Bibliography of resistance welding, compiled for the.pdf

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BULLETIN NUMBER 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

RESISTANCE WELBIIG

A PUBLICATION OF THE /SSK

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 111

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BULLETIN NUMBER 17

(

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

RESISTANCE WELDING

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Revised and Reprinted January, 1963

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

of

RESISTANCE WELDING

Compiled for the

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

by

E. J. DEL VECCHIO

This bibliography is prepared to present as nearly as pos-

sible a complete and accurate record of published technical

articles on all phases of resistance welding within the past

several years.

The first edition, published in 1952, included articles from

1946 to publication date. This, the second edition, includes

those articles and adds those which have been published since.

A few articles appearing before 1946 are included because of

their continued value and importance.

While the bibliography is intended to list only those technical

articles appearing in United States publications, several worthy

ones from the British press are included.

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5?>^M Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association

ve» /■ * Bibliography

NUMBERING SYSTEM

Each article is given a number which is composed of five

units with the following code being used, for example:

AF - 16 - AM - 50

1-2 3 4 5

1. Class (Material)

2. Type (Process)

3. Serial No. (A separate series for

each combination of Class

(1) and Type (2)

4. Publication

5. Year of publication

A Aluminum

C Copper and Copper Base Alloys

D Dissimilar Metals

J Miscellaneous or Undesignated Metals

CLASS

M Magnesium

N Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Q Used as a prefix where no class or

particular material is involved, as:

QL—Laboratory

R Steel—Stainless

S Steel—Low Carbon—Low Alloy

T Titanium, Tantalum, Stellite; also

Refractory and other unclassified

metals

TYPE

B Brazing and Soldering

C Cleaning and Preparation

E Electrodes and Tooling

F Flash Welding

G General Resistance Welding

H Heat Treatment

I Machines and Equipment

J Controls

K Power Supply

L Laboratory, Quality Control, Instru-

ments

M Miscellaneous and Unclassified

N Power Factor Correction

P Projection Welding

Q Stored Energy Machines and Equip-

ment

R Radiography

S Spot Welding

T Three-Phase Equipment

U Roll Spot and Seam Welding

W Cross-Wire Welding

Z "How-to-do-it"

AS Assembly and Fastener Engineering

AT Automation

KM Electrical Manufacturing

EP AIEE Proceedings

EW Electrical World

FM Factory Management and Mainte-

nance

PUBLICATIONS

IA Iron Age

1W Industry and Welding

LO Ix»d

MD Machine Design

ST Steel

TE Tool Engineer

^T/o ,{ '/*'

lib

WE Welding Engineer

WF Welding and Metal Fabrication

(British)

WJ Welding Journal

WR Welding Research Supplement

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5.2 AB

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION iT<J

Bibliography

AB-01-WR-46

Electric Resistance Brazing of Structural

Aluminum Alloys

W. F. Hess, E. F. Nippes

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Welding Research Supplement, April 1946

8 pages, photographs, micrographs, charts

and tables.

This paper considers spot and inter-

mittent seam brazing of 0.040" 24S-T

Alclad and 75S-T aluminum alloys and

using various brazing alloys.

Considerable attention is given to sur-

face preparation, which includes both

electro-plating and metal spraying.

AC-01-WR-46

The Surface Preparation of Aluminum

Alloy Sheet for Spot Welding

R. A. Wyant, D. J. Ashcraft, T. B. Cam-

eron, K. H. Moore


Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1946

12 pages with tables

This paper considers only the chemical

cleaning of aluminum alloys in terms of

contact resistance.

Except for the above, no welding char-

acteristics are involved or studied.

AC-02-WR-44

The Surface Treatment of Alclad 24S-T

Prior to Spot Welding

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B L. Averbach


Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1944

12 pages, photographs, charts and tables

The second of a series of reports on

chemical cleaning of aluminum prior to

spot welding. This paper deals primarily

with hot solutions.

The first paper (WJ-June 1942) de-

scribed the use of contact resistance

measurements as an indicator of weld-

ability

A third report is devoted to solutions

operating at room temperature.

AE-01-WR-57

Tip-Life Studies in the Spot Welding of

5053 Aluminum Alloy

Richard A. Davis, Robert C. McMaster

Ohio State University

Welding Research Supplement, May, 1957

5 pages, illustrations and charts.

The authors report on results of studies

on electrode tip life when spot welding

0.051" thick 5052 aluminum sheets on a

single phase machine.

AF-01-WR-46

The Flash Welding of Alclad 24 S-T

Alloy in the 0.064-in. Thickness

W. F. Hess, F. J. Winsor

Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1946

11 pages, illustrated with charts, tables,

micro-graphs and macro-graphs.

The article outlines research work done

at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on

flash welding specimens 1" wide. Some

work was also done on 0.081 X 1H and

0.102" X 2" wide. All work was per-

formed on a 75 kva standard cam oper-

ated flash welder with 2 fixed flashing

cams adjustable upset.

The following conclusions are drawn:

1. It is essential that current cut-off take

place exactly at the time of start of

upset. If current cut-off is too soon,

oxide inclusions occur, and if too late

overaging results due to exposure to

temperatures just below the solution

heat treatment temperature resulting

in a low strength brittle structure.

2. It is suggested that if upset current

could be electronically reduced at the

moment of upset, the current might

be carried over into the upset and thus

escape the necessity for precision cut-

off.

3. In studying the effect of varying upset

travel, it was found that insufficient

travel resulted in entrapment of ox-

ides, whereas excessive upset travel

produced intergranular cracking due

to upsetting the metal while in a hot

short condition.

4. Power level, or flashing voltage has

little effect on the weld itself, provid-

ing it is high enough to sustain flash-

ing.

5. Effects of variable flashing travel not

definitely determined.

AF-02-WR-47

Progress Report on the Flash Welding of

High-Strength Aluminum Alloys

R. Della-Vedowa, E. A. Reynolds


This article outlines investigations on

flash welding 14 X 0.035", M X 0.065",

Vi X 0.095; % X 0.083, 1 X 0.065", 1 X

0. 095 tubing, and V2, Vu 1" 24 S-T solid

rod, also }i" 14 ST rod.

Little information is given on actual

welding technique, but the following in-

formation is developed:

1. Al l welds made on a 100 kva. hydraulic

flash welder

2. On solid stock, best results obtained

with upset butt welds.

3. Welding in inert gas atmospheres

failed to improve results.

4. Subsequent heat treatment resulted in

slight reduction of average weld

strength.

5. Timing of current cut-off was critical.

6. Salt spray corrosion tests indicated

severe attack at the weld lines in un-

protected specimens. However, anod-

ized specimens showed immunity from

attack.

7. Within the range of the investigation

flash welding should be reliable when

properly done.

AF-03-WR-47

The Flash Welding of Structural Alumi-

num Alloys

R. H. Curran, R. C. Becker

Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1947

9 pages, tables, diagrams and macrographs.

This article reports on the flash welding

of 14S, 24S, 52S, 53S, 61S and 75S Alclad

0.125", 0.188", and 0.250" thick 2"

wide specimens used throughout.

1. Tests made on 300 kva hydraulic flash

welder designed particularly for alum-

inum, and having 2-stage upset. The

machine and its control is described in

detail.

2. Tensile tests are very satisfactory, but

tensile-impact tests are not.

3. The use of reduced upset current pre-

cludes necessity for precise cut-off

time.

4. Machine settings are tabulated for the

various alloys and gauges and con-

siderable space is devoted to the ef-

fects of these variables on the final

results.

5. The effect of temper, heat treatment

and other physical qualities are also

discussed.

AF-04-WR48

Optimum Flash Welding Conditions

R. M. Curran, P. Patriarca, W. F. Hess

Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1948

16 pages with charts and tables.

This paper reports on theoretical and

experimental work on temperatures oc-

curring during the flash welding of alum-

inum. The experiments were conducted

on 14S-T, 24S-T and 61S-T, usmg speci-

mens 2" wide and 0.188" and 0.250" thick.

The paper reports on the effect of tem-

perature distribution of flashing rate,

power input, secondary voltage, clamp-

ing distance and other factors.

The report covers only the flashing por-

tion of the welding operation.

AF-05-WR-50

Optimum Flash Welding Conditions for

Aluminum Alloys

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, J. J. Mc-

Carthy, P. Patriarca.

Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1950

15 pages, graphs and tables.

This paper reports on upset variables in

the flash welding cycle of 61S-T, 14S-T,

75S-T and 24S-T. Specimens used were

0. 188. X 1" and 0.250" X 1".

The following conclusions are drawn:

1. The above alloys can be flash welded

with nearly 100% tensile strength.

2. By control of upset current, magni-

tude and duration, upset pressure can

be reduced, but possibly at some sacri-

fice in strength.

AF-06-WJ-49

New Flash-Welding Techniques

Chas. Bruno, G. W. Birdsall

Reynolds Metal Co.

The Welding Journat, Nov. 1949

6 pages, photographs, micrographs and

sketches.

An outline of flash welding techniques

particularly applicable to aluminum sec-

tions, and, from a commercial standpoint,

to mitre joints, such as window sash.

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5.2 AG

1-1-63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

AG-01-WJ-51

Welding Aluminum Alloys

G. 0. Hoglund

Aluminum Co. of America

Welding Journat, April 1951

16 pages, illustrations, charts and tables.

This paper covers fundamental consid-

erations in the welding of aluminum alloys,

including properties, procedure, inspec-

tion, design and applications. It covers

all welding processes, 6 pages being de-

voted to resistance weldmg. Numerous

applications are illustrated.

AG-02-WE-54

How About Welding the Aluminum

Alloys?

1 xyster F. Spencer

The Welding Engineer, June and July 1954

8 pages, illustrations, charts and tables

An outline of resistance welding alumi-

num and aluminum alloys, including

cleaning, with welding schedules and other

data for spot welding with single and three

phase (both rectifier and frequency con-

verter type) machines; also electro-static

iind electro-magnetic stored energy ma-

chines.

Data for seam welding and flash welding

lire also included.

AG-03-WF-59

High Speed Production of Light Alloy

Tube

C. W. J. Vernon

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),

March, 1959

3 pages, illustrated

The author describes a tube mill which

welds aluminum tubing at speeds up to

500 F.P.M. and 450 K.C.

Instead of using seam welding wheels,

current is applied through contact shoes.

AJ-01-EM-49

Resistance Welding of Aluminum

Ivar W. Johnson

General Electric Co.

Electrical Manufacturing, Nov. 1949

3 pages, illustrations, diagrams and tables.

The article deals with the advantages in

using slope control in spot welding alumi-

num.

AJ-02-WJ-52

Slope Taper Control in Spot Welding

24ST Aluminum

I. W. Johnson


The Welding Journat, July, 1952

8 pages, illustrated.

The author outlines the advantages of

taper control in addition to slope control

in aluminum welding.

AL-01-WR-46

Tension Tests of Single-Bow Spot-

Welded Joints in 24S-T Alclad Alumi-

num Alloy Sheet

R. Delia-Vedowa—

Lockheed Aircraft Corp.


8 pages, tables, charts, photographs and

macro photographs.

As the title suggests, this paper deals

with physical tests of spot-welded joints.

It particularly deals with Spot Spacing

both with spot welders and roll-spot

welders.

AL-02-WR-47

Summary of Results of Tests Made by

Aluminum Research Laboratories of

Spot-Welded Joints and Structural

Elements

E. C. Hartman, G. W. Stickley

Aluminum Co. of America


18 pages, charts, photographs and macro-

graphs.

This paper deals with Structural Alumi-

num and makes comparison with riveted

joints.

AL-03-WJ-46

Development of a Two Row High-

Strength Spot-Welded Lap Joint in

24 S-T Alclad Aluminum Alloy

L. M. Crawford, J. E. Pease

Boeing Aircraft Co.

Welding Journat, December 1946

8 pages, tables, charts, macrographs and

photographs.

The paper treats on the mechanical

strength of spot-welded joints with due

consideration to spot spacing, edge dis-

tance and time-current ratio for individual

spots.

AL-04-WR-45

Instrumentation of the Spot Welder and

Investigation of the Spot Welding of

0.091-In.-0.091-In. 24S-T Alclad Sheet

R. C. McMaster

Battelle Memorial Inst.

N. A. Begovich

California Inst, of Tech.


26 pages, photographs, radiographs, mac-

rographs, charts and sketches.

A detailed investigation and report on

welding 0.091" 24S-T alclad on an elec-

trostatic spot welder.

Also included are instrumentation and

radiography of the welds.

AL-05-WR-44

Magnetic Oscillograph Equipment for

Development of Aluminum Alloy Spot

Welding and Production Control of

Welding Machines

G. W. Scott, Jr., A. A. Burr

Armstrong Cork Co.


10 pages, photographs, oscillograms,

charts, sketches and tables.

A comprehensive outline of the use of

a magnetic oscillograph to record the ac-

tions of electrostatic stored energy spot

welders on aluminum alloys.

AL-06-WR-45

Spot Welding of Heavier Gages of

Aluminum Alloy. (Part II)

R. C. McMaster

Battelle Memorial Institute

N. A. Begovich

California Inst, of Technology

Welding Research Supplement, December

1945

8 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts.

This report, which is, essentially, a con-

tinuation of Part I (AL-04-WR-45) deals

principally with the direct measurement of

electrode current and force by means of

toroid and strain gages registering on an

oscillograph.

See also, Part IH (AL-07-WR-45).

AL-07-WR-45

The Spot-Welding of Wire Brushed

24S-T Alclad Aluminum Alloy Sheets in

Thicknesses from 0.081 to 0.125 In.

Inclusive

R. C. McMaster


N. A. Begovich


The Welding Research Supplement, Dec.

1945

15 pages, with charts.

This report, which is a continuation of

parts I and II (AL-04-WR-45 and AL-

06-WR-45) presents graphically the spot

welding results on gages mentioned in the

title.

AL-08-WJ-52

Quality Control for Spot Welding in a

Job Shop

Peter G. Poetto

CBC Welding Corp.

The Welding Journal, November 1952

6 pages with tables

This paper describes the results of insti-

tuting a quality control program in a Job

Welding Shop consisting of 14 stored

energy spot welders working on 24S, 52S,

and 61S aluminum.

AL-09-WR-54

Stress Distribution and Fatigue Resist-

ance of Alclad 24ST Multiple Spot Welds

Georges Welter

Andre Choquet

licole Poly technique Montreal


8 pages, tables, charts and sketches

In an earlier paper (JS-02-WR-48), the

authors report on fatigue tests of single

spot welds. This paper extends the study

to multiple-spot welds. Five types are

outlined.

AL-10-WE-55

Quality Control of Aircraft Welds

C. B. Smith

Douglas Aircraft Company

The Welding Engineer, May, 1955

3 pages, photographs and sketches

The author briefly outlines methods of

quality control and some of the records

kept for this control.

AL-11-WF-53

Controlled Spot Welding of Light Alloys

for Aircraft Production

N. K. Gardner

Handley Page, Ltd.

Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br, Sept.

1953)

Part 1—4 pages, with sketches

A report on quality control, particularly

on spot weld consistency patterns.

See AL-12-WF-53 for part 2 and con-

clusion.

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5.2 AL


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

AL-12-WF-53



N. K. Gardner

Handley Page, Ltd.

Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br. Oct.

1953)

10 pages, sketches, tables and formulas.

Continuing AL-11-WF-53, the author

presents design calculations and compari-

sons in both strength and cost against

rivets and other means of attachments.

AL-13-WR-61

The Hydraulic Bulge Test for Welded

Aluminum Sheet

I. B. Robinson, F. R. Collins, J. D. Dowd

Aluminum Company of America


6 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts.

AQ-01-WR-46

An Investigation of Current Wave Form

for Spot-Welding 24S-T Alclad

0.020 In. thick.

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant. B. L. Averbach



10 pages, tables, charts, diagrams and

photographs.

This report considers principally the

effect of the wave form of stored energy

welders. At the same time comparisons

are made between chemically and me-

chanically cleaned stock.

AQ-02-WJ-46

An Investigation of Electrode Pressure-

Cycles and Current Wave-Forms for

Spot Welding Alclad 24S-T

W. P. Hess, R A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach,

F. J. Winsor


Welding Research Supplement, March 1946

14 pages, illustrations, diagrams, tables

and charts.

Report originally submitted to N.A.C.A.

February 1943.

This paper deals with the relative merits

of wave-form and dual-pressure or forging

cycles on electro-static stored energy

machines.

It points out that to obtain sound welds

in a single pressure system, high pressure

or welding force must be used, necessitat-

ing higher current value. As these values

are increased, indentation and sheet sepa-

ration also increase.

A satisfactory compromise is therefore

possible by using a lower force, conse-

quently, lower current for the weld fol-

lowed through a proper cycle by the higher

forging pressure.

AQ-03-IA-40

Spot Welding Aluminum by Hl-Wave

Welder

The Iron Age, April 18, 1940

4 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches.

A simple, non-technical outline of stored

energy spot welders as embodied in the

"Hi-Wave" capacitor discharge type ma-

chine.

AQ-0 t-WE-40

Stored Energy Spot Welding

(Rditorial Article)

The Welding Engineer, August 1940

6 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables.

Simple, non-technical outline of Electro-

magnetic Stored Energy spot welding

machines.

A companion article to AQ-03-IA 40.

AQ-05-WR-45

An Investigation of the Spot Welding of

Aluminum Alloys Using Condenser-

Discharge Equipment

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L Averbach



9 pages, sketches, tables, oscillograms and

charts.

A report originally submitted to the

N.A.C.A. December 1941.

It is one of the earliest studies of con-

denser-discharge or electrostatic stored-

energy systems as applied to the spot weld-

ing of aluminum alloys.

It takes into consideration, such factors

as

Weld consistency

Electrodp life and shape

Cleaning and preparation

Power demand

AQ-06-WR-45

An Investigation of the Spot Welding of

Aluminum Alloys Using Magnetic Energy

Storage Equipment

W. F Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach



15 pages, oscillograms, sketches, charts

and tables.

Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. Febru-

ary 1942.

A general study of spot welding alumi-

num alloys on electro-magnetic stored

energy machines.

A companion article to AQ-05-WR-45.

AR-01-WJ-46

The Interpretation of Radiographs of

Spot Welds in Alclad 24S-T and 75S-T

Aluminum Alloys

R. C. McMaster

Battelle Memorial Inst.

F. C. Lindvall

California Institute of Tech.

The Welding Journat, August 1946

17 pages, radiographs, micrographs and

macrographs.

The first of a series of reports dealing

with radiographic, nondestructive, ex-

amination of spot welds.

AR-02-WJ-46

Radiography of Spot Welds in Light

Alloy and Ferrous Sheet Materials

R. C. McMaster


F. C. Lindvall

California Inst, of Tech.

The Welding Journat, September 1946

10 pages, radiographs, macrographs and

sketches.

An interpretation of Spot-Weld radio-

graphs in various aluminum alloys, as well

as magnesium, terne plate, zinc plate,

cadmium plate and stainless steel.

AR-03-WJ-47

Radiography of Spot Welds in Various

Sheet Gages and Dissimilar Gage Com-

binations

R. C. McMaster


F. C. Lindvall


L. P. Gaard

O. M. Giannini Company

The Welding Journat, January 1947

10 pages, radiographs, macrographs and

sketches.

A general article, dealing with radiog-

raphy of aluminum alloy (mostly alclad)

spot welds.

AR-04-WJ-47

The Classification and Recording of

Spot-Weld Defects Revealed by Radi-

ography

R. C McMaster


F. C. Lindvall, Edythe Dial

California Institute of Technology

The Welding Journal, Feb. 1947

8 pages, radiographs and macrographs.

As the title suggests, the paper attempts

to reveal and classify weld defects by

means of radiographs.

Also, by properly sorting the radio-

graphs, production control may be exer-

cized.

AR-05-WJ-47

Radiography and the Fatigue Strength

of Spot Welds in Aluminum Alloys

R. C. McMaster, H. J. Grover


Tlie Welding Journal, March 1947

10 pages, radiographs, macrographs, tables

and charts.

The authors believe that radiography

offers a good non destructive test of cer-

tain physical properties of spot welds.

AR-06-WF-55

The Radiography of Spot Welds in Light

Alloy Sheets

N. K. Gardner

E. A. Redwood

Handley Page, Ltd.

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br. July

1955)

5 pages, illustrations and radiographs

As the title indicates, this is an outline

on quality control of spot welding by

radiography.

AS-01-WJ-45

Spot Welding of Heavy Aluminum

Alloys

C. W. Dodge

Sciaky Bros.

The Welding Journat, Oct. 1945

7 pages, tables, diagrams and macrographs.

The author gives optimum welding con-

ditions for spot welding aluminum alloys

in gauges from 0.016" to 0.187", but par-

ticularly, those above 0.102".

Minimum specifications are given for

diameter of weld nugget, nugget penetra-

tion, number of welds between electrode

cleanings, spot spacing, indentation, sepa-

ration and physical requirements.

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5.2 AS

Page 1


Bibliography

AS-02-WR-45

Spot Weld Characteristics of Heavy

Gages of 24ST Alclad Aluminum Alloy

M. L. Ochieano

Lockheed Aircraft Corp.


10 pages, charts, tables, oscillograms,

macrographs and micrographs.

The paper outlines results of tests on

spot-weldmg equal thicknesses of 0.091,

0.102, 0.125, and 0.156 stock on double

impulse Federal electro-static spot welder.

Cleaning methods, strength consistency

and metallurgical considerations are dis-

cussed.

Machine settings with oscillograms are

shown.

AS-03-WR-46

The Spot Welding of Ten Aluminum

Alloys in the 0.040-inch Qage

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor



18 pages, charts, curves, tables and photo-

micrographs.

This paper compares many aluminum

alloys under similar conditions.

In particular, it treats of surface clean-

ing before spot-welding, and the effect of

this treatment on weld consistency and

electrode life.

AS-04-WR-46

Further Investigation of the Effect of

Spot Welds on the Sheet Efficiency of

Alclad 84 S-T



Welding Research Supplement, July 1946

15 pages, tables and charts.

One of a series of papers on the subject,

whose title indicates its scope.

AS-05-WR-46

Some Observations of Spot-Weld Con-

sistency in Aluminum Alloys

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach,

F. J. Winsor



22 pages, tables, charts, photographs and

macrographs.

The paper deals with welding consist-

ency, particularly as affected by various

precleaning methods.

It also considers the wave form of stored

energy machines and their effect on the

weld-consistency pattern.

AS-06-WJ-49

Shear Strength Consistency of Spot

Welds in 24 S-T3 Alclad

J. C. Barrett

Glenn L. Martin Co.

The Welding Journat, Sept. 1949

11 pages, tables, charts and macrographs.

This paper outlines performance of

Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Stored

Energy Spot Welders.

It compares this performance to Army-

Navy specifications.

AS-07-WR-46

The Spot Welding of Multiple Thick-

nesses of 0.040-In. Alclad 24 S-T




12 pages, tables, charts, micro-photo-

graphs and sketches.

As the title suggests, the paper deals

with more than two thicknesses of Alclad.

Various means of testing weld strength

are outlined, as well as the effect of stored

energy machines.

AS-08-WR-46

An Investigation of the Effect of Spot

Welding on the Sheet Efficiency of Alu-

minum Alloy 24S-T



Welding Research Supplement, May 1946

19 pages, tables, charts, sketches.

Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. June

1943.

The paper is in two parts: Part I—The

Evaluation of Sheet Efficiency by Means

of the Photogrid Process. Part H—The

Evaluation of Sheet Efficiency by Means

of the Stress-Strain Record.

The paper is of a preliminary nature,

and limited to studies of single spots in

0.040 stock.

The relative merits of the two methods

of tests are outlined.

AS-09-WR-47

Fatigue Tests on Some Spot-Welded

Joints in Aluminum Alloy Sheet Ma-

terials

H. J. Grover, L. R. Jackson



18 pages, photographs, macrographs,

charts and tables.

This paper reports on a research project

sponsored by N.A.C.A. on the fatigue

properties of spot welded joints in alumi-

num alloy sheets.

Three simple types of joints were tested:

spot welded stiffened panels, sheets with

spot welded attachments and spot welded

lap joints.

Variables examined were sheet material

and thickness, spot spacing and welding

procedure.

AS-10-WR-46

An Investigation of the Fatigue Strength

of Spot Welds in the Aluminum Alloy

Alclad 24S-T

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor,

H. C. Cook


Welding Research Supplement, June 1946

16 pages, photographs, charts and tables.

Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. March

1944.

This report considers only the single spot

lap-welded specimen, and the followmg

factors are studied:

1. Weld size or static shear strength

2. Weld quality

3. Surface treatment prior to welding

4. Material thickness

5. Unequal thickness combinations

AS-11-WR-48

Preliminary Test of Spot-Weld Shunting

in 24 ST Alclad

A. R. Hard

State College of Washington

Welding Research Supplement, October

1948


The paper deals only with the shunting

effect of spot spacing on electrostatic

stored energy machines.

The author reports and plots these

effects, and while he offers no compensat-

ing remedy for this shunting effect, he

suggests such means could be readily de-

AS-12-WR-45

The Spot Welding of Dissimilar Thick-

nesses of Alclad 24S-T

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach



5 pages, tables and macrographs

Originally submitted to N.A.C.A. June

1942.

The report covers the spot-welding of

0.020 to 0.040, 0.064, and 0.125, 24S-T

Alclad on electrostatic stored energy ma-

chines. Electrode shape and conductivity

as well as stock preparation are given

principal consideration.

AS-13-IA-51

Slope Control aids A.C. Welding of

Aluminum

Charles Bruno, G. W. Birdsall

Reynolds Metals Co.


2 pages, tables and oscillograms

An outline of the advantages of using

electronic slope control for aluminum

welding. The authors claim that elec-

trode life is increased 20 to 30 times.

AS-14-WR-45

Summary of Observations of Cracking in

Spot Welds In Alclad 24S-T.

Robert A. Wyant



2 pages, with tables

A brief report on the causes of cracks

and their possible cure.

AS-15-WR-51

Fatigue Strength of Spot-Welded Light

Alloy Joints

Dr. Hiroshi Kihara

Pres. Japan Welding Society

Welding Research Supplement, October

1951

8 pages, charts and sketches.

This article constitutes a study of spot-

welded lap joints in aluminum alloys as

used in aircraft production.

The fatigue strength of both single and

double row spot-welds is compared to

equivalent riveted joints with the results

plotted.

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5.2 AS

Pace 2

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1-1-63

Bibliography

AS-16-WR-52

Fatigue Teits on Aluminum Alloy Spot-

Welded Joints

Marshall Holt, E. C. Hartmann

Aluminum Company of America


5 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and

charts.

The paper gives a summary of results of

fatigue tests on single spots in lap strips

of 0.064 in. thick Alclad aluminum of

various alloys and tempers.

AS-17-WJ-52

Production Welding 24ST3 Aluminum

Using Slope Control

Robert E. Kemp

American Seating Co.


5 pages, illustrations, charts, micrographs

and macrographs.

The author describes various procedures

(including cleaning) used in spot welding

the subject material to MIL specifications

using smgle-phase welders equipped with

slope control.

AS-18-WJ-53

Quality Control in Spot Welding Alu-

minum

Floyd H. Matthews

Boeing Airplane Company

The Welding Journal, Dec. 1953


The author gives rather complete details

of quality control procedure at Boeing

Airplane Company.

Instrumentation is described, as well as

maintenance procedures. Inspection ex-

perience is charted and methods for check-

ing surface resistances and various factors

of welding are given.

AS-19-WJ-53

Spot Welding of Aluminum, Aluminum

Alloys and Steel

W. J. Wilson

Kaiser Metal Products, Inc.


4 pages, illustrations, charts, micrographs

and macrographs

This is a paper at a resistance welding

symposium. It evaluates and charts test

results of varying the factors of Time,

Current, and Welding Force.

AS-20-WJ-54

Spot Welding Thin Aluminum

I. W. Johnson

General Electric Company

The Welding Journal, Aug. 1954

3}^ pages, illustrations, macrographs and

tables

This is a report on the spot welding of

aluminum alloys from 0.016-in. to 0.040-in.

thick with conventional single phase equip-

ment to Mil-W-6860 specifications.

The author states that with the use of a

voltage regulator and "up and down"

slope control, the welding current wave of

a stored energy welder can be essentially

duplicated.

AS-21-WJ-55

Spot Welding of Structural Applications

in Airframe Manufacturing

W. R. Gain




As the title indicates, the article outlines

spot and roll-spot applications to airframe

structure both to military specifications,

and some applications which exceed these

specifications. The article is fully illus-

trated to show the various applications.

AS-22-WJ-54

Spot Welding Aluminum with Single

Phase Equipment

J. W. Kehoe

D. R. McCutcheon

Westinghouse Electric Corp.

The Welding Journal, Oct. 1954


macrographs

This is a report of rather extensive

research work on the spot welding of

aluminum alloys to military specifications

with single phase equipment.

The following alloys and thicknesses

were used in the work: 35H-14, 52SH34,

61ST6, and 24ST3 thicknesses of 0.032-in.,

0.064-in., 0.091-in. and 0.125. Similar and

dissimilar thickness combinations were

used.

The results indicate that satisfactory

welds are obtained with the use of slope

control, but they also indicate that low-

inertia systems are necessary.

Welding schedules to meet both com-

mercial requirements and military require-

ments are given.

AS-23-WJ-54

Spot Welding Aluminum Alloys with

Single-Phase Equipment

J. F. Harris

The Taylor-Winfield Corp.

The Welding Journal, Nov. 1954

15 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches,

charts and macrographs

The paper outlines procedures, including

stock preparation and welding schedules

for aluminum alloys with single phase

equipment to meet MIL-W 6860 require-

ments.

Schedules and data are provided for

several thickness combinations in 24S-T3

Alclad, 61S-T4, and 52S-II34 alloys.

AS-24-WJ-55

Properties of Welds in AL-MO-MN

Alloys 5083 and 5086

L. A. Cook, S. L. Charmon

Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corpora-

tion

A. R. Hard

Washington Slate Institute of Technology


16 pages on all kinds of welding, six of

which are on spot welding on stored

energy machines

The article is illustrated with sketches

and charts covering mostly spot spacing.

AS-25-WF-51

Resistance Welding Light Alloys

R. Bushell


Oct., 1951

334 pages, illustrations and macrographs

A description of some typical set-ups for

spot welding aluminum alloys.

AS-26-WF-54

The Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloys

H. E. Dixon

British Welding Research Assn.

Welding ff Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Sept.

and Oct., 1954

Part 1—1 pages—Sketches and tabtes

Part 2—1 pages

This is a resume of the use of different

types of equipment used in spot welding

aluminum.

AS-27-WF-51

Resistance Welding Light Alloys

R. Bushell

Sciaky Electric Welding Machines, Ltd.


Oct. 1951

4 pages, photographs and macrographs.

The article briefly describes preparation

and spot welding operations on aluminum

and magnesium alloys.

AS-28-WF-53



N. K. Gardner

Handley Page. Ltd.

Welding and Metal Fabrication, Sept. &

Oct. 1953

16 pages, sketches, graphs and tables.

This paper consists of two parts; part

one covers investigation, control and in-

s|>ection; it starts with examination, test-

ing and qualifying the machine with de-

termination of optimum settings. This

is followed by the control of weld quality

and inspection.

Part 2 covers designs, and the effect of

such factors as spot spacing, spot pattern

and gauge thicknesses. Comparisons with

riveted and glued joints are also given.

AS-29-WF-54

The Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloys

H. E. Dixon

British Welding Research Association


Sept. & Oct. 1954.

8 pages, tables, sketches and graphs

A review of spot welding practice on

aluminum alloys, up to publication time,

both in Britain and the U. S. A. A brief

analysis of conventional single phase,

electrostatic and electromatic stored en-

ergy as well as rectifier and frequency con-

verter direct energy systems are included.

AS-30-W E-59

Resistance Welding of Aluminum Alloys

J. F. Deffenbaugh

Federal Machine & Welder Co.

Welding Engineer, June, 1959

3 pages, sketches and tables.

The author discusses spot welding of

aluminum to commercial quality, and

compares it to low carbon steel.

AU-01-WJ-59

Roll-Spot Welding for Ballistic Missiles

James K. Dawson

Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Redstone,

Ala.

Welding Journal 'May, 1959

5 pages, illustrations and sketches.

The author describes various techniques

utilized in the fabrication of army missile

components.

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5.2 CG


Bibliography

CG-01-WJ-37

The Welding of Copper and Its Alloys

The Welding Journal, Feb. and March,

1937


This constitutes a comprehensive work

on the welding of copper and its allocs in

all processes, including resistance. It is

also a complete review of literature in

English and the most important in French,

German, Italian and Swedish up to

January 1, 1936.

Several pages are devoted to the effects

of the principal alloying agents.

While this paper is relatively old, it may

be considered as fundamental to the weld-

ing of copper alloys.

CG-02-WE-52

Welding Procedures for Copper-Base

Alloys

I^ester F. Spencer

lenders, Frarv and Clark

The Welding Engineer, March and April,

1952

11 \i pages, illustrations, sketches and

tables

A general outline of all welding proc-

esses, including resistance, on the copper

alloys. Weldability table and some spot

welding practices are included.

CG-03-ST-54

How to Classify Copper Base Alloys

Staff Article

Sleel, Feb. 1, 8, 15, 1954

10 pages, illustrations and tables

While this article is entirely unrelated

to welding, it does, very simply and quite

completely outline the various copper

alloys and their grouping.

Since the resistance weldability of cop-

per alloys can largely be determined by

their chemical analysis, this article helps

in an understanding of the welding char-

acteristics of these alloys.

The article is adapted in part from the

chapter on copper in "Modern Uses of

Nonferrous Metals" by Dr. D. K. Cramp-

ton, Chase Brass and Copper Company.

CG-04-WJ-51

The Welding and Brazing of Copper

Alloys

J. Imperati, Ira T. Hook

American Brass Company

Welding Journal, Dec. 1951

7 pages, charts and tables

The authors describe all brazing and

soldering processes, including resistance,

on copper base alloys.

Less than one page is devoted to resist-

ance welding operations.

CG-05-WR-55

The Welding of Copper and Its Alloys

Ira T. Hook

American Brass Company

Welding Research Supplement, July, 1955

15 pages, photographs, micrographs, mac-

rographs and tables

This is a review of all welding and braz-

ing processes on copper and copper alloys

from January 1937 through 1954, and par-

ticularly intended to implement the earlier

review covering the period up to and

including 1936.

The resistance welding portion covers

parts of two pages.

The article also contains a very compre-

hensive bibliography on the subject.

CG-06-1W-56

Resistance Welding Copper Base Alloys

Staff Article

Industry and Welding, April, 1956

3 pages, with tables

A brief review and tabulation of com-

parative spot weldability of copper base

alloys.

CG-07-MD-62

Resistance Welding of Copper Alloys

C. L. Bulow

Bridgeport Brass Co.

Machine Design, June 21, 1962

3^pages, illustrations and tables.

This is an outline of the resistance

weldability of copper base alloys.

CS-01-WK-37

Spot Welding Characteristics of Some

Copper-Base Alloys

D. K. Crampton, J. J. Vreeland

Chase Brass and Copper Company


10 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and

macrographs

While this paper is now considered

quite old, it contains worthwhile basic in-

formation on spot welding many of the

copper base alloys.

Welding schedules given in the tables

give electrical input in kva. instead of

secondary amperes, but welding time and

pressures are adaptable to modern sched-

ules.

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5.2 DB


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

DB-01-WJ-61

Resistance Autobrazing of Wires to In-

termetallic Thermoelectric Materials

W. A. Owczarski

Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory

The Welding Journal, May, 1961


This paper describes a new technique

for brazmg or welding probes into thermo-

electric materials, specifically, chromel and

alumel wires to bismuth telluride, lead

telluride and zinc antimonide.

DG-01-WR-58

Joining of Zircaloy to Stainless Steel

J. B. McAndrew, R. Necheles, H.

Schwartzbart

American Research Foundation


6 pages, photographs, sketches and tables.

The authors report on attempts to join

Zircaloy heavy wall tubing to stainless

steel, both by flash welding and brazing.

Some success is reported, but in general,

the results were poor, due mamly to

thermally engendered stresses.

DP-01-WR-61

Inserted Shim Projection Welding of a

Continuous Rod Mat

Keh-Chang Wu, Richard E. Lewis

Water vliet Arsenal


6 pages, illustrations, tables, micrographs

and sketches

The authors report on research con-

ducted on projection welding FS-1018

steel rod (approx. A" square and round)

to nickel rod, using type 422 stainless steel

shims.

DS-01-WJ-46

A Method for Welding Sheet Aluminum

to S.A.E. 4140 Steel

W. F. Hess, E. F. Nippes, Jr.



20 pages, illustrations, charts, tables,

sketches, micro and macrographs.

The paper consists of two parts—Part I

deals with the chemical and metallurgical

aspects of the joining of steel to alumi-

num, while Part H deals with spot weld-

ing considerations.

Successful results are obtained by silver

plating the steel and using a high resist-

ance strip between the aluminum and the

electrode to obtain heat balance.

DU-01-WR-50

Seam Welding Monel Metal to Steel

Ernest F. Nippes, Allan R. Pfluger,

Gerald M. Slaughter



6 pages, photographs, macrographs, charts

and sketches.

This paper reports on methods of scam

welding1 /ic" monel to low carbon steel.

By proper control of weld nugget it was

possible to secure "braze-type" joints with

a strength superior to steel-to-steel.

DU-02-WR-55

Seam Welding Dissimilar Thicknesses of

Low-Carbon Steel

M. L. Begeman, E. J. Funk

University of Texas


6 pages, illustrations, charts, tables, mac-

rographs and radiographs

This paper presents the results of an

investigation of welding conditions on dis-

similar thicknesses and carried out under

the auspices of the Resistance Welder

Manufacturer's Association.

The investigation consisted of the fol-

lowing combinations of low carbon steel:

0.031-in. to 0.078-in.

0.031-in. to 0.050-in.

0.050-in. to 0.078-in.

The results are presented in charts and

tabulations.

DS-02-WR-6I

The Welding of Titanium to Steel

D. R. Mitchell, H. D. Kessler

Titanium Corporation of America


7 pages, illustrations, sketches and macro-

graphs

Since welding of titanium directly to

steel is not considered practicable, the

authors outline methods of plug (arc) and

spot (resistance) welding titanium to steel

using an intermediate metal, vanadium,

molybdenum, aluminum, etc.

Conclusions indicate that titanium can

be welded to steel with an intermediate

metal, and welding schedules for 0.025-in.

and 0.062-in. titanium with vanadium in-

termediate are given.

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5.2 JB

Ru63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

JB-01-WJ-52

Production Brazing

.1. Raymond Wirt

Deloo-Remy Div. G.M.C.

Wetding Journal, Sept. 1952


The author describes brazing opera tions

on various metals, such as, aluminum,

magnesium, nickel, cast iron, copper,

carbon and stainless steel, etc.

All of the commercial brazing processes

arc included in the report.

JB-02-WF-52

Industrial Brazing

E. V. Beatson

Joseph Lucas, Ltd.

H. R. Brooker

Johnson Mathey & Co.. Ltd.


March, 1952

7 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables

Phis is part of a comprehensive article

on brazing in general, but this part deals

largely with resistance brazing. Illustra-

tions and sketches show various electrode

arrangements.

JB-03-WF-52

Industrial Brazing

E. V. Beatson

Joseph Lucas, Ltd.

II. R. Brooker

Johnson, Mathey & Co., Ltd.


Oct., 1952

7 pages, illustrations and sketches

This is one of a series of technical

articles on brazing, but this deals specifi-

cally with resistance brazing. It describes

and illustrates incandescent Drazing, bench

mounted machines, as well as various

types of electrical applications.

JE-01-WR^0

Changes in the Shape of Spherical Spot-

Welding Electrodes

W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant



6 pages, photographs, macrographs, tables

and charts.

This is a report of six series of tests each

consisting of about 1000 spot welds in

0.036" thick automobile body stock, all

made under different conditions with dome

type electrodes. It also reports on elec-

trode deformation under repetitive condi-

tions.

JE-02-WJ-42

Refrigerant-Cooled Spot-Welded Elec-

trodes

F. R. Hensel, E. I. Larsen, E. F. Holt

P. R. Mallory & Company

The Welding Journat, December 1942


charts, sketches and tables.

The authors report on the effects and

apparent advantages of refrigerant-cooled

electrodes. While the tests were made on

aluminum only, they feel that beneficial

results might also be applicable to other

metals.

JE-03-IA-45

Electrode Tip Wear in Spot Welding

Mild Steel

W. S. Simmie

Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, Oxford,

England

The Iron Age, February 1, 1945

4 pages, sketches, charts and tables

The author reports on a series of tests

made with both cadmium (RWMA Class

I) and chromium (RWMA Class H) alloy

electrodes of different shapes.

JE-04-WJ-49

Prolonging Copper-Tungsten Electrode

Tip Life

D. J. Rahn

Budd Company

The Welding Journal, May 1949

3 pages, with micrographs.

The author reports on some investiga-

tions on the effect of the structure and

hardness of copper-tungsten electrodes to

their service life.

JE-05-WR-50

Electrodes for Spot Welding Galvanized

Steel

Harry B. Spore

University of Texas

Welding Research Supplement, January

1950

5 pages, photographs and charts.

This paper reports on experimental work

on the effect of electrode material and

shape for welding galvanized steel.

JE-06-WR-50

Electrode Tip Life in Spot Welding

Galvanized Steel

Frank W. McBee, Jr.

University of Texas



This paper reports on the effect of a long

series of spot welds upon the electrode tip,

and the characteristics of the weld.

JE-07-WJ-50

Tapers for Resistance Welding Elec-

trodes and Holders

W. E. Smith

Midland Steel Products Co.


1 page, with sketches.

The author reports on the advantages of

the new proposed standard electrode taper

or \ per foot, as against the commonly

used morse tapers.

JE-08-WJ-52

Eflects of Nose Design on Spot Welding

Electrodes

E. F. Holt, L. W. Sink



7 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables.

This paper reports on a series of tests

run on 9 spot welding electrode face de-

signs, using Mallory 3 (R.W.M.A. Class

H) alloy.

The net result indicates a radiused face

of from 2 to 10 in. as giving the best over-

all performance. Actually, the best, ac-

cording to these tests, is an electrode with

10" in. radius but with in. flat in the

center, which is considered impractical to

maintain in the machine.

JE-09-IA-45


W. S. Simmie

Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, Oxford,

England

The Iron Age. Feb. 1, 1915

4 pages, charts, sketches and tables

The author presents experimental data

to show the relation between electrode

material, electrode life, tip diameter, weld-

ing pressures and other variables.

JF-01-WJ-50

Flash Welding Nonferrous Materials

F. L. Brandt

Thomson Electric Welder Co.


5 pages, photographs, tables, micrographs

and macrographs—also 2 pages of dis-

cussion.

A general procedural outline of flash

welding operations on non-ferrous metals,

principally aluminum, and secondarily,

copper.

JF-02-WJ-52

Flash Butt Welding of High-Tempera-

ture Alloys

Dr. I. A. Oehler

American Welding & Mfg. Co.

The Welding Journat, March 1952

3 pages.

A brief, non-technical outline of flash

welding of possibilities on metals generally

used in high temperature service.

JF-03-WJ-52

Flash Welding of Components for Air-

craft and Similar Applications

J. H. Cooper

Taylor Winfield Corp.

Welding Journat, Feb. 1952


The author describes and illustrates

many interesting flash welding applica-

tions for aircraft.

Improvements and refinements in weld

variable control, instrumentation, quality

control, inspection, testing and govern-

ment specifications are all outlined.

JF-04-WR-49

Influence of Consumption Rates on

Flash Welding

W. N. Platte


Wetding Research Supplement. Dec. 1949


This paper deals with flashing rates

secondary voltages and material thick-

nesses and temperatures during the flash-

ing portion of a flash weld. It does not

consider the upset portion nor the metal-

lurgy of the finished weld.

The paper attempts to set up optimum

values for flashing rate and voltage for

some thicknesses and illustrates how the

temperature affects the results.

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5.2 JF


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

JF-05-WJ-54

Flash Welding Aluminum to Copper

Tubing

W. F. Haessly

Taylor-Winfield Corp.


pages, illustrations, sketches and

macrographs

The author describes the equipment for

making the captioned welds, gives welding

schedules and illustrates good and bad

practice with macrographs.

Tubing sizes used were 5/16-in. and

7/16-in. O.D. with 0.050-in. wall.

JF-06-WR-61

A Solution Adopted in Some Difficult

Applications of Flash Welding

Evert Bylin

Technical Secretary, Swedish Welding

Commission, Stockholm


12 pages, illustrations, graphs, macro-

graphs, micrographs and tables

The author details procedures and tech-

niques in the flash-butt welding of cast

iron flanges to centrifugally cast iron

pipe; also creep and heat resisting alloys

m the range of 20% chrome, 70-50%

nickel, 5% iron and 5% nickel.

JG-01-WJ-48

Trends in Resistance Welding Here and

Abroad

F. R. Hensel, E. F. Holt


The Welding Journat, November 1948


sketches.

The authors compare current American

resistance welding practices and equip-

ment with the European, especially Brit-

ish.

Particular attention is given to elec-

trodes and tooling.

JG-02-ST-52

Metals in the Jetomic Age

Dr. Allen G. Gray

Technical Editor, STEEL

Steet, October 13, 1952


This article contains practically no in-

formation on welding, but is devoted to a

general outline of the physical properties

of the various metals used in jet engines.

It discusses briefly the weaknesses and

strong points of these metals and alloys

with the probable developments to be

expected.

As of the date of publication it is a good

article—simple and non-technical—and

provides condensed information on the

subject. Due to fast moving develop-

ments, its value a year or more after pub-

lication is considerably reduced.

.IG-03-EM-47

Design for Resistance Welding

Harold S. Card

Electrical Manufacturing, April 1942


The author outlines some of the basic

considerations involved in designing prod-

ucts to facilitate resistance welding.

JG-04-ST-52

Resistance Welding Applications In-

crease

An Editorial article from STEEL, July 21,

1952

7 pages, illustrations and tables.

This is essentially a news article outlin-

ing the state of the art as of the date of

publication.

Many applications of resistance welding

are illustrated.

JG-05-ST-52

Direct Resistance Heating

Lewis B. Reed

Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power

Steel, July 14, 1952

2 paRes, illustrated.

The author gives some valuable data

on low voltage resistance heating.

JG-06-WJ-52

Military Aeronautical Spot- and Seam-

Welding Specifications

J. Maltz, N. E. Promisel

Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department

The Welding Journat, July 1952

6 pages.

The authors trace the development of

MIL specifications from the beginning, and

show that the aim of these specifications

is to encourage the use of spot welding

toward full structural application.

JG-07-WJ-52

Welding of High Heat-Resistant Ma-

terials

J. L. Solomon

Sciaky Brothers

Welding Journal, March, 1952

6 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches

The author outlines the advantages of

using 3-phase spot and seam welders on

heat resistant metals such as Stainless

Steel, Nimonic, Inconel, Titanium, etc.

(See also JG-12-WE-52 for an essentially

duplicate article.)

JG-08-MD-49

Production Processes

Their Influence on Design

Roger W. Bolz

Associate Editor, Machine Design

Part 1, Spot Welding, Machine Design,

Jan. 1949

Part 2, Seam Welding, Machine Design,

Feb. 1949

Part 3, Projection Welding, Machine De-

sign, March, 1949

Part 4, Butt-Welding, Machine Design,

April, 1949

(The four articles in one pamphlet are

available from the R.W.M.A. or the

publishers)


The entire pamphlet illustrates and de-

scribes in simple terms the elements of the

various resistance welding processes, with

particular emphasis on the design factors.

JG-09-TE-51

Elements of Resistance Welding

A. E. Rylander

The Tool Engineer, March, 1951

8 pages, photographs, tables and sketches

A simple fundamental description and

outline of the resistance welding processes.

JG-10-WE-53

Billions in Sales, Millions in Savings.

Julius Heuschkel

Westinghouse lilec. Corp.

The Welding Engineer, January, 1953


A non-technical outline of the tre-

mendous savings in manufacture which

have been brought about through welding,

especially resistance welding.

JG-11-WJ-53

Factors in the Selection of Welding

Processes

John J. Chyle

A. O. Smith Corporation

The Welding Journal, July, 1953

12 pages, illustrations, charts, tables,

micrographs and macrographs

As the title suggests, this paper dis-

cusses the relative merits and factors

a fleeting the selection of the welding

process best suited to a given application.

Such factors as material preparation,

weld _ quality, appearance, physical and

chemical properties are briefly outlined.

JG-12-WE-52

Welding the High Heat-Resistant Ma-

terials

J. L. Solomon

Sciakv Brothers, Inc.

The Welding Engineer, Feb. 1952

pages, sketches and macrograph

Abstract of paper presented at A.W.S.

annual meeting, Detroit, October 14, 1951.

The paper describes some of the resist-

ance welding operations on stainless steel,

as well as nickel and other alloys on jet

engines.

(See also JG-07-WJ-52 for an essentially

duplicate article.)

JG-13-WJ-54

High Production Applications of Resist-

ance Welding

C. D. Schulthers

Frigidaire Div. G.M.C.



The author traces the development of

resistance welding on major household

appliances at Frigidaire plants.

Many resistance welding opera l ions are

illustrated.

JG-14-WJ-54

Resistance Welding in Jet Engine Manu-

facturing

F. J. Wallace

Pratt & Whitney Aircraft


6 pages, illustrations, macrographs and

tables

The author outlines the tremendous in-

crease in resistance welding for jet engine

manufacture as compared to piston type

engines. He then outlines the applications

along with materials used.

Quality control practice is also briefK

outlined.

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5.2 JG

iTlJ RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

JG-15-WE-54

New Method of Resistance Welding at

Ryan

J. R. Fullerten

Ryan Aeronautical Company

The Welding Engineer, Nov . 1954


The author briefly describes some of the

varied machines and techniques employed

at Ryan Aeronautical to obtain the most

advanced results in resistance welding.

JG-16-WE-55

1955 Bodies Have a Multitude of Welds

StalT Article

The Welding Engineer, Sept. 1955

2 pages with sketches

A brief description of two or three

assemblies on Ford cars containing a

great many spot welds made in multiple

electrode fixtures.

JG-17-WJ-54

Procedure Control as Applied to Auto-

matic Welding Processes

Warner H. Simon

Dresser Industries, Inc.


6 pages, illustrations and charts

While the article deals with all forms of

welding, resistance welding constitutes the

above mentioned coverage.

The article is concerned mostly on test

and inspection methods, particularly on

Hash welds.

JG-18-WJ-55

Automatic Percussion Welding of Tele-

phone Relay Contacts

A. L. Quintan

Western Electric Company

The Welding Journal, March, 1955


The author describes the percussion

welds, and equipment for making them,

which have been made on millions of relay-

contacts used in telephone service.

JG-19-ST-S3

Resistance Welding Shines as Volume

Producer

Jack Odgen

Fisher Body Division, G. M. C.

Steel, June 8, 1953

I! pages with illustrations and sketches

The author describes the advantages of

welding presses, both for projection welds

and multi-spot applications.

JG-20-WF-55

Significance of Recent Resistance Weld-

ing Research

J. E. Roberts

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Feb.

& March, 1955


macrographs

This is a review of work done by the

resistance welding department of the


over the past few years preceding the date

of publication. It is divided into four

headings:

1. Spot welding of low carbon steel, where

the work has resulted in a revised code

of practice.

2. Projection welding of low carbon steel

with a view of establishing a code of

recommended practices.

3. Spot welding of light alloys for air-

craft construction, including an in-

vestigation of various factors afTecting

weld quality.

4. Fundamentals of resistance welding

with attempts to analyze distribution

of heat with a view towards establishing

optimum welding schedules without

excessive experimental work.

Welding schedules are given for head-

ings 1 and 2: limited stored energy (elec-

trostatic) schedules for heading 3, with

only limited remarks on heading 4.

JG-21-WF-56

Resistance Welding in the Aircraft

Industry

Wm. J. Farrell

Sciaky Bros.


Two Parts. May & June, 1956

15 pages, illustrations, graphs and sketches.


several typical applications of spot, scam

and flash butt-welds in typical American

Aircraft.

JG-22-WF-56

Resistance Welding and Productivity

J. E. Roberts


Nov. 1956


This is primarily a discussion of the

merits of resistance welding from a pro-

ductivity standpoint. The effects of

product design, materials, equipment and

t heir costs are briefly discussed.

JG-23-IW-59

Resistance Welding

StalT Article

Industry and Welding, June, 1959

Portions of 20 pages, illustrations and

sketches

A general or tabloid type of article,

briefly promoting all phases of resistance

welding, equipment, machines, tooling

and controls.

JI-01-WJ-52

Magnetic Force Welding

Myron Zucker, Guy Cubitt-Smith

Precision Welder and Flexopress Corp.


13 pages, illustrations, tables and charts.

The paper describes and plats the per-

formance of a spot welding machine whose

welding force is developed by a solinoid or

magnet mounted on the lower horn of an

essentially standard 100 kva 3-phase spot

welder.

The machine secondary or welding cur-

rent actuates the magnet.

The welding of various difficult jolw is

described with tabulated results.

JI-02-WJ-52

Problems and Equipment in Aircraft

Spot Welding

J. B. Fullerton

Ryan Aeronautical Co.

The Welding Journal, July 1952

The author describes the equipment

used in the aircraft industries for resist-

ance welding applications, together with

an indication of the advantages and limi-

tations of each type.

JI-03-WF-58

Portable Spot Welding Equipment

C. W. J. Vernon

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Jan.

1958


The author describes the opeiation of,

and illustrates various types of portable

welders, their application and installation,

including jigs, turn tables, etc.

JI-04-WE-58

Resistance Welding Procedures and

Design

Lester F. Spencer

Welding Engineer, Oct. & Dec. 1958

8 pages, illustrations, sketches and dia-

grams

An elementary treatise on resistance

welding principles, the types of equipment

used, controls, electrodes and a tabulation

of weldability of various metals.

JI-05-WF-59

Resistance Welding Thin Metal Sheets

J. A. Donelan

General Electric Co., Ltd.


June, 1959

9 pages, photographs and sketches.

This article deals with precision welding

of small parts, instruments, etc. It de-

scribes equipment, controls and applica-

tions. The equipment is, for the most part,

bench type.

JL-01-WJ-51

Quality Control of Structural Resistance

Welding in Aircraft

J. R. Fullerton



3 pages.

As the title implies, the author outlines

quality control in aircraft construction

and the parts played by maintenance of

equipment, the operator, the inspector,

and fabrication technique.

JL-02-WJ-51

The Application of Spot and Seam Weld-

ing to Design

S. P. Jenkins, T. E. Piper

Northrop Aircraft, Inc.



The authors explain the versatility and

high quality consistency of modern equip-

ment and technique as compared with the

quality consistency obtained from home-

made resistance welding equipment of

twenty years ago.

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5.2 JL


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

JL-03-WJ-52

Resistance Welding Quality Control

Thos. J. Lepito, Robert M. Taylor

Pratt and Whitney Aircraft

The Welding Journal, August 1952

7 pages, photographs, sketches, radio-

graphs and macrographs

The authors outline methods of quali-

fying spot welding machines for Jet Engine

structures, and methods for maintaining

consistent quality performance.

JL-04-WE-53

How to Set Up a Program for Quality

Control

Peter G. Poetto

C. B. C. Welding Corp.

Ttie Welding Engineer, Jan. 1953


The author describes a quality-control

system applied to a typical large spot

welding job shop.

JL-05-WJ-53

Quality Control of Resistance Welding

by Statistical Methods

J. F. Radford, R. K. Waldvogel

Crosley Division, Avco Manufacturing

Corp.

The Welding Journal, June, 1953


This paper presents ways of studying

and interpreting variations falling within

an acceptable pattern, and discovery and

elimination of variations falling outside

this pattern. The paper deals specifically

with the frequency pattern in statistical

control for spot welding aluminum for

MIL-W specifications.

JL-06-WE-53

Quality Control of Resistance Welds

G. A. Covington

Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation



An outline of quality control practice at

Consolidated-Vultee Aircraft Corporation.

JL-07-WR-54

The Significance of the Tension Test for

Spot Welds

E. R. Funk

Goodyear Aircraft Corp.


2 pages, sketches

The author points out weaknesses in the

Tensile-Shear test, and offers suggestions

for better and more realistic tests.

JL-08-WJ-55

The Macro-Etch System of Evaluating

Quality of Resistance Welding

D. O. Samuelson, F. G. Harkins

Solar Aircraft Company


7 pages, photographs, macrographs, tables

and sketches

The authors present data to support the

use of macrographs to determine spot weld

quality.

The paper deals specifically with produc-

tion operations on stainless steel.

JL-09-WF-55

Significance of Recent Resistance Weld-

ing Research

J. E. Roberts

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br. Feb.

and March, 1955)


macrographs

A resume of current research work being

done in England on all types of resistance

welding.

JL-10-WF-56

Control of Welding for Jet Aircraft Can-

ware

R. Busbell

Burnley Aircraft Products, Ltd.


March, 1956

10 pages, illustrations, sketches and

macrographs

The author describes production quality

control methods used on jet aircraft sheet

metal components. Steps taken by Brit-

ish producers to spot and seam weld

nimonic (Inconel), titanium, aluminum as

well as high and low alloy steels to Aero-

nautical Inspection Directorate (A.I.D.)

are described. The article covers routine

and laboratory testing equipment and

instrumentation.

JL-11-AS-61

Spotwelding Control for Reliability

Frank J. Dietrich

Twin Coach Company

Assembly and Fastener Eng., Sept. 1961


This paper outlines spot welding job

certification, machine qualification and

process control in effect at plant of Twin

Coach Company, Buffalo, N. Y.

JL-12-WJ-61

A Practical Design Approach to Resist-

ance Weld Peeling Loads

W. P. Kraus

North American Aviation


6 pages, illustrations, sketches and graphs.

The author analyzes the so-called peel

effect of spot and seam welds, and smce

many aircraft structures embody this type

of stress, techniques are suggested for in-

creasing strength of such jomts.

JM-01-WJ-57

Recent Developments in Magnetic-Force

Welding

E. J. Funk

Precision Welder and Flexopress Corpora-

tion


7 pages, illustrations, sketches, charts and

oscillograms.

The author describes recent develop-

ments in the magnetic force system of re-

sistance welding. One of these newer de-

velopments is the application of delayed

force, the purpose of which is to increase

the welding capacity of a given machine.

JM-02-WJ-57

High-Frequency Resistance Welding

Wallace C. Rudd

New Rochelle Tube Corp.

The Welding Journat, July, 1957


The author describes a new principle of

welding by inducting resistance to a high

frequency current. The system is par-

ticularly adapted to tube mills, and that

scale provided no problem. All metals in-

cluding copper are readily welded.

JM-03-WJ-60

Percussion Welding. Using Magnetic

Force—A Production Process

Robert F. Manning, Jerome B. Welch

Cutler-Hammer, Inc.

Welding Journal, Sept. 1%0


The authors outline the principles of

percussion welding, particularly as applied

to welding electrical contacts. The paper

deals specifically with a magnetic force

type of machine and illustrates machines

and several samples of the work.

JM-04-WJ-55

Automatic Percussion Welding of Tele-

phone Relay Contacts

A. L. Quinlan

Western Electric Company

The Welding Journat, March, 1955


As the title indicates, this article de-

scribes production percussion welding of

telephone relay contacts.

JS-01-WJ-47

Spot Welding Under Water

Charles L. Coomer

American Air Filter Co.


2 pages with photographs

The author, chief tool and die de-

signer for the above Company, outlines

procedures and methods of spot welding

air turbine impeller blades under water.

The article is non-technical, but prac-

tical.

JS-02-WR-48

Fatigue Tests of Spot Welds: Improve-

ment of Their Endurance Limit by

Hydrostatic Pressure

Georges Welter

Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal


14 pages, photographs, radiographs, mac-

rographs, charts and tables.

This paper reports on investigations on

the subject matter carried out under aus-

pices of The Welding_ Research Council.

Spot welded specimens of aluminum,

stainless and low carbon steel were se-

lected from radiographs.

Welds in 24S-T subjected to hydrostatic

tests as high as 230,000 psi, and the author

states that at 10,000,000 cycles an im-

provement of 250-300% in fatigue resist-

ance seems quite passible.

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5.2 JS

iSw RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

JS-03-WR-48

Shrinkage Stresses in Spot-Welded Joints

Viktor Hauk

Translated from the German by G. E.

Clausen

Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1948

4 pages with charts and diagrams.

This is a report from the Institute of

Materials Research of the German Air-

craft Experimental Laboratory, and it

outlines the measurement of shrinkage

stresses in spot welds by the X-Ray

method.

The article is also a review of the liter-

ature on the general subject, practically

entirely from the German.

JS-04-WR-49

Spot-Weld Consistency Studies

.1. Heuschkel, II. Bitzer

Welding Section, Westinghouse Research

Laboratory


7 pages with charts.

The authors discuss various means of

controlling quality consistency.

They break this up into two principal

factors: Materials and welding sched-

ules. One important conclusion is the

desirability of keeping weld strength at its

maximum, as this condition provides

maximum consistency.

JS-05-WR-50

Stress Distribution around Spot Welds

A. 0. Bergholm, P. W. Swartz, C. S. Hoell

Franklin Institute

Welding Research Supplement, May 1950


A study of the stresses around spot

welds when subjected to cyclic loadmg

sponsored by the Welding Research

Council.

The work was performed on specimens

made up from 2 bars lap welded with two

and three spots.

Tests and experiments with photo elastic

and stre8scoat enamelled materials were

used. Strain gauges were used for deter-

mining stresses on the spot welded speci-

mens.

JS-06-WR-50

Stresses Around a Spot Weld Under

Static and Cyclic Loads

Georges Welter




This paper deals with the measurement

of stresses taken at the interface of spot

welds under static and fatigue loads;

mild steel, stainless steel and aluminum

welds in untreated and hydrostatically

improved condition.

JS-07-WJ-51

Design and Operation of High-Speed

Production Tube Mills

Donald H. Fleig

American Electric Fusion Corp.


8 pages, illustrations and graphs.

The functions of the various units of a

modern high speed electric tube mill are

described. Charts are provided for cal-

culating welding speeds and operating

frequencies.

JS-08-WJ-51

Spot and Projection Welding Using Mag-

netic Electrode Force

Wm. E. Klingeman, Harold H. Kruer

Precision Welder and Machine Company


6 pages, photographs, charts, sketches and

tables.

This article describes a new principle in

press type welders. In addition to the

conventional air cylinder for providing

electrode force, the secondary circuit

forms a winding for an open core trans-

former between the air cylinder and elec-

trode. The application of welding cur-

rent causes the core to close the gap in its

magnetic circuit, exerting a booster weld-

ing force to the electrode.

The machine has been developed to exert

a booster force up to 5000 lbs. and can be

used either single or three phase.

Its principal advantage lies in its adapt-

ability to hard-to-weld materials.

JS-09-WR-55

Fatigue of Spot Welds

George Welter


Welding Research Supplement, March, 1955

pages

This paper is a review of reports relating

to the fatigue resistance of untreated and

hydrostatically treated spot welds and its

chronological development during the last

ten years.

JS-12-WR-58

Mechanical Tests of Spot Welds

E. C. Ilartmann

Alcoa Research Laboratories


3 pages, with sketches

The author discusses destructive me-

chanical tests of spot welds under eight

selected headings.

JS-13-WE-61

RW: Impact-spot Method Can Reduce

Machine Weight

Staff Article

Welding Engineer, Nov. 1961


This is a preliminary report on investi-

gations carried on at Armour Research

Foundation for making lap welds in sheet

steel using an impact force. All tests

were run on .045-in. steel with variations

in time, current, pre-heat, etc. No con-

clusive results are reported.

JS-14-WE-61

Galvanized Steel

Staff Article

Welding Engineer, September, 1961


This article describes zinc coalings, how

they are applied, and their effect on spot

and seam welding.

It also outlines steps that are being

taken to reduce the deleterious effect of

the coatings on electrodes and the welded

product.

JU-01-WE-50

Making Seam-Welded Tubing

A. I. Nussbaum

The Welding Engineer, August 1950


The author describes continuous elec-

tric butt-seam weld equipment as installed

in Jones & Laughlin Electric Weld Tube

Division. Round tubing from J^" O.D.

X 22 BWG wall thickness to 4" O.D x 10

BWG wall thickness is produced.

JU-02-WR-54

Foil Seam Welding

F. Busse

German—Abstracted in English by G. E.

Claussen


1 page, with sketches

The author describes the use of foil

between the electrode and work to effect

butt-seam welds.

JU-03-WR-62

Resistance Seam Welding of Aluminized

Steel

C. W. Boecker

Shell Pipe Line Corp.

M. L. Begeman

University of Texas


6 pages, macrographs, sketches and tables.

The authors discuss the problems in-

volved in seam welding aluminized steel.

This paper is part of a broad program and

covers Type 1 coating only, which con-

sists of a silicon-aluminum alloy for high

temperature service.

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5.2 JV


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

JV-01-IA-55

Metal Gathering: What It Is and How

It Works

W. E. Achor

Thompson Products, Inc.

Iron Age, July 14, 1955

4 pages, sketches, illustrations and dia-

grams

The author describes and illustrates the

principles and application of metal gather-

ing with the use of resistance heating.

Many kinds of metal have been success-

fully gathered, including low and high

alloy steel and titanium. Some work has

been on aluminum, but this requires

further development.

JV-02-IA-56

Resistance Heating Boosts Forging Ef-

ficiency

Staff Article

The Iron Age, Feb. 16, 1956


The article describes the resistance

heating and upsetting of automotive rear

axle shafts in Dusseldorf, Germany. Time

study and operation analysis is given.

JW-01-WJ-48

Resistance Welding Crossed Wires

Raymond C. Jones


The Welding Journal, Sept. 1948

12 pages, photographs, sketches, charts

and tables.

The author reports on a study of the

welding variables in cross wire welding.

The report deals in wire diameters of

y%" to H", of both cold drawn and hot

drawn (basic) low carbon steel. All sizes

were tested with "set-down" of 15%,

30% and 50%.

All experimental work was performed on

standard A. C. press-type welders.

JW-02-WJ-50

Variables in Cross-Wire Welding of Dis-

similar Metals

I. S. Goodman


The Welding Journat, October 1950


and tables.

A report of the welding of filaments in

electric lamps, radio tubes and other elec-

tronic devices. Various metals, including

iron, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten

are reported on, as well as the equipment

used. Considerable attention is given to

welding variables and defects, their causes

and cure.

JW-03-WJ-55

Cross-wire Welding with Multiple Elec-

trodes

Staff Article


2 pages with illustrations


cross wire welding of wire wheel decorative

grills.

JW-04-WF-51

Resistance Welding of Cross-wire Joints

R. Bushell


May, 1951

4 pages, sketches and illustrations.

As the title suggests, this is a general

description of cross-wire welding as prac-

ticed m Britain.

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Bibliography

MC-01-WR-47

The Chemical Surface Treatment of

Magnesium Alloy Sheet for Spot Welding

W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, D. J. Ashcraft



19 pages, charts and tables.

This is an exhaustive treatment of

chemical preparation for spot-welding,

and compares these methods also, with

mechanical preparation.

The basis of comparison is surface re-

sistance, rather than any spot-welding

tests.

ME-01-WR-47

Observations of Electrode Tip Pickup

and Tip Life in the Spot Welding of

Magnesium Alloy Sheet

W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, R. A. Wyant



9 pages, tables, charts and photographs.

This is one of the early papers treating

on this subject—particularly of electrode

polarity. It correlates cleaning methods

with spot-welding practice.

micrographs and macrographs—with one

page of comments by J. J. Riley, Taylor-

Winfield Corporation.

The authors discuss in considerable de-

tail the variables and their effect on mag-

nesium spot welds. Tables and charts are

given showing the effects of variations,

electrode force, frequency, post-heat and

forge. The article deals exclusively with

0.064-in. thick stock.

MS-02-WR-60

Spot Welding of Wrought HK31A, HM-

21A, and ZE10A Magnesium Alloys

Lloyd Lockwood

Dow Metal Products Co.


10 pages, illustrations, graphs, tables,

macrographs and micrographs

The author, by tables and graphs,

shows spot weld strength and quality for

various ranges of pressure and other

variables. He also repoits on effectiveness

of cleaning procedures and electrode life.

MG-01-WJ-53

Resistance Welding of Dissimilar Metals

to Magnesium for Electrical Connec-

tions

Paul Klain, H. W. Croisant

Dow Chemical Co.

Welding Journal, March, 1953

8 pages, illustrations, macrographs and

tables

The paper describes methods and tech-

nique for resistance welding wires to mag-

nesium dry batteries, also other mag-

nesium parts where electrical contact is

necessary.

Conditions for direct welding copper and

other wires to magnesium are described as

well as welding strips of zinc or coated

steel to the magnesium.

ML-01-WR-47

General Corrosion and Stress Corrosion

of Spot-Welded Magnesium Alloy Sheet

W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, D. J. Ashcraft,

R. A. Wyant



6 pages, tables, photographs and sketches.

As the title suggests, the paper deals

with corrosion of Spot-Welded Magnesium

Sheets.

Consideration is also given to Alumi-

num, Magnesium and Zinc combinations.

MS-01-WJ-53

Spot Welding Magnesium With Three-

Phase Low Frequency Equipment

Paul Klain

Dow Chemical Company

D. L. Knight, J. P. Thorne

National Electric Welding Machines Com-

pany

The Welding Journal, Jan. 1953

12 pages, illustrations, tables, charts,

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5.2 NF


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

NF-01-WF-60

The Structure and Properties of Flash-

Butt Welds in Nimonic 75, 80A and 90.

F. I. Ball, D. R. Thorneycroft

Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.

Welding and Metal Fabrication, Sept. 1960

6 pages, illustrations, sketches and micro-

graphs

The authors give several flash-butt

welding schedules for the above grades of

Nimonic.

Micrographs show the grain structure

of these metals as welded and after heat

treating.

Physical properties of the welds are

also discussed.

NG-01-WJ-51

Resistance Welding of Nickel and High-

Nickel Alloys

R. M. Wilson, Jr.

International Nickel Co.



rographs, figures, curves and tables.

This is a very comprehensive article

and covers all resistance welding processes

on all of the nickel alloys.

The following subjects are quite thor-

oughly covered:

1. Chemical, physical and mechanical

properties of the metals.

2. Cleaning.

3. Equipment and electrodes.

4. Recommended practices or technique.

5. Defects—their causes and remedy.

6. Testing.

NG-02-ST-31

Welding Inconel "W" Sheet

Allen J. Rosenberg


Steel, Nov. 5, 1951

4 pages, illustrations, charls and tables

The author describes spot and seam

welding technique (also for arc welding).

Several macrographs showing weld

structure are included.

NG-03-WJ-62

Welding Nickel Base Alloys

R. D. Beemer, L. J. Mattex

Convair Div. General Dynamics

Welding Research Supplement, June, 1962


This paper covers all forms of welding

Bene. 41 and Hastelloy X, but consider-

able attention is given to spot welding.

NS-01-WJ-48

Spot-Welding Schedules for Nickel and

Nickel Alloys

Frank G. Harkins

Solar Aircraft Co.


8 pages, photographs, macrographs, micro-

graphs and tables.

Complete spot welding schedules for

Nickel, Monel and Inconel in all com-

binations of 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.021,

0.031, 0.063, 0.094 and 0.125 thicknesses

are given.

NS-02-WR-50

Spot Welding Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Frank G. Harkins

Solar Aircraft Co.

Welding Research Supplement, January

1950

10 pages, photographs, macrographs and

tables.

A report, including welding schedules,

for spot-welding various combinations of

Nickel, Monel, Inconel, Mild Steel, Low-

Alloy Steel, Stainless Steel, also Titanium

to Titanium.

NS-03-WR-54

Optimum Spot and Seam Welding Con-

ditions for Inconel X

Ernest F. Nippes, Herbert B. Fishman



14 pages, tables, charts and micrographs

A report of research for the determina-

tion of optimum spot and seam welding

conditions in 0.010-, 0.015-, 0.021-, 0.031-

and 0.062-in. Inconel X sheet on the basis

of tension-shear, cross-tension and pillow

tests.

Equipment, instrumentation, and test-

ing are described.

Welding variables and technique are

plotted in curves.

NS-04-WR-56

Optimum Spot and Seam Welding Con-

ditions for Inconel "W"

Ernest F. Nippes, Warren F. Savage,

Khosfow L. Moazed


Welding Research Supptement, March, 1956

9*A pages, photographs, sketches, tables

and macrographs

The authors report that results of re-

search investigation indicate that the

optimum conditions for spot and seam

welding Inconel "W" are much the same

as those for Inconel "X" (see NS-03-

WR-54).

The report is confined to 0.010, 0.015,

0.021, 0.031 and 0.062-in. thick stock.

Charts, curves, and tabulations for spot

and seam welding both alloys are given.

NU-01-WR-51

Seam Welding of Monel Metal

Ernest F. Nippes, Gerald M. Slaughter


Welding Research Supplement, November

1951


sketches and tables.

This research covers the seam welding

of Monel sheet in five different thick-

nesses from 0.010 to 0.062 in. Optimum

conditions were determined for each

thickness of material and the factors de-

termining the proper values of the welding

variables are discussed. The criteria of

satisfactory seam welds are: (1) no por-

osity in the weld nugget, (2) good nugget

penetration, (3) sufficient weld overlap to

insure a pressure-tight seam and (4) a

wide current range. The welding cur-

rent range varies with the thickness, the

upper limit being determined by the point

at which expulsion occurs for the thicker

gages, and the point at which electrode

sticking occurs with thicknesses below

0.062 in.

NU-02-WR-52

Seam Welding of 0.005-in. Inconel Sheet

E. F. Nippes, John M. Gerken



6 pages, photographs, micrographs.

The authors give detailed information

for seam welding this material on a spe-

cially built 5-kva seam welder with syn-

chronous control.

Welding schedules for producing suc-

cessful welds in this material are given.

NS-05-WJ-58

Spot Welding of Inconel "X" in Thick-

ness Range of 0.032 to 0.188 in.

Jean Harris, J. J. Riley

Tavlor-Winfield Corp.

M. D. Bellware

International Nickel Co.


10 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables,

charts and macrographs

The authors outline and tabulate weld-

ing schedules for the materials in the

title, using both single phase and 3-phasc

dry-disc rectifier machmes. Satisfactory

weld schedules for both types of machines

to meet military specification MIL-W-

6858-A are given.

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5.2 QE

Page 1

1-1-63


Bibliography

QE-01-WJ-38

The Metallurgical Aspects of Resistance

Welding Electrodes

R. H. Harrington


The Welding Journat, Oct. 1938.

4 pages.

The author outlines the history and de-

velopment of alloys used for resistance

welding electrodes, and some of the con-

siderations affecting their choice.

QE-02-WJ-41

Thermal Gradients in Spot Welding

Electrodes

F. R. Hensel, E. I. Larsen, E. F. Holt




A general, but inconclusive, study of

metallurgical effects of spot welding oper-

ations on the electrode itself.

QE-03-IA-15


W. S. Simmie

Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, England

The Iron Age, Feb. 1, 1945


A study of tip wear for RWMA Classes

I and H alloys under various spot welding

conditions.

QE-04-WF-54

Electrode Materials for Resistance

Welding

W. J. Armstrong, II. D. Baer

Enfield Copper Refining Co.

Welding and Metal Fabrication, March,

1954

3 pages, tables and sketches

A simple outline of the functions and

performance of resistance welding elec-

trodes.

QE-05-WF-54

Production of Resistance Welding Elec-

trodes

Stall" Article


Aug. 1954

4 pages,.illustrated

An illustrated article describing the

manufacture of spot and seam welding

electrodes and components.

QF-01-WR-45

Production Technique and Quality of

Flash-Welded Joints

Dr. Hans Kilger

Welding Research Supplement, Aug.-Sept.-

Oct.-1945

This is a basic treatise on flash-welding.

Published as a book in German and trans-

lated by S. L. Hoyt and associates of

Battelle Memorial Institute.

While it deals basically with European

practices, which we consider inferior to

ours, it treats in considerable detail with

principles which must be taken into ac-

count with any type or method of flash

welding.

The study of this is recommended to

anyone who wishes to understand flash-

butt welding of any metal.

QF-02-WE-52

New Service for Flash Welding

W. C. Kenzlik

The Welding Engineer, Aug. 1952


This is the outline of Flashweld Indus-

tries, Inc. start into the flash-welding job-

bing, engineering and consulting field in

Chicago.

QF-03-WR-55

A Mathematical Analysis of the Tem-

perature Distribution During Flash

Welding

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, H. Suzuki,

W. H. Chang



15 pages, tables, charts and numerous

equations

The authors' purpose, by mathematical

analysis, to establish certain flash welding

variables, such as material constants,

specimen size, die spacing, rate of platen

movement, etc.

QF-01-WJ-62

Flash Welding—The Process and Appli-

cations

Warren F. Savage




A review of the flash welding process,

its development to its present status, the

equipment required, quality control and a

partial listing of metals and alloys that

can be successfully flash welded. The

paper is actually an introduction to QF-

05-WR-62.

QF-05-WR-62

Flash Welding—Process Variables and

Weld Properties

Warren F. Savage



11 pages, micrographs, sketches and tables.

This paper is a follow-up to QF-Ob-WJ-

6'2. It deals with the technical aspects of

flash welding of various steel alloys as well

as several non-ferrous metals.

In addition to welding technique, it also

reports in graphs and tables on physical

properties in both "as welded" and after

neat treatment.

Various types of weld defects and their

causes are also discussed.

QG-01-WJ-45

Resistance Welding Fundamentals

K. R. Woodward



13 pages, photographs, sketches and

tables. A simplified outline of the various

resistance welding processes.

QG-02-WF-52

Assembly by Multi-Point Spot Welding

C. E. Slade, F. Zeller

Phillips Electrical, Ltd.


April, 1952


The authors describe and illustrate

several types of multi-spot welders with

their controls currently used in Great

Britain.

QG-03-WE-57

Resistance Welding

Jack Fairlie

Welding Engineer, Jan., March, May,

Sept. 1957


A series of articles containing a brief

history of the early development of re-

sistance welding with a short treatise on

the various resistance welding processes,

spot-scam-projection and flash-butt, to-

gether with equipment and tooling.

Not a part of the series, but included in

the article is an illustrated description of

a closed T. V. circuit whose camera is

focused on spot welding electrodes.

QI-01-WJ-16

Poke Welding of Stainless Steel Cold

Storage Sheathing

R. K. Waldvogel

Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Co.


6 pages, photographs and tables.

The author details methods and pro-

cedures for poke welding stainless steel

sheets to mild steel to form cold-storage

compartments on ships.

QI-02-WJ-47

Choice of Cable and Transformer Size for

Portable Spot Welders

Myron Zucker

Mackworth G. Rees, Inc.



An engineering analysis of the selection

and application of secondary cables of the

"kickless" or low-reactance type.

(See also QI-03-WE-47.)

QI-03-WE-47

Quicker Calculations for Portable Spot

Welders

Myron Zucker

Mackworth G. Rees, Inc.

The Welding Engineer, May 1947


Selection and application of Gun welder

C'ii \ 'loS

(Essentially the same as QI-02-WJ-47.)

QI-04-WJ-50

Portable Resistance Welding Tools

Charles H. Davis, Jr.

The Budd Company


5 pages with photographs.

A description of portable welding guns

used in rail car construction.

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5.2 QI

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION R83

Bibliography

QI-05-EM-46

Storage Battery Welder Forced Compo-

nent Development

Frank Oliver

Editor

Electrical Manufacturing, May 1946

9 pages, photographs, charts and diagrams.

This is the best and most complete

article available on the electrochemical or

storage battery type of stored energy ma-

chine. Sketches and diagrams of the entire

mechanism are included, as well as phan-

tom views of some of the components.

QI-06-FM-47

How To Maintain Spot Welders

Fritz Albrecht

Glenn L. Martin Company

Factory Management and Maintenance,

Nov. 1947

5 pages, illustrations, radiographs, macro-

graphs and charts.

The author outlines the importance of

proper maintenance to keep machines in

operation. Single phase, electrostatic and

electromagnetic stored energy machines

are used, and down time averages less

than one minute per hour.

Oscillograms, macrographs, radiographs

and recording meters are all used to indi-

cate when maintenance and adjustments

are necessary.

QI-07-SP-48

Selecting a Resistance Welder

Ben R. Askew

Georgia Power Company

Southern Power and Industry, April 1948


A non-technical article dealing rather

loosely on resistance welders, their func-

tions and controls.

QI-08-FM-48

Causes and Remedies for Common Trou-

bles With Spot Welding Machines

Fritz Albrecht

The Glenn L. Martin Co.


July 1948

2 pages—Maintenance Data Sheets.

Causes of troubles (defective welds) and

their remedies are given for single phase

and stored energy machines.

The following classifications of defects

are given.

Cracking

Cracking and spitting

Surface burning

Pitting

Strength too low

Strength varying

Strength too high.

QI-09-WJ-52

Maintenance of Resistance Welders in

High-Speed Assembly Lines

James F. Salatin, O. D. Etchison

Delco-Remy Div.—G.M.C.



This article discusses preventative main-

tenance and scheduled replacements or

attention.

It also describes steps which have been

taken to provide quick temporary replace-

ments of timers and machine components.

QI-10-WE-51

Preventive Maintenance for Resistance

Welding Equipment

Staff Article

The Welding Engineer, Oct. 1951


General maintenance recommendations

for resistance welding machines, based on

R.W.M.A. "Maintenance Manual for

Resistance Welding Machines" with some

practices from Ford Motor Company and

Ryan Aeronautical Company.

QI-11-WE-52

Tips for Longer Tube Life

Thomas A. Dickinson


2V£pages, illustrated

The author gives hints and suggestions

on electronic tube maintenance and care.

QI-12-EP-53

A High Output—Low Demand Resist-

ance Welding Machine

Dean L. Knight


pany

Robert S. Phair

The Budd Company

A.I.E.E. Technical Paper presented at

Summer General Meeting, Atlantic City,

June 16, 1953

6 mineographed typewritten pages with

sketches

The authors outline the general design

of a special projection welder with a

secondary output of approximately 200,-

000 amps, with 1,000 KVA demand.

QI-13-EP-53

Design of Transformers for Resistance

Welding Machines

Dean L. Knight


pany

A.I.E.E. Technical Paper No. 53-296.

Presented at General Summer Meeting,

Atlantic City, N. J., June 16, 1953

11 Multigraphed pages with illustrations

and sketches

The author discusses the principles of re-

sistance welding machine transformers and

shows how design factors differ from those

of distribution transformers. Various

types of construction are illustrated and

such factors as efficiency, excitation and

core losses are discussed and compared

with like factors for distribution trans-

formers.

QI-14-WE-53

Timer Maintenance at Ford Motor

Company

Staff Article

The Welding Engineer, July, 1953

One page, illustrated

A very brief pictorial story of Welder

Timer maintenance at Ford.

QI-15-WF-55

Maintenance of Resistance Welding

Equipment

I. Jones

Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br. Sept.

& Oct. '55)


Recommended practices for proper up-

keep and maintenance of resistance weld-

ing machines and their controls.

QI-16-WJ-56

Transient Problems with High-Flux

Density Transformers in Welding Appli-

cations

R. C. Mierendorf

Square D Company



This is a paper delivered at the A.W.S.

annual meeting, October 1955, and con-

tains also, some discussions.

As the title indicates, this is a treatise

on magnetizing transients in hypersil

transformers such as commonly used for

fixture service.

Various factors, such as welder timing

sequence, power factor and current initia-

tion angle all exert considerable influence

on these transients, consequently tho

overall operation of the equipment.

QI-17-WF-58

Factors Influencing the Specification of

Resistance Welding Plant

1. Jones

British Federal Welder & Machine Co.


Nov. 1958


The author discusses standard vs. spe-

cialized machines and factors affectmg

their selection.

QJ-01-WJ-46

Additional Timing Period of New Motor-

Driven Control Increases Gun Welder

Speed

H. L. Stanback

Square D Co.



The author outlines a new timing device

particularly for guns or other high speed

repetitive machines in which the first spot

must be positioned.

It provides a special squeeze period for

this first spot, with another squeeze period

for following spots.

QJ-02-WJ-47

Engineering Symposium of Future Con-

trol of Resistance Welding Machine

C. E. Smith




A general outline of all types of resist-

ance welders and control devices.

QJ-03-WR-49

Slope Control in Spot and Projection

Welding

Ivar W. Johnson



6 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches.

(See also, discussion—QJ-04-WJ-50.)

A general outline of advantages of Slope

Control for spot and projection welding.

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5.2 QJ

lSra RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

QJ-04-WJ-50

Slope Control and Its Effect on Spot

Welding

J. L. Solomon

Sciakv Bros.

The Welding Journal, July 1950

2 pages, sketches and micrographs.

A discussion of the paper on Slope Con-

trol, QJ-03-WR-49.

QJ-05-EP-47

Functionalized Resistance Welding Con-

trol

C. B. Stadum, W. E. Large, E. C. Hartwig


Transactions, A.I.E.E., Vol. 66—1947,

Paper 47-64.

5 pages, sketches and diagrams.

An outline of new circuits in welding

controls designed on the unit, or function-

alized system. Basic principles are ex-

plained for all current types of syn-

chronous controls.

QJ-06-IM-49

Resistance Welding and Welder Controls

O. C. Kebernick

Westinghouse Elec. Corp.

May and June 1949. Industrial Sheet

Metal.

7 pages, sketches and diagrams.

A comparatively simple and not too

technical outline and explanation of the

functions of electronic controls in resist-

ance welding machines.

QJ-07-WJ-52

Increased Multispot Production with

Limited Power Supply

C. R. Whitney, Jr. Square D Company

The Welding Journat, Noveml>er 1952


The author outlines controls designed

expressly to suit multiple transformer

welding machines, with particular empha-

sis on independence of each transformer

from the other and keeping the power

demand at a minimum.

QJ-08-WJ-51

Trends in Electronic Nonsynchronous

Resistance Welding Controls

Stuart Rookafellow

Robotron Corp.

Welding Journal, Sept. 1951

2 pages

As the title suggests, this is a short

article outlining present practices and

trends in non-synchronous welding con-

trols.

QJ-09-WE-53

Current, Force and Time

Dean L. Knight


pany


6 pages, illustrations, charts and table

The author defmes the three primary

\ariables of resistance welding and meth-

ods used in their measurement.

QJ-10-WE-53

Up Hill and Down

Stuart Rockafellow

Robotron Corp.

The Welding Engineer, March, 1953

4 pages with sketches

A nrief descriptive outline of the opera-

tion and advantages of up and down

slope applied to phase shift heat control.

QJ-11-WJ-55

Ratings of Ignitron Tubes for A-C

Control

P. Van Der Plocg

Ampercx Electronic Corp.



diagrams

As the title indicates, this article de-

scribes the principles of operation of

ignition tubes, with particular emphasis

on the basis for their ratings, both for

single phase and three phase frequency

converter service.

QJ-13-WJ-57

Regulated and Programmed Resistance-

Welding Control Systems

C. Sinclair, F. S. Parker


Wetding Journal, May, 1957


The authors outline the principles of a

new control system in which a current

regulator can be used in conjunction with

up and down slope control.

QJ-14-WJ-57

A New Concept for Control of Resist-

ance-Welding Machines

W. J. Farrell, J. L. Solomon

Sciaky Brothers

The Welding Journal, April, 1957


The authors describe the principle and

application of counting tube circuits for

resistance welding control.

QJ-15-WJ-58

New Techniques in Precision-Welding

Control

J. L. Solomon, W. Balikov

Sciaky Brothers

Welding Journal, Jan. 1958

6 pages, sketches and photographs

A general outline of circuits in which

controls operated by so-called counting

tubes are used.

QJ-16-WJ-58

Frequency-Converter Welding Control

Using Counting Tubes

L. R. Broniak, W. A. Chaisson

Wcltronic Company

The Wetding Journal, April, 1958


The authors describe the application of

counting tube welding controls for fre-

quency-converter spot and seam welders.

QJ-17-WJ-62

Applying all the Rules of Resistance

Welding with Automatic Control

Charles F. Paxton, Richard Zeller

Weltronic Company


8 pages, photographs, tables and sketches.

This paper is a description of a multiple

schedule control for spot welding, par-

ticularly for gun welders as applied to

automotive body construction.

QJ-18-WJ-62

Evaluation of Electronically-Monitored

Resistance Welding Control

W. A. Grant

North American Aviation, Inc.



and tables.

This paper describes an electronically

operated monitor control for spot welding

quality consistency.

Graphs show the comparison of this

system versus conventional control.

QK-01-WJ-49

Power Supply for Automatic Resistance

Welders

T. F. Ellis

Kaiser-Frazer Corp.


4 pages with diagrams.

This paper deals with the distribution

of single phase resistance welders (par-

ticularly multiple transformer types) over

the three phases of a power supply system.

QK-02-WJ-51

A Case of Power

Jerry Geralds

Midwest Wire Products Co.

Paul Duker

Detroit Edison Co.

Myron Zucker

Myron Zucker Eng. Co.


9 pages, illustrations, tables, charts and

sketches.

This article consists of a detailed anal-

ysis of all factors involved in the re-

location of a department engaged in the

manufacture of wire products. Nine pro-

jection welders with a total rating of 725

KVA and operating at 220 volts were

distributed over the three phases of a

three-phase service.

All operating conditions were con-

sidered, including weld quality, voltage

drop flicker.

The authors point out that the con-

clusions reached in this case might not be

adaptable to other cases, and each instal-

lation would need individual consider-

ation.

QK-03-FM-48

It Paid to Separate Welding and Power

Circuits

C. W. Wright

Delco Products Div. G.M.C.


Jan. 1948


The author outlines savings and other

advantages accruing by re-arranging dis-

tribution system to separate welding load

from the other part of the plant load.

Adequate provision was made for ex-

pansion.

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5.2 QK


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

QK-04-EP-53

Fundamentals of Electric Utility Rates

L. R. Lefferson

Ebasco Services Iuc.

A.I.E.E. paper presented at Summer

General Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J.,

June 16, 1953

6 typewritten and mimeographed pages

While this paper bears no direct refer-

ence to resistance welding, it does outline

the basic principles of rate making, and

serves as an introduction to—

(QK-05-EP-53)

QK-05-EP-53

Why Special Utility Charges for Resist-

ance Welders

R. E. Young

Public Service Company, Division of

Commonwealth Edison Company

A.I.E.E. Technical Meeting, Atlantic

City, N. J., June 16, 1953

14 typewritten and mimeographed pages

with sketches

The author discusses the nature of the

resistance welding load as it affects the

utility system to which it is connected.

He also outlines some of the basic prin-

ciples of utility rate making, then proceeds

to illustrate by example some of the

methods employed to apply rates and

charges for resistance welding loads.

QK-06-EW-47

Measuring Voltage Dip of Resistance

Welding

F. W. Ruck

United Illuminating Company

Electrical World, Dec. 6, 1917

pages, illustrated

As the title indicates, the author out-

lines the measurement of voltage drop

with a special voltage drop meter and

oscilloscope.

QL-01-WJ-lO

Resistance Welding Current Measure-

ment

E. W. Clark


The Welding Journal, March 1940

4 pages, photographs, charts and sketches.

An outline for measuring primary and

secondary welding current.

QL-02-EP-40

The Measurement of Spot-Welding Cur-

rent

Wendell F. Hess, Robert A. Wyant, Albert

Muller


Transactions, A. I. E. E., March 1940

4 pages, photograph and sketches

The authors outline various means of

measuring both primary and secondary

welding current.

QL-03-WE-42

Current Measurement Improves Weld-

ing Technique

C. H. Manzer, H. S. Day


The Welding Engineer, July-Aug. 1942


tables

An exposition of the benefits to be de-

rived from an accurate measurement of

welding current.

QL-04-WR-48

Thermal Resistance of Metal Contacts

W. B. Kouwenhoven, J. H. Potter

Johns Hopkins University


6 pages, photographs and charts

While this paper has nothing to do with

welding directly, it is of considerable in-

terest, inasmuch as thermal resistance is

comparable with electrical resistance.

QL-05-WJ-49

The Laboratory in Resistance Welding

F. R. Hensel, E. F. Holt

P. R. Mallory & Co.

The Welding Journat, June 1949

9 pages, photographs, sketches and charts

A general outlme of the value of lab-

oratory work on resistance welding—

especially as related to electrode problems.

QL-06-WR-49

Electrical Resistance Offered to Non-

Uniform Current Flow

W. R. Kouwenhoven, W. T. Sackett, Jr.



5 pages, with charts and sketches

A general study of electrical resistance

and current flow.

QL-07-WJ-50

The Spreading Resistance of Contacts

W. B. Kouwenhoven, W. T. Sackett, Jr.



9 pages, sketches and charts

A companion article to QL-06-WR-49.

This deals specifically to the "spreading

resistance" of joints, which the authors

define as a constriction, such as might be

experienced in a spot or projection welding

set-up.

QL-08-WJ-50

A Practical Method for Obtaining Con-

sistent Resistance Welds

J. W. Kehoe



11 pages, photographs and tables

The practical application of weld sched-

ules as practiced by Westinghouse.

QL-09-WJ-50

Spot Welder Secondary Current Meas-

urement

I. C. McKechnic

Chrysler Corporation


3 pages, photographs, chart and tables

The author outlines a method for meas-

uring directly secondary current.

QL-10-ST-51

Adequate Instrumentation Minimizes

Welding Variables

J. Heuschkel


Steet, July 23, 1951


A general treatise on the use of instru-

ments for determining various factors and

values in resistance welding, especially

those concerned with current, time and

pressure, or force.

QL-11-EM-46

Measuring Large Transient Currents in

Low-Voltage Circuits

Staff Article, Electrical Manufacturing,

July, 1946


The article deals with equipment and

methods for measuring secondary cur-

rents in resistance welders.

QL-12-WR-52

Contact Resistance

Wm. B. Kouwenhoven, Clarence W. Little



9 pages, photographs and charts

This investigation and report concerns

the resistance of single-metal contacts of

aluminum, brass, bronze, silver and stain-

less steel. Particular attention is given

to spreading contact resistance due to

current constrictions at the contact, and

the interface resistance due to surface con-

ditions.

QL-13-WJ-52

Process Control for Resistance Welding

Under Government Specifications

Frank G. Harkins

Solar Aircraft Co.



A realistic approach to conformance

with military specifications of the resist-

ance welding of ferrous and nonferrous

alloys. It covers the organization and

administration of the welding group and

control of the process.

This process control procedure lies

within the framework of trie MIL speci-

fications.

QL-14-WR-53

Multiple Contact Resistance

William B. Kouwenhoven, Donald R.

Hagner



9 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts

This is a study of the joint contact re-

sistance in electrical circuits, particularly

those of high current, low impedance, such

as found m resistance welder secondary

circuits.

QL-15-WJ-54

High-Speed Motion Picture Photography

Applied to Resistance Welding

L. S. Goodman



5 pages, illustrations, sketches and chart's

The author recounts the development of

the high-speed motion picture camera up

to 10,000 frames per second, and its appli-

cation to resistance welding phenomenon.

He also briefly describes and illustrates re-

sults on follow-up of bench welders, per-

cussive welding and vibration and fatigue

testing.

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5.2 QL

f-Stt RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

QL-16-WJ-56

A Systems Analysis Approach to Air-

craft Spot-Weld Reliability

J. M. Peterson, E. R. Funk

(ioodycar Aircraft Corn.

The Welding Journal, July, 1956

5 pages, illustrations

The authors generalize on the current

status of quality control as applied to

aircraft spot welding. They feel that spot

weld quality control has not kept pace

with the industry developments, and sug-

gest that new thinking must be intro-

duced.

QL-17-WJ-55

Oscillographic Instruments in Spot

Welding Quality Control and Mainte-

nance

(ilenn Woodmaucy

Hoeing Airplane Company


8 pages, photographs, charts and oscillo-

grams


use of cathode ray and magnetic oscillo-

graphs on spot welders.

QL-18-WF-56

Production Control of Flash-Butt Weld-

ing

W. Glage, A. J. Walsh


Oct. 1956


The authors describe a system of triple

strip chart and indicating meters for trac-

ing functions of a flash-butt welder. The

three elements measured and recorded

are secondary current, platen travel and

platen force.

QL-19-WR-62

Fatigue Testing Resistance Spot Welds

in Shear

D. S. Kalbfleich

Budd Company

E. E. Weismantel

Beryllium Corporation

Welding Beseareh Supplement, January.

1962

5 pages, sketches, charts and photographs.

The authors report on the results of a

program on welded sandwich panels.

The report deals with cyclic transverse

shear loads and longitudinal shear loads

and plots those loads as a factor of the

number of spots.

QM-01-WE-53

Their Pay Went Up 25 % and More

Fred M. Burt



An illustrated description of an incen-

tive plan instituted in a plant fabricating

(Welding) aircraft fuel tanks.

QM-02-W F-60

Capacitor Discharge Welding

Stan" Article

Welding and Metal Fabrication, April, 1960


A short description of bench welder and

control equipment for welding such com-

ponents as thermocouples, instruments,

etc.

QM-03-WF-50

Resistance Welding

R.Bushell

Sciaky Elec. Welding Machines. Ltd.


Sept. 1950


This is a general resume of various

forms of resistance welding as practiced

in England.

QM-04-IA-57

Eight Basic Resistance Welds Cut Costs

on Short Runs

E. J. Egan, Jr.

Staff Article



The author describes and amply illus-

trates several types of spot, projection and

special resistance welds, as found in a

typical plant manufacturing farm imple-

ments.

QM-05-WE-61

Fiber Metallurgy Promises Greater Ef-

ficiency in Resistance Welding

Harry Schwartzbart

Armour Research Foundation

Welding Engineer, March, 1961


The author oflcrs several advantages

to the use of Gber metal inserts for spot

seam, projection and upset-butt welds.

(Of course, it has some disadvantages,

loo.)

Fiber metal is a mat made from short

lengths of metal (Vs" to 14" long), then

inserting between the faying surfaces to

be welded.

QN-01-WJ-41

Demand Improvement for Resistance

Welding Loads

H. R. Crago



3 pages, photographs and chart

A general discussion of various means

(mostly motor-generator and series ca-

pacitors) for improving power factor of re-

sistance welding machines.

QN-02-WE-41

How to Determine Series-Capacitor Re-

quirements of Resistance Welders

R. E. Marbury


The Welding Engineer, Nov. 1941

3 pages, photograph, sketches and formu-

lae

Theoretical, but simple, equations and

formulae for estimating series capacitors

for Resistance Welding Machines.

QN-03-ST-42

How Series Capacitors are Used to Re-

duce Peak Demands of Resistance Weld-

ing Machines

R. E. Marbury


Steel, February 23, 1942

3 pages, photographs, oscillograms and

sketch

An outline of series capacitor require-

ments for resistance welders.

QN-04-WJ-17

Spot Welders with Series Capacitors

F. L. Brandt

Thomson Electric Welder Co.

The Welding Journat, June 1947

5 pages, with oscillograms

The author outlines in simple terms,

the nature of the resistance welding load

and its effect on the power supply system.

He also takes representative specific

example cases and works them out on a

cost basis. The oscillograms show line,

welder and capacitor voltage and line cur-

rent.

QN-05-FM-46

Series Capacitors Raise Power Factor of

Resistance Welders

R. E. Marbury



Feb. 1946

5 pages, illustrations, diagrams and tables

The paper explains the use of series

capacitors for power factor correction,

and outlines several methods of applying

them to welding machines.

Tables are given for welder and ca-

pacitor voltages for all uncorrected power

factors from 25% to 60%, also capacitor

data.

These tables provide a quick reference

for approximate capacitor application.

QN-06-LO-45

Resistance Welding ... A Good Load

L. W. Clark

Planning Eng. Detroit Edison Co.

Load, June, 1945


The author discusses the efTect of re-

sistance welders on the power companies'

lines. The so-called 'flicker" effect is

analyzed, together with the location of the

load in relation to distribution centers.

Since the Detroit Edison Company has

probably had more experience with re-

sistance welding loads than any other

major utility, the experience and general

policies of this Company might easily

serve as a guide to other utilities.

QN-07-LO-48

The Significance of Power Factor

R. M. Wilson, Jr.


Load, Dec. 1948

3 pages, charts and formulae

While this article does not refer to re-

sistance welding, it does give valuable in-

formation and data on the improvement of

power factor. While power factor im-

provement on resistance welders is gener-

ally accomplished on each machine by

series capacitors, this article discusses

overall plant or circuit correction with

shunt capacitors.

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5.2 QN

Page 1

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1-1-63

Bibliography

QN-08-EM-46

Power factor Correction Is the De-

signer's Responsibility

Staff Article

Electrical Manufacturing, Nov. 1946

2 pages, sketches and tables

This is an excerpt or abstract of an

article on Power Factor Correction bv

Ralph B. Giles A.M.I.E.E. in the Journal

of the Institution of Electrical Engineers,

Vol. 92, Part H, No. 30, December 1945.

Methods of operating single phase flash

welders from 3-phase lines are described.

QN-09-EM-53

Power Factor Measurement

E. E. Moyer

International Business Machines Co.

H. E. Zieman

Mass. Institute of Technology

Electrical Manufacturing, July & Aug. 1953


Part one of this article relates to the

characteristics and principles of operation

for usual power factor instruments.

Part two contains the power factor

analysis for non-sinusoidal wave form such

as that obtaining on a resistance welder

load controlled by ignitron tubes.

QP-01-WE-60

Fundamentals of Projection Welding

Douglas D. Williams

Surrey, England



An elementary article on projection

welding including photographs of cross

welds on steel tubing.

QQ-01-WJ-40

Scope and Limitations of Stored Energy

Type Spot-Welding Equipment

G. S. Mikhalapov

Baldwin Southwark Div.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

C. N. Weygandt

University of Pennsylvania

14 pages, oscillograms, charts, tables and

sketches

A mathematical study of Electro-

Magnetic type Stored Energy Machines.

See also—AQ-04-WE-40

QQ-02-WJ-45

Application of Capacitor Discharge to

Welding

H. J. Bichsel


E. Pittsburgh, Pa.


5 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts

A brief outline of Capacitor-Discharge

type of Stored Energy Machines.

QQ-03-WJ-46

Resistance Welding with Storage-Battery

Power

John D. Gordon

Progressive Welder Co.


6 pages, photographs and sketch

This is a factual description of Progres-

sive Welder Company's storage battery

(Electro-Chemical) Stored Energy Spot

Welder. It goes into considerable de-

tail on the construction of the contactor,

which is considered a vital part of the

equipment.

QQ-04-WJ-48

D.-C. Resistance Welding Utilizing Ki-

netic Energy Storage

Thos. J. Crawford


The Welding Journat, May 1948


A preliminary description of Progres-

sive Welder Company's Homo-Polar gen-

erator for welding power.

(See also QQ-05-WJ-50).

QQ-05-WJ-50

The Homopolar Generator for Resistance

Welding

Thomas J. Crawford




A further description of Progressive

Welder Company's direct current gen-

erator for resistance welding service.

See earlier preliminary paper, QQ-04-

WJ-48.

QQ-06-EM-48

Homopolar Generator the Basis of

Kinetic Stored-Energy Welder System

Staff Article

Electrical Manufacturing, Jan. 1948


A condensed description of this stored

energy system.

See also QQ-04-WJ-48, QQ-05-WJ-50.

QR-01-WF-55

The Radiography of Spot Welds in Light

Alloy Sheets

N. K. Gardner, E. A. Redwood

IIandley Page, Ltd.


July, 1955

5 pages, illustrations, graphs and radio-

graphs

The authors outline equipment and

methods used in the X-ray analysis of

spot welds. Techniques and means of ob-

taining acceptable results are given in

graphic form.

QS-01-WJ-51

Resistance Variations During Spot Weld-

ing

W. L. Roberts



15 pages, illustration, sketches and os-

cillograms. Also 2 pages of comment

by H. Udin, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology

In this paper, as the title implies, the

author analyzes the resistance factor in

the basic spot welding formula, H —

I'RTK.

In the study, low carbon and stainless

steel and 3S aluminum are used for the

work-piece material.

The author demonstrates that the work-

piece resistance is not constant during the

weld, consequently, neither is the current.

All of these variations are graphically

shown.

QS-02-WE-60

Theory and Practice of Spot Welding

Douglas D. Williams

Surrey, England

Welding Engineer, Sept. 1960

3 pages, sketches, tables and macrographs

The author explains and illustrates the

generation of heat in the work pieces in

a spot welding operation.

QS-03-WR-62

Evaluation of Resistance Seam Welds by

a Shear Peel Test

F. Y. Buer, M. L. Begerman

University of Texas



The authors point out the inadequacies

of the commonly used seam weld "peel

test," and recommend instead, a shear

peel test, which is similar, except that the

tension is applied to the sides of the weld,

rather than only to the start or finish.

QT-01-W5-47

Three-Phase Balanced Load Resistance

Welding Machines

J L. Solomon

Sciaky Bros.

The Welding Journat, May 1947


charts

The author outlines the principles of

the frequency-converter type of 3-phase

machine and presents graphs of various

relations on 3-phase machines vs-single

phase machines.

QT-02-WJ-48

The Resistance-Welding Characteristics

of the Dry Disc Rectifier Welder

C. E. Smith, R. H. Blair

The Taytor-Winfield Corp.


8 pages, photographs, sketches, macro-

graphs, charts and tables

A general outline of the dry-disc type of

3-phase welder, with charts and other

data on various types of rectifiers.

Secondary current wave-form is also

discussed, together with the effect of this

wave-form on the welding of various

metals.

(With discussion by various commen-

tators in Jan. 1949 issue).

QT-03-WJ-49

Three-Phase, Direct-Energy, Resistance-

Welding Equipment

J. H. Cooper



8 pages, photographs, charts, sketches and

oscillograms

A comparison of the rectifier type of

direct energy machine with the frequency

converter type.

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Bibliography

QT-04-WJ-49

Circuit Analysis of Frequency-Changer

Welders

W. K. Boice


The Welding Journal, October 1949


charts

A. theoretical analysis of the electrical

phenomena of the transition of power from

a 3-phase source to a single phase output.

(With discussion from several com-

mentators in Feb. 1950 issue).

QT-05-IP-50

KVA Reduction in Resistance Welding

Clyde C. Bassler


Industry and Power, July 1950

3 pages, photograph, tables and sketches

An outline of the 3-phase direct energy

welder, particularly from the viewpoint

of power supply.

QT-06-WJ-50

Spot and Seam Welding of Aircraft

Using D.-C. Current

J. H. Cooper



8 pages, photographs and tables

A series of case histories or applications

of rectifier type 3-phase spot welders in

several major aircraft plants.

QT-07-WJ-54

Balancing Ignitrons in Frequency Con-

verter Three-Phase Spot Welder

G. C. Woodmancy




The author outlines the elTect of un-

balanced ignition tubes and methods for

obtaining balance.

QZ-01-WF-50

Production of an All-Aluminum Motor-

car Body

C. E. Slade

Philips Electrical, Ltd.


April, 1950


The article outlines the const ruction

and production of the Dyna-Panhard

aluminum body. Mock-ups, tests, equip-

ment, etc. are shown.

QZ-02-WF-50

Flash Butt Welding—Aluminum Win-

dow Production

Staff Article


Nov. 1950


The article describes iu some detail the

Mash-butt welding of aluminum sash or

window frames. Preparation, finishing

and required equipment as used in Eng-

land are described.

QZ-03-WF-51

Production at the Pressed Steel Com-

pany

Staff Article

Welding ami Metal Fabrication, (Br.),

March, 1951


The article is of interest in that it de-

scribes British motor car body operations,

including spot and flash welding.

QZ-04-WE-51

How Northrop Aircraft Standardises Its

Flash Welding

Staff Article

The Welding Engineer, March, 1951


A description of flash welding and qual-

ity control at Northrop.

QZ-05-WF-51

Steel Radiator Production

Staff Article


April, 1951


The article describes and outlines all

operations in the manufacture of pressed

steel radiators, including several resistance

welding operations.

QZ-06-WF-51

Flash-Butt Welding Strip

Staff Article


July, 1951

1 page, illustrated

The article describes a recent installa-

tion of flash-butt welding equipment in a

continuous Welch pickle line.

QZ-07-WF-51

Production of the All-Welded Bicycle

Staff Article


Dec. 1951


The article describes in considerable

detail, the manufacture of bicycles by the

Enfield Cycle Company, Ltd. This is an

all-welded bicycle, and most of the joints

are flash welded. Most of these flash weld-

ing operations are clearly illustrated and

described.

QZ-09-WE-52

Welding Jets at Solar Aircraft

Clyde B. Clason


4J/£ pages, illustrated

A general description of all welding proc-

esses, including resistance, as practiced at

Solar Aircraft.

QZ-10-WF-52

Assembly by Multi-Point Spot Welding

C. E. Slade, F. Zellcr

Phillip's Electrical, Ltd.


April, 1952

7 pages, illustrations, sketches

The authors illustrate and describe the

operations of several Phillip's Multi-point

spot welders, built principally for the

British automotive industry. Some cost

studies are also given.

QZ-11-WE-52

Spot and Seam Welding at Northrop

Aircraft

Thomas A. Dickinson

The Welding Engineer, July, 1952


An outline of the growth of spot and

seam welding operations at Northrop

Aircraft.

QZ-12-WE-52

Welding Methods for Schwinn Bicycles

C. B. Clason


4 pages, with illustrations

A description of all the welding proc-

esses involved in the manufacture of bi-

cycles by Arnold Schwinn ft Company,

Chicago.

QZ-13-WF-52

Steel Fabrication at A. O. Smith

Staff Article

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.l,

Oct. 1952


The article describes and illustrates

various manufacturing operations on

flash-welded large diameter pipe, auto-

mobile frames, aircraft landing gears, etc.

QZ-14-WF-52

Spot Welding in the Construction of the

"Comet"

C. A. Burton



Nov. 1952



several spot welded applications on the

Haviland "Comet."

QZ-15-WF-53

Metal Fabrication in the Owen Or-

ganisation

Staff Article


Jan. 1953



various manufacturing operations at Ru-

bery, Owen and Company, Ltd.. includ-

ing automotive frames, wheels, rims, etc.

Many resistance welding operations are

descril>ed.

QZ-16-WF-53

High Speed Manufacture of Steel Drums

Alan Heathcote

Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br.),

June, 1953



typical manufacturing operations on 55

gal. steel drums in England.

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5.2 QZ


Bibliography

Page 1

1-1-63

QZ-17-WE-54

Refrigeration Plant of Tomorrow

Stall' Article

The Welding Engineer, Jan. 1951


A portrayal of welding operations

(mostly resistance) in the I lot point, Chi-

cago plant.

QZ-18-WF-54

Production of an All-Aluminum Motor-

car Body

C. E. Slade

Phillip's Electrical, Ltd.


April, 1951


A well illustrated article describing piin-

cipal spot welding operations on the Dyna-

Panhard car built by Panhard and

Levassor, Paris.

QZ-19-WJ-54

Flash Welding Tubing to Forgings

Staff Article

The Welding Journal. May, 1954

1 page, with illustration

A brief description of Hash welding, and,

(principally) proof-testing of Aircraft

landing gear structures, at Cleveland

Pneumatic Tool Company.

QZ-20-WE-54

Shotwelding Santa Fe cars

Herman C. Phelps



A description and illustration of shot-

welding operations on Santa Fe passenger

QZ-21-WF-54

Resistance Welding Developments at

Vauxhall Motors

Staff Article


July, Aug. 1954


This is a comprehensive illustrated

report on resistance welding operations

with description of operation and equip-

ment, plant flow lines, etc.

QZ-22-WJ-54

Jet Rings

Staff Article



The article briefly and non-technically

outlines the forming, flash welding and

fmishing rings for Jet engines, as procured

and used by Ryan Aeronautical Company,

San Diego, California.

QZ-23-MK-55

High Production Applications of Re-

sistance Welding

C. D. Shultheis

Frigidaire Division. G. M. C.

Modern Machine Shop, Jan. 1955

16 pages, sketches and illustrations

An informative article on resistance

welding operations on major home appli-

ances such as refrigerators, ranges and

washing machines at Frigidaire.

QZ-24-WJ-55

Doing It Better

William Brotherlon


The Welding Journat, Feb. 1955

2 pages—mostly illustrations

The article briefly describes and illus-

trates the "old" and "new" methods of

labor saving methods in resistance welding

by the substitution of automatic or power

operated handling equipment in place of

the older manually operated type.

QZ-25-ST-55

Resistance Welding May be the Answer

Thomas F. Ilruby

Associate Editor

Steet, May 30, 1955


The author briefly outlines several in-

stances where resistance welding has paid

off.

QZ-26-IA-55

Resistance Welding Simplifies Presswork

J. H. Bauer

Whirlpool Corp.

The Iron Age, Sept. 8, 1955


The article describes seam welding oper-

ations on washing machine tubs.

QZ-27-WE-55

Making Fan Guards Easier and Faster

Jack Fairlie



Spot welding operations on fan guards

at Berns Manufacturing Company.

QZ-28-WF-55

Welding and Metal Fabrication on the

Handley Page Herald

P. H. F. Burton, N. K. Gardner

Handley Page, Ltd.


Nov. 1955


Spot and roll-spot operations on this

medium size British commercial airliner,

containing over 100,000 spot welds are

described in non-technical language, and

illustrated.

QZ-29-IW-55

How Resistance Welding Solves a Stain-

less Tacking Problem

Staff Article

Industry and Welding, Dec. 1955


The article describes a special tack weld-

ing setup prior to seam welding stainless

steel rocket tubes at Rheem Manufac-

turing Company.

QZ-30-IW-55

Bench Type Welders Increase Produc-

tion 5000 per cent

Staff Article

Industry and Welding, Dec. 1955


A description of improvement in watch

main spring production at Hamilton

Watch Company by substituting precision

spot welding for riveting.

QZ-31-1W-56

Projection Welding in the Clutch

Charles Berka

Associate Editor

Industry and Welding, Jan. 1956

A description of hot riveting and pro-

jection welding operations on Ford clutch

pedal assemblies.

Q2-32-1A-56

High Speed Welder Tests Own Joints

Glen Farrington

Whirlpool-Seegar Corp.

The Iron Age, May 15, 1956


A description of an automatic conveyor

type [machine that receives 9/16" diam.

rods 17" long from a magazine, and two

flanges from hoppers, automatically weld-

ing the flanges to the rods.

Each assembly is proof tested in a sepa-

rate machine, later to be tied in with the

welder.

QZ-33-WF-56

Motor Car Production in Prance

Staff Article


April, 1956


This article sketches operations at the

Renault Works in Paris. Portions of plant

layout, How lines and welding and as-

sembly operations are given.

QZ-34-WF-57

Spot Welding Applications in the Con-

tinental Railway Industry

C. A. Burton

Welding and Metal Fabrication, June, 1957


The article illustrates and describes

spot welding operations on railway pas-

senger cars, freight car bodies and loco-

motives as employed in France and

Germany.

QZ-35-WF-58

Fabrication of Hollow Steel Propeller

Blades

Frank J. Altmann

A. O. Smith Corp.


Aug. 1958


The author outlines manufacturing op-

erations in the fabrication of hollow alloy

steel propeller blades, starting from the

raw material, continuing through forging,

rolling, welding, heat treatment and

fmishing.

QZ-36-WF-59

Welding the Victor V-Bomber

C. A. Burton

Sciaky Electric Welding Machines. Ltd.

H. Tyte

Handley Page, Ltd.


April, 1959


The article outlines air frame spot weld-

ing operations at Handley Page. Quality

control procedures are given, together

with a tabulation of shear strengths.

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5.2 QZ

Page 2

1-1-63


Bibliography

QZ-37-WJ-59

Unitized Body Construction

Karl M. Sims

American Motors Corp.



By means of illustrations, mostly cut-

away views, the author shows and de-

scribes the construction of typical unitized-

welded frame-to-body automobiles.

QZ-38-MD-60

Die Position Controls Helix Pitch in

Endless-Tube Machine

Staff Article

Machine Design, Feb. 4,1960


The article, by illustrations and sketches,

shows the manufacture of helically wound

endless tube or pipe.

QZ-39-WE-60

New Method Simplifies Fln-to-Tube

Welding

Staff Article



The article briefly describes edge weld-

ing fins to tubing with high frequency

inductors.

QZ-40-WF-59

Automatic Spot Welding on the New

B.M.C. Baby Cars

Staff Article

Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Oct.,

1959


The article deals principally with multi-

spot and transfer type welding machines

used in the manufacture of British Motor

Corporation cars.

QZ-41-WF-59

Truck Cab Fabrication

T. J. Palmer

Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.),

August & September, 1959



principal spot welding (with jigs and port-

able equipment) on Dodge Brothers,

(British) Ltd., truck and tractor cabs.

QZ-42-WF-60

The Production of Cable Chains

Staff Article

Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Jan.,

1960


This article describes welded chain

manufacture at the plant of Brown, I>>nox

and Company, Ltd., England.

The complete plant for bending, flash

welding, trimming and heat treatment for

chain up to I 'm. diameter bar size is de-

scribed and illustrated.

QZ-43-WF-60

Fabricating Components for Commer-

cial Vehicles

T. J. Palmer

Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Jan.,

1960


This article describes press and soot

welding methods employed by British

Light Steel Pressings, Ltd., London.

Truck cabs are principally covered, and

welding operations consist of press welders,

multiple spot welders and portable welders

with jigs and fixtures.

QZ-44-WF-60

High Speed Car Body Production

Staff Article

Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.),

April, 1960


This article describes and illustrates

press and welding operations on automo-

tive bodies at the Pressed Steel Company,

Ltd., at Stratton, England.

Principal body components are dis-

cussed, from the sheet to the welded

product.

Automated lines are adequately covered.

This is reported to be one of the largest

and most modern resistance welding plants

in Europe.

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5.2 RG


Bibliography

RG-01-WJ-46

Resistance Welding on Stainless Steel

Aircraft Engines and Accessories

Frank G. Harkins, W. L. Hales

Solar Aircraft Co.

The Welding Journal, January 1946


sketches

The authors describe spot, seam and

flash welding operations on aircraft com-

ponents, such as, manifolds, heat ex-

changer, cowling, etc.

Inspection, testing and control pro-

cedure is also briefly outlined.

RG-02-WJ-52

Welding Characteristics of Materials for

Aircraft Oas Turbines

A. J. Rosenberg




macrographs

The author outlines, in non-technical

language some of the welding problems

connected with several high temperature

alloys, including, but not restricted to

Nos. 321 and 347 stainless, Timken Alloy

16-25-6, Inconel, Stellite and Titanium,

as well as some of the low alloys, such as

Yoloy, Corten.

RG-03-WE-52

How to Weld Stainless Steels

lister F. Spencer

Landers, Frary and Clark

The Welding Engineer, Oct. 1952

16 pages of welding, including five pages

on all forms of resistance welding, with

illustrations, sketches and bibles

Also attached is a staff article of five

pages of pre- and post-welding surface

preparation and finishing, including flame

cutting.

This is, as the Editor of the Welding

Engineer titles it, a short "Story of Stain-

less Steel".

RG-04-WJ-53

Resistance Welding Applications in Air-

craft Stainless Steels

D. O. Samuelson

Solar Aircraft Corp.

Tlie Welding Journal, July, 1953



several interesting spot, roll-spot and seam

welding applications in stainless steel as

well as some other metals. Welding

schedules for some of these jobs are

tabulated.

RG-05-AS-60

Resistance Welding Stainless Steel

Richard E. Paret

American Iron and Steel Institute

Assembly and Fastener Engineering, June,

1960

5 pages, illustrations.

This is a general outline of the resistance

weldability of the various alloys and

grades of stainless steel.

RM-01-WR-59

Internal-Stress Distribution of Single

Spot Welds in Relation to Their Fatigue

Life

G. Welter, A. Choquet

Ecole Polytechnic, Montreal

Welding Research Supplement, April, 1959

14 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches,


The authors report on the results of an

investigation to determine the basis for

improvement in fatigue resistance of spot

welds after treatment by specific hydro-

static and hydrodynamic compression.

RS-01-WJ-42

The "Shot-weld" Process of Welding

Stainless Steel "18-8"

Joseph Winlock, J. J. MacKinney

The Budd Co.



A general outline of spot welding Stain-

less Steel.

RS-02-WJ-47

Problems in Resistance Welding Stain-

less Steel Railway Car Structures

J. H. Van den Beem

The Budd Company

The Welding Journal, October 1947

6 pages with illustrations

With 15 production illustrations, the

author outlines spot and seam welding

operations on Budd-built railway cars.

RS-03-WJ-47

Resistance Welding of Spring Steel to

Low Carbon Steel

Arthur Willink

Professional Engineer

The Welding Journat, January 1947

2 pages, illustrations

A factual outline of the author's ex-

periences in spot welding spring clips to

harness and /or other types of steel snaps.

RS-04-WR-54

Effects of Prestressing on Fatigue

Strength of Spot-Welded Stainless

Steels

Andre Choquet, V. N. Krivobok, Georges

Welter

International Nickel Co., Ecole Poly-

technique, Montreal



macrographs

The authors point out that fatigue

strength as gauged by tensile strength,

fatigue strength ratio cannot be applied to

stainless steel spot welded joints.

Data are given for improvement of

fatigue strength by pre-stressing by hydro-

static compression, simple compression,

tension or hand peening.

RS-05-WF-51

Resistance Welding Alloy Steels

R. Bushel!


Nov., 1951


A Drief article giving some typical set-

ups for spot welding high alloy steel.

RS-06-WF-55

Resistance Welding of Stabilised Stain-

less Steel Strip

E. J. Keefe, D. R. Nash


Aug., 1955

6 pages, tables, sketches, macrographs and

micrographs

A report on the effect of welding vari-

ables m spot welded Columbium and

Titanium Stabilized Stainless Steel.

RS-07-WF-51

Resistance Welding Alloy Steels

R. Bushell



Nov., 1961

3 pages, photographs and macrographs

A brief outline on spot and seam weld-

ing operations on stainless steel and other

alloy steels.

RS-08-WF-55

Resistance Welding of Stabilised Stain-

less Steel Strip

E. J. Keefe, D. R. Nash

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.)

Aug. 1955

6 pages, graphs, micrographs, macro-

graphs and tables.

This paper deals largely with the metal-

lurgy of 18-8 stainless steel and the effect

of stabilization by titanium or columbium,

or a combination of the two, and the effect

of this stabilizing on spot welding.

RU-01-WJ-58

An Investigation of Lap Seam Welds in

17-7 PH Stainless Steel

E. J. Funk, A. C. Willis

Temco Aircraft Corporation


9 pages, illustrations, micrographs,

sketches, graphs and tables.

The authors report the results of a

study of roll seam welding 17-7 PH stain-

less steel, and also report on equipment

for measuring the non-sinusoidal second-

ary current of frequency converter ma-

chmes.

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5.2 SE

Page 1


Bibliography

SE-01-WR-58

Electrode-Tip Life Studies in Series Spot

Welding

li. F. INipi>es, W. F. Savage, S. M. Ro-

belotlo, K. E. Dorschu

Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute



charts

The authors report the results of a

study of electrode design in spot welding

auto-body stock, hot rolled, pickled and

lightly oiled. The conclusions indicate a

preference for this particular application

as being a tip with a 2-in. radius face.

SF-01-WR-45

Fatigue Properties of Flash Welds

I I. J. Grover, R. W. Bennett, G. M. Foley



19 pages, photographs, sketches, tables,

macrographs

The article consists of 3 parts:

1— bars |

2— plates 'All tests on S.A.E. 4130

3— tubes J

It details methods of flash-welding and

physical tests.

1 lowever, the study was rather limited

in its objective, but is detailed within its

scope.

SF-02-WJ-46

Flash Welding Alloy-Steel Rings

P. B. Scharf

Dresser Mfg. Company

The Welding Journat, April 1946

(Reprinted from "Iron Age", Aug. 16,

1945

4 pages, illustrations, micrographs, sketches

and tables

The article outlines procedures and re-

sults of the flash welding of large rings.

Of particular importance are the eco-

nomic advantages of flash-welding such

rings or hands over forging methods.

SF-03-WR-46

The Flash Welding of Hard-Drawn High-

Carbon Steel Wire

R. W. Bennett, R. D. Williams



12 pages, photographs, tables, sketches,

micrographs and macrographs

The paper details methods of welding

high-carbon wire and rod. It observes

that flash-butt welding is the best and

most satisfactory method of joining. It

also outlines "in-machine" heat-treating

to obtain maximum joint strength.

SF-04-WR-47

Flash Welding of Concentrated Areas Up

to 24 Sq. In. in S.A.E. 1020, NE 9440 and

NE 8620 Steels

D. Bruce Johnston

McPhee and Johnston, N.Y.C.



rographs, tables and sketches

A general, but inconclusive research

work on flash welding subject materials.

It is recommended, however, for general

study of the subject.

SF-05-WJ-49

Factors Affecting Quality of Production

Flash Welding

E. A. Sirabian

Arnold, Schwinn & Co.



This paper presents a comprehensive

outline of flash welding operations on

bicycle frames.

SF-06-WR-49

Influence of Consumption Rates on

Flash-Welding

W. N. Platte

Westinghouse Research Lab.


14 pages, photographs, sketches and

tables

This paper is, primarily, a study of the

relations of flashing rate (rate of feed),

flashing current and temperature, pre

sumably at the flash line.

SF-07-WJ-50

Production Butt and Flash Welding

H. J. Chamberland

The DoAll Company

The Welding Journal, June 1950


The author outlines welding procedures

which may be accomplished on small butt

welders.

SF-08-WR-51

Temperature Distribution During the

Flash Welding of Steel

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, J. J. Mc-

Carthy, £ S. Smith



17 pages, curves and tables

-l his article treats of the various factors

entering into the flashing operation for low

carbon steel. Die separation or platen

opening, cam design and flashing speed

are all studied and reported in a series of

curves.

By burying thermocouples in the work-

pieces, curves showing temperature gra-

dient throughout the welding cycle are

developed.

Only the flashing portion of the welding

cycle is considered, therefore, no actual

weld enters the picture.

(Refer to AF-04-WR-48 for a similar

report on aluminum flashing.)

SF-09-IA-52

Cores Simplify Machining of Flash

Welded Parts

J. Conlogue

International Harvester Co.

The Iron Age, May 8, 1952


When flash welding tubular or hollow

parts, removal of flash from the inside

sometimes presents a problem, particularly

where there is a ca vity at the weld, such as

presented in axle housings, caterpillar

track rollers, etc.

The author explains and illustrates a

method of inserting sand cores just be-

fore welding. These cores trap the weld

flash and are later punched out. A

clean-up machining operation is then read-

ily accomplished.

SF-10-WJ-52

Flash Welding of Components for Air-

craft and Similar Applications

J. H. Cooper

Taylor-Wi nfield Corp.


7 pages with numerous illustrations

As the title implies, the author describes

in some detail flash welding operations on

components for Automotive and Aircraft

applications. Many of these components

are illustrated, and welding process out-

lined.

All of the material used fall into the low

alloy class such as S.A.E. 4130, 4140,

4340, 8740, and A.M.S. 6371, 6324, 6413,

etc.

SF-11-WR-52

The Suitability of Various Steels for

Flash Welding

Erick liormann

An abstract of a German paper abstracted

by Dr. G. E. Claussen


3 pages, sketch and macrographs

The author observes that practically all

types of steel are readily flash welded

except those containing appreciable

amounts of silicon or aluminum.

He cites several commercial applica-

tions for various types of steel, and gives

test results of several of these.

SF-12-WR-53

Temperature Distribution During Flash

Welding of Steel—Part II

(See SF-08-WR-51 for Part I)

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, S. S. Smith,

J. J. McCarthy, G. Grotke


Wetding Research Supplement, March, 1953


The authors discuss the relative merits

of linear and parabolic flashing curves on

round and rectangular sections, of AISI

1020 steel.

The flashing rate and temperature

gradients for these sections are also dis-

cussed .

SF-13-WR-54

Study of the Cooling Rates in Flash

Welds in Steel

E. F. Nippes, Warren F. Savage, Gordon

Grotke, S. M. Robelotto




Cooling rates at the weld center in

AISI 1020, 4130, 4340 steels J.1 and % in.

thick.

The effects of platen acceleration and

die spacing are studied. Also the effects

of all variables on weld properties are

plotted and illustrated with micrographs.

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5.2 SF


Bibliography

SF-14-WJ-54

Flash Welding High Strength Alloy

Steels

W. G. Fassnacht

Bendix Aviation Corp.



The author outlines flash welding pro-

cedures for high-strength low-alloy steels.

Charts show machine set-ups.

_ The information and_ data relates prin-

cipally to aircraft landing gear structures

as furnished by Bendix Aviation Corpora-

tion.

SF-15-WR-55

Further Studies of the Flash Welding of

Steels

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, G. Grotke,

S. M. Robelotto




This paper reports on the effect of cool-

ing rates m flash welds in AISI 1020 and

A1SI4340 steels, and brings out the effects

on these cooling rates of such factors as

die spacing, amount of flash and upset

distance, flash and upset currents, as well

as the flashing curve or pattern.

SF-16-WF-53

Flash Welding High Tensile Steel Tubes

H. Brooks

Royal Aircraft Establishment


May, 1953

7lA pages, numerous curves and charts

The author presents a report on studies

of flashing variables in steel tubing, and

the effect on the finished weld.

SF-17-WF-53

Flash Welding High Tensile Steel Tubes

H. Brooks

Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnbor-

ough, England


May, 1953

8 pages, sketches and graphs

This paper reports on a study of the

flashing phase of flash welds in alloy steel

tubes.

Principal consideration dealt with tem-

perature gradients during the flashing,

the effects on flashing rate from speed of

stock feed, secondary voltage and current.

Thermocouples were used to record

temperatures at various increments in

distance from the interface. The principal

material used was VA in. O.D. X 11—

S.W.G. Steel tubes of the following com-

position;

C. MN. Si Cr. Ni. MO.

0.40 0.87 0.27 0.50 0.55 0.20

SF-18-WR-56

The Effects of Zinc Phosphate Coating

on FlaBh Welding of Steel Tubing

J. F. Young, A. Phillips

Douglas Aircraft Company


5 pages, illustrations, charts and tables.

As the title implies, this paper describes

the effect of surface zinc phosphate con-

tamination on the strength and ductility

of flash welds in steel tubing. The con-

clusions are that unless this coating is re-

moved prior to welding, brittle welds and

welds of low notch-bend strength may

result.

SF-19-WR-57

Studies of Upset Variables in the Flash

Welding of Steels

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, G. Grotke,

S. M. Robelotto



25 pages, micrographs, macrographs,

charts and tables

This is a report on a comprehensive

study of the variables affecting upset in

flash welded AISI—1020, 4130 and 4340

steel.

SG-0I-WF-5.S

Applying Resistance Welding to Pro-

duction

I. Jones

Joseph Lucas, Ltd.


June, 1953


The author outlines general applica-

tions of resistance brazing, projection

welding, and the equipment used.

SH-01-WR-45

Spot-Welding High-Tensile Steels with

Automatic Post-Heat Treatment


(Reprinted from Sheet Metal Industries,

Sept. 1944)

W. S. Simmie, A. J. Hipperson

9 pages, diagrams, charts, tables and

micrographs

The paper is the result of investiga-

tions conducted in the laboratories of the

Pressed Steel Company.

The authors outline test equipment and

procedures and plat results of various

analyses of steel—Welding and post heat

settings and technique. ,

SH-02-WR-46

Progress Report on the Spot-Welding of

High-Tensile Carbon and Low-Alloy

Steels

W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs



Part A—NE-8715—0.018" thick

NE-8630—0.031" thick

SAE-4340—0.031" thick

Part B—Comparison of Spot-Weld

Properties in Cold-Rolled

VS. NE-8630 Heat Treated Steel


The authors outline Welding and Post-

Heat Treatment on the above steels.

Comparative time and magnitude of

weld and post-heat current as well as time

intervals are given.

Advantages of automatic machine tem-

pering are given.

SH-03-WR-46

A Summary of the Spot Welding of High-

Tensile Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels


W. D. Doty, W. J. Childs


8 pages, tables and charts

The paper summarizes the work on the

subject at Rensselaer since 1941.

Mechanical properties, recommended

conditions and test results are summarized

for several types of steel.

SH-04-WR-47

The Heat Treatment of Spot Welds in

Steel Plate




12 pages, tables, curves, charts, micro-


The authors recommend the desired

heat treatment for various types and an-

alyses of steel. They also draw conclu-

sions on the value of heat treatment in the

machine.

SJ-01-WJ-60

Successful Welding of Foil Gages

G. R. Archer

Budd Company

Welding Journal, April, 1960

5 pages, illustrations, macrograph and

sketches

The author shows by curves, calculated

instantaneous interface temperatures in

thin gauges (under 0.010") such as used

in honeycomb or sandwich structures, and

suggested means for controlling these

temperatures by time and current means.

SJ-02-WR-60

Calculations for Temperature Response

in Spot Welds

G. R. Archer

Budd Company


4 pages, tables and graphs

The author attempts to show mathe-

matically or theoretically the temperature

response in specimens or workpieces in

spot welding and the effect of this re-

sponse on the control system.

SL-01-WR-54

Fatigue Tests of Spot Welds in Cor-Ten

and Mild Steel

Georges Welter, Andre Choquet

Ecole Polytechniqiie, Montreal


7 pages, tables, sketches and charts

The authors outline the equipment and

methods used.

Materials are 0.042-in. Cor-Ten and

0.037-in. Mild Steel.

Welding technique and schedules are

tabulated and the results plotted.

The paper deals principally with mul-

tiple spot welds.

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5.2 SL

1-U>3 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Bibliography

SL-02-WR-55

Measurement of Shunting Currents in

Series Spot Welding 0.036-in. Steel

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, S. M.

Robelotto



b'A pages, illustrations, sketches and

tables

'Phis paper reports on an investigation

to find the distribution and magnitude of

shorting or short-circuit currents in series

spot welding of 0.036-in. low carbon auto-

body steel.

The effect on tho short circuit current of

such variables as spot spacing, electrode

geometry, stock preparation and electrode

force was investigated.

The apparatus used to measure the

shunting currents is fully explained.

SL-03-WF-52

Quality Control of Spot-Welded As-

semblies

A. J. llipperson


March, 1952

Part I—4 pages, tables and charts

The author briefly and simply outlines

the general principles of spotwelding mild

steel and stainless steel. Typical machine

set-ups are given, with the effect of

changes or variations in set-up values.

(See SI>-01-WJ-52 for conclusion.)

SL-04-WF-52

Quality Control of Spot-Welded As-

semblies

A. J. llipperson



April, 1952

3 pages

This is the conclusion of SL-03-WF-52.

SI--05-ST-55

Weld Inspector Sees with Sound

1 .'"i J. Adams

Saginaw Steering Gear Division, G. M.

Steel, Dec. 5, 1955

2 pages, sketches and photograph.

The article describes the application of

ultrasonic weld inspection on a continuous

tube null. The device sounds an alarm on

the passage of a weld defect.

It is concluded that this inspection is as

good or better than all tests previously

used.

SI^06-WR-56

The Behavior of Spot Welds Under

Stress

John F. Rudy

Wright-Patterson A. F. Base

Roy B. McCauley, Robert S. Green




sketches

This is a report on research work done

U> determine the effects of various types of

stress loading on spot welds in 11 gage

Armco Iron.

The effects of welding variables are

plotted against the various types of load-

mg.

SL-08-WR-62

Strength of Two Flash Welded APM

Alloys at Elevated Temperatures

F. G. Nelson, R. J. Towner

Alcoa Research Laboratories

Welding Research Supplement. February,

1962

4 pages, micrographs, charts and tables.

This piper deals with flash welding and

physical properties of flash welded joints

in powdered aluminum alloys XAP001

and M-486 at temperatures ranging up to

1000° Fahr.

SM-01-WJ-57

Metal Gathering by the Resistance-

Heating Process

M. F. llaessly


Welding Journal. Feb. 1957


The author describes the processes by

which metal (steel) is upset and gathered

by means of localized resistance heating.

SM-02-WJ-60

Automatic Welding Procedures for Sheet

Metal Stampings

H. A. Franke, E. R. Hubbard

Ford Motor Company

Welding Journal, February, 1960

5 pages, illustration and sketches.

The authors outline some of the more

important factors to consider in automatic

handling of metal stampings into and out

of multispot welding presses.

SM-03-WJ-60

Research and Development of Continu-

ous-Welded Rail

G. M. Magee

Association of American Railroads



The author gives a history of the use of

continuous-welded railroad rail in this

country, all the welding methods employed

and their effectiveness. lie also explains

the problem of expansion and contraction

with formulae for calculating these

stresses.

SP-01-WJ-45

Resistance Welding for Economy and

Quality

Lester A. Mcintosh

Mcintosh Stamping Corp.


5 pages, illustrations, micrographs and

sketches

An outline of engineering and economic

factors involved in heavy projection weld-

ing.

SP-02-WJ-46

Projection Welding of Fasteners

Robert A. Reich

Ohio Bolt and Nut Co.



An outline on projection welding of

weldnuts and bolts.

SP-03-WJ-48

Modern Projection Welding

Robert A. Reich

Ohio Nut and Bolt Co.



A further outline of projection welding

of nuts and bolts—(See also SP-02-WJ-

46.)

SP-04-WR-47

A Study of Projection Welding

W. F. Hess, W. J. Childs




sketches and tables

A report of projection welding low car-

bon steel up to 0.125" thick. Metallurgi-

cal and physical qualities are discussed,

as well as the design of projections.

SP-05-WR-49

Further Studies in Projection Welding

W. F. Hess, W. J. Childs, R. F. Underhill,

Jr.




A general study of projection welding

steel, A.I.S.I.—1010, 1015 and 1020 in

thicknesses 0.040, 0.062, 0.125".

SP-06-WR-50

The Projection Welding of 0.010 and

0.020-In. Steel Sheet

E. F. Nippes, J. M. Gerken, J. C. Maciora



9 pages, micrographs, macrographs, tables

and charts

As the title suggests, this is a report of

experimental work on projection welding

thm gauges of steel.

SP-07-WR^52

Projection Welding of Steel in Heavy

Gages and in Dissimilar Thicknesses

Ernest F. Nippes, John M. Gerken



13 pages, sketches, tables and charts

Previous articles, (SP-04, 5, 6) have out-

lined projection welding in low carbon

steel in thicknesses from 0.010" to 0.125".

This article covers equal thicknesses of

0.187 in. and 0.250 in., and dissimilar

thicknesses of 0.040 in. to 0.062 in., 0.125

in., 0.187 in., and 0.250 in.

Proportions of projections, welding

schedules and results are plotted and tabu-

lated.

Recommended practices for the various

combinations are given.

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5.2 SP

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION l-TIt'

Bibliography

SP-08-WF-53

High Speed Automatic Projection Weld-

ing

C. K. Slade


Aug., 1953


A description of a machine for stamping

the disc from strip stock and projection

welding to a small diameter shell.

SP-09-WJ-55

Design and Application of Edge-Ring

Projection Welding

Chester A. Czohara

International Harvester Co.


8 pages, photographs, sketches and tables

This paper deals exclusively with annu-

lar projection welding spring brackets used

on motor trucks.

Complete setup and quality control data

are given.

SP-10-VYJ-55

Lower Part Cost by Projection Welding

C. H. Burgston

Deere & Company

The Wetding Journal, Nov. 1955


charts

This is one of the best articles in print

on practical resistance welding. It. is fully

illustrated with many and diverse actual

applications.

In addition to illustrations and descrip-

tions of special jobs, useful data are given

for more or less standard applications as

well as test and inspection data.

SP-11-TE-55

Projection Welding

Ralph H. Eshelman

The Tool Engineer, May, 1955

10 pages, photographs, tables and sketches


numerous typical projection welding jobs.

SP-12-WF-53

Projection Welding Studs and Bosses

R. Bushell


Feb., 1953


graphs

As the title suggests, the author de-

scribes resistance welding operations of

prepared parts for weldmg. Suggested

projection designs are given.

SP-13-WF-53

Applying Resistance Welding to Produc-

tion

I. Jones

Joseph Lucas, Ltd.


June, 1953



many types of projection welds, auto-

matic dial feed machines and timing con-

trols.

SP-14-WF-53

Projection Welding Studs and Bosses

R. Bushell

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Feb.

1953

3 pages, sketches, macrographs and micro-

graphs

The author reports on practical appli-

cations of stud to plate welds, also, an-

nular projection welds. Indefinite ma-

chine settmgs are given, but these cannot

be classed as welding schedules.

SP-15-WF-53

High-Speed Automatic Projection Weld-

ing

C. E. Slade


Aug. 1953


The author outlines to some extent the

economics of high speed automatic and

semi-automatic welding machines and de-

scribes their operation on a few specific

examples.

SP-16-WJ-58

Schedules for Spot Welding Projection

Hardware to Mild-Steel Sheet and Plate

O. K. Barnes, Jr.



13 pages, illustrations, sketches and 22

tables of welding schedules for projection

weld nuts, screws, studs, etc.

The paper deals with electrode require-

ments all set-up variables that have been

experimentally determined, as well as

weld-strength values.

SP-17-AS-59

The Design and Application of Weld

Fasteners

Ray H. Smith

Associate Editor

Assembly and Fastener Engineering, July

and Aug. 1959


The author outlines and describes

several types of application, illustrates

many types of fasteners, but no welding

schedules, and, essentially, no welding in-

formation is given.

SP-18-WJ-60

Ring-Projection Welding of Low-Carbon

Steel Munitions

Michael J. Welther, Salvatore M. Ro-

belotto

Sciaky Brothers

The Welding Journat, Feb. 1960

8 pages, illustrations, tables and macro-

graphs

The authors describe various designs

of ring-projection closure welds, physical

properties and welding schedules for ob-

taining such welds.

SP-19-WJ-61

Projection Welding Low-Carbon Steel

Using Embossed Projections

J. F. Harris, J. J. Riley

Tavlor-Winfield Corp.


13 pages, illustrations, macrographs,

sketches and tables.

The authors outline the general prin-

ciples of projection welding and analyze

such factors as projection design, shape

and dimensions, spacing, material, etc.

Welding schedules for typical ranges.

Welding schedules are given.

SR-01-WR-5"

Spot Welding of a l2%-Cr Martensitic

Stainless Steel

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, L. C. lan-

niello, W. A. Owczarski



7 pages, tables, sketches, graphs and

macrographs

The authors report welding techniques

and optimum schedules for spot welding

0.007, 0.015, and 0.022-in. type 422 modi-

fied stainless steel. Since brittle marten-

site forms in these welds, it is necessai \ to

temper the weld. Data for both furnace

and machine tempering are given.

SS-02-WR-46

The Spot Welding of NE-8715, HE-8630

and SAE 4340 Steel, 0.068" thick




6 pages, tables, graphs and photomacro-

graphs

The paper deals with experimental work

on the subject.

Heat treatment and metallurgical con-

siderations are particularly outlined on

the types and thicknesses in the subject.

SS-03-WR-45

Spot Welding NE-8715, KE-8630, and

SAE—4340—0.125" thick




10 pages, illustrations, macrographs, charts

and tables

The paper deals primarily with metal-

lurgical and heat treatment consider-

ations associated with spot welding the

listed steels.

Conclusions—based on above consider-

ations indicate the desirability of a fairly

complete study of all variables in deter-

mination of final results. In other words,

figures are given for various functions

which may be considered for any con-

sideration of contemplated operations.

SS-04-WJ-46

Variation in Quality of Spot Welds in

Low-Carbon Steel Over a Range of Weld-

ing Variables

J. J. Riley



10 pages, macro-graphs, charts and tables

In this article, the author sets up three

classes of spot welds, viz.

Class A—Highest strength quality, and

resulting from short weld time,

high electrode force and high

current.

Class B—Medium quality, and resulting

from medium time-current-force.

Class C—Good quality, and resulting

from long time, low current and

low force.

Various comparisons for the three

classes are given.

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5.2 SS


Bibliography

SS-05-WR-46

Selecting Spot-Welding Schedules for

Low-Carbon Steel

Julius Heuschkel




graphs, and tables.

This is a very comprehensive report in 5

parts, in which the author builds up a

single spot weld through all its possible

variables to its maximum strength. He

then gives welding schedules and variables

for spot-welded joints.

Values for low carbon steel up to 0.015

carbon, 60,000 psi strength and 0.5" thick

are given.

All variables and possibilities entering

the welding schedules are considered and

discussed.

SS-06-WR-47

A Preliminary Investigation of the Spot

Welding of Scaly and Rusty Structural

Steel

W. D. Doty

Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.

W. J. Childs

Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.



and tables

The authors give the results of investi-

gation of spot welding scaly rust-free steel

and scaly, rusty steel.

Fairly satisfactory and uniform results

are obtained with the rust-free steel by the

use of a variable electrode force cycle,

while the results obtained from the scaly

stock are not so satisfactory. Also elec-

trode deterioration in the scaly stock is

more severe.

SS-07-WR-47

Some Metallurgical Aspects of Carbon

Steel Spot Welding

Julius Heuschkel



23 pages, micrographs, macrographs,

charts, sketches and tables

This paper reports the results of studies

on heat-treated and untreated spot welded

specimens to determine the influence of

carbon content, thickness and initial

properties of steels up to H" thick and

1.09 carbon.

SS-08-WR-47

The Fundamentals of Spot Welding

Steel Plate

W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty

Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.

W. J. Childs

Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.



sketches, charts and tables

The following findings are reported:

1. Pulsation welding offers no advantage

over single impulse welding.

2. A preheat period with high electrode

force and low current is desirable.

3. Minimum spot spacing limiting shunt-

ing effect to 10% is 5 times the weld

diameter.

SS-09-WJ-48

Spot Welding of Mild Steel in Produc-

tion

N. E. Wheeler

GMC Truck & Coach Div.

Tlie Welding Journal, August 1948

2 pages, photographs

A short, non-technical, but practical

article covering design, control, operator

training, machine maintenance and in-

spection.

SS-10-WR-49

Tests of Spot Welds for Light Steel

Structures

Otto Graf

Stuttgart, Germany

Translated by G. E. Claussen



The article discusses mechanical

strengths of arc-plug-welds and spot welds

under repeated tensile loads.

SS-1l-WR-49

Spot Welding of Heavy-Gage Structural

Steel

Ernest F. Nippes

Robert F. Underhill




The authors report that satisfactory

results are obtained in structural steel

up to W thick.

Recommended conditions for spot weld-

ing and tempering are given.

SS-12-WR-44

The Spot-Welding Properties of Rust-

Proofed Mild Steel Sheet

W. S. Simmie, A. J. Hipperson

Pressed Steel Company, Cowley, England


4 pages, micrograph, macrograph and

tables

The article deals with spot-welding prop-

erties of steel having been treated by vari-

ous rust or corrosion resistant processes.

This rust-proofing, however, does not in-

clude painting, of any kind.

Various processes are outlined, viz:

a) Phosphate (bonderizing, parkerizing),

b) Alkaline Oxidation, (Brunofix), c)

Browning, d) Thermal (Sheradizing), e)

electro-deposition (zinc and tin plate),

f) galvanized or hot dip zinc plate.

SS-13-WJ-50

The Resistance Welding of Mild Sheet

Steel

W. S. Simmie

Pressed Steel Co., Cowley, Eng.



This is a general discussion and com-

parison of spot-welding practices in Eng-

land and the U. S. A.

SS-14-VvTt-49

Fatigue Tests of Spot-Welded Steel

Sheets

Georges Welter

Ecole Polstechuique (Montreal)


25 pages, photographs, charts, sketches

and tables

A comprehensive report of the results

of fatigue tests on both low carbon and

Stainless Steel sheets and considerations

of possible methods of securing raised en-

durance limit of spot welds.

SS-15-WR-49

Spot Welding Galvanized Steel

M. L. Begeman, M. L. Hippie, L. Cullum,

Jr.

University of Texas


10 pages, photographs, sketches, micro-

graphs and charts

The paper starts out with a statement

of the problems involved in spot welding

galvanized steel and then sets forth ex-

perimental procedure for securing satis-

factory results.

Since one of the major problems is elec-

trode tip pick-up, considerable attention is

given to electrodes and electrode refrig-

eration.

This paper reports only on 20 X 22

gage hot dipped galvanized steel with vari-

ous thickness coatings.

SS-16-WJ-47

Shunt Circuit Impedance in Spot Weld-

ing 78, 7j and >/," MUd Steel

R. H. Blair



6 pages, charts and sketches

A report on short-circuiting effect of

spot welds with various spot spacings.

SS-17-WR-51

Spot Welding of Scaly Heavy-Gage

Structural Steel

Ernest F. Nippes, John N. Ramsey



9 pages, photographs, charts and tables

This paper consists of a report on the

spot-welding of rust-free scaly A" and

%" thick structural steel.

Rust but not mill scale was removed by

wire brushing and the weld sequence con-

sisted of a high-pressure low-current pre-

heat followed by a low-pressure high cur-

rent weld period.

The authors conclude that spot-welding

scaly stock under the above conditions is

reasonably satisfactory and compares

favorably with grit-blasted stock. But

even under the best conditions, spitting

and expulsion cannot be eliminated.

SS-18-WJ-52

Large Scale Welding Done on Chevrolet

Front Frame Members

L. E. Feeney

Chevrolet Div. G.M.C.

The Welding Journal, December 1952


The author describes welding opera-

tions, (including several resistance weld-

ing operations) on these frame members.

Over four million of these assemblies were

produced in less than 3 Yi years.

This is a news story with no technical

information included.

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5.2 SS

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION \-i-61

Bibliography

SS-19-WJ-52

Corrosion of Structural Spot Welds

B. Karnisky, E. Kinelski, E. Gruca

Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing

Company

Tlie Welding Journat, October 1952

14 pages, illustrations, sketches, micro-

graphs, macrographs and tables

1 his is a comprehensive study and re-

port on corrosion of spot welds, particu-

larly in low-alloy, high-strength steel, and

also, as encountered in railway service.

The authors stress the importance of

high quality welds to start with, followed

by proper protective sealing and adequate

mai nte nance.

SS-20-WJ-52

The Expression of Spot-weld Properties

Julius ileuschkel


Tlie Welding Journat, October 1952


Through the various data presented, the

author reasons that spot-weld properties

can be expressed in formula form, with the

principal basis being the known quality

of the material (analysis and physical

properties) and the diameter of the weld

nugget.

This pie-supposes relatively uniform

weld quality consistency.

The study relates to carbon-manganese

steel within the ordinary thickness strength

and composition ranges.

SS-21-WR-51

Static and Fatigue Tests on Spot-

Welded Trusses

Artemy S. Joukoff

(Abstract by G. E. Claussen)


2 pages, illustration, sketches and tables

This is an abstract of a report of a re-

search program on structural sections of

)i" thickness and under.

The research was subsidized by the

Belgian Institute for Scientific Research

and was reported in Revue de la Soudure,

Vol. 6, No. 3 (1950).

SS-22-WR-54

Series Spot Welding of 0.036-in. Auto

Body Steel

Ernest F. Nippes, Frederick II. Domina



9H pages, illustrations, sketches, tables

and charts

As the title suggests, the authors report

on series welding of 0.036-in. as received,

decreased and pickled auto body stock.

Such factors as electrode geometry elec-

trode force, weld time, spot spacing, etc.

are reported on, as well as shunt current.

Time-current curves are given.

SS-24-WF-54

Increased Scope of Spot Welding

Staff Article


May, 1954



several examples of spot welding opera-

lions on small parts.

SS-25-WF-53

Spot Welding of Mild Steel (EN2C) and

Corten Alloy Steel for Structural Pur-

poses

W. S. Simmie

Weldino and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),

May, 1953


The author reports on tests on spot

welds in J^"thick mild steel to mild steel,

corten to corten and corten to mild steel.

In all three types, heat treatment either

in the machine or in a furnace do not in-

crease the shear strength, but tensile

strength is doubled by both furnace and

machine heat treatment. Welding sched-

ules and heat treatment details are

tabulated.

SS-26-VVIC-56

Spot Welds Under Stress

Lt. John F. Rudy

U. S. A. F.

Prof. R. B. McCauley, Prof. R. S. Green


Welding Engineer, May, 1956

2 pages, with macrographs and sketches

The authors describe a microscopic

study of grain structure as the specimen

is subjected to increasing tensile strain.

Three sets of weld variables, force, time

and electrode shape are charted.

SS-27-WF-57

Spot Welding Medium and Heavy Girder

Structures

C. A. Burton

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.)

Sept. 1957


A description of the equipment, both

portable and stationary, and the opera-

tions for spot welding structural members.

Test comparisons of spot welded U. S.

riveted structures are illustrated.

SS-28-WJ-58

Spot Welding of Bail Steel

D. Canonico, II. Schwartzbart

American Research Foundation

The Welding Journat, May, 1958


graphs

The authors report the result of an in-

dustrial survey of companies that are

currently spot welding rail steel success-

fully in the course of fabricating their

various products. (Usually referred to as

"re-rolled rail stock.")

SS-29-WJ-58

Evaluation of Spot Welds Made Through

Primers and Sealers

E. A. Schevo

Ordnance Tank-Automotive Command,

Detroit Arsenal

The Welding Journat, Aug. 1958


macrographs

Various types and gages of steels and

several sealers were tested, and results

tabulated and photo-macrographed. The

author's conclusions are that primers and

scalers tested have no detrimental effect

on weld strength of spot welds when made

according to specification MIL-W-6858,

Amendment 1.

SS-30-WR-59

Effect of Backup Variables on Series

Spot Welding of Steel

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, K. E. Dorschu

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Welding Research SupplemerU, Feb. 1959

8 pages, sketches and curv(is

The authors report and chart the effects

of backup variables as well as spot spacing,

and the magnitude of shunting currents in

the sheet contacted by the electrodes.

SS-31-WB-60

Effect of Steel Backup Blocks on Series-

Spot Welding

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, K. C. Wu



6 pages, sketches

The authors measured all secondary

currents involved in series spot welding

automobile tody stock (0.037-in.). This

included total secondary current with the

percentage of this current going through

tolh sheets being welded as well as the

backup shunting block. The results of

this research, involving electrode spacing,

stock preparation and weld quality are

tabulated and presented graphically.

SS-32-WE-59

Spot Welding Procedures and Design

I>ester F. Spencer

Welding Engineer, Sept. and Nov. 1959

8 pages, sketches, graphs and diagrams

A general outline of spot welding prin-

ciples and procedures, particularly as ap-

plied to sheet steel. Such factors as spot

spacing, flanges, etc., are discussed.

SS-33-WR-60

Spot Welding of Carbon Steel

I. W. Johnson


Welding Research Supplement, March,

1960

8 pages, tables, macrographs and sketches

The author outlines weld procedure and

technique for spot welding steel with car-

ton content ranging from 0.10 to 0.45%.

and accompanies it with weld schedules

and recommended practices for gauges

0.010-in. to J/j" for single impulse and J g

to Vie for pulsation welds.

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5.2 SS

Page 3

1-1-63


Bibliography

SS-34-WF-50

Spot Welding

A. J. Hipperson



March, 1950

6 pages, charts and tables.

Tins paper compares British and Ameri-

can practices on spot welding mild sheet

steel. Actually the comparison is between

"Recommended Practices for Resistance

Welding." AWS—1946 and the British

counterpart prepared by the British Weld-

ing Research Association—1944-1948.

SS-35-WF-50

Formulae for Obtaining Optimum Set-

tings for the Spot Welding of Clean

Mild Steel

R. W. Humpage, B. C. R. Burford


Dec. 1950

8 pages, charts, sketches and tables

As the table suggests, the authors sug-

gest formulae for establishing machine

settings to secure optimum results from

spot welding variables in clean mild steel.

SU-01-WR-55

Seam Welding Low Carbon Steel

M. L. Begeman, Gene C. Walker

University of Texas


6^2 pages, photographs, macrographs and

charts

This paper is a report on a basic study

on the seam welding of low carbon steel

sponsored by the Resistance Welder Man-

ufacturer's Association. SAE-1010 steel

0.031, 0.049 and 0.078 steel is used.

All welding variables as well as test

results are fully discussed.

SU-02-WR-55

Seam Welding Dissimilar Thicknesses

of Low-Carbon Steel

M. L. Begeman, E. J. Funk

University of Texas


6 pages, macrographs, radiographs and

sketches

This paper is a report on a basic study

on the seam welding of low carbon steel

sponsored by the Resistance Welder Man-

ufacturer's Ass'n.

Welding variables and their effect on the

weld strength and quality are outlined.

SU-03-WR-56

Electrical and Metallurgical Character-

istics of Mash Seam Welds

E. J. Funk, M. L. Begeman

University of Texas


10 pages, illustrations, sketches, charts

and macrographs

This is a comprehensive analysis of

mash seam weldmg low carbon steel

sheets. Macrographs and charts show the

effects of varying welding force, current

and speed. Recommended welding sched-

ules are given for 0.031, 0.050 and 0.078-

in. low carbon steel.

SU-Ot-WR-56

Metal Finish Seam Welding

W. J. Allen, M. L. Begeman

University of Texas


7 pages, sketches, charts and macro-

graphs

The authors describe a third and new

type of seam welding which they have

termed "Metal Finish." With this type,

the overlap is considerable—about the

same as an ordinary lap-seam weld. By

means of specially shaped electrodes and

proper positioning of the work in the elec-

trodes, one side can be left essentially

without marking, while on the other side,

the lapped edge is thrown out at an angle

determmed by the electrode face angle.

Thus, the weld on one side is smooth and

virtually invisible, while on the other, an

open "hem" results.

SU-05-WE-57

Mash Welder Cuts Waste in Joining

Sinks

Stalf Article

Welding Engineer, Feb. 1957


A non-technical article describing mash

seam welding and finishing double bowl

sinks.

SU-06-WR-58

Seam Welding Galvanized Steel (Part I

of 2)

W. J. Allen

Shell Development Company

M. L. Begeman

University of Texas


5 pages, illustrations, charts and macro-

graphs

The authors outline studies on roller

seam welding 22 gauge hot dipped gal-

vanized (zinc coated) steel, with various

patterns and welding variables, both with

continuous and interrupted current.

The report results of electrode pick-up,

weld strength and weld destruction of the

coating with methods of achieving opti-

mum results.

SU-07-WR-59

Effect of Zinc Coatings on Resistance

Seam Welding of Sheet Steel (Part 2)

C. W. Volek

El Paso Natural Gas Co.

M. L. Begeman

University of Texas


9 pages, graphs, sketches, macrographs

The authors outline the problems of

seam welding zinc coated steel, and by

means of charts and tables give satisfac-

tory schedules and techniques for welding

this material.

SU-08-WJ-60

Butt Welding Steel Sheet by the Foil-

Seam Process

L. W. Mecklenborg

Precision Welder and Flexopress Corpora-

tion

The Welding Journat, Jan. 1960

10 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables

and macrographs

The author describes the process of butt-

seam welding two steel sheets with steel

strip (usually Vs" wide X 0.010-in. thick)

between the sheet joint and the welding

wheels.

SU-09-WJ-61

Series Spot Welding of Missile Fins

D. W. Herold

General Dynamics Corporation

Welding Journal, July, 1961


A specialized seam and roll spot applica-

tion for missile components.

SU-10-WE-62

Seam Welding Assures Top Joint In-

tegrity

L. F. Spencer

Metallurgical Engineer


3 Yi pages, illustrations and tables.

This article illustrates and describes

seam welding out-turned flanges of stacked

011 furnace combustion chamber com-

ponents. The welding wheels are set at a

12><>0 angle and are driven by air motors.

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5.2 TB

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION KKb

Bibliography

TB-01-WJ-53

The Brazing of Titanium

N. A. DeCecco

Illinois Institute of Technology

John M. Parks

Air Reduction Company


11 pages, illustrations, micrographs, mac-

rographs, sketches and tables

The article includes brazing by all prac-

tical methods—resistance, induction, torch

and furnace.

Ultimate shear strength tables show

streiigth for various lengths of resistance

heating time.

TB-02-WE-53

New Technique for Brazing Aluminum

to Titanium

Thomas A. Dickinson

The Welding Engineer, Jan. 1953


The author describes a method for

brazing by several heat sources, including

resistance, aluminum to titanium, par-

ticularly in thin gauges.

TF-01-ST-52

Titanium Alloys Flash Welded Easily

I. A. Oehler

American Welding & Mfg. Co.

Steel, July 15, 1952

Two pages, with illustrations

The author states that flash butt weld-

ing of Titanium alloys presents less diffi-

culties than some other fabricating oper-

ations.

Some machine settings for welding \$'

diam. bars are given.

The author also states that welded areas

of 2 sq. in. have been welded; also that

he sees no reason why areas several times

greater cannot be welded. Reference is

made to welds of titanium to aluminum

and carbon steel, which appears to give

satisfactory results.

Heat treating and cracking problems

are briefly mentioned.

TF-02-WR-55

The Flash Welding of Commercial

Molybdenum—Part I

Ernest F. Nippes, Wen H. Chang




The authors discuss particularly the

temperature gradients during flashing }<j"

sintered and wrought molybdenum rods.

Apparatus, setups and test results are

given.

TF-03-WR-55

The Flash Welding of Commercial

Molybdenum—Part II

E. F. Nippes, W. H. Chang




and tables

A report on the effect of bend ductility

of arc-cast and sintered molybdenum by

such factors as die spacing and upset dis-

tance. It also reports on the effect of

inert gas shielding.

TF-04-WE-58

Flash-Butt Weld Procedures for Ex-

truded Titanium Parts

R. N. Foster

Cleveland Welding Div.

Welding Engineer, Feb. 1958


A non-technical article on flash welding

technique for extruded titanium rings.

TF-05-WR-61

Properties of Flash-Welded Molybdenum

Krnest G. Thompson, Harold Binder

Marquardt Corp.

Harold Collins

Dresser Mfg. Div.



A report on the flash welding of arc-cast

molybdenum with 0.5% titanium with

subsequent hot working.

TG-01-WJ-52

Titanium

A duPont News Release

The Welding Journat, April 1952

2 pages

This short article has nothing to do with

welding, except that some worth while

information concerning this important

metal is included.

TG-02-WJ-52

Resistance and Fusion Welding of Tita-

nium and Its Alloys

E. F. Holt, W. H. Moore

P. R. Mallory & Co.

The Welding Journal, March 1952

4 pages, micrographs and tables

The authors tabulate the principal physi-

cal properties of several titanium alloys

and compare these with steel, stainless

steel and 24 S-T aluminum.

Spot and flash welding characteristics

are briefly outlined together with specific

information concerning some actual welds.

TG-03-WE-51

Titanium Is Weldable

Thomas A. Dickinson


3 pages, illustrations, tables and charts

The author shows by charts how time,

current and electrode force affect weld

strength. Also included is a tabulation of

physical properties of some titanium

alloys, as well as recommended practices

for spot welding 0.068" sheets.

TG-04-WJ-53

Some Recent Advances in the Welding

of Molybdenum

W. H. Kearns, 11. B. Goodwin, D. C.

Martin


E. Eichen



7 pages, with illustrations, sketches and

tables

The authors outline a method of pro-

ducing ductile upset-butt welds in com-

mercially pure molybdenum.

TG-05-WR-54

Joining of Molybdenum

James II. Johnston, llarrv Udin, John

Wulfl

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Welding Research Supplement, Sept. i954


macrographs

The paper is a review of the literature on

the welding of molybdenum, but in par-

ticular, outlines research work carried on

at the Institute on resistance welding,

principally spot welding and butt-welding

m various controlled atmospheres.

TL-01-WR-53

Tension, Shear and Impact Strengths of

Spot-Welded Titanium Joints

M. L. Begeman, E. H. Block, Jr., Frank

W. McBee, Jr.

University of Texas



The authors plot tension-shear, direct

tension, tension impact, shear impact,

indentation, penetration, weld nugget

diameter against welding current and weld

time, all in commercially pure 22, 24 and

25 gauge titanium sheet.

TM-01-ST-61

Refractory Metals Emerging as Struc-

tural Materials

Staff Article

Steel, May 8, 1961


This is a fairly extensive article on the

properties, uses and sources of the so-

called exotic or refractory metals. While

these are for the most part difficult to

weld, a study of their properties will assist

in developing welding possibilities and

further usage.

TS-01-WR-51

The Physical and Metallurgical Charac-

teristics of Spot-Welded Titanium

M. L. Begeman, F. W. McBee, Jr., J. C.

Fontana

University of Texas


6 pages, micrographs, macrographs and

curves

Spot-welding procedures and techniques

on commercially pure titanium sheet 0.021

in., 0.026 in. and 0.031 in. thick were

studied, and the results reported.

TS-02-WJ-52

Spot Welding of Titanium Alloy Sheet

M. L. Begeman, E. H. Block, Jr., Frank

W. McBee, Jr.

University of Texas


6 pages, charts and macrographs

This paper reports the results of an

investigation of spot welding 0.031 in.

thick TI-100A Titanium.

Particular attention is given to weld

strength, penetration, indentation, hard-

ness and micro-structure.

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5.2 TS

Page 1


Bibliography

TS-03-WJ-52

Forming and Welding of Titanium

Francis H. Stevenson

Aerojet Eng. Corp.


7 pages, illustrations, tables and macro-

graphs

The paper is devoted principally to cold

forming and inert-arc butt-welding pure

titanium Ti-75A.

The results of one series of spot welding

tests on 0.063 in. thick stock is reported.

TS-04-WR-53

Effects of Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen

on Welds in Titanium

D. C. Martin




rographs, sketches and tables

The article deals with both spot welding

and inert-arc shielded arc weld. Weld-

ability tests were made on unalloyed iodide

and sponge titanium sheet and on ti-

tanium-oxide and titanium-nitrogen alloys,

using sponge titanium.

The article includes stock preparation

and test data.

TS-05-WJ-53

Spot Welding of Titanium-Carbon

Alloys

E. F. Holt

N. L. McClymonds

P. R. Mallory & Company, Inc.

F. H. Vandenburgh

Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp.

The Wetding Journal, Nov. 1953


A report on welding techniques and re-

sults on alloys containing 0.1, 0.4, and

0.6% carbon and in stock thicknesses of

0.038-0.047 in.

Surface conditions and comparison with

stainless steels are also given.

TS-06-WJ-54

Resistance Spot Welding of Titanium

and Its Alloys

A. J. Rosenberg



5 pages, illustrations, tables and charts

The author charts shear strengths

against spot-weld diameters. Comparisons

are made between welds in Titanium

Alloys and Stainless Steel.

TS-07-WR-54

The Spot Welding of Titanium

E. R. Funk

Goodyear Aircraft Corp.


3H pages, illustrations, charts and tables

The author outlines the experience of

Goodyear Aircraft in spot welding ti-

tanium.

Materials used were commercially pure

titanium Ti-75A 0.020-in. thick annealed

sheet. Welds were made on a standard

R.W.M.A. Size 2 single phase press type

spot welder with synchronous control.

Welding schedules and physical test re-

sults are given.

TS-08-WR-55

The Static and Fatigue Behavior of

Spot-Welded Joints in Titanium

W. H. Kearus, W. S. Hyler, D. C. Martin



10 pages, photographs, charts, sketches

and tables

This paper outlines experimental welds

on titanium as compared with equivalent

welds in aluminum and stainless steel.

Particularly it compares the results of

tension-shear tests in the above metals.

TS-09-IA-56

How to Weld Zirconium

Hugh Justis, Chester Lawrence

The Glenn L. Martin Co.

The Iron Age, March 22, 1956

3 pases, tables and macrographs

The article outlines procedures for both

fusion and resistance spot welding. Macro-

graphs and test results indicate relative

welding ease in securing good results.

TS-10-WJ-56

Resistance Welding Ductile Joints in

Commercially Pure Titanium

R. Wickham

Marquardt Aircraft Co.



The author outlines conditions necessary

to obtain good spot and seam welds in

titanium sheet, and includes several

tables of set-up variables.

TS-11-WR-56

Problems Involved in Spot Welding Ti-

tanium to Other Metals

Frank W. McBec, Jr., Jimmy Henson,

L. R. Benson

University of Texas


7 pages, tables, charts and macrographs

This paper is a report on an investiga-

tion sponsored by the Navy to explore

the possibilities of spot welding titanium

to other metals, particularly stainless

steel.

The investigation chiefly consisted of

tests and experiments in spot welding

titanium to the components of stainless

steel, nickel, chromium and low carbon

steel as well as to zirconium, aluminum

and magnesium.

TS-12-WR-58

Spot Welding of T1-6AI-4V Alloy

R. K. Nolen, J. F. Rudy, H. SchwarUbart


H. D. Kessler

Titanium Metals Corp. of America


9 pages, illustrations, sketches, oscillo-

grams, macrographs and tables

A report on Spot weld characteristics of

Ti-6AI-4V sheets with effects of post heat

treatment and the effects of elevated

temperatures on strength. The authors

found that welding schedules were com-

parable to stainless steel in the same

gages.

TS-13-WR-59

Spot Welding of Titanium Alloys

R. K. Nolen, J. F. Rudy, H. Schwartzbart


H. D. Kessler

Titanium Metals Corp. of America

Welding Research Supptement, May, 1959

3 pages, tables and graphs.

This is an extension of the work re-

ported in paper TS-12-WR-58 in addition

to Ti-6-AL4V reported in the previous

paper. The present report also covers

Ti-4 Al-3Mo-IV and Ti-SAL-2.5 SN

alloys. All of these are found to be

readily spot weldable.

TS-14-WE-59

Resistance Spot-Welding of Tantalum

Studied at Battelle

J. J. Vagi, R. L. Koppenhofer


Welding Engineer, Oct. 1959

2 pages, illustrations and graphs

The authors give spot welding tech-

niques for 0.020 and 0.030-in. thick arc-

cast tantalum sheets.

TS-15-WR-60

Spot and Seam Welding of Zircaloy 3

E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, K. C. Wu



7 pages, tables and graphs

This article reports on spot welding

zircaloy 3 (0.25% tin, 0.25% iron) in

0.062-in. and 0.110-in._ thicknesses and

seam welding in 0.062-in. thickness. It

reports also on the necessary surface prepa-

ration for welding.

TS-16-WJ-62

Resistance Spot Welding Beryllium

Sheet.

Herbert A. Jahnle

Budd Company



tables.

The paper outlines some of the uses of

beryllium sheet and tabulates spot weld-

ing technique and machine settings for

0.016-in. and 0.040-in. thick sheets.

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This is one of a series of bulletins available through the Association

and issued in the interest of Resistance Welding. We suggest you

retain this in your files for future reference.

If you wish to receive other bulletins as issued by the Resistance

Welder Manufacturers' Association, please write to the office of the

Secretary, 1900 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa., and he will furnish a

literature order form.

Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association

1900 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa.

MEMBER COMPANIES

ACME ELECTRIC WELDER COMPANY

Los Angeles 58, California

ACRO WELDER MFG. CO.

Milwaukee 3, Wisconsin

AMPCO METAL, INC.


BANNER WELDER. INC.


EISLER ENGINEERING CO.. INC.

Newark 3, New Jersey

THE ELECTROLOY COMPANY. INC.

Bridgeport, Connecticut

EXPERT. INC.

Detroit 12, Michigan

FEDERAL-WARCO DIVISION

THE McKAY MACHINE COMPANY

Warren, Ohio

* GOODRICH WELDING EQUIPMENT CORP.

Hudsonville, Michigan

HERCULES WELDING PRODUCTS COMPANY

Warren, Michigan

KIRKHOF MANUFACTURING CORPORATION

Grand Rapids 7, Michigan

LORS MACHINERY INCORPORATED

Brooklyn, New York

NATIONAL ELECTRIC WELDING MACHINES CO.

Bay City, Michigan

PEER, INCORPORATED

Benton Harbor, Michigan

PRECISION WELDER AND FLEXOPRESS CORP.

Cincinnati 9, Ohio

RESISTANCE WELDER CORPORATION

Bay City, Michigan

SWIFT OHIO CORPORATION

Kenton, Ohio

THE TAYLOR-WINFIELD CORPORATION

Warren, Ohio

TIPALOY INCORPORATED


TUFFALOY PRODUCTS

AIR REDUCTION SALES COMPANY


H. W. ULMER COMPANY

Oceanside, California

Printed in U. S. A.

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