The land around typical Darfur refugee camps is cleared of all wood 2
T H E T R O U B L E W I T H C O O K I N Gthe impact of biomass-burning on health & enviornment and what we are doing about it
H A I T I D A R F U R E T H I O P I A
Concentration of particles smaller than 10 microns in the air in micrograms per cubic meter
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Berlin city-center
Bangkok roadside
Hut with open fire
By 2030, biomass use for cooking is projected to in-crease by an addi-tional 30%13
References[1] International Energy Agency, 2002, World Energy Outlook, OECD, Paris, pp 365-393. Chap 13. [2] UNDP, 1997, Energy after Rio: Prospects and Challenges, pp. 11-17, Chap. 2 [3] Wood, T. S., et.al., 1985, “Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 10, pp. 407–429. [5] Epidemiological Bulletin, Pan American Health Organization (1995)[6] Darfur Stoves Project. (2010). Haiti Trip Report, April 14-25. Collected cooking and fuel price data from Port-au-Prince, Mirebalais, Toumonde, and Cange.[7] Women’s Refugee Commission & World Food Programme, 2010, Cooking Fuel Needs in Haiti: A Rapid Assessment, pp. 10-11[8] FAO, 2009, State of the World’s Forests, FAO, Rome, p113, Annex 2. [9] FAO, 2000, Haiti Country Report: Forestry Outlook Study for the Caribbean, FAO, Rome [10] Centre de Formation et d’Encadrement Technique, 1997. Diagnostic des communaute � s vivant au sein et dans le voisinage de la Foreˆ t des Pins. Assistance Technique pour la Protection des Parcs et Foreˆ ts (ATPPF)/Ministe` re de l’Environnement (MDE), Port-au-Prince, Haiti.[11] Ramanathan, V; Carmichael, G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227.[12] Adaped from Figure 1 of WHO Fuel for Life[13] http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/
76-100%
25-50%
Percent of population using solid fuels12
51-75%
0
20
40
60
80
100
85% of Haitians use bio-mass energy as their pri-mary fuel10
Since the 2010 earthquake, char-coal prices have increased to rep-resent up to 40% of a family’s yearly income7
Deforestation contributes to soil erosion, increased vul-nerability to flooding, and lower crop yields4. Haiti is over 96% deforested8, with the situation worsening as charcoal producers cut down 8 million trees annually9
of deaths of children under five in Haiti are caused by smoke from indoor cooking fires5
25%
BUT WE ARE WORK-ING TO MAKE THINGS B E T T E R
Since 2010, we have been working to provide Haitian NGOs with information about the performance of existing stoves.
0
200
400
600
800
1000T r a d i t i o n a l
E c o R e c h o
P r a k t i R o u jS t o v e T e c
M i r a k
Gra
ms
of C
harc
oal B
urne
d to
Boi
l 2.5
L of
Wat
err
With roughly 85 million citizens, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa.
=Over its lifetime, one Berkeley-Ethiopia Stove will offset the carbon equivalent of taking a car in the USA off of the road for a full year
Photo Credits:[1] Mark Jacobs, [2] Darfur Stoves Project[3] Michael Helms, [4] James P. Blair/National Geographic/Getty Images[5] Robert Cheng, [6] Kathleen Lask
CONTACT:Daniel Wilson: [email protected] Lask: [email protected]://cookstoves.lbl.gov/POSTER PRINTED: 12 October, 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
>80%
More than 80% of Ethiopia’s population currently depends on solid fuel for energy
Today1950s
Ethiopia’s forest cover has gone from 35% to 3% since the 1950s, par-tially as a result of the practice of burning solid fuels for cooking.
What are we doing to make a difference?
48% Disease-causing
small (PM2.5) particles
61% Carbon Monoxide
65% Wood
Net climate-cooling smoke
chemistry
WHEN COMPARED TO A TRA-DITIONAL THREE-STONE FIRE2 :
0
5
10
15
20
25
Minutes to Boil 2.5 Liters of Water
Traditional Three-Stone Fire
Berkeley-Darfur Stove
World Population
3B
7B
3B4B
Biomass Users
Non-Biomass Users
2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0deaths annually attributed to smoke from cooking fires13.
This is equivalent to the entire HIV/AIDS epidemic
Wood or Charcoal as a Primary Energy Source
85%
Wood or Charcoal Other
$30 MILLIONworth of firewood cost saved
20,276stoves in the field
120,000displaced persons helped
In the fall of 2005, hundreds of thousands of women living in Darfur’s displacement camps walked up to 7 hours per day, 3 to 5 days per week, to collect firewood for cook-ing. During these treks, women were often subjected to sexual assault and abuse. The Berkeley-Darfur Stove, developed by the Uni-versity of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory collaborating with Oxfam America and Plan Canada, was created to address this problem
$20 cost
$300 annual fuel savings
$1500 savings over life of stove
Worldwide, about 3 bil-lion people use biomass fuels including wood, charcoal, animal dung, or crop residues to cook their food and heat their homes1. The health im-plications of this practice disproportionately affect women and children, re-sulting in 2 million pre-mature deaths annually2.
Black carbon
soot like that
produced from
biomass burn-
ing is respon-
sible for 18%
of the planet’s
w a r m i n g 1 1
Sudanese woman cooking on an inefficient three-stone fire1
Darfuri women returning to camp after a day of gathering wood for cooking2
View of the Haiti - Dominican Republic border from the air4
Traditional Haitian stove5
Ethiopian woman preparing wot in Yaya Gulale village
Charcoal is the major fuel source in Haiti4
Manufacturing the Berkeley-Darfur stove in Mumbai2
Testing the Berkeley-Darfur stove in the lab at LBNL2
Haitian woman observes a lighting cone prototype field test6
A Darfuri woman using the Berkeley-Darfur Stove3
Sudanese woman stirring mulah in Darfur camp using Berkeley-Darfur stove3
Atima, a Sudanese woman, cooking with a Berkeley-Darfur stove in El Fasher2
Women must travel tremendous distances and carry heavy loads to cook for their families1
Our team has re-designed the Berkeley-Dar fur stove to meet Ethiopia’s specific cultural and food- preparation needs.
We are currently developing a unique stove-use monitoring system, and our team aims to deploy the first shipment of Berkeley-Ethiopia Stoves this year. With the help of our on-the-groud partner we will soon begin to col-lect user feedback and stove-use data.
Women in the camps spend up to 7 hours per day collecting fuel wood