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Behaviourist Theories

GROUP 2

Jaspreet Singh Nandre (20)

Pooja Senapati (30)

Surjya Das (55)

Ravenshaw Management Centre

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What is Behaviourism

Behaviour are acquired as a result ofconditioning

Behaviour can be researched scientificallywithout recourse to inner mental state

Association or reinforcement Primary prerequisites of Behaviourism

Only overt observable Behaviour are studiedand inner state of mind is not taken into

account. Behaviour focuses on a new Behaviour pattern

being repeated until it becomes automatic.

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Purpose of Behaviourism

Behaviours should be observed in a moreobjective manner

To promote desirable Behaviours and

discourage undesirable BehavioursTo treat hordes of mental problems present in

adults and children

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What is Behaviourist Theory

Behaviourist theories oflearning are scientific anddemonstrable explanationsfor simple Behaviours

-Lefrancois (1988)

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Different Behaviourist Theories

Ivan Pavlov (Classical Conditioning) Edward Thorndike

B.F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning)

John B. Watson

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Pavlov (1849-1936)

The Russian physiologist is best known for hiswork in classical conditioning or stimulussubstitution.

Pavlovs most famous experiment involved

food, a dog and a bell.

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Stimulus and Response Items of

Pavlov's Experiment

Food Unconditioned Stimulus

Salivation Unconditioned Response

Bell Conditioned Stimulus

Salivation Conditioned Response

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Other Observations Made by Pavlov

Stimulus Generalization.

Extinction.

Spontaneous Recovery.

Discrimination.

Higher-Order Conditioning.

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Thorndike(1874-1949)

Thorndike believed that a neural bond wouldbe established between the stimulus andresponse when the response was positive.

His theory, connectionism, stated thatlearning was the formation of a connectionbetween stimulus and response.

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Connectionism

The law of effectWhen a connection between a stimulusand a response is positively or negativelyrewarded it will be strengthened

The law of exercise

The more an S-R(stimulus-response) bond ispracticed the stronger it will become

This law had to be updated when Thorndike found

that practice without feedback does notnecessarily enhance performance.

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Behaviourist Theories Of Watson

Learning is a process for enduring change in theorganism Behaviour.

John B. Watson was the first Americanpsychologist, involved in the study of humanBehaviour.

Watsons emotional reaction of love and rageand other stimulus response associating withconditioning.

Watson experiment on a young child and a whiterat

And the result shown fear was more powerfulthen it was

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Contd.

This may explain certain fears, phobias andprejudices that people develop.

Our attitude and emotions are classicalconditioning.

Association between a fear-provoking stimulusand neutral stimulus brings changes inBehaviour pattern.

Principle can used in industries and org.

The positive attitude and emotional aredeveloped towards the objects and events.

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Behaviourist Theories Of Skinner

Skinner stimulus response patternBehaviour. Of conditioned Behaviour

Discarded philosophical and mentalist concept

He experimented on a hungry rat

His theory dealt with changes in observableBehaviour, ignoring the possibility of anyprocesses occurring in the mind.

observation of Behaviour is formed on the

basic of contingency between response andoutcome.

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Contd.

If the Behaviour. Is followed by rewardingcondition, it would be strengthened.

If the Behaviour. Is followed by annoying, itwould be weakness.

Lower the latency, stronger is the learning. As if the response is well-learned, its

extinction is slow.

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Classical

Conditioning - Pavlov

Unconditioned stimulus Unconditionedresponse

(food) (salivation)

Unconditioned stimulus Unconditionedresponse

(food) (salivation)

Conditioned Stimulus

(bell)

Conditioned Stimulus Conditionedresponse

(bell) (salivation)

Response Stimulus

(press lever) (reward and food)

TIME

Conditioned response Conditionedstimulus

(press lever) (reward andfood)

Operant Conditioning

- Skinner

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