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Notes

1 Introduction: The Politics of Remembering and the Myth of the Blitz

1 Rowland Manthorpe won the 2006 Ben Pimlott Prize for Political Writing. This is taken from an edited version of the award-winning essay: www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/jul/01/featuresreviews.guardianreview29 (date accessed 10 December 2014).

2 It is also worth noting that following the Second World War, Churchill suffered a landslide defeat in the 1945 general election.

3 ‘The shifting or shunting of mediocrities or reputed successes appears to have been directed by no principle plain to the outsider, unless it be the principle that new blood must rarely be transfused into an old body’ (Daily Mirror, 2 October 1940).

4 Statistical Analysis of British Newspapers after the 7 July Bombings

1 The Guardian, The Observer, The Independent, Independent on Sunday, The Times, Sunday Times, Daily Mail, Mail on Sunday, Daily Express, Sunday Express, Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, Daily Star, Daily Mirror, News of the World, The People, Sunday Mirror, The Sun and Sunday Star.

5 London Responds: Wartime Defiance and Front-Line Heroism

1 National icons and symbols that hold a historic and recurring role in national narration are considered in more detail in the forthcoming chapters.

2 Humphrey Jennings was an English filmmaker who worked on films for the Ministry of Information during the Second World War. He directed the propaganda film London Can Take it! (1940).

3 Calder provides a more dynamic account of the mistakes and reprisals that occurred throughout bombing raids on Britain and Germany and the civilian casualties caused by both sides: ‘Directed to attack aircraft factories and an oil refinery in the home counties, they [German bombers] bombed the central London area by mistake, contravening Hitler’s direct and emphatic orders to his pilots … Churchill ordered a reprisal. Next night RAF planes were sent to bomb Berlin. Again, there was a mistake; those who reached the German capital damaged “civilian” as well as “legitimate” military targets. There were further raids on Berlin, night by night, and, ineffectual though they were, the first civilians were killed there on August 28th. Hitler had promised his

204 Notes

people that this would never happen; the disillusionment of the Berliners was obvious and dangerous’ (Calder, 1999: 153).

4 Emphasis added in quotes from hereon in. 5 George W. Bush used a similar anaphoric technique in his speech after

11 September: ‘We’re a great nation. We’re a nation of resolve. We’re a nation that can’t be cowed by evil-doers’ (Kellner, 2004a: 6). Like Churchill and Blair, Bush used ‘“We”, “I” and “you” … as rhetorical devices to bind himself with the country’ (ibid.).

6 Ten civilians were killed and three were injured in a serious of shootings car-ried out in different locations over a three-week period in October 2002.

7 Clarkson is renowned for making controversial comments, often in the con-text of ‘dark humour’. Some audiences are aware of his politically conservative position and may agree or disagree with his views. He reflects a particular attitude, which readers might identify with: some readers might welcome his provocative, ‘no-nonsense’ and ‘straight-talking’ approach. This is often an oppositional attitude to the ‘political correctness’ of ‘soft touch’, ‘liberal lefties’.

8 For example, an article in The Sun on 8 July said ‘Yesterday We French Hated You But Today We are All Londoners – Paris Reader’s Email to The Sun’ (Moore, 2005). Chapter 8 will also provide examples of foreign newspapers expressing sympathy and mourning for London whilst acknowledging the Blitz spirit.

9 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20517525 (date accessed 3 January 2015). 10 http://hackinginquiry.org/news/paul-dadge-former-77-bombings-fire-

fighter-speaks-out-on-press-intrusion-and-phone-hacking (date accessed 3 January 2015).

6 The FTSE Fights on: Discourses of the City, the Stock Market and the Economy

1 In 1963, the liberal statesman Dean Acheson described the goal of America’s imperial grand strategy as the prevention of any challenge ‘to the power, position, and prestige of the United States’ (see Chomsky, 2003: 14).

2 www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJMIB73kG2A (date accessed 18 December 2014).

7 Rituals of National Narration: The Symbolic Role of Commemorative Events and the Royal Family

1 Hyperbolic rhetoric like the above ‘is a salient example of Bushspeak that communicates through codes to specific audiences, in this case domes-tic Christian rightwing groups that are Bush’s preferred recipients of this discourse’ (Kellner, 2004a: 8).

8 Discourses of International Unity: The ‘Special Relationship’ and Western Foreign Policy

1 ‘Nor will we forget the citizens of 80 other nations who died with our own. Dozens of Pakistanis. More than 130 Israelis. More than 250 citizens of India.

Notes 205

Men and women from El Salvador, Iran, Mexico, and Japan. And hundreds of British citizens. America has no truer friend than Great Britain. Once again, we are joined together in a great cause. The British Prime Minister has crossed an ocean to show his unity of purpose with America, and tonight we welcome Tony Blair’ (ibid.).

2 As Kellner argues, since 11 September, the ‘Bush Administration … repeated constantly that the war against terrorism was being fought for “freedom”’ above anything else (2004a: 6). ‘Freedom’ became a more dominant theme than ‘democracy’, since American foreign policy in the Middle East has long been fuelled by a ‘contempt for democracy and national self-determination’ (ibid.).

3 During the Cuban missile crisis, a senior adviser of President Kennedy described Britain’s role in the transatlantic relationship as America’s ‘lieu-tenant (the fashionable word is partner)’ (Chomsky, 2003: 79). President John F. Kennedy was adamant that a veto from any other power should be rejected. Former national security adviser McGeorge Bundy suggested that European governments were incapable of making rational and logical decisions and suggested that only anti-American ignorance could motivate European decision makers to oppose America’s military response to Cuba (ibid.: 79–80).

4 ‘There was no sign of a backlash by MPs who opposed the Iraq war. The Prime Minister argued that the terrorist attack had nothing to do with the conflict, listing similar atrocities in 12 other countries’ (Grice, 2005).

5 Ariel Sharon’s pledge to collude against terrorist networks on 11 September after the attacks on the World Trade Center also reflected this War on Terror rhetoric. Kellner explains that: ‘Sharon called for a coalition against terrorist networks, which would contrast the civilized world with terrorism, representing the Good vs. Evil, “humanity” vs. “the blood-thirsty”, “the free world” against “the forces of darkness”, who are trying to destroy “freedom” and our “way of life”’ (Kellner, 2004a: 5).

6 Chernus argues that since 11 September, ‘most Americans have settled for two simplistic slogans coined in the White House: “They hate us for our freedoms.” “They’re flat evil”’ (2006: 2).

9 Soft-Touch Justice: Blaming Human Rights and Multiculturalism

1 Sivanandan is the Director of the Institute of Race Relations. 2 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6570369.stm (date accessed

30 December 2014).

10 Conclusion: Mythologies of the Past, Present and Future

1 According to Chernus, for neoconservatives, the cultural revolution of the late 1960s changed America in a way from which it has never recovered. People dropped traditional values in favour of other ideals that saw widely oppressed groups – women, racial and ethnic minorities, socialists and

206 Notes

pacifists – given more freedom (Chernus, 2006: 20). Neoconservatives soon saw these changes as a threat: radicalism was seen to permit everything whilst believing in nothing, blurring the traditional boundaries between right and wrong and sin and virtue (ibid.). After 11 September, neoconservatives began ‘taking fundamental issues of the culture war and mapping them onto a global war on terror’ (ibid.: 118).

2 www.theweek.co.uk/politics/3149/nation-looters-it-even-happened-Blitz#ixzz32RaoD35p (date accessed 31 December 2014).

207

Index

11 September 2001 attacks on the USA, 20, 51, 133

‘an act of war’, 54–56, 80, 137‘an attack on freedom’, 55,

137–138, 146business cashing in, 106, 107,

111–112leaders’ responses to, 53, 107–108,

126, 136, 146media responses to, 51–56, 88, 137military response to (proposed),

55, 80, 137perpetrators, 54, 138

as ‘madmen’, 137–1382002 Washington DC sniper attacks,

89, 1042003 Iraq war, 21, 62, 64, 131, 141,

142–143, 145, 146, 147, 150, 157, 172–173

see also Blair, Tony11 March 2004 train bombings in

Madrid, 1397 July 2005 attacks on London

‘an act of war’/war mentality, 2, 56, 62–63, 74, 80, 131, 161, 170

blame, 152–168see also Europe; human rights;

multiculturalismand Blitz mythology, 1–22cause, Tony Blair seen as, 142–144compared to ‘9/11’, 79, 85–86, 103,

104, 106–107, 134–140effects on national economy,

20–21, 108–112resilience, 104, 105, 109, 178

global reactions, 131–133and media coverage, 23–50, 51–65,

66–75mythic impact, 94and national rituals, 114–129perpetrators, 20, 73, 82, 85,

153, 172

British citizens, 2, 60, 62, 73, 90, 158, 159, 164

motivation (imagined), 105perceptions of (chart), 73seen as ‘foreign’, 57–58, 60, 62, 73social backgrounds, 156

racial tensions thereafter, 61, 109, 149–150, 165, 174

reactions among Londoners, perceptions of, 72, 74, 76–100, 135, 149, 152, 165

retaliation proposed/contemplated, 82, 83, 133, 134, 152, 154, 164, 172

scale of, 107, 139and Second World War analogy,

1–22, 61, 71–74, 76–100, 104, 109, 113, 123, 127, 134–136, 138, 143, 151–156, 160–164, 170–176, 182

seen as murder, 73, 81, 134–135, 159

suicide bombs, 2, 89, 117–118, 154, 162

see also the Blitz: mythology, ‘spirit of’; news media; storytelling; United States

21 July 2005 attempted attacks on London, 69, 88

2011 riots in England, 48, 180–1822012 Olympic Games, 131, 184–185

Abu Ghraib, 140Addison, P., 15, 127Advertising Standards Authority, 111affinity groups, 90, 163, 164Afghanistan, 74, 140, 144, 145, 161Al-Qaeda, 73, 79, 90, 110, 160, 163Ali, Tariq, 174Allan, S., 38, 40, 45, 186alternative narratives, suppression of,

1, 2–3, 39, 61–64, 82, 91, 103, 166, 181

208 Index

Anderson, B., 58–59Androutsopoulos, J., 43–44Archbishop of Canterbury,

118–119, 154asylum seekers, 158, 161Attlee, Clement, 19Auer, P. and Di Luzio, A., 43–44

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 84bank bail-outs, 177bankers/City traders, 9, 20–21, 23,

101–113, 171, 176–180greed, 178

Barthes, Roland, 25, 152, 174, 175clarity of myth, 6–7, 8, 23, 93–94,

170and cultural construction, 6, 7,

27, 28model of the role of myth, 6–8, 9,

57, 169–171models of justice, 8, 9, 152, 156,

157, 160‘moral spectacle’, 55–56, 170, 173myth as bourgeois ideology, 37wrestling as moral analogy, 8–9

Bastow, T., 46Battle of Britain, 78BBC, 153, 180, 183Beamer, Todd, 97–98Bell, A. and Garrett, P., 45Bell, D., 3, 7, 58, 60, 120, 124Berelson, B., 67Berger, A., 67Bernstein, B., 49Bertrand, I. and Hughes, P., 68Billig, M., 59, 114, 128Bin Laden, Osama, 57, 90, 150

see also binary oppositionsbinary oppositions, 148, 174

Churchill and Chamberlain, 127, 172

firefighter and Osama Bin Laden, 97good and evil, 8, 45, 53, 57, 58Orient and Occident, 56–60, 140perpetrators and Londoners, 73‘us and them’, 53, 118–119, 124,

146, 161Bingham, Adrian, 182–183Bird, S.E. and Dardenne, R.W., 3

Blair, Sir Ian, 89Blair, Tony, 61, 87–88, 91, 92, 121,

124–129, 150, 170boosting own image, 63Bush–Blair alliance, 63, 75, 126,

130, 132–135, 140–144, 146–147, 175, 187

criticism of/opposition to, 48, 62, 93, 162, 187

by John Tulloch, 63, 98–99as divisive, 63extract from speech, 87his government’s public stance, 62,

63, 173and Iraq war, 63, 74, 132, 140, 144mocked, 114–115, 125, 127, 135,

149–150speeches scorned, 125, 127,

173, 175as ‘terrorist’, 142unfavourably compared to

Churchill, 21, 75, 124–127, 135, 172–173

unfavourably compared to the Queen, 75, 125, 127

see also 7 July 2005 bombings in London

Blatt, W., 30the Blitz, 12, 79, 164

anti-semitism/racism, 14–15countervailing anecdotes/attitudes,

13–15, 17, 78, 119, 149invoked by American politicians, 21looting, 14, 149, 180–182mythology

and ‘7/7’, 1–10, 21, 25, 40–41, 48–49, 108, 109, 134, 135, 140, 143, 174–175, 186–187

construction of, 12–14, 16, 18, 59, 61, 69, 77, 104, 130, 148, 169

and the economy, 20, 101–113manipulation/recontextualisation

of, 63–64, 74, 76–100, 123–124, 129, 142, 144, 150–151, 153, 159, 161–165, 170–176, 180, 186

in the media, 2, 60–65, 69–72, 76–100, 104, 107, 152–168

Index 209

prevalence of (charts), 69–72and society, 20as traditionally portrayed, 10–13,

18, 20, 58–59, 61, 63, 69, 101, 103, 114–129, 131–132, 141, 166, 171, 175, 180

scale, considerations of, 61‘spirit of’, 2, 11, 12, 14, 18, 40–41,

61–62, 71, 75, 79, 83–87, 102, 109, 116, 119, 120, 125, 131, 136, 139, 149, 150, 170–171, 173, 180, 187

see also alternative narrativesBlommaert, J., 42Bottici, C., 25–26, 28–29, 31Branston, G. and Stafford, R., 6Breithaupt, F., 51, 53, 57, 97, 124British bulldog image, 104, 126British National Party (BNP), 83,

163–164British society

and Christianity, 119cultural rituals, 3–4, 46–47,

60, 120defiance, 2, 10–11, 16, 18, 20, 21,

73, 75, 88–93, 108, 109, 116, 117, 121–125, 134, 135, 142, 143, 170, 175, 178

frictions, 2–3, 14–15, 19morale in wartime, 2, 10, 10–15,

17–18, 85–87resilience, 2, 10, 11, 40, 62, 73,

74, 76, 92, 122–123, 132, 165, 170, 177

‘Britishness’/‘Englishness’, 61, 96, 115, 120, 151, 152, 153, 161, 166, 170

‘excluding’ Muslims, 58, 83, 124internationally recognised, 130

Brookes, R., 59Brown, Gordon, 179Buckingham Palace, 123, 184Buruma, I. and Margalit, A., 64Bush, George W., 106, 124–125, 130,

134–137, 141on 7 July 2005 attacks, 21, 133,

134–135, 136, 175on 11 September 2001 attacks, 55,

97, 126

and Christianity, 118, 146and Churchill, 126‘economic stimulus’ package,

107–108extracts from speeches, 55, 97, 132,

133, 135, 146, 153mocked, 135unfavourably compared to the

Queen, 124, 126vocabulary, 134–135see also Blair, Tony

Bush Sr., George, 137‘business as usual’, 20, 72, 74, 76,

82–88, 90, 91, 93, 105, 110, 135, 171

‘less business than usual’, 109–112Butt, Kamal Raza, 83

CAABU, 65, 109, 149, 150, 164, 165, 166

Calder, A., 6, 10, 11, 15, 18–19, 62, 102, 127, 156, 166, 170

Cameron, David, 168, 180–181Campbell, C., 57, 111–112, 146Campbell, J., 23, 169, 178capital punishment, 152, 153, 154,

155, 182Chamberlain, Neville, 127, 172

see also binary oppositionsChernus, I., 83, 94, 106, 118,

146–147, 173Chomsky, Noam, 51, 90, 106, 107,

134, 140, 146–147, 163Chouliaraki, L. and Fairclough, N., 49Christian iconography, 81, 118–119Churchill, Winston, 11–12, 18, 111,

127, 140, 149evoked/invoked, 83, 87, 113, 114,

120, 126, 136, 160, 176extracts from speeches, 11, 12,

87, 182image used in promotion, 101,

110–112, 182myth and reality, 11, 15, 17, 126,

127, 153, 172, 181, 183relationship with the press, 19see also binary oppositions; Blair,

Tony; Bush, George W.Clarkson, Jeremy, 89–90

210 Index

class (social), 18, 20, 50, 84–85, 108, 114, 116, 170–171, 177, 186

divides between classes, 15, 149middle class, 107–108, 183–184poorest/subordinate/working

classes, 14, 40, 103–105, 108, 149, 171

privileged/ruling classes, 15, 35, 37–40

Cohen, Eliot, 126Connelly, M., 10, 15–16, 18, 59, 61,

95, 121, 123consensus, 84, 90–91, 123, 135, 137,

143, 145, 149global, 130

content analysis, 66–75, 141objectivity, 67–68qualitative and quantitative

methodologies, 67–69context, 43–44, 90, 102, 103, 113,

126, 141Coventry Cathedral, 154, 181Coward, Noël, ‘London Pride’, 86Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

see discourse analysiscross-generational connections, 12,

21, 61, 64, 75, 76, 84–85, 86, 114, 117, 120, 121, 128–129, 134, 141, 157–158, 171, 183, 185

see also storytellingCurran, J. and Seaton, J., 15, 38–39

Dadge, Paul, 76, 96–100, 182Daily Express, 78, 84, 97, 154–155,

155–157Daily Mail, 48, 77, 89, 93, 104–105,

117, 121, 135, 154, 161–165, 178

Mail Online, 177–178Daily Mirror, 80, 87, 103–104, 116,

131, 136, 160–161, 178, 181–183

Daily Telegraph, 87–88, 97, 121, 183Das, S., 65, 161, 165–166Davies, N, 62Davis, H., 51, 53, 63de Menezes, Jean Charles (shooting

of), 69

de Tracey, Antoine Destutt, 37diachronic/synchronic intertextuality,

9, 10, 22, 46, 51, 54, 64, 79, 80, 113, 114, 124, 126, 129, 137, 144, 161, 169, 174, 187

disclaimers, 44, 162, 174discourse analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), 1, 19, 23–24, 33–34, 36, 41, 66, 68, 185

methodology, 24, 27–29, 30–31, 32, 42, 169

criticism of, 34discourse-mythological approach

(DMA), 1, 3–4, 19, 22, 40–41, 169, 185–188

contradictions, 79, 91–95, 113methodology, 5, 23–31, 32–33,

34–35, 36, 168toolbox, 41, 43–49, 185

discursive connections/constructions, 2, 3–4, 5–6, 10, 19, 29, 32, 48–49, 58, 61, 80, 95

in text, 41discursive practices, 41–42, 43,

95, 100as distinct from ideology and

mythology, 23, 24–29discrimination by sex, 44–45Dover (White Cliffs), 78‘Dunkirk spirit’, 16, 102Duranti, A. and Goodwin, C., 43–44

Eagleton, T., 35, 37Edelman, M., 46Europe, attitudes towards, 21–22, 152,

155, 156–157, 160, 166–168, 173, 176

Fairclough, N., 27, 29, 30–31, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43

see also Chouliaraki, L.; Wodak, R.Farage, Nigel, 23, 167Faridi, B., 65, 165–166fear and anxiety, 91–95, 141–142,

173, 175firefighters, 57, 96

see also binary oppositions

Index 211

Fish, S., 30Fiske, J. and Hartley, J., 30Flood, C., 4, 9–10, 25, 26, 27–28, 29,

31foreign policy

US, 112Western, 62, 64, 106, 126, 130–151

Foucault, Michel, 31–32Fowler, R., 27, 36, 186FTSE 100 index, 103, 104, 109, 112

Galloway, George, 21, 48, 90, 119, 130, 144–151, 174–175

criticism of, 144–145see also Mail on Sunday

Garde-Hansen, J., 3Gellner, E., 59generalisation, 17, 18, 44, 57, 64, 84,

102, 117, 143, 162Germany, 13, 15, 78, 81, 85, 94,

102, 116, 131, 132, 155, 157, 164, 181

as Nazi Germany, 2, 15, 17, 81, 115, 123, 136, 146, 157, 161, 184

‘the Nazis’/Nazism, 90, 98, 115–118, 123, 134–135, 146, 154, 184

Giuliani, Rudolph, 135–137, 175Glasgow Airport, failed terrorist

attack, 156Glasgow Media Group (Philo et al.), 68‘good versus evil’

see binary oppositionsGPO Film Unit, 13Gramsci, Antonio, 186

theory of hegemony, 36–40, 49‘unstable equilibria’, 39–40

Greenstein, R. and Friedman, J., 106, 107–108

Guantanamo Bay, 140, 144The Guardian, 63, 92, 111, 116–117,

125, 126, 139, 145–146Guilford, J.P., 68Gumperz, J., 43–44Gunter, B., 67Gurevitch, M. et al., 36, 38

Hacked Off, 99Halbwachs, M., 3

Hall, S., 27, 32, 36, 37, 39–40, 46–47Hall, S. et al., 30, 35, 42, 186Halliday, F., 57Hansen, A. et al., 67, 68, 69Hari, Johann, 184Hastings, Max, 154–155Heartfield, J., 10, 13–14, 18, 61, 62Henneberg, S. and O’Shaughnessy, N.,

173hereditary heroism, discourse of,

115–120, 170hereditary unity, 111, 114, 115, 117,

118, 120, 122, 128, 136heroism, discourse of, 23, 95–100, 136history as construction, 3, 11,

114, 123see also political/ideological

motivationHitler, Adolf, 12, 79, 82, 87, 90, 98,

115, 149, 157, 184Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T., 47, 59Hoggart, Simon, 145, 147the Holocaust, 54‘home essentialism’, 53, 59, 121, 124Howard, George, 97–98Howarth, Gerald, 166human rights/human rights laws, 78,

152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 160, 166–167, 173

Hyde, L., 178Hynes, W. and Doty, W., 178hyperbole, 44, 64, 84, 104, 108, 115,

148, 172, 179

ideological square, 45ideology, 16, 19, 23, 24–29, 133

as distinct from ‘the real’, 25–26, 37, 40

ideological signifiers, 36–37, 39as neutral, 26, 34, 39, 50, 186

immigration policy, 152–153, 157, 158, 160, 161

The Independent, 69, 77, 80, 86, 88–89, 92, 93–95, 126–127, 132–133, 134, 138–140, 141, 145, 178, 184

The Independent on Sunday, 62, 77, 92, 109–110, 125, 140–141

indexical meanings, 44–45, 111

212 Index

interdiscursivity, 19, 21, 22, 33, 47, 80, 86, 96, 128, 129, 148, 152–153, 155, 156, 160, 161, 166, 167, 170, 176, 177

explained, 45international unity, discourses of,

130–151intertextuality, 22, 27, 33, 47, 54,

61, 80, 83, 118, 128, 160, 166, 167

explained, 45see also myth theory

IRA bombings, 77, 79–80, 88, 92, 172Islam, 20, 154, 158–165, 172, 175

see also Muslims‘Islamophobia’, 21, 65, 158, 159,

164, 174Israel, 64

Japan, 15, 54, 138Jenkins, H., 31, 127Jennings, Humphrey

see London Can Take it!Jessop, R., 49Jones, S., 38, 40, 186journalism

see news mediaJoyce, William (Lord Haw-Haw),

154–155

Kellner, D., 51, 79, 80, 119, 126, 127, 137, 147, 173

Kelsey, D., 3, 20, 23, 26, 47–48, 76, 101, 112, 130, 151, 177, 178, 179

Kelsey, D. and Baines, D., 26Kelsey, D. and Bennett, L., 30,

43–44, 50Kerlinger, F., 67, 68KhosraviNik, M., 43–44Klein, N., 106Krippendorf, K., 68Krugman, Paul, 108

Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M., 46language, 27, 30

micro-macro levels, 43socio-ideological role, 23, 29, 36,

38, 41

‘the left’ as ‘do-gooders’/‘politically correct’, 147–148, 157, 166, 173, 179

Leveson Inquiry, 95, 99, 100, 182–183Levine, J., 14, 17lexical choices, 45, 48, 65, 66, 72linguistic elements in texts, 41, 43Littlejohn, Richard, 153, 160, 167Liverpool in the Second World War, 17Livingstone, Ken, 61, 121, 125, 136,

160, 175London, 124

as ‘battle-scarred’/‘hardened’ city, 20, 76–80, 172

seen as hereditary trait, 86, 96cast in a character role, 77, 79, 80,

81, 84, 96‘closed’, 90defiance, 20, 69, 72, 74, 76–88,

95–100, 101–105, 110, 130, 132, 141, 159, 170–171, 173, 175, 177

East End, 14, 15, 86, 104, 122, 149as emblematic of Britain, 18, 84–85,

110, 122, 177resilience, 2, 12, 72, 74, 77, 81, 86,

91, 93–94, 101–102, 104, 131, 134, 135, 141, 159, 170, 173, 175, 180

‘shared victim status’ with New York, 134–140

under threat, 73–74, 172Underground, 13, 15, 94, 137

London Can Take it! (Humphrey Jennings/Harry Watt 1940), 13–14, 81–82

‘London/we can take it’, 13, 18, 20, 72, 74, 76, 80–82, 83, 88, 149, 171

‘Londonistan’, 21, 64, 158–166Lopez, G., 51, 53, 58Lukes, S., 35Lule, J., 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 23, 25, 94, 96,

101, 128, 143, 148, 169, 172, 178, 187

Mahajan, R., 51, 52, 54, 55–56, 138, 147

Mail on Sunday, 130, 142–143column by George Galloway,

148–151

Index 213

Manthorpe, I., 2, 10, 14, 61, 62, 63, 120–121, 170

Marxist positions, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40

Mason, P., 38Mass Observation (polling

organisation), 14Maxwell, R., 106, 107–108Maybin, J., 84Mayr, A., 31, 33, 46McCain, Senator John, 55McLaine, I., 2, 10–11, 16, 123McLellan, D., 37Mee, A., 13memory

see myth theorymetaphors, 46, 54–55, 101, 105MI5, 88Milne, Seamus, 63Ministry of Information, 10–11, 13,

14, 171modality, 35, 46moral victory, 102, 103Mosley, Sir Oswald, 154multiculturalism, 141–142, 152–153,

159, 164, 165, 173–174, 175, 186

multinational corporations, 107Muslims, 73, 90, 133, 140, 144,

147–148, 155, 158–166, 173clerics, 145seen as a threat, 57–58, 62–65, 132,

162, 167‘the Muslim other’, 56–60, 83vilified/persecuted, 53, 64–65, 83,

109, 150, 158, 165, 174, 175see also Islam; ‘Islamophobia’

myth theory, 1, 24–25collective memory, 121and context, 30, 31cultural construction, 6, 8, 16, 20,

27–29, 143, 185as distinct from discourse and

ideology, 23, 24–29as distinct from falsehood, 4, 6, 8,

9–10, 16, 18, 59as espoused by news media, 3longitudinal dimensions, 94, 110,

152, 174–176, 185

memory/myth as a/historical, 2, 7, 13–15, 17, 44, 62

methodology, 169micro-macro dimensions, 29, 31and morality, 8, 56, 58, 108, 112myth, privileging of, 5, 7, 10, 15,

61, 63, 81–82, 98–99, 107myth as ‘blissful clarity’, 8, 143, 170myth as ‘common sense’, 7–8, 27,

38, 39–40, 120myth as narrative, 28myth as purification/simplification,

6–7, 8, 10, 16, 59–60, 123‘myth of origin’, 47, 86‘myth of stoicism’, 92mythological archetypes, 57, 58mythologies, contexts of, 1, 3, 65see also discourse analysis:

discourse-mythological approach

mythology, ideological role of, 23, 27, 37, 42, 62, 105, 112, 176

mythology, social role of, 4political myth, 27slippage, 171and social complicity, 59‘suppression of complexity’, 62,

127, 174

Nacos, B., 51, 52–53, 147national identity, 10–11, 16, 17, 20,

44, 46–47, 51, 58–60, 112–113, 130, 151, 165, 168, 169

national narration, 46–47, 54, 83–84, 88, 92–93, 113, 114–129, 143, 157, 159, 168, 171, 175, 176, 185, 186

NATO, 78news media, 29

‘a free press’, 52columnists/commentators, 42, 71,

151, 152see also Clarkson, Jeremy; Galloway,

George; Hari, Johann; Hastings, Max; Hoggart, Simon; Littlejohn, Richard; Milne, Seamus; Parsons, Tony; Phillips, Melanie; Portillo, Michael; Sieghart, Mary Ann

214 Index

news media – continued conservative/right-wing press, 152,

178, 181and context, 30, 53–54, 90counterproductive, 127‘dressing up reality’, 6, 18editorial dilemmas, 91, 93government/elite pressure on, 19,

35–36, 52journalistic practices, 42, 52–53militarist themes, 77–78, 96,

109–110, 117‘militarist pornography’, 79

objectivity, appearance of, 42phone hacking, 99, 182press regulation, 100private experience, use of, 96–100public opinion, use of, 71–72, 87reinforcing dominant culture, 36,

38–39, 56, 120responses to 7 July bombings,

60–65, 76–100self-censorship, 52–53on terrorism, 19–20, 51–60use of shortcuts, 3as watchdog, 52–53, 56see also 7 July 2005 bombings; 11

September 2001 attacks; myth theory; storytelling

News of the World, 99, 115, 121, 155Nisse, J., 109–110Noakes, L., 16Northern Ireland

resolution of conflict, 80numerical data, 68–69

The Observer, 91, 142–143O’Donnell, M., 3, 23, 29, 178Orwellian ‘Doublespeak’, 147

Panayi, P., 10, 14–15‘paradoxical persuasion’, 47–48, 149,

151Paris Match

Barthesian analysis of its cover image, 7

Parliament (House of Commons), 11, 84, 130, 132–133, 144–145, 147, 149, 151

Parsons, Tony, 76, 80–83‘inflammatory and irresponsible’,

82–83Pataki, Governor George

(New York), 55patriotism, discourses of, 51, 52, 53,

56, 88, 114, 116, 117, 123, 144, 147, 151, 154

‘imperial superpatriotism’, 147‘patriotism police’, 52

Pearl Harbor, 51, 54, 56, 137, 138, 160Phillips, Angela, 10Phillips, L. and Jorgensen, M., 30, 41Phillips, Melanie, 63–65, 153, 158,

161–165Philo, Greg, 101, 177, 179Pickering, M. and Keightley, E., 3Pilger, John, 79, 134political/ideological motivation

inaccuracy/interpretation, 1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13

Ponting, Clive, 10–19, 95, 102, 127, 149, 156, 166, 170

Poole, R., 3Portillo, Michael, 158–160, 162power structures

see classpropaganda, 81, 83, 91

slogans, 20, 74, 76, 84, 87public spectacles, 114

racial prejudice, 162Radin, P., 178Rai, M., 62Rather, Dan, 56recontextualisation, 48–49, 88–91,

118, 138, 156, 157, 168, 169, 183, 185

see also the Blitz: mythologyrecurrence, 49, 87, 128Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R., 47Reynolds, A. and Barnett, B., 51, 54,

137–138Reynolds, Quentin, 13Richardson, J., 27, 34, 37, 42, 44–45,

47, 48, 57, 58, 64, 69, 175Rodgers, J., 7Rojek, C., 37, 38, 39, 39–40, 186Roosevelt, Franklin D., 160

Index 215

Rose, S., 12–13Royal Family, 71, 120, 122–123, 171,

183–185Diana, Princess of Wales, 150, 151Duchess of Cambridge (Catherine

Middleton), 182, 183King Edward VIII, 184King George VI, 61monarchy/royalty, 114, 120–122,

127–128, 176, 184, 186–187Prince Andrew, 122Prince Charles/Duchess of

Cornwall, 122Prince Philip, 122–123Queen Elizabeth II, 114, 120–129

her image/function, 21, 74–75, 92, 120, 123–124, 170, 184–185

quoted, 61, 120–121travelling in an open-top Range

Rover, 121, 125, 126see also Blair, Tony; Bush, George W.Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen

Mother), 61, 114, 122Rumsfeld, Donald, 157

Sabido, S., 57–58, 60, 162, 175Said, Edward, 56–57, 64, 140, 143,

163, 174Sanders. K., 123, 173Scraton, P., 51, 56, 58self-presentation, 44sex as life-affirmation, 89Shahzad, F., 3Sieghart, Mary Ann, 88Simpson, P., 41Sivanandan, A., 161, 165–166Smith, A.D., 59, 94–95social power, 24, 35soundbites, 125St Paul’s Cathedral, image of, 80, 81, 86Stevens, Lord (John), 155, 163‘stiff upper lip’, 123storytelling

and 7 July bombings, 1–2, 3cross-generational, 5, 60as ideology, 4, 5, 19, 42–43, 61, 105,

120, 129, 143and interpretive community, 29–30,

94–95, 187

as journalism, 3–4, 29, 95–100as moral instruction, 8–9, 55, 76,

100, 108, 112, 143see also news media

Strawson, J., 58The Sun, 69, 79, 85, 87, 89–90, 93–94,

96, 97, 98, 99, 111, 116, 131, 145, 182–183

Sunday Express, 85–86, 121–122, 141–142, 147–148

Sunday Mirror, 125, 132Sunday Telegraph, 62, 77, 115,

132, 160Sunday Times, 92–93, 119, 121,

158–160, 178symbolism, 81, 86, 94–95, 105,

115, 123victims/heroes, 76, 98, 101, 128

terror suspects, 99terrorism, 1, 80, 93, 107, 108,

112, 118, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138, 147, 151, 160, 161, 163, 164, 173

media coverage, 19–20, 50, 51–65, 97, 109, 116, 121–122, 126, 131, 141, 142, 147, 153, 154, 155, 157, 162, 163, 164, 167

military responses to, 51, 90public responses to, 6, 131see also news media; ‘War on Terror’

terrorists, 85–86, 87, 88, 92, 94, 97, 104, 157, 160

Thamespatrol, 78as setting for ‘Dunkirk spirit’,

102–103Thomas, P., 61–62, 63, 115, 121, 156Thoms, D., 10, 17, 18Thussu, D, 37, 57, 58, 64The Times, 85, 89, 91–92, 102–103,

117, 121, 122, 126, 136trauma, theories of, 51, 53, 77, 124treason/high treason/traitors, 92, 152,

153, 154, 155, 173Tulloch, John, 10, 62, 76–77, 98–100,

182see also Blair, Tony

Tuttle, Bob, 135, 137

216 Index

UKIP, 22, 23, 152, 166, 167, 176United States, 51–56, 64, 103, 157

defiance, 134domestic terrorist incidents, 163and global control, 106, 137inferiority to Britain implied,

85–86, 89, 104, 108, 111–112, 134, 135

international reputation, 147militarist ethos, 106national morale, 51–52‘special relationship’ with Britain,

103, 105, 126, 130–151, 155, 157, 166, 170

US Air Force, 135

van Dijk, T.A., 24, 27, 29, 30, 33, 33–34, 36, 43–45, 162, 165

VE Day commemoration, 61, 70–71, 114–119, 121, 123–126, 142, 163, 171, 186–187

visualised iconography, 124

Waisbord, S., 51, 52, 63, 88, 124Walizer, M. and Wiener, P., 67‘War on Terror’, 51–65, 82, 83, 98,

142, 147–149, 157, 164, 173associated economic cynicism,

107–108and Christianity, 118–119and the economy, 107–108‘never-ending’, 106

transatlantic alliance, 75, 97, 104, 105, 108, 130, 133–137, 140–141, 146, 161

as ‘world war’, 164wartime humour, 88–91

‘black’ humour, 89Wayne, M., 36–37, 37, 38, 39The Week, 180–181welfare state/social welfare, 156, 160Westminster, 87–88White House Office of National Drug

Control Policy, 112Whitehall, 88Whittle, A. and Mueller, F., 177Widdowson, H., 34, 186Wimmer, R. and Dominick, J.,

68, 69Winnick, David, 145, 146Wodak, R., 3, 29, 31, 32, 33, 43, 44,

45, 48, 187see also Reisigl, M.

Wodak, R. and Fairclough, N., 49Wodak, R. and Meyer, M., 34, 186Wodak, R. and van Leeuwen, T., 49Wodak, R. et al., 12, 27, 44, 46, 86Wood, E.M., 106Woollacott, J., 36Wright, Tony, 145, 146

Zelizer, B., 3, 51, 53–54, 124Zelizer, B. and Tenenboim-

Weinblatt, K., 3