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Thermochimica Acta 632 (2016) 52–55

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Thermochimica Acta

 journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / tca

Short communication

Comments on the analysis interpretation by Rogers and Latendresse

regarding samples coming from the Shroud of Turin

Marco Bellaa,∗, Luigi Garlaschellib, Roberto Samperia

a Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italyb Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 10,27100 Pavia, Italy

a r t i c l e i n f o

 Article history:

Received 7 January 2016Received in revised form 18 February 2016

Accepted 10 March 2016

Available online 19 March 2016

Keywords:

Pyrolysismass spectrometry

Shroudof Turin

Mass spectrometry

a b s t r a c t

The presence of a “invisible mending” has been proposed as an explanation for medieval radiocarbon

dating measurements made on the Shroud of Turin. Here we show that the chemical analysis which was

to support this theory is not consistent, and no scientific data confirm these speculations. Specifically,

the samples of the Shroud image fibers underwent a different cleaning procedure with regards to those

allegedly belonging to the medieval mending. There is no reliable indication of the supposedly diagnos-

tic compounds (e.g. gum Arabic, pentoses). The only detectable difference between the samples is the

presence of a compound with an aliphatic chain which cannot be identified more in detail, e.g. as sebum.

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In2005,RaymondN. Rogerspublished anarticle inThermochim-

icaActa in which, on the basis of chemical tests and pyrolysis mass

spectrometry analysis, he gave credit to the theory of an “invisi-

blemedieval mending” on theShroudof Turin [1]. We have shownthat by pyrolysis mass spectrometry analysis the only significant

difference found between the sample taken by the image zone of 

the Shroud and that supposedly belonged to the “invisible mend-

ing” is due to an external contaminant [2]. We have identified this

contaminant as a chemical specie bearing an aliphatic chain.

Recently, in a comment, Mario Latendresse addressed some

pointsof oureditorial,statingthat“. . .thetechnicalanalysisofBella

et al. of the mass spectra is incorrect and their main conclusion is

unconfirmed” (our emphasis). He proposed that the contaminant

is sebum [3]. It was not our intention to discuss this subject any

further and will not discuss the controversy about the Shroud of 

Turin dating, but we have to stress that Latendresse misinterprets

mass spectra [4]. Let’s remember that Rogers used three kinds of 

samples.

a) From the image area of the Shroud of Turin (considered “surely

authentic” by Rogers);

b) Fromthe “Raes Sample”, a piece cut byRaes in 1973and kept in

a plastic bag, and

c) From the C14 fragment cut in 1988.

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail address: Marco.Bella@uniroma1.it (R. Samperi).

According to Rogers, samples b) and c) would both supposedly

come from the medieval invisiblemending.

While no details about the samples are given in Rogers’ Ther-

mochimica Acta paper [1], other works by Rogers clarify thatsamples a) were collected byanadhesive tapeon the surface of the

Shroud and given to microscopist Walter McCrone who, in Rogers’

words, “contaminated” them and that they had to be “laboriously

cleaned”, also by washing with xylene, by Joan Rogers. No cleaning

treatment was instead applied to samples b) and c) [5],1 This fact

alone (omitted inRef. 1)mightbesufficientto explain anychemical

difference (for instance the presumed content in vanillin) or dis-

similarity observed at the microscope (for instance the amount of 

cotton or the presence of gum Arabic) between the Shroud image

samples and the others. There is no need to invoke any kind of 

“invisible mending”.

To support his hypothesis, Rogers shows two pyrolysis mass

spectra, one coming from a fibril taken in the image area of  

the Shroud, sample a), and another from Raes sample, b). Laten-

dresse [3] has explained Rogers’s reasoning [1], showing its fallacy.

According to Rogers and Latendresse, during pyrolysis cellulose

(made of hexoses) would show peaks at m/ z = 96 (due to furfural)

1 Rogers wrote: “· · ·Walter McCrone had ignored agreements on how the STURP

samples were to be observed, and he contaminated all of our samples by sticking

them to microscope slides. All of the fibers were immersed in the tape’s adhesive,

 Joan Janney (now Joan Rogers) laboriously cleaned and prepared Shroud fibers for

analysis at theMCMS· · ·[MidwestCenterfor MassSpectrometry]”.“· · ·Noxylene was

used to clean thefibers[of Raes sample], because they were notobtainedas part of 

the tape sampling. . .”

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014

0040-6031/©2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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54 M. Bella et al. / Thermochimica Acta 632 (2016) 52–55

Fig. 1. Latendresse’s comparison of hexadecan-1-ol as presented by us (top) [7] and another compound (bottom) he believes to be the same, but which it is actually

trimethylsilyl-hexadecan-1-ol[8]. This mistake is repeated in thetext and references.

Fig. 2. The spectra presentedby Latendresse(top) has been cuterasing themajor peak (bottom) [8].

Rogers wrote: “The chemical-ionization system used was the most sensitive MS at the time, sufficiently sensitive to detect parts per-billion traces of oligomers from the

polyethylenebag that Gonella hadused to wrap theRaes threads.”

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M. Bella et al./ Thermochimica Acta 632(2016) 52–55 55

Fig. 3. The mass spectra of tripalmitin, a compound with a long aliphatic chain, as presented by Latendresse with its chemical structure (top) and the full mass spectra of 

tripalmitin,as in Ref. 9 (bottom).

fibres. Latendresse did not argue why this compound would be

tripalmitin from sebum rather than anything else, such as the

oligomersof polyethylenesuggestedby Rogers, whichwouldgive a

morecompatible spectrum.5 Given thelack ofdetails on theinstru-

mental apparatus, it is not possible to affirm anything more with

confidence.

 Acknowledgements

The Authors thank Andrea Nicolotti and Gian Marco Rinaldi for

a helpful discussion.

References

[1] R.N. Rogers, Thermochim. Acta 425 (2005) 189–194.[2] M. Bella, L. Garlaschelli, R. Samperi, Thermochim. Acta 617 (2015) 169–171,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.002.

5 Latendressewrote: “That is,the “contaminant”,as Bellaet al.callsit, couldactu-

ally come from the sample itself and correspond to the well[–]established history

of the Shroud.”

[3] M. Latendresse, Thermochim. Acta 624 (2016)55–58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.002.

[4] (a) P.E. Damon,D.J. Donahue, B.H. Gore, A.L. Hatheway, A.J.T. Jull, T.W. Linick,P.J. Sercel, L.J. Toolin, C.R. Bronk, E.T. Hall, R.E.M. Hedges, R. Housley, I.A. Law, C.Perry, G. Bonani, S. Trumbore,W. Woefli, J.C. Ambers, S.G.E.Bowman, M.N.Leese,M.S. Tite, Nature 337 (1989) 611–615;(b) A. Nicolotti Sindone, Storia e leggende di unareliquiacontroversa, EinaudiStoria, Torino, 2015.

[5] (a) https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/rogers4.pdf ;(b) R.N. Rogers, in: J. Rogers, B.M. Schwortz (Eds.), A Chemist’s PerspectiveOnThe Shroud of Turin, Lulu, Florissant, 2008.

[6] K.Katō, Agric. Biol. Chem. 65 (1967) 657–663.[7] AOCS Lipid Library Mass Spectrum of Hexadecan-1-ol, http://lipidlibrary.aocs.

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http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/9c9f4942-bcbc-4d50-bf6a-60e1432e5ca6.aspx, 2015;(b) J. Hummel, N. Strehmel,J. Selbig, D. Walther, J. Kopka, Metabolomics 6(2010)322–333, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11306-010-0198-7.

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