alarm and warning tones (evac, alert) are synthesized by a special circuit. A switchingmatrix allows the routing of the signals to specific building sections (speaker zones) bypressing the corresponding zone keys on the operator console in the fire protection room.

A live announcement (page) can be fed through the microphone on the operator console.Such announcements automatically override the alert or evac signal.

In this system all modules, including the audio amplifiers, are installed centrally, that is,the speakers are „hardwired”, from the fire detection system to the correspondingspeaker terminals in the building.

Normally the entire system is powered by an emergency battery so that it can be kept inoperation also in the event of a general power failure.

3.2 Centralized system

The principal advantage of the centralized evacuation and emergency voice communica-tion over the above autonomous system is the automatic announcement control. In thissystem the audio signal as well as the speaker zones are activated automatically by thefire detection system. For this reason the evacuations and emergency voice communica-tion system will be installed in close proximity to the fire detection system control unit orthe security control center.

Manual intervention overrides the automatic operation of the system. The highest priorityhas the push-to-talk button on the microphone (page); it overrides all other signals (in-cluding fire brigade announcements).

As the system designation shows, all equipment is installed in a central location and thespeaker lines in the building are „hardwired”. For smaller objects this is certainly a practi-cal solution; for larger buildings or objects (distances) a more economical solution shouldbe chosen.

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3.3 Decentralized system

In larger buildings a decentralized system is used.

In this concept the audio amplifiers as well as the supplementary modules are installed inthe corresponding satellite control units of the fire detection system. This means that alsothe loudspeakers of the corresponding zones are connected to the satellite control unitswhich significantly reduces the wiring costs.

A bus system for the audio signals is installed throughout the entire system so that the firedetection, evacuation and speaker system can be operated and controlled from a singlelocation (security control center).

The typical requirements of an integrated system is shown in the diagram below.

The main advantages of an integrated system are the programmable control between afire detector zone and an evacuation zone, as well as the autonomous functions of de-centralized units. Other benefits are the lower costs resulting from the optimization of theswitching interfaces, the power supply, the space requirement for the equipment cabi-nets, as well as the lower cabling costs throughout the entire building.

Typical applications for such integrated systems are medium to large buildings such ashotels, office tracts, hospitals, airports, etc.

The typical arrangement of a decentralized, integrated system is shown in the followingdiagram:

Fig. 2 Decentralized system

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