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BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things
Objectives:Classify the variety of organic compounds.
Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.
Do Now
What are living creatures made of?
Why do we have to eat?
Elements of Life
96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)
Molecules of Life
Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms
What are bodies made of? carbohydrates
sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
The Role of Carbon in Organisms
Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen
Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen
Which of the following molecules is considered organic?
Acids and Bases
Use the pH scale to determine acidity
Building large molecules of life
Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little molecules polymers
Building large organic molecules
Small molecules = building blocks
Bond them together = polymers
Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up)
Short polymer Unlinked monomerRemoval ofwater molecule
Longer polymer
Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)
Addition ofwater molecule
In class assignment
Make 2 monomers of glucose C6H12O6 out of play dough (3 colors)
Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis
Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis
Carbohydrates Building block molecules =
sugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugar
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
sucrose
Carbohydrates Function:
quick energy energy storage structure
cell wall in plants
Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall)
glucoseC6H12O6
starch
Sugars = building blocks
Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
-ose
The structure of carbohydrates
The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide*
(ie. glucose, fructose)
are the fuels for cellular work
Function as energy storage
Mono ~ one sacchar ~ sugar)
Building carbohydrates Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
mono = onesaccharide = sugardi = two
Building carbohydrates Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose(table sugar)
2 sugars = disaccharide
BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides
large carbohydrates starch
energy storage in plants potatoes
glycogen energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles cellulose
structure in plants cell walls
chitin structure in arthropods & fungi
exoskeleton
poly = many
Lipids Examples
fatsoilswaxeshormones
sex hormonestestosterone (male)estrogen (female)
Lipids
Function: energy storage
very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates!
cell membrane cushions organs insulates body
think whale blubber!
Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
Saturated fats
Most animal fats solid at room
temperature Limit the amount
in your diet contributes to
heart disease deposits in arteries
Unsaturated fats
Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room
temperature the fat molecules
don’t stack tightlytogether
Better choice in your diet
Other lipids in biology
Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it
including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may
lead to heart disease
Other lipids in biology
Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water
“like” water tails are on inside away from water
“scared” of water forms a barrier
between the cell & the outside
Nucleic Acids
Examples DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
RNA RiboNucleic Acid
RNA
DNADNA
Nucleic Acids Function:
genetic materialstores information
genesblueprint for building proteins
DNA RNA proteinstransfers information
blueprint for new cellsblueprint for next generation
proteinsproteins
Nucleic acids Building block =nucleotides
5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
Nitrogen basesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!
Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids
nucleotides chained into a polymer
DNAdouble-sideddouble helixA, C, G, T
RNAsingle-sidedA, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA
DNA Double strand twists into a double helix
weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strandsA pairs with T
A :: TC pairs with G
C :: G the two strands can
separate when our cells need to make copies of it
weak bonds
Copying DNA Replication
copy DNA 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary they are matching have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole
Copying DNA pairing of the bases
allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws
collagen, keratin
pepsin digestive enzyme
in stomach
insulin hormone that controls blood
sugar levels
pepsin
4. PROTEINS
Essential to the structures and activities of life Make up 50% of dry weight of cells Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS
nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Proteins are involved in
cellular structure Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (blood) Communication
Monomers are called amino acids
The structure of proteins
20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.
Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids
R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids
Amino acid chains Proteins
amino acids chained into a polymer
Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate
from it
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
hemoglobingrowthhormone
It’s SHAPE that matters!
Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape
Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”
temperature pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded“denatured”
Macromolecules
Enzymes
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
(SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)