BE'HAVE DO Full Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs

8/12/2019 BE'HAVE DO Full Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs

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'BE', 'HAVE', 'DO': full verbs and auxiliary verbs

BE is a full verb when it combines with adjectives and nouns; HAVE is a full verb when it is used to mean'possess', etc.; D is a full verb when it is used to mean 'perform an activit!', etc. "he three verbs are

au#iliar! $or 'helpin%'& verbs when the! combine with other verbs to 'help' them complete their %rammaticalfunctions $see below&.

Uses of 'BE' as an auxiliary verb

. BE, on its own or in combination with HAVE, is used for pro%ressive tense forms( e.%.

) am*He is*+e are wor in%. $-resent -ro%ressive& ) have been wor in%. $-resent -erfect -ro%ressive&

. BE combines with the -ast -articiple to form passives( e.%.

)t was ta en. )t can't be done.

Uses of 'HAVE' as an auxiliary verb

. HAVE / -ast -articiple forms 0imple -erfect "enses( e.%.

) have*He has eaten. ) had eaten.

. HAVE / been / -resent -articiple forms -erfect -ro%ressive( e.%.

) have*) had been eatin%.

1. HAVE / been / -ast -articiple forms passives( e.%.

)t has been eaten. 0he must have been dela!ed.

2uestions*ne%atives with BE and HAVE as au#iliar! verbs follow the same pattern as those for BE as afull verb. HAVE can function as an au#iliar! and full verb in the same sentence.

Uses of 'DO' as an auxiliary verb


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. "he most important use of D as an au#iliar! verb is that it combines with the base form of verbs toma e 3uestions and ne%atives in the 0imple -resent and 0imple -ast "enses, and is used in place of a

verb in short answers and 3uestion ta%s. 4ote that D can function both as an au#iliar! verb and as a fullverb in the same sentence.

Do $au#iliar! verb& !ou do $full verb& !our shoppin% once a wee 5

. D is also used for emphasis(

Do sit down. ) did turn the %as off. Drive carefull!6 7 ) do drive carefull!.

1. D is used in place of a verb in( e.%.

) li e ice7cream and Ann does, too.

'BE' AS A FULL VERB

Uses of 'BE' in !e "#$era ive

"he )mperative of BE is restricted to the followin% combinations(

. 'BE' / noun

8an! combinations of BE $affirmative& / noun are idiomatic(

Be a man6 Be an an%el and fetch me m! slippers please.

9o on6 Have another slice6 Be a devil6

Don't be + noun is much more common and ver! often refers to $foolish& behaviour. "he ne%ativeresponse is I'm not 6(

Don't be an ass*a clown*a fool*an idiot*an imbecile6 etc.

And note combinations of BE / adjective / noun(

Be a %ood %irl at school. Don't be a sill! idiot6

BE can have the sense of 'become' especiall! in advertisements(


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Be a better coo 6 Be the env! of !our friends6

"he ne%ative don't be $: don't become& is often used for advice. A%reement is e#pressed with ) won't$be&.(

Don't be a racin% driver6 )t's so dan%erous.

BE is also used to mean 'pretend to be', especiall! after !ou(

$ ou& be the fair! %odmother and )'ll be


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7 after !ou( ou be 3uiet6

7 with ta%s( Be 3uiet for a moment, will !ou5

%!e Si#$le &resen for# of 'BE'

affirmative short form ne%ative short forms

) am )'m )'m notou are ou're ou're not : ou aren't

"om is : He is "om's : He's He's not : He isn't Ann is : 0he is Ann's : 0he's 0he's not : 0he isn't

8! tic et is : )t is 8! tic et's : )t's )t's not : )t isn't"om and ) are : +e are +e're +e're not : +e aren't

Ann and !ou are : ou are ou're ou're not : ou aren't"om and Ann are : "he! are "he!'re "he!'re not : "he! aren't

o es on !e $resen for# of 'be'

. 0hort forms never occur at the end of a sentence(

) don't now where the! are.

. "here are two ne%ative short forms $e.%. ou aren't and ou're not& and there is no difference in theiruse. "he short ne%ative forms can stand on their own $)'m not*"he! aren't&. "he affirmative short forms

$)'m, etc.& cannot stand on their own. nl! the full affirmative forms can do this(

Are !ou read!5 7 es, ) am. 4o, )'m not.

1. 4ote the formation of ne%ative 3uestions and ne%ative 3uestion ta%s with ). "he $rare& full form is Am Inot ... ?, but this contracts to Aren't I ...? $4ot >Amn't ) ... 5>&(

7 ne%ative 3uestion( Am ) not late5 ? Aren't ) late5

7 ne%ative +h73uestion( +h! am ) not invited5 ? +h! aren't ) invited5

7 ne%ative 3uestion ta%( )'m late, am ) not5 ? )'m late, aren't )5

Aren't I is onl! possible in ne%ative 3uestions*ne%ative 3uestion ta%s and is never used in ne%ativestatements in standard En%lish(

) am not late @ )'m not late. $the onl! possible contraction&


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"here are no variations with other persons( e.%.

He isn't late. )sn't he late5 He's late, isn't he5

=. "he non7standard form ain't , in place of am not, is not and are not, is fre3uentl! heard in all personsand is avoided b! educated spea ers $e#cept perhaps in jo in%&(

Ain't !ou late5 He ain't late. ) ain't late "he! ain't late.

%!e si#$le $as for# of 'be'

affirmative ne%ative ne%ative short form

) was ) was not ) wasn'tou were ou were not ou weren'tHe was He was not He wasn't

0he was 0he was not 0he wasn't)t was )t was not )t wasn't

+e were +e were not +e weren'tou were ou were not ou weren't

"he! were "he! were not "he! weren't

Uses of 'BE' in !e Si#$le &resen and Si#$le &as

+e use the present and past of BE when we are identif!in% people and thin%s or %ivin% information aboutthem, and when we are tal in% about e#istence with There ... .

. 'BE' / names*nouns*pronouns( identification*information

Her name is*was Helen. "his is "om. "hat was Harr!. +ho's that5 7 )t's me. +ho was that5 7 )t was ane.

+hich one is 8ar!5 7 "hat's her on the left.

"he capital of En%land is ondon. )n the past it was +inchester.

0he is*was a doctor. "he! are*were doctors.

He is*was an American. "he! are*were Americans.

. 'BE' / adjective


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He is hun%r!. "he! are hun%r!. $state& He was an%r!. "he! were nau%ht!. $mood, behaviour&

0he was tall. Her e!es are %reen. $description, colour&

0he is Crench. "he! are Crench. $nationalit!&

)t was fine*wet*cold*wind!. $weather&

1. 'BE' / adjective$s& / noun

He is an interestin% man. "he! are interestin% men. )t is a blue jac et. "he! are blue jac ets.

=. 'BE'( time references, price, a%e, etc.

)t is 8onda!* ul! 1* . )t is F.FG. "om is =.

F. 'BE' / possessives

)t's mine*"om's. "he! are mine*"om's.

. 'BE' / adverbs and prepositional phrases

0he is here*there. "he! are upstairs. "he pla! is ne#t +ednesda!. $future reference&

He is in the itchen. "he! are at the door.

I. 'BE' / adverb particle and 'home'

Be combines with adverb particles $awa!, in, out, etc.&; )s "im in5 4o, he's out. He's bac in an hour.

Be combines with home $at is optional&(

+here was "im5 +as he home5*+as he at home5


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)'m done with all that nonsense. $: ) have done, i.e. finished&

) left m! e!s just there and ne#t moment the! were $had& %one.

Have !ou finished with the paper5 7 )'m $have& nearl! finished.

. 'Empt! subject' / 'BE'

)t's fo%%!. )t's G miles to ondon.

G. 'BE' / infinitive

8! aim is to start up m! own compan!.

For# of !e &resen and &as &ro(ressive of 'BE'

-resent -ro%ressive -ast -ro%ressive

) am $)'m& bein% @ ) was bein% @ou are $ ou're& bein% @ ou were bein% @

He is $He's& bein% @ He was bein% @0he is $0he's& bein% @ sill!. 0he was bein% @ sill!.

$)t is $)t's& bein%& @ $)t was bein%& @+e are $+e're& bein% @ +e were bein% @ou are $ ou're& bein% @ ou were bein% @

"he! are $"he!'re& bein% @ "he! were bein% @

%!e use of 'BE' ) 'bein(' o des*ribe e#$orary be!aviour

"he pro%ressive forms normall! occur onl! with the present and the past forms of be. "he! are used witha few adjectives and nouns $or adjective and noun combinations&. "he pro%ressive is possible withadjectives such as naughty, silly , referrin% to passin% behaviour, but is not possible with adjectives

describin% states $hun%r!, thirst!, etc.&. +ith some combinations there is a stron% implication that thebehaviour is deliberate.


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For# of !e &resen &erfe* and &as &erfe* of 'BE'

-resent -erfect

full form short form

) have been @ )'ve been @ou have been @ ou've been @

He has been @ He's been @0he has been @ 0he's been @ ill.

$)t has been& @ $)t's been& @+e have been @ +e've been @ou have been @ ou've been @

"he! have been @ "he!'ve been @

-ast -erfect


) had been @ )'d been @ou had been @ ou'd been @He had been @ He'd been @

0he had been @ 0he'd been @ ill.$)t had been& @ 7 @

+e had been @ +e'd been @ou had been @ ou'd been @

"he! had been @ "he!'d been @

Uses of '!ave been' and '!ad been'

)n man! of the uses described below, other lan%ua%es re3uire the -resent or -ast of BE where En%lishre3uires has been or had been .

. 'Have been*had been' / adjective( behaviour and states

Have been and Had Been will combine not onl! with adjectives describin% temporar! behaviour$anno!in%, etc.&, but also with those describin% states and moods continuin% up till now or till then. Have

been is common in conversation and had been in reported speech and written narrative(


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Behaviour( 0he's been ver! 3uiet. ) said she had been ver! 3uiet. 0tates( )'ve never been so tired. ) said )'d never been so tired.

8oods( He's been ver! %loom!. ) said he'd been ver! %loom!.

0ome participles used as adjectives combine with have/had been (

8! uncle has been retired for more than two !ears. "heir do% has been missin% for three da!s.

And notice especiall!(

0he's been %one $: awa!& for half an hour.

. 'Have been*had been' / adjective( weather, etc.

Have been and had been also combine with adjectives describin% the weather $i.e. states&(

)t's been ver! cold latel!. ) said it had been ver! cold.

)n certain conte#ts other adjectives $e.%. numbers& are possible(

ou're spea in% as if !ou'd never been F !ears old in !our life.

1. 'Have been*had been' / noun( professions, behaviour

Have been and had been will combine with noun $or with adjective / noun& to as about or describeprofessions(

Have !ou ever been a teacher5 )'ve been a teacher, but now )'m a computer salesman.

How lon% have !ou been a computer salesman5

4ouns referrin% to behaviour will also combine with have been (

+hat a %ood %irl !ou are6 ou've been an an%el6

All the above e#amples can be transferred to the -ast -erfect(

He told me he had been a waiter before he became a ta#i7driver.


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=. 'Have been*had been' and 'have %one*had %one'

HAVE BEE4 $%enerall! / to or in& has the sense of 'visit a place and come bac '. HAVE 9 4E $followedb! to and never b! in& has the sense of 'be at a place or on the wa! to a place'(

0o there !ou are6 +here have !ou been5 7 )'ve been to a part!*in the canteen. $: and come bac &

+here's -am5 7 0he's %one to a part!*to -aris*to the canteen.

$: 0he's on her wa! there, or she's there now.&

Have been and have gone will combine with adverb particles li e out, away , and with home $not precededb! to&(

+here have !ou been5 )'ve been out*awa!*home.$i.e. )'m here now& +here has "im %one5 7 He's %one out*awa!*home.$i.e. he's not here now&

+e can use from before home in( e.%.

He's come from home. $i.e. 'home' is where he started out from.&


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How lon% have !ou been in this waitin%7room5 $waited*been waitin%&

)'ve been here since 1 o'cloc *for half an hour.

"he past perfect replaces the present perfect in reported speech(

0he told me she had been with )B8 for three months.

For# of !e fu ure and fu ure $erfe* of 'BE'

Cuture


) will*shall be @ )'ll be @ou will be @ ou'll be @He will be @ He'll be @

0he will be @ 0he'll be @ late.)t will be @ )t'll be @

+e will*shall be @ +e'll be @ou will be @ ou'll be @

"he! will be @ "he!'ll be @

Cuture -erfect


) will*shall @ )'ll have been @ou will @ ou'll have been @He will @ He'll have been @

0he will @ 0he'll have been @ late.)t will @ )t'll have been @

+e will*shall @ +e'll have been @ou will @ ou'll have been @

"he! will @ "he!'ll have been @

%!e Fu ure of 'be' as a full verb

"ill be combines with man! of the nouns and adjectives possible after the 0imple -resent*-ast of BE fornormal will7future uses(

)t will be sunn! tomorrow. )'ll be here b! I.


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+ill be can be used for deduction( "hat will be Helen.

%!e Fu ure &erfe* of 'BE' as a full verb

"ill have been combines with the same nouns and adjectives possible after have been for normal uses inthe Cuture -erfect(

How lon% will !ou have been a teacher5 B! the end of ne#t wee , ) will have been a teacher for F !ears.

+ill have been can be used to mean 'lived, wor ed, waited'(

How lon% will !ou have been with )B85

B! the end of anuar!, ) will have been with )B8 for si# months.

+ill have been can also be used for deduction(

"hat will have been Moland. He said he'd be bac at I.

'%!ere' ) 'BE'

0ome forms of 'there' / 'be'

"he 0imple -resent "he 0imple -ast

"here is a man at the door. "here was someone to see !ou. "here are two men at the door. "here were some people to see !ou.

"he -resent -erfect "he -ast -erfect

"here has been an accident. He said there had been an accident*a lot of en3uiries. "here have been a lot of en3uiries.

"he 0imple Cuture "he Cuture -erfect

"here will be a letter for !ou tomorrow. "here will have been a definite result before Crida!.

"a% 2uestions


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"here is a bi% match on "V toni%ht, isn't there5 "here has been some awful weather latel!, hasn't there5


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%!e $resen for# of 'HAVE' as a full verb

affirmative full form short form ne%ative short form

) have @ )'ve @ ) haven't @ou have @ ou've @ ou haven't @

He has @ 7 @ He hasn't @0he has @ 7 @ 0he hasn't @ chance.

)t has @ 7 @ )t hasn't @+e have @ +e've @ +e haven't @ou have @ ou've @ ou haven't @

"he! have @ "he!'ve @ "he! haven't @

%!e $as for# of 'HAVE' as a full verb

affirmative full form short form ne%ative short form

) had @ )'d @ ) hadn't @ou had @ ou'd @ ou hadn't @

He had @ He'd @ He hadn't @0he had @ 0he'd @ 0he hadn't @ chance.

)t had @ 7 @ )t hadn't @+e had @ +e'd @ +e hadn't @ou had @ ou'd @ ou hadn't @

"he! had @ "he!'d @ "he! hadn't @

o es on !e for#s of 'HAVE' and 'HAVE /O%' - '$ossess'

Have and have got $: possess& are often interchan%eable, but there are differences between British and American usa%e.

. Have got is basicall! a perfect form.


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$: ) have obtained them.& $: ) possess them.&

)n BrE, have got can be used as the perfect form of get to mean 'have obtained', as in a& above. "hismeanin% is emphasiNed in the AmE form have gotten , which alwa!s means 'have obtained'. However, in

BrE $more rarel! in AmE& have got can also mean 'possess' 7 as in b& above, so that e.%. I have theti !ets and I've got the ti !ets are e3uivalents. )ndeed, in spo en, idiomatic BrE, I've got , etc. is more

common than I have , etc.

. )n BrE, 3uestions and ne%atives with HAVE : 'possess' can be formed in the same wa! as for be(

Are !ou read!5 Have !ou a pen5 $: Have !ou %ot ... 5& Aren't !ou read!5 Haven't !ou a pen5 $: Haven't !ou %ot ... 5&

ou aren't read!. ou haven't a pen. $: ou haven't %ot ...&

1. HAVE $: possess& is a stative verb. )t cannot be used in the -ro%ressive, thou%h it can be used in allsimple tenses(

present( ) have a Cord. past( He had a Cord last !ear.

present perfect( ) have had this car for three !ears.

past perfect( He told me he had had a Cord for several !ears.

future( ) will have a new car soon.

future perfect( B! 8a! ) will have had $: possessed& this car five !ears.

with modals( e.%. ) can have a Cord as a compan! car.

HAVE $: possess& is not normall! used in the passive. "he )mperative $never with %ot& is rare( Havepatience6

=. HAVE 9 " $: possess& is normall! used onl! for present reference(

)'ve %ot a Cord. "he affirmative had got is sometimes possible in the past, but had on its own is %enerall!

preferred( "he bride loo ed lovel!. Her dress had $%ot& a fine lace train.

+e can never use had got for certain states.

He had $not >had %ot>& lon% hair when he was a teena%er.

Had got is %enerall! used in its ori%inal sense of 'had obtained'(


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+hen ) saw him he had just %ot a new car.

+ill have %ot is onl! used in the sense of 'will have obtained'(

B! 8a! ) will have %ot $: will have obtained& a new car.

Have got in the passive is impossible.

F. Hadn't got is usuall! possible as an alternative to didn't have#

) didn't have $hadn't %ot& an appointment, so ) made one for = p.m. ) felt cold. ) didn't have $hadn't %ot& a coat.

Hadn't on its own $alwa!s contracted& is possible $) hadn't an appointment, ) hadn't a coat& but notver! usual.

)n past 3uestions, the usual form is Did you have ... ?#

Did !ou have an appointment5 +hen did !ou have one5

Had you ...? sounds old7fashioned and formal. Had you got ... ? can be used in es*4o 3uestions, butsounds aw ward in +h73uestions, so is usuall! avoided(

Had !ou %ot an appointment5 $but not usuall! +hen had !ou %ot5& Have %ot is preferable to have in +hich subject73uestions(

+hich $pen& have !ou %ot5 $or do !ou have5&, but not usuall! +hich $pen& have !ou5

. 0ome forms of HAVE $: possess& are rare or not encountered at all(

7 the short form of the affirmative, especiall! in the third person $he's*she's&.

"he full form is used( He*0he has a pen.

7 the uncontracted ne%ative. "he contracted form is normal(

) haven't $or hadn't& a pen.

7 some 3uestion7forms, e#cept when formed with do, etc. $note F&.

I.


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8! ba%'s %ot a hole in it. )t's %ot a hole in it.

$: 8! ba% has %ot a hole in it*)t has %ot a hole in it&

J. "he non7standard form ain't got is commonl! heard in place of haven't got and hasn't got (

) ain't %ot m! ba%. 0he ain't %ot her ba%.

similarl!, have and has are often omitted before %ot(

) %ot m! car outside. $for ) have %ot&

+!en e use 'HAVE' and 'HAVE /O%' - '$ossess'

)n all the e#amples below, HAVE can be replaced b! HAVE 9 " in the -resent and sometimes in the-ast. 0hort forms with got $)'ve %ot& are much more common than full forms $) have %ot&, especiall! in

speech.

. )n the sense of 'own' or 'possess'(

) have $%ot& a new briefcase.

. )n the sense of 'be able to provide'(

Do !ou have*Have !ou $%ot& an! in 5 $:


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ur house has $%ot& five rooms.

F. -ossession of mental and emotional 3ualities(

Have and have got combine with nouns li e( faith, a %ood mind, patience, a 3uic temper, to describecharacter(

0he has $%ot& nice manners, but she has $%ot& a 3uic temper.

. Camil! relationships(

) have $%ot& two sisters.

I.


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. )n the sense of 'there is'(

ou have $%ot& a stain on !our tie. $: "here is a stain on !our tie.& ou have $%ot& sand in !our hair. $: "here is sand in !our hair.&

'HAVE' as a full verb #eanin( so#e !in( o !er !an '$ossess'

For#s of '!ave' #eanin( so#e !in( o !er !an '$ossess'

)mperative( Have a cup of coffee6 0imple -resent( ) alwa!s have mil in m! tea.

-resent -ro%ressive( +e're havin% a nice time.

0imple -ast( +e had a lovel! holida! last summer.

-ast -ro%ressive( ) was havin% a bath when the phone ran%.

-resent -erfect( -oor im has just had an accident.

-resent -erfect -ro%ressive( "he children have been havin% a lot of fun.

-ast -erfect( ) wo e up because ) had had a bad dream.

-ast -erfect -ro%ressive( ) wo e up 7 ) had been havin% a bad dream.

0imple Cuture( )'ll have a haircut tomorrow.

Cuture -ro%ressive( )f an!one phones, )'ll be havin% a bath.

Cuture -erfect( ou'll have had an answer b! tomorrow.

Cuture -erfect -ro%ressive( 0he will have been havin% treatment all her life.

with modal verbs( e.%. ou could have a cup of tea if !ou li e.

%!e for#s 'HAVE' 0- $ossess1 and 'HAVE' 0o !er #eanin(s1


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. HAVE, in the sense of 'eat, enjo!, e#perience, drin , ta e', etc., is a d!namic verb so it is concernedwith actions $e.%. have a wal &, not states li e HAVE in the sense of 'possess' $e.%. ) have $%ot& a car&.

Because of this, it can be used in the pro%ressive form of all the tenses.


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=. "he -resent and -ast -erfect "enses of HAVE involve the use of have as both au#iliar! verb and mainverb. Cor this reason, the -resent -erfect and -ast -erfect forms are %iven in full below.

For# of !e Si#$le &resen &erfe* of 'HAVE' - ' a2e'


) have had @ )'ve had @ ) haven't had @ou have had @ ou've had @ ou haven't had @

He has had @ He's had @ He hasn't had @0he has had @ 0he's had @ 0he hasn't had @ lunch.

)t has had @ )t's had @ )t hasn't had @+e have had @ +e've had @ +e haven't had @ou have had @ ou've had @ ou haven't had @

"he! have had @ "he!'ve had @ "he! haven't had @

For# of !e Si#$le &as &erfe* of 'HAVE' - ' a2e'


) had had @ )'d had @ ) hadn't had @ou had had @ ou'd had @ ou hadn't had @

He had had @ He'd had @ He hadn't had @0he had had @ 0he'd had @ 0he hadn't had @ lunch.

)t had had @ )t'd had @ )t hadn't had @+e had had @ +e'd had @ +e hadn't had @ou had had @ ou'd had @ ou hadn't had @

"he! had had @ "he!'d had @ "he! hadn't had @

o es on !e for#s '!ave !ad' and '!ad !ad'

. "hese forms are, of course, 3uite re%ular( I have had my lun h and I had had my lun h wor in thesame wa! as I have eaten my lun h and I had eaten my lun h .

Here are a few more e#amples of HAVE as a full verb in the -resent -erfect and -ast -erfect(

Have !ou ever had lunch at 8a#im's5 "hat bo! loo s as if he's never had a haircut.


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) had never had a ride on an elephant before ) went to )ndia.

. )n %eneral, the ne%ative forms I haven't had, I hadn't had, et . are more common than I've not had and I'd not had.

1. "he followin% forms should not be confused(

He's ill. $: He is ill.& and He's had lunch. $: He has had lunch.& He'd had lunch. $: He had had lunch.& and

He said he'd have lunch now. $: he would have lunch now&

3o##on 'HAVE' ) noun *o#bina ions

HAVE combines with a %reat man! nouns. )n this respect, it is similar to other phrases with such verbs asgive $e.%. in %ive a thou%ht& and ta!e $in e.%. ta e an e#am&(

et's have lunch. )'d li e to have a sandwich please.

'HAVE' ) noun in $la*e of o !er verbs

"he verbs to slee$, to swim, et . can be e#pressed with 'have / noun' in the sense of 'perform thatactivit!'( e.%.

to dance 7 to have a dance( ) had two dances with 8oll!. to fi%ht 7 to have a fi%ht( "hose twins are alwa!s havin% fi%hts.

to loo 7 to have a loo ( ust have a loo at this.

to rest 7 to have a rest( ) want to have a rest this afternoon.

to ride 7 to have a ride(


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HAVE commonl! replaces verbs li e the followin%(

receive( ) had a letter from im this mornin%.

permit( ) won't have that ind of behaviour in m! house.

%!e use of 'HAVE' in !e "#$era ive

ne of the most common uses of HAVE $: 'ta e', etc.& is in the )mperative. )t is often used after D foremphasis and*or encoura%ement $Do have ... &.


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-ast -ro%ressive( +e were doin% sums all !esterda! evenin%.

-resent -erfect( +e've just done the washin% up.

-resent -erfect -ro%ressive( )'ve been doin% this e#ercise all da!.

-ast -erfect( +e went home after we had done our wor .

0imple Cuture( )'ll do the housewor tomorrow mornin%.

Cuture -ro%ressive( )'ll be doin% jobs about the house tomorrow.

-ast -erfect -ro%ressive( had been doin% business with +e each other for !ears before we 3uarrelled.

Cuture -erfect( )f !ou finish this job as well, !ou will have done far more than ) e#pected.

Cuture -erfect -ro%ressive( B! this time ne#t !ear, we will have been doin% business with each other forG !ears

with modal verbs( e.%. +ould !ou do me a favour please5

%!e $resen for# of 'DO' as a full verb

affirmative ne%ative full form ne%ative short form

) do @ ) do not @ ) don't @ou do @ ou do not @ ou don't @

He does @ He does not @ He doesn't @0he does @ the wor . 0he does not @ 0he doesn't @ do the wor .

)t does @ )t does not @ )t doesn't @+e do @ +e do not @ +e don't @ou do @ ou do not @ ou don't @

"he! do @ "he! do not @ "he! don't @

%!e $as for# of 'DO' as a full verb


) did @ ) did not @ ) didn't @ou did @ ou did not @ ou didn't @

He did @ He did not @ He didn't @


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0he did @ the wor . 0he did not @ 0he didn't @ do the wor .)t did @ )t did not @ )t didn't @

+e did @ +e did not @ +e did'nt @ou did @ ou did not @ ou didn't @

"he! did @ "he! did not @ "he! didn't @

%!e $resen $erfe* for# of 'DO' as a full verb


) have done @ ) have not done @ ) haven't done @ou have done @ ou have not done @ ou haven't done @

He has done @ He has not done @ He hasn't done @ }0he has done @ 0he has not done @ 0he hasn't done @ it.

)t has done @ )t has not done @ )t hasn't done @+e have done @ +e have not done @ +e haven't done @ou have done @ ou have not done @ ou haven't done @

"he! have done @ "he! have not done @ "he! haven't done @

Uses of 'DO' as a full verb

. 'D ' : 'perform an activit! or tas '

D often has the sense of 'wor at' or 'be en%a%ed in somethin%'. 'Doin% somethin%' can be deliberate oraccidental. +e can use verbs other than do to answer 3uestions li e "hat are you doing?#

+hat are !ou doin%5 7 )'m readin%. $i.e. that's what )'m doin%&

+hat did !ou do this mornin%5

7 ) wrote some letters. $i.e. that's what ) did&

+hat have !ou done5

7 )'ve bro en this vase. $i.e. that's what )'ve done&

+e often use D in this sense with some/any/no om$ounds (


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Haven't !ou %ot an!thin% to do5 )'ve %ot nothin% to do.

+e can use D to refer to an unnamed tas and then we can refer to named tas s b! means of otherverbs(

) did a lot of wor around the house toda!. ) too down the curtains and washed them and )cleaned the windows.

. "he use of 'D ' to avoid repeatin% a previous verb

+e can use do to avoid repeatin% a previous verb(

Antonia wor s hours a da!. ) don't now how she does it. "a e the do% for a wal . 7 )'ve alread! done it*done so.

+e can avoid repeatin% the verb in short answers, such as(

0hall ) ta e the do% for a wal 5 7 es, do.*4o, don't. $i.e. ta e*don't ta e the do% for a wal &

1. 'D ' : 'be in the wron% place'

Osed in this sense, do often conve!s disapproval, e.%.

7 of present results of past actions(

+hat are those clothes doin% on the floor5 $i.e. the! shouldn't be there&

7 of people(

+hat are those bo!s doin% in our %arden5 $i.e. we disapprove of their presence, not their actions&

=. 'D ' before %erunds

+e can use 'do / %erund' to refer to named tas s(

)'ve done the shoppin%*the ironin%*the washin% up. +e did all our shoppin% !esterda!.

) do a lot of swimmin%. $in preference to ') swim a lot.'&

) sta!ed at home last ni%ht and did some readin%.


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'DO' and '4A5E' *o#$ared

8APE conve!s the sense of 'create'; D $often su%%estin% 'be en%a%ed in an activit!'& is a more %eneralterm(

+hat are !ou doin%5 7 )'m ma in% a ca e. +hat are !ou ma in%5 7 A ca e.

Both D and 8APE can be used in a variet! of fi#ed combinations. Here is a brief selection(

D / one's best; business with someone; dama%e to somethin%; one's dut!; an e#periment; thehomewor ; housewor ; someone a favour; $no*an!& %ood; harm; dama%e; an e#ercise; research; the

cleanin%; the washin% $up&; the coo in%; the shoppin%, etc.

8APE / an accusation a%ainst $someone&; an a%reement with $someone&; an appointment; anarran%ement; an announcement; an attempt; a choice; a decision; a mista e; a comment; a $phone& call;

a su%%estion; a speech, etc.

0ometimes both 8APE and D are possible(

)'ll ma e*)'ll do the beds this mornin%, if !ou li e.

'DO' in fixed ex$ressions

D occurs in numerous fi#ed e#pressions, such as(

+hat does he do5 $i.e. +hat wor does he do for a livin%5& How do !ou do5

"hat'll do6 $e.%. "hat will be enou%h.&

How man! miles does it do to the %allon5 $do in the sense of '%o'&

"his simpl! won't do. $i.e. )t's unacceptable.&

How did !ou do5 $i.e. How did !ou mana%e5&

) could do with a drin . $i.e. ) would li e a drin .&

)t's %ot nothin% to do with me. $i.e. )t doesn't concern me.&

) can do without a car. $i.e. mana%e without a car&

) was done6 $i.e. ) was cheated.&


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0hall ) do !our room out5 $i.e. clean it&

ou did me out of m! share. $i.e. cheated me&

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
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BE'HAVE DO Full Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs

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