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• Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine.. The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus internal memory.

• SPEED : In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster than computer.

• ACCURACY : Since Computer is programmed, so what ever input we give it gives result with accurately.

• STORAGE : Computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate format.

• DILIGENCE : Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.

• VERSATILITY : We can use computer to perform completely different type of work at the same time.

• POWER OF REMEMBERING : It can remember data for us.

• NO IQ : Computer does not work without instruction.

• NO FEELING : Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feeling.

• Speed Up Work Efficiency

• Large and Reliable Storage Capacity

• Connection with Internet

• Consistency

• It is an inexpensive system

• It makes file sharing easier.

• Health Risk

• Violation of Privacy

• Impact on Environment

• Data Security

• It lacks robustness

• It allows for more presence of computer viruses and malware

• Input Devices

• Output Devices

• Storage Devices

• Processing Unit

• The input unit of the computer system is used for feeding data and instructions to the computer. These data and instructions given to the computer are called as input and the devices used for giving input are called input unit or devices

• The output unit of the computer system is used for displaying data and instructions on the monitor. These data and instructions displayed by the computer are called as output and the devices used for giving output are called output unit or devices.

• A computer storage device is any type of hardware that stores data. The most common type of storage device, which nearly all computers have, is a hard drive. The computer's primary hard drive stores the operating system, applications, and files and folders for users of the computer.

• A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

Three main components of CPU are :-

• Control Unit (CU)

• Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

• Registers

Control Unit controls operations of other parts of CPU as well as all parts of computer by sending a control signal, e.g.• control sequence of instruction to be executed• control flow of data among all parts of

computer• interpret instructions• regulate timing of processor• send control single to and receive control

single from peripheral devices

An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor (CPU) that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words. In some processors, the ALU is divided into two units, an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU). Some processors contain more than one AU - for example, one for fixed-point operations and another for floating-point operations.

Register is a special memory used by the CPU for temporarily storing data during execution of instruction

• Instruction Decoder :It is a device which interprets the instruction to be executed.

• Programmer Counter (PC) :It holds the address of next instruction to be executed.

• Instruction Register (IR) :It holds the instruction being executed.

• Process Status Register : It holds “processor bit" about operation done by ALU.

• Accumulator (ACC) :It stores intermediate and final results of calculation. It's the main working area of ALU.

• General Purpose Register :It can be used to store any temporary information during execution of instruction.

• Memory Address Register (MAR) :It holds address the data word to be accessed.

• Memory Data Register (MDR) : It holds the data word when it is transferred to and from the main memory.

• Address Decoder :It interprets the address in the MAR and selects the appropriate cell in the main memory to be accessed.

• The CPU is centrally located on the motherboard. Since the CPU carries out a large share of the work in the computer, data pass continually through it. The data come from the RAM and the units (keyboard, drives, etc.). After processing, the data is sent back to the RAM and the units. The CPU continually receives instructions to be executed. Each instruction is a data processing order.

• A motherboard is the physical arrangement in a computer that contains the computer's basic circuitry and components. On the typical motherboard, the circuitry is imprinted or affixed to the surface of a firm planar surface and usually manufactured in a single step. The computer components included in the motherboard are: The microprocessor (Optionally) coprocessors Memory BIOS Expansion slots Interconnecting circuitry Additional components can be added to a motherboard through its expansion slots.

• CPU Socket

• Memory Slots

• CMOS Battery

• ISA, PCI and AGP Slots

• Power Connectors

• Chipset

• Graphical Devices

• Back Panel and Ports

• A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component(s) that provides mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows the CPU to be replaced without soldering.

• Common sockets have retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with a large number of pins, either zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets or land grid array (LGA) sockets are used instead.

• A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there will usually be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the type of RAM used with the computer. The most common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various types and speeds. In the below picture, is an example of what memory slots may look like inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are three open available slots for three memory sticks.

• Non-volatile BIOS memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is used to store BIOS settings. It was traditionally called CMOS RAM because it used a volatile, low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) SRAM (such as Motorola MC146818 or similar) powered by a small battery when system power was off.

• ISA, or Industry Standard Architecture,

is an 8bit or 16bit parallel bus system that allowed up to 6 devices to be connected to a PC. Virtually all IBM-compatible PCs made before the Pentium were based on the ISA (IBM's PC AT) bus. This asynchronous bus architecture uses 16-bit addresses and an 8-MHz clock and handles a maximum data throughput of 2 MB/s to 3 MB/s.

• AGP, Accelerates Graphics Port is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard. The primary advantage of AGP over PCI is that it provides a dedicated pathway between the slot and the processor rather than sharing the PCI bus.

• PCI, Peripheral Component Interconnect bus uses a local bus system; this system is independent of the processor bus speed. The PCI architecture incorporates its own chip set which link the local bus to the main bus, these links are called bridges, there are two bridges which "north and south bridge”

• A chipset is a set of electronic components in an integrated circuit that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. It is usually found in the motherboard of a computer. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance.

• The Southbridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the Northbridge. The Southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a Northbridge/ Southbridge chipset computer architecture.

• The Northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the Southbridge. Some Northbridge's also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given Northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.

• A video card (also called a video adapter, display card, graphics card, graphics board, display adapter or graphics adapter and sometimes preceded by the word discrete or dedicated to emphasize the distinction between this implementation and integrated graphics) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor).

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