biodiesel--an india perspective

8/7/2019 biodiesel--an india perspective

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Biodiesel is not the raw vegetable oil General Definition of Biodiesl:

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel for diesel

engines derived from natural vegetable/animal

oils, and which meets the standardspecification

Technical Definition for Biodiesel :

Biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of longchain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animalsfats, and meeting

the requirements of standard specifications.

What is Biodiesel?



Properties of Biodiesel

Chemical name Fatty acid (m)ethyl ester

Chemical formula range C14C24 methyl esters or C1525 H28-48O2

Kinematic viscosity range 3.35.2 mm2/s, at 40 C

Density range 860894 kg/m3, at 15 C

Boiling point range 200 CFlash point range 155180 C

Distillation range 195325 C

Vapor pressure <5 mm Hg, at 22 C

Solubility in water Insoluble in water; however, biodiesel can absorb

up to 1500 ppm water

Physical appearance Light to dark yellow, clear liquid

Odor Light musty/soapy odor

Biodegradability More biodegradable than petrodiesel

Reactivity Stable, but reacts with strong oxidizers





Production of fatty acid monoalkyl esters via transesterification

CH2OCOR CH2OH

LipaseCHOCOR + 3 R 1 OH 3 R.COOM R 1 + CHOH

CH2OCOR CH2OH

triacylglycerol alcohol fatty acid mono glycerol

alkyl esterR=fatty acid chain

R 1= CH3 :fatty acid methyl esters(FA ME)

R 1= C2 H5 :fatty acid ethyl esters(FA EE)

Lipase:

Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica &Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)



VEGETABLE OIL BIODIESEL DIESEL FUEL

Triglyceride of fatty acid

(Molecular Wt 700-1000)

Alkyl esters of Fatty acid

Molecular Wt~260 to 300

Saturated Hydrocarbon

(C12-C14) Molecular

Wt~200

10% less heating value than

diesel because it containsOxygen

10-12 % less heating value

than diesel

Major hydrogen and

carbon (SOx, NOx,PAH)

Kinematic viscosity is

higher (35-45 cSt at 40oC)

Kinematic viscosity is in

same range of that of

diesel

Kinematic viscosity is

lower (3.8 -5 cSt at

40oC)

Less volatility Less volatile than diesel High volatility



Why Biodiesel ???

Need for Biodiesel ..

Renewable fuels & Sustainable

Energy Independence

Foreign Exchange Savings

Rural Development

# Job Opportunity

#Waste Land Development

Environmental Benefits

# Emission Benefits

# Energy Cycle and Green House Gas Balance

Better Lubricity



IIT Delhi

August 18, 2004

Application Areas of BiodieselApplication Areas of Biodiesel

Several Decentralized

Energy Units

Diesel Gensets,

Small Scale/Home Industries

Transportation

System

Mechanized

Agricultural

Sector

Irrigation Pumps,Agricultural Machinery

such as Tractors, Power

Tillers, Threshers etc.

(Self-sufficiency for the

Farmer



Estimated Diesel Demand and BiodieselRequirement in India by 2020(in Mt)







In India

Area Under Sugarcane : 3,329,000 hectares

Production of Sugarcane (Yield) : 65 MT/Hectare

No of Factories in Operation : 500 & above

Average capacity of factory : 3500 Tone Per Day

Molasses Production : 6,500,000 MT

Molasses Percentage : 4.4%

Per capita Consumption of Sugar : 20 Kg

Per capita Consumption of Jaggery : 5Kg

Of the Total Cane Production:12% will go in to Seed purpose and 5% goes to

Chewing and Juice manufacturing.

25-30% will go in to Khandasari and

Jaggery Production.

Only 60% is being used for Sugar production.



Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L.,

a replacement of fossil fuel for

motor vehicles, was first grown

in South East Asia and Western

India.

Genus: SaccharumSubtribe: Sacharae

Tribe : Andropogonae

Family : Gramineae

Order : Glumiflorae

Class: Monocotyledoneae

Subdivision: Angiospermae

Division: Embryophita siphonogama.Sugarcane has essentially four-growth phase's

viz :germination phase, tillering (formative)

phase, grand growth phase and maturity &

ripening phase.



14

174204

241 248283 284

378440 424

483

687

1400

Brazil

(C )

Australia outh

Africa

India Cuba Thailand France U A China England Italy Japan

Sugar Production Cost

Estimated Cost (US$/Ton in Dec/00)

Sugar Cane

Production

(Mt) 200222,7 5,4 2,6 19,0 2,3 6,6 5,1 7,3 10,3 1,5 1,5 0,9

100

From Rainach (2006)

India Has Comparatively Lower Production Cost for Sugar



15

Indias Low Sugar Production Cost Is Due to a

Combination of Factors

From Rainach (2006)

STRONG WEAK

WATER

BrazilAustraliaIndiaCuba

LIGHT - TEMPERATURE

USABLE LAND

LABOR COST

SCALE OF PRODUCTION

GENETICS

cost (US$/Ton)

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

100204248283





Sugarcane energy content (average figures for currently

commercial sugarcane varieties)Main biomass residues from sugar and bioethanol production are sugarcane bagasse and

sugarcane trash, also named sugarcane agriculture residues (SCARs).

Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous waste that remains after recovery of sugar juice via

crushing and extraction.

The total sugarcane energy content on dry basis, excluding ash

around 2%3% of weight can be divided in three main parts :



DISTILLATION

CENTRIFUGATION

FERMENTATION

CRYSTALLIZATION

EVAPORATION

MILLING/

CLARIFICATION

Boiler

Generator

power

steam

power

steam

Sugar

Alcohol

cachaca

Sugar

cane

Bagassestillage

molasse

Bagaco50%

humidity

Basic flowsheet of operations in a sugarmill with attached distillery



Biomass gasification means incomplete combustion of biomass resulting in

production of combustible gases consisting of Carbon monoxide (CO),

Hydrogen (H2) and traces of Methane (CH4). This mixture is called producer gas.

Liquid fuel production from biomass gasification



SyngasSyngas Production TechnologyProduction Technology

BIOMASS

BIOSYNGAS

CO,H2

PRODUCT GAS

CO,H2 ,CH4 , c X HYSNG

ELECTRICITY

FT DieselMethanol

Ammonia

Hydrogen

Chemical

Industry

Electricity

Two biomass derived gases via gasification at different temperature levels

High temperature

gasification(1200-1400 C)

Low temperature

gasification

(800-1000 C)



The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Process

The Fischer Tropsch (FT) process is achemical reaction between Carbon

Monoxide CO and Hydrogen H2,

facilitated by a catalyst (usually Iron or

Cobalt), and which produces

hydrocarbons.

The FT reaction takes place in a

pressurized vessel called the reactor.

Reactor contains the catalyst, which will

allow the reaction, its input is syngas and

its output a mixture of hydrocarbons.

It has to maintain a constant pressure

and temperature (the FT reaction releases

heat, which will have to be evacuated with

water cooling systems).



Biomass

ELECTRICITY

Light product

Fischer-Tropsch

Diesel

biosyngasoffgas

Pre-treatment gasificationGas

conditioningFischer -

Tropsch

Schematic line-up of the FT Biodiesel production process



Scheme of an FT plant integrated to a conventional ethanol distillery

A scheme of the integrated gasification + FT process that allow the

production of diesel, gasoline and surplus electricity.



The power plant based on the LM2500 PK, annexed to a conventional ethanol distillery

and to an FT plant, could produce

67.9MW (30.5MW with the gas turbine and45.2MW with the steam turbine,

minus 7.8MW consumed by the

auxiliaries).

The power required by the

conventional ethanol productionprocess was estimated as 14MW,

leading to 53.9MWof surplus power

able to be commercialised.

The surplus electricity index

corresponds to 107.8 kWh/tc.Considering the amount of syngas

produced (with 80% conversion rate)

and based on the results ,it was

estimated that 5.7 m3/h of diesel

and 3.9 m3/h of gasoline could be

produced by the FT process.

P

arameter G + FTFuel production (m3/h)

Ethanol through fermentation 46.3

Diesel through FT 5.7

Gasoline through FT 3.9

Fuel production (l/tc)

Ethanol through fermentation 92.5

Diesel through FT 11.5

Gasoline through FT 7.7

Surplus electricity production (MW) 53.9

Surplus electricity production (kWh/tc) 107.8

Overall efficiency (%)* 70.7

*Based on the LHV of output liquid fuels and

the input biomass (sugarcane+trash).





Scale-dependency of specific TCI for GTL(left) and BTL(right) plants

Total Capital Investments(TCI) for a BTL plant is 60% more expensive

than a GTL plant with same capacity.Causes: a) 50%higher air separation unit(AS ) capacity.

b) 50% more expensive gasifier due to the solids handling.

c) requirement of Rectisol unit for bulk gas cleaning.



Fischer-Tropsh Biodiesel Production Cost

Scale-dependency of Fischer -Tropsh Biodiesel Production Costs

Above graph is based on the capital costs for the BTL plant.

Assumptions taken:

The annual capital and operational costs are calculated with a linear depreciation period of 15 yrs.A required IRR of 12%

Operations amd maintainance cost of 5% and a plant availability of 8000h per year.

Biomass costs

Conversion efficiencies.

An estimate of the costs of the produced FT liquids is given as a function of plant capacity in the graph.

Conclusion:

The costs for conversion are the dominant cost factor at plant scales below

2000 MWth biomass input.



The technologies of liquid fuels production from cellulosicBiomass gasification + FT process are still under development.

It has an energetic point of view the advantage due to the

electricity production with higher efficiency.

From a strategic point of view the production of diesel and

gasoline can also be seen as an advantage, due to the

diversification of products.

In the future, the winner technology, will be defined by many

factors, such as the success on technology development,

effective or predict cost reductions, avoided GHG emissions

and local priorities.



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