Biology Project

Arushi Sharma

12TH -D

INTRODUCTIONThis project is about Anaemia which means lack of blood is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBC’s) or less than the normal quality. However, it can include decreased oxygen binding ability of each haemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of haemoglobin deficiency.

Anaemia is the most common disorder of blood and it is very common in women. The several kinds of Anaemia are caused by a variety of underlying causes .We will get to know about Anaemia in detail from this project.

Researches on Anaemia1. The Nasal Institute For Global Health, Faculty of

Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science.2. The Karuna Trust, B.R Hills, Chamarjnagar,

Karnataka, India.3. Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital,

Parkville, Victoria 3050, Austrailia.4. St.Johns Research Institute, Sarjapur Road,

Bangalore, Karnataka 560034,India.

Precautions When got an injury or a cut, stop or limit the

bleeding at much as possible until you can get help. Take iron rich food and proper diet, Food rich in

vitamin B12, foliate .Consult a dietician. In case, you are diagnosed with Anaemia, consult a

doctor time to time .go for regular checkups and take care of your diet.

Keep track of your symptoms, so you can communicate with your doctor.

If you start to feel faint, nauseous or dizzy, you should sit down immediately.

If you are pregnant, make sure that you stay up to date with your regular exams and scans.

DiagnosisAnaemia is typically diagnosed on a complete blood count. Apart from reporting the number of red blood cells and the haemoglobin level, the automatic counters also measure the size of the red blood cells by flow cytometry, which is an important tool in distinguishing between the causes of Anaemia.Examination of a stained blood smear using a microscope can also be helpful, and it is sometimes a necessity in regions of the world where automated analysis is less accessible.

In modern counters, four parameters (RBC count, heamoglobin concentration, MCV ,RDW) are measured allowing others (hematocrit, MCH and MCHC) to be calculated and compared to values adjusted for age and sex .Some counters estimate hematocrit from direct measurements.

When the cause is not obvious, clinicians use other tests such as ESR ,ferritin, serum iron ,transferring ,RBC folate level , serum vitamin Beo.heamoglobin electrophoresis test.

When the diagnosis remains difficult , a bone marrow examination allows direct examination of the precursors to red cells although is rarely used as is painful , invasive and is hence reserved for special cases.

Signs And SymptomsAnemia is undetermined in many individuals and symptoms can be minor or vague. The signs and symptoms can be related to the underlying cause of the Anaemia itself.

Most commonly, people with Anaemia report feelings of weakness, fatigue and general malaise, and sometimes poor concentration. This may also be accompanied by dyspnea and exertion. In very severe cases, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen carrying capabilities of the blood by increasing cardiac output.

In severe Anaemia, there may be signs of a hyper dynamic circulation: bounding pulse, flow murmurs and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy. These may be signs of heart failure.

Chronic Anaemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants and reduced scholastic performances in children of school age.

ClassificationIn the morphological approach ammonia is classified by the size of red blood cells, this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of peripheral blood smear.

The most common types of Anaemia are following:

1. Iron deficiency aneamia2. Thalassaemia3. Aplastic anaemia4. Haemolytic anaemia5. Sickle cell anaemia6. Pernicious anaemia7. Fanconi anaemia

(in case of iron deficiency anaemia)

Case Study On Anaemia

Name of the patient - Ajeet Singh Age - 12 years Hometown - Haryana Symptoms - Jaundice, recurrent acute bone and

muscle pains. Haemoglobin -6.5 g/dl MCV – 82.3 fl Platelet count – 465,000 /µl White blood cell count – 9,800 /µl Absolute neutrophil count – 8,500 /µl Reticulocyte count – 7% Bilirubin count – 84 mg/dl Blood film reveals – sickle cell Haemoglobinopathy genotype –

Hb SS Homozygote Best treatment option for the boy – Unfractioned

heparin IV fusion. Family history of illness – Mother had anaemia. Symptoms first seen (when) – Caught fever after

getting wet in rain.

Medicines prescribed – B12, folate, Ferritin, Calcium. Food on prescription – iron rich food, milk, vegetables

like spinach etc.

Cases of Anaemia in India

In India, cases of Anaemia are very common. If we see data of students from Class 5 to 12 60% girls are Anaemic, they are affected by Aneamia easily because there is no proper diet taken. Pregnant women also are easily affected .The basic reason for Aneamia in girls is blood loss due to menstrual cycle.To compensates that blood loss, they should take diet rich in iron but this normally does not happen.

If we see cases of Anaemia in children below 5 years, then we see that children below 1 year are at most risk. Children above 2 years usually are affected by moderate cases of Anaemia. Most of them are affected by common Anaemia that is where Heamoglobin is 11g/dl and there is no danger to life, but around 5%of them get severe Anaemia where Heamoglobin count is 5g/dl and it is life threatening. Around 60% of Indians are effected by severe Anaemia where Heamoglobin count reaches as low as 8g/dl, this should be seriously seen to.

TreatmentTreatment of Anaemia depends upon severity and cause.

Oral iron

Iron deficiency from nutritional causes is rare in men and post menopausal women. The diagnosis of iron deficiency mandates a search for potential sources of loss, such as gastrointestitial bleeding from ulcers or colon cancer. It includes dietry changes and supplements, medicines and surgery. Severe iron deficiency Anaemia may require hospital stay and blood transfusions.

Other Anaemia

Normally treatment of Anaemia requires blood transfusion, blood and marrow cell transplantation, surgery, lifestyle changes, plasmapheresis, iron chelation therapy, folic acid supplements, replacing the missing vitamin B12, androgen therapy, gene therapy etc.

Medicines Given To An Anaemic PersonTrade names of Carbonyl iron Abonyl Carboron capsule Cario Cario(200ml) Evaglow HB Fast susp. Hemic C. Iroon C Mediron

Trade names for Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12) Shytone(200ml) Abiron Calstar Carfol Z Angel Aniron Aristo Neurol

Darbepoetin Alfa Cresp Cresp PFS (40mcg)

Ferrous Fumerate Ferrous Sulphate Eculizumab