PREPARED BY:MAST.SOURABH BALGONDA PATIL.

GUIDED BY: MR. G.R.CHOPADE.

SR.NO. SUBJECT PAGE NO.

1. AIM 3.2. MATERIAL REQUIRED 3.3. THEORY 4.4. PROCEDURE 8.5. OBSERVATIONS 9.6. CONCLUSION 12.7. RESULT 13.8. PRECAUTIONS 14.9. REFERENCE 15.10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 16.

1. To learn the mechanics of human

Pedigree construction and analysis.

2. To become familiar with one trait in the family and its mode of inheritance.

Pedigree chart, record book, pen, pencil, camera etc...

Study of the family history about the Inheritance of a particular trait provides an alternative in the case

of human beings. Such an analysis of traits in several generations of a family is called a Pedigree analysis.

Just like Mendel observed generations of related pea plants to determine the mode of inheritance for flower color and other physical traits, scientists can examine generations within a family and discover the mode of inheritance for human traits. To do this, scientists create family trees, called pedigrees, showing as many generations of a family as they can and marking who had which phenotype. In order for scientists to understand each other's pedigrees, they use a standard set of symbols and notations. For example, males are always designated by a square and females are always designated by a circle.

The first thing to do is look at the symbols and basic rules of constructing a pedigree:

Generations are numbered from the top of the pedigree in uppercase Roman numerals, I, II, III etc. Individuals in each generation are numbered from the left in Arabic numerals as subscripts, III1, III2, III3 etc.

Modes of inheritanceMost human genes are inherited in a Mendelian manner.

1. Autosomal Dominant.

2. Autosomal Recessive.

a. A 'typical' autosomal recessive pedigree

b. An autosomal pedigree with inbreeding:

Common Human Traits.

1. Earlobe Attachment.

2. Widow's Peak.

3. Tongue Rolling.

4. Hitchhiker's Thumb.

5. Bent Little Finger.

6. Mid-digital Hair.

7. Facial Dimples.

8. Big Toe Length.

9. Index Finger Length.

10. Human Blood Type.

1. Choose one of the traits given in the theory part for selected family.

2. Record the observations according to the trait.

3. Draw the Pedigree chart according to observations taken.

4. Observe the heredity and variations in the family taken for observation.

5. Draw your conclusion on the basis of your observations.

1. ATTACHMENT OF EARLOBES: Name of the family members:1. Mahadgauda B. Patil2. Akkatai M. Patil.3. Shobha B. Patil.4. Balgonda M. Patil. 1. Smita B. Patil. 2. Sourabh B. Patil.

2. Hitchhiker's Thumb :Name of the family members:1. Ramakant S. Nagoji.2. Sulakshana R. Nagoji. 1. Dharmanand R. Nagoji. 2. Sumati D. Nagoji. 1. Jitendra D. Nagoji. 2. Rupa D. Nagoji. 3. Ram D. Nagoji.

3. An autosomal recessive pedigree with inbreeding: Name of the family members:1. Babasaheb S.Bhoj.2. Parvati B. Bhoj. {1} Ratnamala S. Mane. 3. Shivputra R. Mane.[1]Mahesh R. Mane Nirmala R.. Mane. {2} Lata R. Bhoj. 4. Ramesh B. Bhoj.[2] Supriya M. Mane.

Pallavi M. Mane. Sachin M. Mane.

1. Most human genes are inherited in Mendelian manner.

2.Recessive trait can be expressed in any generations {e.g. in 3rd generation in first case}.

3.On the basis of Pedigree analysis we can find heredity and variation in the family.

CASE 1. :1. Free earlobe is a dominant trait in the Patil’s

family.

2. Attached earlobe is a recessive trait and is expressed in 3rd generation.

CASE 2. : 1. The bending of thumb is inherited by 3rd

generation from their mother in Nagoji’s family.

CASE 3. :1. In this case the Bhoj and Mane family has consanguineous marriage which is the cause of defect{recessive} in Pallavi Mane.

1. Don’t guess the characteristic of any individual if the information is unavailable.

2. Draw the Pedigree chart in a correct sequence of generations.

3. The order of arrangement of offspring should be decreasing [by age] from left to right.

4. History[characteristic trait] of observable family should be well known to you

1. NCERT, Biology- textbook for class 12th.

2. www.google.com

3. bio.miami.edu.

I acknowledge with best of my knowledge and

deep sense of receipt that useful guidance is

given by Mr. G. R. Chopade sir in selection and

planning of project . I am also thankful to the

principal Mr. R. T. Lad sir for his encouragement to

this work. Finally I must be thankful to my parents

and all my classmates for their co-operation.

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA KAGAL DIST - KOLHAPUR

PROJECT WORK

This project work has been done as a partial fulfillment of syllabus of All India Senior School Certificate Examination 2010-2011 conducted by CBSE.

Name of the project :-

Determination of the contents of cold drinks

Done By:- MAST. SOURABH BALGONDA PATIL

Exam No. :-

Guided By: - Mr. Mahesh Jadhav.

DEPARTMENT OF Chemistry

CERTIFICATE

NAME OF DEPARTMENT- CHEMISTRY

This is to certify that the project work is completed by Mast. SOURABH BALGONDA PATIL In laboratory of CHEMISTRY of the Vidyalaya as a part of fulfillment of Chemistry (Practical) syllabus for AISSCE of CBSE to be held in MARCH 2011.

Exam Roll No. :-

Place :- JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA KAGAL, KOLHAPUR

Date:-

Sign. Of Sign. Of Sign. Of EXTERNAL INCHARGE PRINCIPAL