3
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11 I12 I13 I13 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 GRAIN SIZE! IGNEOUS ROCKS Phenocryst – larger crystal in finer ground mass Grain Shape: anhedral (irregular – no shape), subhedral (some crystal face shape), euhedral (nice shape) Textures: phaneritic (visible crystals), porphyritic (various crystals in matrix, 2 stages of cooling), pyroclastic (explosive fragmentation, rapid cooling), vesicular (many pores) Grain Size: Aphanitic (fine grained), phaneritic (coarse grained). Plutonic Rocks (Intrusive, slow cooling, large grain size) Volcanic Rocks (Extrusive, fast cooling, fine grain size) I1 Granite - The sample is mainly orange coloured, competent plutonic igneous rock. The sample is composed of four minerals. Orange potassium feldspar, orthoclase comprises 40% of rock. Quartz appears as irregular grey-white crystals covering 30%. The remaining 30% is comprised of plagioclase feldspar and a dark mafic mineral which appears to be hornblende. The plutonic rock is coarse grained and well sorted. Grain sizes range between 1-4mm and average around 3mm. The quartz grains are well rounded. I2 Granodiorite - quartz (20%), plagioclase (50%), biotite (10%), hornblende (20%) I3 Diorite - plagioclase (60%), pyroxene (25%), hornblende (10%), biotite (5%) I4 Gabbro - plagioclase (45%), pyroxene (50% black/dull), hornblende (5% black/shiny) forms under ground cools slowly I5 Aplite - very few biotite/hornblende crystals, potassium feldspar, quartz phenocrysts I6 Dolerite - Plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene I7 Trachyte - Quartz phenocrysts, with dark mafic minerals, groundmass too fine to tell – assume potassium feldspar I8 Rhyolite - The sample is a light creamy colour, competent volcanic igneous rock. The sample is comprised of four minerals. Light orange potassium feldspar, orthoclase comprises 70% of the rock. Quartz appears as square grey-white crystals covering close to 25%. The remaining 5% is considered to be comprised of dark mafic minerals and a very small amount of plagioclase feldspar. The volcanic rock has a porphyritic texture with quartz phenocrysts averaging around 2mm and an aphanitic groundmass. I9 Fluidal Rhyolite - Slightly more liquid then normal rhyolite (defined by lines across rock) quartz phenocrysts (5%) I10 Rhyolitic Tuff - soft, quartz phenocrysts (dark and soft) I11 Andesite – Porphyritic, plagioclase & hornblende phenocrysts (black and white), groundmass grey pyroxene I12 Basalt - pyroxene, plagioclaise, olivine forms above ground, cools quickly I13 Vesicular Basalt - pyroclastic, pyroxene, olivine I14 Pumice solidified frothy lava typically created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano SEDIMENTARY ROCKS General: low temperature deposited on surface of crust Mature sediments: composed of stable clasts (quartz, chert fragment, iron oxides, clay minerals) Well rounded clasts tending to be well sorted Immature Sediments: unstable clasts (feldspars, ferromagnesian silicates, rock fragments) Angular clasts ranging well sorted and well bedded to unsorted, poor bedded. Poorly sorted = high energy transport Well sorted = low energy transport Angular = short transport time Rounded = long transport time = more mature Bedding – fissile (falls apart easy), graded (fine grains top coarse bottom), cross bedded Clastic – individual clasts range in sizes, if clasts are uniform in size = well sorted, different sized clasts = poorly sorted Minerals (quartz, feldspars, clays i.e. kaolinite; less abundant includes magnetite, haematite, limonite) Inorganic Chemical Minerals: carbonates (calcite, dolomite), silica (microcrystalline quartz, opal), salts (halite, gypsum) Texture: crystalline but very small grains that are difficult to see Breakage smooth sub-conchoidal fracture (Use mineral classification) Biogenic Materials: organic Texture: range from very fine to coarse grains S1 Breccia - The sample is dark grey coloured, coarse clastic sedimentary rock. The sample is composed of angular, randomly orientated clasts of other sedimentary rocks in a fine matrix. The texture is poorly sorted with grain sizes ranging from approximately 1mm up to 30mm. The sample is composed of around 30% large clasts 8-30mm in size, 20% medium size clasts ranging from 2-8mm are white in colour and the remaining 50% are very fine grained clasts up to 1mm in size. The coarse grained nature of the sample suggests that it was formed through a high energy transport medium, while the angular shape of the clasts suggest that the transport time was only short. S2 Conglomerate - Coarse clastic, Rounded rock fragments, Poorly sorted, Grain sizes 1- 10mm, harder then sandstone and shales that surround it S3 Sandstone - clastic, fine grained, Quartz is the most abundant mineral that forms sandstone. Calcium carbonate, silica, or iron has been added to the water that is in contact with the sand grains. These minerals grow crystals in the spaces around the sand grains. The sample is a light creamy colour, friable clastic sedimentary rock. The sample is composed one distinctive mineral. Small rounded quartz grains compose over 90% of the sample. The remaining 10% is composed of other small rounded rock fragments. The texture is well sorted with very fine grains less than 2mm. The sample can be classed as mature as the clasts are well rounded. This also indicates a long transport time through a low energy medium. These properties indicate the sample is part of the sandstone type of clastic sedimentary rock. S4 Argillaceous Sandstone – clay makes up fine matrix and acts as cement, poorly sorted as clay fine grained but mixed with sand sized pieces of quartz and feldspars S5 Greywacke – dominated by sand-sized grains of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments, significant chlorite alteration, at least 10% volume of fine grained matrix, immature sandstone (as intermediate grains) S6 Mudstone – clay minerals such as kaolinite and microcrystalline quartz S7 Pebbly Mudstone (diamictite) S8 Shale – clay minerals such as kaolinite and microcrystalline quartz S9 Limestone – can have diverse texture (possible ‘clastic’ texture), reacts with acid S10 Chert – fracture conchoidally, high hardness S11 Coal – this sample is a black organic sedimentary rock with a low specific gravity and even texture. The sample is comprised entirely of carbon with organic origins. Its surface has a shiny/glassy lustre with some dull patches showing lower concentration of carbon. The even texture and carbon base shows that this is coal. S12 Laterite (Limonite) S13 Silcrete (Billy) METAMORPHIC ROCKS Regional: large scale (plate margins) formed by deformation, heat and pressure; well developed foliation, meta. grade determines how deep (increase in temp/pressure = increase in grade) – will not be above a sed. rock Contact: local/small scale driven by heat around an ign. body, produces fine granular texture Porphyroblasts: meta. crystals larger then surrounding Lineations: parallel arrangement of rod-like minerals on foliation surfaces Foliation: produces a planar struct. ->Distinct layers (Bedding). M1 Slate Protolith (shale, mudstone) Texture (Foliated; very fine grain; splits cleanly on flat, parallel (slaty) cleavage) Minerals (Clay minerals) Conditions (Low heat; directed pressure) This specimen is a dark grey slaty metamorphic rock which is fine grained and equigranular. It is fine grained and demonstrates perfect cleavage on one plane, easily splitting into slabs/slates, demonstrating regional metamorphic origins (pressure a large part of formation). It is well foliated but has only a low metamorphic grade. It is comprised mainly of clay, with small amounts of quartz. M2 Phyllite Protolith (shale, clay) Texture (Foliated; fine grain; silky sheen; thinly layered) Minerals (Microscopic micas) Conditions (regional, Low-moderate heat; directed pressure) M3 Mica Schist Protolith (shale) Texture (Foliated; coarse grain; layered, flaky, or platy texture; visible flat grains of mica or other platelike minerals) Minerals (Micas, hornblende, possibly minor quartz and feldspar. The micas muscovite and biotite are most obvious and the reason for the well developed schistosity) Conditions (Moderate heat; shearing pressure accompanying regional (tectonic) deformation) The sample is a creamy green coloured, competent regional metamorphic rock. The sample is composed of three minerals. Dark coloured muscovite comprises 60% of the rock while biotite comprises around 25%. Quartz appears as irregular grey-white crystals covering approximately 5%. The remaining 10% is comprised of other minerals in a very fine matrix. The regional rock is strongly foliated with medium sized grains that are well sorted. Grain sizes range from approximately 1 to 4mm and are angular shaped. The sample also exhibits lineration. M4 Gneiss Protolith (granite) Texture (Foliated; dense; usually medium-coarse grain; light and dark minerals in bands or lenses; commonly distorted, gneissosity) Minerals (Feldspars, quartz, micas, amphiboles) Conditions (High heat and pressure, often accompanying regional (tectonic) deformation) M5 Hornfels Protolith (mudstone) Texture (Non-foliated; very fine grain) Minerals (depends on protolith) Conditions (Contact, High heat, moderate pressure; typically forms halo in country rock around igneous intrusions) M6 Marble Protolith (limestone, dolomite) Texture (Non-foliated, coarse grain) Minerals (Calcite, reacts with acid) Conditions (Moderate heat and pressure, can be regional or contact as calcite is not an elongate or planar mineral so cannot easily define a foliation) The sample is a white grey colour, competent, contact metamorphic rock. The sample is composed of light coloured calcite comprising around 90% of the sample. The remaining 10% is white-grey quartz. The lack of a foliated texture suggests that this is a contact metamorphic rock. The sample is made up of medium sized grains that are well sorted. Grain sizes range from 1 to 2 mm and are rounded. M7 Quartzite Protolith (quartz) Texture (Non-foliated; coarse grain) Minerals (Quartz) Conditions (Mod heat n pressure) M8 Amphibolite Protolith (basalt, dolerite) Texture (foliated and lineated not as well developed as mica schist; based on the mineral assemblage and not dependant on texture means that it need not be lineated or foliated although most will show these features to some extent) Minerals (feldspars, amphiboles) Conditions (Moderate-high heat and pressure) M9 Skarn Protolith (fluid limestone) Texture (well foliated) Minerals (pyroxene, magnetite, haematite) Conditions (formed between metamorphic/ sedimentary layers, granite intrusion) This specimen is a non-foliated metamorphic rock with black, clear and pink patches of colour. It has large, well developed crystals which are fairly coarse and some samples demonstrate a banded structure. It is a contact metamorphic rock, formed in high temperature but low pressure. Comprised of potassium feldspar, olivite, calcite plus minor amounts of various other minerals. It is calcite rich and has a general hardness 2.5-5.5. M10 Greenstone Protolith (basalt, gabbro) Texture (schistosity, fine grained) Minerals (chlorite, green amphibole) Conditions (low temperature, moderate pressure)
![The University of Mississippi, Carrier 203, University, MS 38677 … · 2005-05-18 · Yamini [2]. 2 SUPERPAVE BINDER TESTS The Superpave binder PG specifications and mix design are](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/5f93e23571f3715cb332d2b8/the-university-of-mississippi-carrier-203-university-ms-38677-2005-05-18-yamini.jpg)
