Bio-eco EngineeringBiological Ecological Engineering

Bio-eco Engineering

• is the use of engineering solutions,which improves traditional structuresusing natural resources to increase thestructure functionality, or the use ofnatural materials (flora and fauna) tocreate structures.

Overview

• it emerged as a new idea in early 1960s,but its definition has taken severaldecades to refine, its implementation isstill undergoing adjustment, and itsbroader recognition as a paradigm isrelevantly recent.

• Ecological engineering was introduced byHoward Odum and others as utilizingnatural energy sources as thepredominant input to manipulate andcontrol environmental systems.

• Mitsch and Jorgensen wrote thatecological engineering is designingsocietal services such that they benefitsociety and nature, and later noted thedesign should be systems based,sustainable, and integrate society withits natural environment.

• Mitsch and Jørgensen were the first to

define ecological engineering and provideecological engineering principles. Laterthey refined the definition and increasedthe number of principles. They definedand characterized ecological engineeringin a 1989 book and clarified it further intheir 2004 book.

• They suggest the goal of bio-ecoengineering is:

the restoration of ecosystems thathave been substantially disturbed byhuman activities such as environmentalpollution or land disturbance, and

the development of new sustainableecosystems that have both human andecological values.

• They summarized the five concepts key toecological engineering as:

it is based on the self-designing capacity ofecosystems,

it can be a field test of ecological theory,

it relies on integrated system approaches,

it conserves non-renewable energy, and

it supports biological conservation.

• Bergen et al. defined ecological engineeringas:

utilizing ecological science and theory,

applying to all types of ecosystems,

adapting engineering design methods, and

acknowledging a guiding value system.

• Barrett (1999) offers a more literaldefinition of the term: "the design,construction, operation and management(that is, engineering)

of landscape/aquatic structures andassociated plant and animal communities (thatis, ecosystems) to benefit humanity and,often, nature."

• Barrett continues: "other terms withequivalent or similar meanings includeecotechnology and two terms most often

used in the erosion control field: soilbioengineering and biotechnical engineering.

• However, Eco engineering should not beconfused with 'biotechnology' whendescribing genetic engineering at the cellularlevel, or 'bioengineering' meaning constructionof artificial body parts.

• “This engineering discipline combines basicand applied science from engineering, ecology,economics, and natural sciences for therestoration and construction of aquatic andterrestrial ecosystems.

• The field of ecological engineering isincreasing in breadth and depth as moreopportunities to design and use ecosystems asinterfaces between technology andenvironment are explored.

Design Guidelines

• Ecological engineering design will follow acycle similar to engineering design problemformulation (goal), problem analysis(constraints), alternative solutions search,decision among alternatives, and specificationof a complete solution.

• Elements that distinguish ecologicalengineering design are elaborated by manyauthors, however a singular approach is stillabsent.

• Typically, the design goal involves protectingan at-risk ecosystem, restoring a degradedecosystem,

or creating a new sustainable ecosystem tosatisfy needs of nature and society.

• A temporal framework is provided by Matlocket al., stating the design solutions areconsidered in ecological time. In selectingbetween alternatives,

the design should incorporate ecologicaleconomics in design evaluation, thedesign should incorporate ecologicaleconomics in design evaluation andacknowledge a guiding value systemwhich promotes biological conservation.

applying to all types of ecosystems,

adapting engineering design methods, and

Design steps should be based on utilizingecological science and theory,

the self-designing capacity of ecosystems;

accept the adaptive management theory oflearning from mistakes as the design willfield test ecological theory;

utilize integrated system approaches; and

conserve non-renewable energy.

END OF THE REPORT.

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