Date post: | 14-May-2015 |
Category: |
Technology |
Upload: | guest8648ec |
View: | 4,645 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Biofuels for Thought:Historical, Modern, and Future Perspectives
Welcome• 2009 Kellogg
Biological Station ROKS Students
• Semester theme: Biofuels
• Our final project for our Integrated Social Sciences Class
Our Goals for this Evening
• To present the topic of biofuels in a neutral and informative way.
• To change the current discourse on biofuels• To facilitate dialogue amongst attendees and create
meaningful social networks centered around biofuels
• To totally 4 point this presentation. Hey Geoff! (*Hint hint*)
Past
Present
Future
•What are Biofuels?•A Brief History•Media Case Study
I will discuss:
Biofuels in a NutshellAli David
ROKS Final ProjectDecember 2009
Bi-o-fu-el [bahy-oh-fyoo-uhl] /baɪoʊ,fyuəl/
-noun“Any fuel standard derived from an organic substance, including but not excluded to starches harvested from agricultural systems, waste from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), and residues from processing timber.”
Definition taken from Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
Animal Vegetable Not Rock
Biofuels come from a variety of sources and in many different forms
•Corn•Switchgrass•Miscanthus•Algae
•Used Cooking Oil•Manure•Whey•Forest Residues
•Ethanol•Biodiesel•Biobutanol•Biomass Pellets
•Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
How much of our energy currently comes from biofuels?
Chart taken from Energy Information Administration Website on 11/23/09: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/renew_energy_consump/figure1.html
The Million Dollar Question:
Why are we preferentially using biofuels for our energy needs
more than other forms of renewable energy?
Biofuels have the same variety of applications as fossil fuels
Based on statement given by Fred Mays of the Energy Information Administration
Wind, Water, Solar, and other Renewable Sources
Electricity
Biofuels Electricity, Gas, and Oil for Combustion Engines
Why are we in this current situation?
• Production and use of biofuels have increased dramatically worldwide
• Scientific community divided on many core issues
• Public is either uninformed, apathetic, or highly skeptical
Looks like it’s time for…
A Brief History of Biofuels
The origins of Biofuels: An early struggle
• Camphene as an alternative whale oil in lamps
• $2.00/gallon tax placed on all alcohol (adjusted for inflation = $42.64)
• Kerosene replaced Camphene as a cheaper fuel source
1850s-1900s
Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
Reemergence and the Farm Chemurgic Movement
• Alcohol tax was repealed in 1906
• Early combustion engines designed to run on both gasoline and alcohol
• Farm Chemurgic Movement: Industrial Applications for surplus crops
1900s – 1930s
Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
Why didn’t biofuels succeed back then?
• Mechanization = Less Flexibility
• New Deal programs favored conventional crops
• Proliferation of leaded gasoline as an alternative to alcohol
1900s – 1930s
Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
40 years of expanding infrastructure…1930s – 1970s
While industry grew at an unprecedented rate in the United States, it was entirely powered by fossil fuel. Little progress or emphasis was placed on biofuel
Foreign oil becomes a liability
• 1970s oil embargo, formation of OPEC
• Nixon introduces “Project Independence” in 1974
• Other concerns for negative health and environmental effects associated with gasoline
1970s –2000s
Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
How did biofuels make a comeback?
• Research performed in the ’70s and ’80s
• New Regulations introduced in the ’90s: Clean Air Act, Energy Policy Act, EPACT Act
• Renewed interest in rural development and energy security
1970s –2000s
Information from DiPardo, J. “Outlook for biomass ethanol production and demand.” Energy Information Administration website. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/features/biomass.pdf
The Great Ethanol “Boom”
• Flex-fuel cars introduced into the market
• 1.6 billion gallons of ethanol in 2000, to 9 billion in 2009
• US is now the world’s leading producer of biofuels
2000s-Now
Information taken from Automotive News Data Center http://www.autonews.com/section/datacenterAnd the Renewable Fuels Association Website http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#A
New practices bring new problems
• Ethanol boom may have gone “bust”
• Researchers now question environmental effects of ethanol production
• Media/blogosphere focused on negative consequences for developing nations
2000s-Now
Information from the National Biodiesel Board, Science Magazine, Twitter.com, and Wordpress.orgWyner, W. T. (2008).“The US Ethanol and Biofuels Boom: Its Origins, Current Status, and Future Prospects” BioScience, 58(7), 646-653.
Sidenote: Political Cartoonists aren’t very creative
Why are these misleading?
The sharp rise in global food prices has many contributing factors other than the expansion of biofuel production:
• A rapidly growing population worldwide
• Widespread Crop failures• People in developing countries
consuming more meat• High prices of oil raise costs of
production and shippingInformation taken from International Food Policy Research Institute Website http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/bp001.pdf
Ultimately, decreasing or halting the production of biofuels will not reduce
rates of global hunger in a significant way.
In Summary…
I. Biofuels come from many different sources and in many forms
II. We preferentially use biofuel since it has similar applications to fossil fuels
III. Biofuels have been in our history for 150 years
IV. Media has not accurately presented core arguments about biofuels, especially those concerning famine and food prices
On to the present…
Past
Present
Future
• What is corn ethanol?• Current usage & policy• Pros & Cons
I will discuss:
Sara Cole - ROKS Fall 2009Kellogg Biological Station
Corn and Beyond:Biofuels in the World Today
Contents
Some of the things we will cover today:
Why are we interested in biofuels? Ethanol vs. fossil fuels What are the current energy goals of the
US? What kinds of biofuels are we already using? Unique learning opportunities through
research
Quote:
The fuel problem is rapidly getting more serious… It has been found that a mixture of 25% each of gasoline with 50% ethanol works very satisfactorily in our present motors; those proportions correspond fairly well with the output of various ingredients that may be anticipated. This may prove to be the solution of the fuel problem.“New Fuels” from Scientific
American
Quote:
The fuel problem is rapidly getting more serious… It has been found that a mixture of 25% each of gasoline with 50% ethanol works very satisfactorily in our present motors; those proportions correspond fairly well with the output of various ingredients that may be anticipated. This may prove to be the solution of the fuel problem.“New Fuels” from Scientific
American
Published on April 13,1918!We have been searching for
renewablefuel sources for almost 100 years!
Why biofuels?
There are many reasons why we are interested in biofuels:
To reduce our dependence on fossil fuels To reduce reliance on foreign oil To lower emissions of greenhouse gases To bring business to rural economies
Richland, Michigan
Why biofuels?
There are many reasons why we are interested in biofuels:
To reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
To reduce reliance on foreign oil To lower emissions of greenhouse gases
To bring business to rural economies Human Dimensions
Energy Independence
Human Health
Stimulates the local Economy
Richland, Michigan
Sustainability
A Clear Need for Alternative Fuel
Fossil Fuels
Standard emissions from a car powered by gasoline:
Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons
Environmental Issues
Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels”http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html
Fossil Fuels
Standard emissions from a car powered by gasoline:
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons
Environmental Issues
Contribute to acid rain; causes
Reacts with nitrogen oxides to form smog
}
Heat-trapping gases warm the atmosphere
Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels”http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html
lung irritation, bronchitis, pneumonia
}}
Fossil Fuels Environmental Issues
Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels”http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html
Carbon dioxideNitrogen oxides Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxideMethane
Dust, soot, smoke
Ethanol Environmental Issues
Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels”University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Emissions = 35% Oxygen (O2) Ethanol does not contain toxic gasoline components such as benzene, a carcinogen.
Ethanol is non-toxic, water soluble, and quickly biodegradable.
Ethanol is a cleaner burning fuel!
Ethanol Environmental Issues
Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels”University of Nebraska - Lincoln
How much land will it take to grow that many crops?
What happens in cases of water scarcity? Farmers will benefit – but will consumers? How will other countries be affected if
companies begin to grow their crops abroad?
Instead of making a 100% switch to biofuel, it might be better to have it be one of many alternative sources.
... But it is not without social and environmental concerns:
Fossil Fuels
Most vehicles in the US run on gasoline, which requires crude oil to be made. Where does our oil come from?
From within the United States:
From a different country:
Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov
Political Issues
Fossil Fuels
Most vehicles in the US run on gasoline, which requires crude oil to be made. Where does our oil come from?
From within the United States:
35%
From a different country:
Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov
Political Issues
Fossil Fuels
Most vehicles in the US run on gasoline, which requires crude oil to be made. Where does our oil come from?
From within the United States:
35%
From a different country:
65%
Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov
Political Issues
Fossil Fuels Political Issues
Fossil Fuels Political Issues
Current Energy Policy
The US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
Improving Fuel Economy Reducing Oil Dependence
Current Energy Policy
The US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
For greater energy independence and securityTo increase production of clean renewable fuelsTo promote research on and deploy greenhouse gas capture storage options
To increase the efficiency of products, buildings, and vehicles
To protect consumers
Goals:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
Current Energy Policy
Will you be affected?
Major Provisions:• Requires the production of 36 billion
gallons of ethanol per year by 2022
• Higher car & fuel efficiency standards of 35 MPG for all cars and trucks by 2020
• A new car & fuel efficiency program for manufacturers and manufacturer’s fleets
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
Current Energy Policy
Will you be affected?
Major Provisions:• Requires the production of 36 billion
gallons of ethanol per year by 2022
• Higher car & fuel efficiency standards of 35 MPG for all cars and trucks by 2020
• A new car & fuel efficiency program for manufacturers and manufacturer’s fleets
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
Maybe if you are buying a car, or if fuel prices go up and it becomes too expensive to drive on gasoline
Current Energy Policy
Will you be affected?
Major Provisions:• Requires the production of 36 billion
gallons of ethanol per year by 2022
• Higher car & fuel efficiency standards of 35 MPG for all cars and trucks by 2020
• A new car & fuel efficiency program for manufacturers and manufacturer’s fleets
15 billion from corn ethanol
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
Maybe if you are buying a car, or if fuel prices go up and it becomes too expensive to drive on gasoline
Biofuels already in use today…
A blend of 15% gasoline and 85% ethanol
About 15% less expensive than gasoline at most gas stations
85% is made from plant matter; renewable source but also 6-20% less fuel efficient (less MPG)
What is E-85?Biofuels Today
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/flexible_fuel.html
Flex-Fuel Vehicles can fill up with E-85 or gas
Who can use E-85?
Make Model Engine Gas MGP E-85 MPG
Chevrolet Impala 3.5L V-6 29 21
Ford F-150 5.4L V-8 18 13
Dodge Grand Caravan 3.3L V-8 17 11
http://www.greencar.com/articles/top-new-flex-fueled-autos-2008.php
* Highway MPG
Biofuels Today
Flex-Fuel Vehicles can fill up with E-85 or gas
Already 8 million on the road today!
Who can use E-85?
Make Model Engine Gas MGP E-85 MPG
Chevrolet Impala 3.5L V-6 29 21
Ford F-150 5.4L V-8 18 13
Dodge Grand Caravan 3.3L V-8 17 11
http://www.greencar.com/articles/top-new-flex-fueled-autos-2008.php
* Highway MPG
Biofuels Today
ç
Ethanol comes mostly from starch and sugar-based crops: corn, wheat, sorghum
These crops contain simple sugars, which are processed into fuel through fermentation
90% of ethanol in the United States currently comes from
How is ethanol made?
Sorghum
corn
ç
What land do you use?
Current technology requires 75-112 million hectares of land to reach our energy goals– 180 M ha in current agriculture fields– 240 M ha in range and grasslands– 15 M ha in Crop Reserve Program
ROKS 2009 ZOL355 Biofuels Lecture
http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/news/eco_news_12_03_07.html
ç
What about other countries?
Brazilhttp://ecosystems.mbl.edu/news/eco_news_12_03_07.html# http://sugarcaneblog.com/2008/10/03/brazil%E2%80%99s-land-reform-biggest-culprit-for-amazon-deforestation/ http://leslietaylor.net/gallery/animals/mammals.htm
Dr. Carlos Eduardo Cerri & Students trace gas emissions from cleared land in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Clearing forests for crops= threats to habitat, biodiversity
The southwestern Brazilian Amazon is one of the world’s largest agricultural frontiers. Native vegetation and pastures are rapidly being converted to heavily mechanized row-crop agriculture, including soybean and corn.
ç
What about other countries?
Indonesia
Palm Oil is #1 biofuel in Indonesia, but growing it is accompanied by a number of problems
Map: http://www.trfic.msu.edu/products/seasia_products/LUCC/LUCC.html http://intercontinentalcry.org/state-of-the-forest-indonesias-battle-to-save-its-rainforests/ http://www.whatsthatbug.com/2009/03/16/massive-cicada-from-borneo/
“Indonesia’s Biodiversity Will Be Gone Within 30 Years”
?
E-85 stations around the US
Kellogg Biological Station
.
E-85 stations in Gull Lake area
Closest ethanol plant (today)
The Andersons - Albion, Michigan
ç
Biofuels: Current Education
The GK-12 Program A great opportunity for local K-12 schools to participate in biofuels research at Kellogg Biological Station! K-12 students use real data and crop fields to learn
science – “Inquiry Based” science Emphasis on outdoor education Hosts teacher workshops, research opportunities Eleven school systems currently participate in this
program Funded by the National Science Foundation GK-12
(Graduate Fellows in K-12 Education) Program and MSP (Math Science Partnership) Program
ç
In sum:
We need an alternative fuel source Biofuels = renewable; provides energy
security; generally cleaner than oil Corn ethanol is the most common biofuel
today Corn ethanol is not perfect - be sensitive
to the environmental issues it presents New technology must be developed – fuel
from cellulosic or algal ethanol…?
Thank you!
Spinning Straw into Biofuel: Cellulosic EthanolNeva Anasovich – ROKS 2009
Kellogg Biological Station
Past
Present
Future
•What is cellulosic ethanol?•Production•Current Research
I will discuss:
What is cellulosic ethanol?
• A biofuel made from glucose (a simple sugar) which is derived from cellulose.
Cellulose is:• a major component of
all plant cell walls• the most abundant
biological material on earth
Sources of Cellulose for Ethanol Production
Cellulose is available from two major sources:
• Residues - Agricultural wastes such as corn
stover (non-edible parts of plants)- Industrial and municipal solid wastes
like paper pulp- Forest industrial wastes like sawdust• Dedicated crops- Energy crops such as switchgrass,
miscanthus, and hybrid poplars
How is it produced?
1. Harvested and delivered to biorefinery2. Pretreated thermally or chemically to
soften/partially break down 3. Broken down into simple sugars by
enzymes4. Fermented by microbes into ethanol5. Separated from water and other
components and purified through distillation
End result is chemically identical to grain ethanol
ç
Current Research at KBS!
http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/maps/images/KBS-GLBRC-Main-Site-lg.gif
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC)The GLBRC, here at Kellogg Biological Station, is a leader in
studying the effects of candidate crops on the environment.– Seeks to answer questions such as:
- At what market price would farmers start to grow crops for cellulosic biofuels?
- How will cellulosic biofuel crops affect habitat for wildlife and beneficial insects, water conservation, and soil quality?
- How much cellulosic ethanol can be produced from various crops?
What are the advantages?• Cellulose is abundant--wide range of abundant
feedstocks• Agricultural wastes are a low cost feedstock• Usage of crop residues creates new source of
income for farmers from existing acreage• Lower fuel and carbon dioxide costs than grain
crops• Perennial energy crops prevent soil erosion and
increase soil fertility• Energy crops can be grown on land unsuitable for
food crops, thus solving the fuel vs. food debate
What is holding us back from using it?
• Difficult to break down and convert to ethanol
• Process is complex, and energy intensive• Viable technologies do not yet exist
What is necessary for its successful implementation?
• Development of technologies for producing cellulosic ethanol at a large, commercial scale
• Mandatory flex-fuel requirement for new vehicles
• Increased nation-wide ethanol pump stations
Past
Present
Future
•Algae as a biofuel•Facilities and Processes•The Future
I will discuss:
Pond scum and how it could one day fuel your transportation
A brief overview of algal biofuels
Chris WoelkROKS 2009
Algal Biofuels• What are algal
biofuels?
• What is produced?
• They are fuels that are derived from algae in oceans, lakes and ponds
• Algae are capable of producing carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen (sugars) and lipids (fats & oils)
What common types of algae are used?
• Most algae studied are Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Volvox carteri and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
• Recent improvements in technology have allowed for the studying of other cyanobacteria, algae and diatoms.
Volvox carteri cell courtesy of Cambridge University
Inputs: What do you need to put in?• The utilization of algae
requires slightly less water than what is needed to grow corn
• 8-fold less water than rape seed cultivation on fertilized land
• 6-10 fold more than needed by unfertilized switchgrassMatt Cardy/Getty Images
Rapeseed plants growing on a farm near Tetbury, England.
Rape seed, corn and soybeans are among the sources for the current generation of biofuels.
More Specific Inputs
• The natural water source for algae is seawater which can also be substituted with nutrient-laden agricultural runoff, while terrestrial biofuel crops require freshwater
• The high concentrations of salt needed for algae could be obtained from the brine that is currently discarded during the desalination of seawater
Courtesy of Enegis LLC
Methods for growing algae
• Algae can be cultivated in several ways:– On an open-pond system where the algae can be
skimmed off the waters surface and then harvested– In a clear tube/tank (often referred to as a
bioreactor) with carbon dioxide (CO2)filtered into the reservoir as a nutrient source where, after sufficient growth, the biomass and secreted lipids can be harvested
Courtesy of Getty Images
Lipids
• Lipids contain twice the energy stored per carbon atom when compared to carbohydrates
• This translates into a twofold increase in fuel energy content
Courtesy of algaeforbiofuels.com
Benefits of Algal Biofuels
• Little to no land-space is necessary
• No need for freshwater• No fertilization• Algae can be cultivated
indoors• Fuel derived from algae
produces little to no emissions in comparison to gasoline
Image courtesy of agmrc.org
Implementation• Algae have been cultivated on a
commercial basis for decades now• They have been used in the production
of high value compounds for food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products
• Bioreactor designs need to be more affordable. They can be closed tubes, plates or bags made of plastics, glass or other transparent materials
• Currently there are no bioreactors in place that could be used practically for the mass production of algae
• Algae need only light, nutrients and carbon dioxide
• CO2 used for driving photosynthesis in algae can be taken from many CO2 emitting sources such as smoke stacks on powerplants
Example bioreactors
High density vertical bioreactor bags(Photo courtesy of Global Green Solutions)
Photo-bioreactor composed of horizontalClosed-growth chambers(Photo courtesy of Solix Biofuels, Inc.)
YouTube - Making fuel out of algae
Uses for algaeLipids (oils) less dense than algal biomassand water
(Courtesy of Solix Biofuels, Inc)
Uses for Algae
• Biocrude – untreated oil extracted from algal biomass, also produced from soy, palm and canola
• Green Diesel – renewable diesel produced by removing oxygen atoms from the biocrude
• Biodiesel – created by chemically converting lipids (fats/oils) so they can be blended with traditional diesel to make biodiesel at a lower cost than green diesel
• Bioethanol – produces ethanol that can be used in FlexFuel and E85 ready vehicles.
• Biobutanol – a different type of automotive fuel, it is 10% less dense than gasoline and can be used in place of regular unleaded fuels
Image courtesy of the New York Times
Additional Uses• Biojet – Jet fuel produced from biocrude,
equivalent to jet fuel and jet engines do not require modification to run on 100% biojet
• Co-products – comprised of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, it is roughly 40% oil depending on the algal species being used– Lipids can be used in biofuel production
and to make fibers and polymers– Carbohydrates can be used to make
biodegradable plastics, polymers and coatings
– Proteins can be used for animal and fish feed or pesticides
Image courtesy of MSNBC depicts a Continental Airlines 737 that ran one engine on a 50:50 mixture of jet fuel and biojet
Image courtesy of Sapphire Energy depicting a hose containing a 91 octane fuel (Jet fuel) from algae
Costs• The current (2009) price of algal biomass
is currently traded for more than 5000€/ton (roughly $7500)
• This is due to the perceived nutritional value of biomass produced for animal feed and the small production scale
• Most algae produced is skimmed from open ponds which is expensive and inefficient
• High costs for classical photo-bioreactor designs
• As demand increases and technology improves these costs can be driven downImage courtesy of heatusa.com
Leading research facilities
• An aerial view of a open-pond algae farm being used by PetroAlgae
• A landscape view of PetroAlgae’s most recent field site in Melbourne, Florida
Global Green Solutions Inc.
• Known for converting waste biomass into low cost steam for industrial purposes and also to cogenerate electricity.
• It is also a leader in algae research for biofuel use
Image of the homepage for Global Green Solutions Inc. www.globalgreensolutionsinc.com
• Large scale and an efficient lab experiment
• Algae are grown in areas with lots of sunlight and at moderate temperatures
• To make profit, a business would need to have a significant amount of land to lay out growth chambers, or have engineers create a multilevel building that allows equal lighting to all bioreactors.
What makes them successful?
Courtesy of University of Dayton Research Institute
Places for improvement
• Algal growth depends mostly on the amount of light and quality of light that reaches chlorophyll within the cells of the algae
• The best bioreactors have the highest surface area and allow the most light in or contain an internal light source
• Utilize methods to reduce auxilary energy demands
• Long term research• Efficient mixing
Image courtesy of biofuelsdigest.com depicting a proposed Eco-Pod addition to Filene’s in Boston
What needs to happen for its successful implementation (improvements)?
• There needs to be technological developments to prevent contamination in open-air systems like ponds
• For closed systems a consistent, cheap source of sterile CO₂ needs to be found and implemented.
Image courtesy of ozones.com
GloballyBrazil (sugar cane, jatropha) Malaysia (canola
oil)Germany (rape seed) Indonesia (palm oil)United States (corn oil)
The European Commission confirmed a target of 10 percent biofuels; and, proposed that the fuels must be sustainable, not just renewable.
Biodiesel Pump in Europe
According to the Nikkei Business Daily (via Tradingmarkets.com), Japan’s Suzuki Motor Company will begin selling cars that run completely on 100% ethanol in the US and Brazil by 2010.
Suzuki
Special Thanks To…Gwen Pearson and Kay Gross, Staff at KBS
Geoff Habron, our professor
Steve Hamilton, Susann Sippel, And Aaron McCright, our other professors
Researchers at the LTER
Dennis Pennington from MSU Extension
Researchers at the GLBRC
The Staff of the Conference Center