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Hospital: Analysis of 17 cases, 1967-71. Phil J Microbiol Infect Dis 1973; 11(1):11- 22.Bal AM, Kakrani AL, Bharadwaj RS, Kagal AS, Joshi SA, Arjunwadkar VP (2002) Evaluation of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Department of Medicine, BJ Medical College, Pune. J Assoc Physicians India 50:394-6

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 180

Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM (2003). "Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance". The Lancet infectious diseases 3 (12): 75771Bovet P, Yersin C, Merien F, Davis CE, Perolat P. Factors associated with clinical

leptospirosis: a population-based case-control study in the Seychelles (Indian

Ocean). Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:58390.Brato D.G, Mendoza M.T, Cordero C.P (1998) Validation of the World Health

Organization (WHO) Criteria Using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)

as the Gold Standard in the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis. Phil J Microbiol Infect

Dis; 27(4):125-128)Chen and Land,1986 :36Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Everard CO. Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis. An

Evaluation of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Department ofMedicine, BJ Medical College, Pune. J Assoc Physicians India 50:394-6Trop Med Hyg. 1982;31:827-9.

Ganoza CA, Matthias MA, Collins-Richards D, Brouwer KC, Cunningham CB, et al.(2006)Determining risk for severe leptospirosis by molecular analysis of

environmental surface Waters for pathogenic Leptospira. PLoS Med 3(8): e308.DOI: 10.1371/journal. Pmed.0030308 Published online 2006 August 22. doi:.

www.pubmedcentral.nih.govGuevara, Borja, and Fujii. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Community concerning the Prevention and Control of Leptospirosis in the natonal Capital Region, PhilippinesHermann-Storck C, Brioudes A, Quirin R, Deloumeaux, Lamaury I, Nicolas M, Postic D,Perez JM (2005). Retrospective Review of Leptospirosis in Guadeloupe, FrenchWest Indies 1994-2001. West Indian Med J 2005; 54: (1) 42International Health June 2011 (Vol.3, Issue 2, Pages 131-137)Ittyachen AM, Krishnapillai TV, Nair MC, Rajan AR. (2007) Retrospective study of severe cases of leptospirosis admitted in the intensive care unit. J Postgrad Med

53:232-5. Available from: http://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2007

Jansen A, Schoneberg I, Frank C, Alpers K, Schneider T, Stark K (2005). Leptospirosis in Germany, 1962-2003; J Emerging Infectious Disease vol 11,no 7, July 2005..www.cdc.gov/eidLeptospirosis CPG 2010 p.7

Merriam Websters Dictionary and Thesaurus. Massachusetts: Meriam-Webster,Inc,2006,p.1022

Rankin, Sally, et.al. Patient Education in Health and Illness, 5th ed., Philadelphia

Rankin, Sally, et.al, (2005): Vet. Microbiol. Loc. Cit., p. 32

Rebollos, Cheryl B., Adzu-Som ResearchersSehgal SC (2006). Epidemiological Patterns of Leptospirosis. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology vol 24, No.4 310-311. w Rankin, Sally, et.al. ww.ijmm.orgTappero JW, Ashford DA, Perkins BA. Leptospirosis. In: Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Fifth Edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 2495-2501The Healthcare Journal , p5, ISSN 2012-4015 Issue 3 May 2010Victoriano,et.al. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific Region.BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/9/147

WHO ,Regional Office for Southeast Asia, BrochureWiwanitkit VDR. A note from a survey of some knowledge aspects of leptospirosis among a sample of rural villagers in the highly endemic area, Thailand, Rural & Remote Health: 526 (Online) 2006Trop Biomed 2004, 21Online Sources

Philippine Information Agency

GMA Online News

www.leptonet.comMedscape Reference, Onlinewww.online journal.comAppendicesAPPENDIX A

Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban City

Mrs.Juliana R.Navales

Barangay Chairman

Barangay 1, Salug District

Catbalogan CityMaam:

The undersigned is conducting a research on Advocacy Program on Leptospirosis of Selected Barangays in Catbalogan City as partial requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Nursing. The study aims to assess the prevailing level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Leptospirosis of the healthworkers ,barangay officials and residents in selected barangays of Catbalogan City.

In this regard, the undersigned would like to solicit your cooperation by answering the attached survey questionnaire.I would like also to ask the assistance of the barangay kagawad to help me facilitate in the distribution of the survey questionnaire and conduct the actual interview. Please be assured that your responses will be treated strictly confidential.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Charmaine Ricafort- Quina RN

Researcher

APPENDIX B

Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban City

Mrs.Gloria G. Delos ReyesBarangay Chairman

Barangay GuindapunanCatbalogan CityMaam:

The undersigned is conducting a research on Advocacy Program on Leptospirosis of Selected Barangays in Catbalogan City as partial requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Nursing. The study aims to assess the prevailing level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Leptospirosis of the healthworkers ,barangay officials and residents in selected barangays of Catbalogan City.

In this regard, the undersigned would like to solicit your cooperation by answering the attached survey questionnaire.I would like also to ask the assistance of the barangay kagawad to help me facilitate in the distribution of the survey questionnaire and conduct the actual interview. Please be assured that your responses will be treated strictly confidential.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Charmaine Ricafort- Quina RN

Researcher

APPENDIX C

Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban City

Mrs.Ma. Elfa E.De JesusBarangay Chairman

Barangay CanlapwasCatbalogan CityMaam:

The undersigned is conducting a research on Advocacy Program on Leptospirosis of Selected Barangays in Catbalogan City as partial requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Nursing. The study aims to assess the prevailing level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Leptospirosis of the healthworkers ,barangay officials and residents in selected barangays of Catbalogan City.

In this regard, the undersigned would like to solicit your cooperation by answering the attached survey questionnaire.I would like also to ask the assistance of the barangay kagawad to help me facilitate in the distribution of the survey questionnaire and conduct the actual interview. Please be assured that your responses will be treated strictly confidential.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Charmaine Ricafort- Quina RN

Researcher

APPENDIX D

Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban CityMrs.Melanie MacabarreBarangay Chairman

Barangay MunozCatbalogan CityMaam:

The undersigned is conducting a research on Advocacy Program on Leptospirosis of Selected Barangays in Catbalogan City as partial requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Nursing. The study aims to assess the prevailing level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Leptospirosis of the healthworkers ,barangay officials and residents in selected barangays of Catbalogan City.

In this regard, the undersigned would like to solicit your cooperation by answering the attached survey questionnaire.I would like also to ask the assistance of the barangay kagawad to help me facilitate in the distribution of the survey questionnaire and conduct the actual interview. Please be assured that your responses will be treated strictly confidential.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Charmaine Ricafort- Quina RN

Researcher

APPENDIX E

Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban City

Mr.Vicente RamosBarangay Chairman

Barangay 13Catbalogan CitySir/Maam:

The undersigned is conducting a research on Advocacy Program on Leptospirosis of Selected Barangays in Catbalogan City as partial requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Nursing. The study aims to assess the prevailing level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Leptospirosis of the healthworkers ,barangay officials and residents in selected barangays of Catbalogan City.

In this regard, the undersigned would like to solicit your cooperation by answering the attached survey questionnaire.I would like also to ask the assistance of the barangay kagawad to help me facilitate in the distribution of the survey questionnaire and conduct the actual interview. Please be assured that your responses will be treated strictly confidential.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Charmaine Ricafort- Quina RN

Researcher

APPENDIX F

Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation

Tacloban City

Mr.Jun Tenedero Jr.Barangay Chairman

Barangay GuindapunanCatbalogan CityMaam:

The undersigned is conducting a research on Advocacy Program on Leptospirosis of Selected Barangays in Catbalogan City as partial requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Nursing. The study aims to assess the prevailing level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Leptospirosis of the healthworkers ,barangay officials and residents in selected barangays of Catbalogan City.

In this regard, the undersigned would like to solicit your cooperation by answering the attached survey questionnaire.I would like also to ask the assistance of the barangay kagawad to help me facilitate in the distribution of the survey questionnaire and conduct the actual interview. Please be assured that your responses will be treated strictly confidential.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

Charmaine Ricafort- Quina RN

Researcher

APPENDIX G

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIREPART I PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Direction : Please put a check mark (/) on the appropriate box corresponding to your answer for each item below and give the required information by filling out the blanks.

1. Name (Optional ) : _____________________________________________

2. Age :

( ) 18 44 years

( ) 45 - 65 years

( ) above 65 years

3 Level of Education:

( ) Elementary Level

( ) College Level

( ) Elementary Graduate ( ) College Graduate

( ) High School Level ( ) Others, please specify

( ) High school Graduate _____________________

4. Occupation :

( ) Fisherman ( ) Butchers ( ) Office worker ( ) health worker

( ) Veterinarian ( ) Farmer ( ) Meat Vendor ( ) Teacher

( ) garbage collector ( ) others, please specify

5. Total Monthly Family Income :

( ) less than Php 6,000 ( ) Php10,001 15,000 ( ) Php 20,001 25,000

( ) Php 6001 10,000 ( ) Php15,001- 20,000 ( ) more than Php 25,000

Part II-A. KNOWLEDGE ON LEPTOSPIROSIS.

The following are statements about the Leptospirosis disease as to its (1) Causative Organism, (2) Disease Transmission, (3) Common Signs and Symptoms, and (4) Prevention and Control Strategies. Please read each statement carefully and rate your level of knowledge by putting a check mark (/) on the appropriate box that corresponds to your answer:

Statements about Leptospirosis:

A1. Causative Organism-TrueFalse

1.1 Leptospirosis is a viral infection.

1.2 Leptospirosis is caused by a bacteria that is found in the urine of rats.

1.3 Leptospirosis is caused by scratching with dirty hands.

1.4 The microorganism that causes the disease is a parasite or worm.

A2. Disease Transmission-

2.1 Leptospirosis organism usually enters the body through cuts and cracks of the skin of the feet and hands.

2.2 The organism enters the human body through rats saliva when accidentally bitten.

2.3 It can be transmitted through inhalation (air).

2.4 Risk of infection is less likely during floods.

A3. Common Signs and Symptoms-

3.2 An infected person will develop fever, body and muscle pains and, yellowing of the skin and eyes.

3.3 An infected person will have fever and bleeding in the nose and gastrointestinal tract.

3.4 An infected person will primarily manifest allergic reactions like itchiness and redness of affected skin.

A4. Prevention and Control Strategies-

4.1 Avoid wading in dirty or muddy water especially during floods, if not wear boots or protective footwear.

4.2 Wear masks to avoid getting the leptospirosis microorganism from the air.

4.3 Avoid being bitten by rats and cockroaches.

4.4 Eliminate harborages of mosquitoes.

Part II-B. ATTITUDE TOWARDS LEPTOSPIROSIS.B.1 Source of Information and Reaction

For the succeeding section, please put a check mark (/) on the box/es that apply and give the information as required.Have you ever heard or read a material about Leptospirosis? ( ) Yes ( ) No

If yes, what /who was the source of the information ?

( )Journal article/Medical literature( ) City official

( )Newspaper article

( ) Barangay official

( )Television news

( ) Doctor

( ) Radio newscast

( )Nurse

( )IEC material from health department( ) Midwife

( )IEC material from LGU

( )BHW

( )Information drive of schools

( )health volunteer

( )Information drive at barangay level( ) students health courses

Others, please specify ___________________

____________________

What was/were your reaction the last time you heard or read about Leptospirosis?

( ) Just kept the information to myself.

( ) Shared the information with family and friends.

( ) Sought confirmation/additional information from barangay officials.

( ) Sought confirmation/additional information from health officials.

( ) Felt a need for information drive or prevention advocacy.

( ) Actually made some steps to protect self and/or family from the disease.

OtherAttitudinal issues-

Kindly rate your current attitude about certain issues/concerns on Leptospirosis by putting a check mark (/) on the appropriate box according to the scale below:

4 - Highly concerned (H)

3 - Moderately concerned (M)

2 Least concerned (L)

1 Not concerned at all (N)IssuesHMLN

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1. Awareness of the disease and its severity at the individual level

2. Ability to protect self and family

3. Adequacy of community efforts

4. Over-all attitude

Part II-C. PREVENTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES AGAINST LEPTOSPIROSIS AND EXTENT OF PRACTICE.

Please read each statement carefully and rate whether it is being practiced or not being practiced by you by encircling either Yes or No after each statement. If your answer is Yes, please rate the extent of practice by putting a check mark (/) on the appropriate box using the scale below:

4 Almost always Practiced (AP)

3 Frequently Practiced (FP)

2 Moderately Practiced (MP)

1 Seldom Practiced (SP)

Prevention and Control Strategies Being Practiced or Not Being PracticedPlease

EncircleExtent of Practice

APFPMPSP

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1. I do not wade in dirty or muddy water without protective covering like boots especially during floods.Yes

No

2. I wash my hands with soap and water before and after handling meat and meat products.Yes

No

3. I wear masks when cleaning to avoid exposure to dust and microbes found in the air. Yes

No

4. I Inspect my hands and feet for cuts and abrasions and cover the affected areas with cellophane or protective gear before working in muddy water.Yes

No

5. I cook our food well and boil water to drink to avoid ingestion of leptospirosis microorganism.Yes

No

6. I dispose our garbage properly and further refrain from piling up trash in our homes.Yes

No

7. I clean and maintain orderliness at home/work/ school or in recreation areas.Yes

No

8. I practice good grooming and personal hygiene.Yes

No

9. I seek the help of a doctor or health professionals when not feeling well.Yes

No

10. I seek the help or consult a local herbolaryo when not feeling well.Yes

No

APPENDIX HTANONG PANG SURVEY

PART I Impormasyon ng Respandent

Direksyon: Markahan ng tsek (/) ang kahon na naayon sa iyong kasagutan at isulat sa guhit ang iyong kasagutan batay sa hinihinging impormasyon.

1.Pangalan (Opsiyonal): ______________________________________________

2. Edad :

( )18-44taon

( )45-65taon ( )Sa itaas65taon

3. Antas ng Edukasyon

( )ElementaryLevel

( )AntasngCollege/college level ( )ElementaryGraduate

( )CollegeGraduate ( )High SchoolLevel

( )iba,mangyaringtukuyin: ( ) High School Graduate _____________________ 4.Trabaho : ( )Mangingisda ( )Butchers ( )Opisinangmanggagawa

( )kalusuganmanggagawa ( )MeatVendor ( )Guro

( )manggagamot ng hayop ( )Magsasaka ( )Basurero ( )iba,pakitukoy: _______________________________5. Kabuoang kita ng Pamilya sa Isang Buwan

( )Mas mababa saPhp6000 ( )Php10,001-15,000( )Php20,001-25,000 ( )Php6001-10,000

( )Php15,001-20,000

( )higit saPhp25,000

Part II- A. Kaalaman tungkol sa Leptospirosis

And mga sumusunod ay mga pahayag tungkol sa sakit na Leptospirosis batay sa (1) Oganismo na sanhi ng sakit (2) transmisyon ng sakit (3) komon na sintomas at senyales (4) mga stratehiya sa pagiwas at pagkontrol.

Mangyaringbasahinangbawatpahayagsamaingatat ire-rateangiyongantasng kaalamansapamamagitan ng paglagayngcheckmark(/)sanaaangkop na kahonna tumutukoy saiyong sagot:

PAHAYAG UKOL SA LEPTOSPIROSIS

A1 .Organismo na Sanhi ng Sakit TotooHindi

1.1 AngLeptospirosisayisangviralimpeksyon.

1.2 AngLeptospirosisaydulotng isangbakteryananatagpuansaihingmgarats.

1.3AngLeptospirosisaysanhisapamamagitanngpagkamot gamitang marumingkamay.

1.4Angmikroorganismonanagigingsanhingsakitayisanglintao worm.

A2. TRANSMISYON NG SAKIT

2.1. AngLeptospirosisorganismokaraniwangpumapasok sakatawansapamamagitanngcutsatbitakngbalatngpaaatkamay

2.2 Organismoangpumapasok sakatawanng taosapamamagitanng lawaydagakapagmakagat.

2.3 Ito ay maaring makuha sa pamamagitan ng paglanghap ng hangin.

2.4 Angpanganib ngimpeksiyonaymasmalamangsa panahon ng baha.

A3. MGA KOMON NA SENYALES AT SINTOMAS NG SAKIT

TotooHindi

3.1 Ang taong may impeksyon ng Leptospirosis ay nakikitaan ng mga galaw halintulad sa daga kagaya ng palagiang pag-amoy ng pagkain.

3.2 Ang taong may sakit ng Leptospirosis ay makararanas ng lagnat, pananakit ng katawan at kalamnan, at paninilaw ng balat at mga mata.

3.3 Ang taong may impeksyon ng Leptospirosis ay makararanas ng lagnat at pagdurugo ng ilong at bituka.

3.4 Ang taong may sakit ng Leptospirosis ay nakikitaan ng mga sintomas ng allergy kagaya ng pangangati at pamumula ng apektadong balat.

A4. Mga Stratehiya sa Pagiwas at Pagkontrol ng Sakit.TotooHindi

4.1 Iwasan ang pagsulong sa marumi at maputik na tubig lalo na kung may baha,kung hindi maiiwasan ay magsuot ng botas o kasuotang pampaa na magbibigay proteksyon

4. 2 Nagsusuot ng mask para maiwasang makalanghap ng organismong sanhi ng sakit na Leptospirosis.

4.3 Umiiwas na makagat ng daga at ipis.

4.4 Pinupuksa ang mga lugar na pinamamahayan ng mga lamok.

Part II B SALOOBINPATUNGOLEPTOSPIROSISB.1 Pinagkunan ng Impormasyon at ang Iyong Reaksyon

Para sa susunod na seksyon, lagyan ng markang tsek (/) ang kahon o mga kahon na naayon o nagbibigay ng kaukulang impormasyon.

May nakita/ narinig/ nabasa naba kayong patalastas/ commercial o iba pang uri nga pagbibigay- alam tungkol sa Leptospirosis?

Kung OO, sino/ano/ saan nanggaling and impormasyon?

( )Journalarticle /Medikalpanitikan ( )opisyalngLunsod( )Dyaryoartikulo

( )Barangayopisyal( )Televisionbalita

( )Doctor( )Radionewscast ( )nars( )Pangimpormasyon,Pangedukasyon,Pangkomunikayong materyalmulasapangkalusugangdepartamento

( )hilot( )Pangimpormasyon,Pangedukasyon,Pangkomunikayong materyalmula saLGU

( )BHW ( )Impormasyondriveng mga paaralan

( )volunteerngkalusugan ( )DrivengImpormasyonsaBarangayantas

( )mag-aaral-pangkalusugangkurso

iba,mangyaringtukuyin ;__________________________

Ano ang iyong mga naging reaksyon ng kayo ay nakarinig o nakabasa tungkol sa Leptospirosis?

( ) Sinarili ang nakalap na impormasyon

( ) Ibinahagi ang impormasyon sa pamilya at mga kaibigan

( ) nangalap ng kumpirmasyon o karagdagang impormasyon sa mga opisyal ng barangay

( ) nangalap ng kumpirmasyon o karagdagang impormasyon sa mga health opisyal

( ) Pakiwari mo ay kailangan ng information drive o prevention advocacy

( ) Nagsagawa ng mga pamamaraan para mabigyan ng proteksyon ang sarili at pamilya laban sa sakit na Lpetospirosis.

Ibang isyung Pangsaloobin (other attitudinal issues)

Paki-rateangiyong kasalukuyangsaloobintungkolsamgatiyakna mgaisyu /mgaalalahaninsaLeptospirosissapamamagitanng paglagay ngcheckmark(/)sanaaangkop na kahonayonsasukat sa ibaba: 4 - Mataas na aalala o pagkabahala (MA)

3 - Katamtaman na aalala o pagkabahala (KA)

2 - Maliit na aalala o pagkabahala (mM)

1 - Walang pagkabahala (W)

MGA ISSUESMAKAmMW

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1.Kamalayanngsakitatangkalubhaannitosaindibidwalna

Antas.

2. Kakayahan naprotektahanangsariliat pamilya

3. Kasapatanngmgapagsisikapng komunidad

4. Pangkalahatan na saloobin (Over-all attitude)

PARTII-C.Pag-iwasat pagkontrolngmgakasanayan salaban LEPTOSPIROSISATSAKLAWNGPractice.

Mangyaringbasahinangbawatpahayagmabutiatangratenakung itoayensayado/pinapraktiso hindiensayado/pinapraktissa pamamagitan pamamagitanngpagbibilogalin man sa "Oo"o "Hindi"pagkatapos ng bawatpahayag.Kungangiyong sagotay"Oo", paki-rateanglawak ngpagsasanaysapamamagitanngpaglagay ngcheckmark(/)sa naaangkop na kahongamit angsukatsaibaba:4-Haloslagingensayado/pinapraktis (AP)3 -Frequentlyensayado/pinapraktis (FP)2 -Katamtamangensayado /pinapraktis (MP)1 -Bihiraensayado/pinapraktis (SP)PreventionatControlIstratehiyanaEnsayadooHindiEnsayadoBiluganLawak of Praktis

APFPMPSP

4321

1.Hindi ako tumatapak o nagtatampisaw sa marumi o maputik na tubig na walang proteksyon na sumasaklaw tulad ng boots lalo na sa panahon ng baha.

0o

Hindi

2. Hinuhugasanko ang akingmgakamaynamaysabon at tubigbagoat pagkatapos ngpaghawak ng karne at mga produkto ngkarne.Oo

Hindi

3. Nagsusuotakongmgamaskskapagpaglilinisupang maiwasanang exposuresa alikabok atmgamicrobyongmatatagpuansa hangin.Oo

Hindi

4.Sinisyasat ko ang aking mga kamay at paa sa mga hiwa o gasgas at nilalagyan ng selopin o proteksyon lansungan (protective gear) ang apektadong parte bago magtrabaho sa maputik o maduming lugar.Oo

Hindi

5. Niluluto ko ng maigi at maayos ang pagkain at pinakukuluan ang inuming tubig para maiwasan ang paglunok ng mikrobyong Leptospirosis.Oo

Hindi

6. Tinatapon ko ang mga basura sa tamang lalagyan at tapunan ng basura at iniiwasan ang pagtambak ng basura sa aming tahanan at kapaligiran. Oo

Hindi

7.Pinapanatili ko ang kalinisan at kaayusan sa aming tahanan at kapaligiran/trbaho/paaralan. Oo

Hindi

8. Nagsasanay ako mabuting grooming and personal na kalinisan.Oo

Hindi

9. Humingiakongtulong sapangkalusugang propesyonal (nurse)o doktorkapaghindimaganda ang pakiramdam.Oo

Hindi

10. Humihingi ako ng tulong o kumukunsulta sa herbolaryo kapag hindi maganda ang pakiramdam.Oo

Hindi

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