Biological Control of Insect Pests_1958

8/13/2019 Biological Control of Insect Pests_1958

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BILGICL CNTRL F IECT ET

By C. P CAUSEN

Uivi Cii Riv Cii

ntrl giulturl inst psts b th bilgil mth hs mrmrkbl stis uring th pst rs, n n ut trtmnt th subjt nssitts vrg t lst tht pri th hn th v tn rs t hih mn thr vis r limit. Mn pjts lng urtin n thr is runtl nsirbl l in th publitin nl rsults. Th lst gnrl rvi th subjt s tht b tmn(6). us th sp limittins this rvi ill l nl ith th

tiliztin inst prsits n prts in ntrl rp psts, n thrpil pning l mirbil ntrl, hin isspuing gnisms r utiliz r th sm purps, ill nt b nsir hr Likis th sujt th t hmil ntrl ptis upn ppultins prsits n prts, hih hs bm grt imprtn sin hvnt T n thr high ti hmils n th mns hrbths hrml ts n b llvit, ill b lu rm nsirtin

Th vr lrg numb bilgilntrl pjts tht hv bnunrtkn uring th pri un vi mks it impssibl vn t list

hm n ths slt mpris pst spis ith hih th utm hsbn highl sussul r hih mnstrt thnius r phnmn tht spi ints t rkrs in this l t is ntrth tht, s in thpst, th grtst ttntin hs bn givn t th sl insts mlbugsn hit is, n th susss in ntrl hv bn m numrus ithth hmptrus psts thn ith spis th rs

Unrtutl, til rpts r nt vlbl rgring mn imprtnt prjts, thr thn bri sttmnt th nl gnrl utmGnrl rvis th sttus bilgil ntrl in th vrius untis

r vibl in nl instns ths bing b lusn (7) thntinntl Unit Stts mbrtn (77 7) r ii O'nnr (7)r iji, Jnkins ( r strn Austrli, Millr al (6) r Zlnn Kml 60) r Egpt

RT OF BOLOGI OTO

Coc m, vun irisns BBk.-One e ing mpls bilgil ntl lpiptus pst is tht n th nut mth in iji mplish thugh th intrutin thini

Pymy m lrih, n rprt upn in til b Tthill l (0).il ntr th pst s mplish in mn rs ithin si mnthstr ls th prsit, n nmi ntl s gnl thrughut

1 T y e le r rev md u,1957

91

Annu.

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LAUEN

th sns thn t rs ss f nst mtrtt 0 mn pst hst rv vr ftrs r hghfvr fr ths sussu utm. Th f f th prst s vrsht n tn t tht th hst n th uts hv tn prs

f spsn, hvng ntt n n nstn ght f 1 ms vrt uth, th m mt f thrughut th , n th vr-ppng gntns f t hst, prv ptmum ntns f unntrupt nrs

A ntrth ftu f th prt s tht tycoya ntv t M, s nm pst f nthr gnus n sps, Atona catoxanthampsn n th hstr f g ntr nstns f sussfu uttn f prsts frm nthr hst gnus r ng rr

Otal uit moth hth mst Ths pst s n t

tnng r stutn n rgs ts n g nthv n unrtkn n h nt Stts n th unts A gnumr f prst sp r ntu nt th Unt Stts fm Jpnn hn S ut n n athi divus Musbk m stbsh, n tht t n vr f pnts rt suss s ttnthrugh us f ntv ps, Macocntu ancyliou Rh hhpt tsf t ths hs. strutn f ths prst rsut n hghpn , pn b mrk utn n futnfsttn () Sm sus r rrt frm n (10) h n

trutn f Maontu nt thr unts, suh s Austr, rn,t, Argntn, n rz hv nt bn tv, pss bus f kf sutb trnt hst

unsn & An (1) fun tht mss ss f Maocntu t nvrg t f 0 p r n Js n ssns hn th ntv pputn s nqut, sut n utn f pprmt nhf nut nsttn

Maocntu s mp n n phs f th unsussfu ttmpt t rt th rnt frut mth n fn ung th r0 hn m thn 8 mn

s n nfst hrs urng

thr pr ( Ths s n n nuntv bss, th rss ftnfr ng n numr th pst pputns n th rhs. rvrs m th ssn f rs, but th pst f t bm stsh n ht stt thugh th pst ts hs psst ut t gn v n svr s

odlin moth pps pmn Lnnaus.Th ttmpts t ntr ths pst g hv nt n n th us f th gg psts Tcogamma spp Sm utns n frut nfsttn r rprtfr th Unt Stts (1) n Sn (06) h n Russ sustnt ru

tns r tn n rhrs hvng hv nfsttns ( ut thtsts hv n nnv A prmnts hv nvv s f svrthusn prsts p tr n gnr, th suts btn gnst fut nsts hv nt n sunt th xtnt f nt nsstn t rnt mmntn f th us f ths pst grs Lv p

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IOOGICAL CONTROL O INECT PET 293

te manly ctr qudrdntt Wemael an tru crpcp(Cuman ave een tete n evea cunte, ut wtut ucce.

Ccnut pik mt, Tataa tcamma yrick- extenveam te

ca cnt t et n wa cae n a

nume yea e eta te mtatn an cnzatn amae ven y Pane 76) w et u aate ece m ava a etae, te mt mtant en pntl tirtb Wake an Erycibifulv Bez. Te nuy y te et ematue nuta, wa cecke a-tu cntl wa nt cmete (6.

rintl mt Cncama avecen (Te ntuctn anetament te tacn y Ctxrit jvn Baue & Betmnt Maacuett eute n ull cnt te ental mt excet un ean llwn ecetnay c wnte exame lutate

tkny te eenta eect tat may e exete un t an aatey w temeatue It wa un y Dwen tat wnte temeatueelw 0 F ae letal t te ecnnta aate lavae n te enatnt euae ye e unaae ae n aete. A mnmumtemeatue 1 n 1 eute n a e aatatn le tan10 e cent e wn ean ut te nma aatatn wa e-ane n llwn yea

Imprtd cbbgwrm, Pe aae (Linnu). utantal euctnn netatn te caaewm tu nt cntent el cnt, e

te m New ealan y Muee (70. T wa accmle yte ual aate trmlu puprum (nnaeu an el aatzatnten aace 100 e cent.

Sugrcn b Dataea accaa (xtenve etave een mae n many te cunte te Weten emee t cn-tl te uacane e y te cal met Te eale attem ween te ue te e aate, rigrm minutum ey an euctn c l 0 e cent ae ete y Tucke (0 n Baa an utanta euctn y Smyt n Peu an Wlctt & Mate (16) n

Puet Rc A etale ee exement n Luana y ayne &Bynum ( nvvn eleae u t ,000 ricgrmm aut e aceeute n n enet wateve. Tee cnctn eult may we e ue teence n cmate an ultual acte cane en an annua c nLuana

Te ntuctn an etalment te Cuan y, ixpg ditr(Twnen n uten a eute n ata cnt te aatzatn ten amuntn t 6 e cent me ae n e aea y gtitigmtru Cen Clmatc cntn, eecally unuually cl

wnte ae avee t te aate tat tee a we ctuatn naatzatn m ean t ean an enzatn at tme neceayTe ntutn ixp nt St Ktt n te Wet ne eute n autanta euctn n e nuy .

Te Amazn y gntylum min Twnen a een veywely cln an a cme eale n eveal lan te Wet

Annu.

Rev.Entomol.1958.3:291310.


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CLAUSN

n wt con o conto ot on t n o t.Lc .

Lah sawy o con HaT ooc conto ot c wy n Cn to t ntocon o eses enrens

Moy om nn n 111 w y cc o o o ytt t cn ctvn o t t w not n Mnto nnn ot 1 A t ty y Mw 1 o t ctoon o t tutn v tt n Mnto n Stcwnt t vo onouc mmunt to uccu tztony eses Dcon o tz v owe tt mo tn 0 cnt w to toy t yo o tcn t n c-com y ocytc cton un n ncuton o t von. No vnc o mmunty w on n mt om Bt Co

ut t t n t n tt ovnc ony nc 1336.Rcn ovton y Dooz n Nw o v y tzton w no vn o yooc nc o t t nomnon t nt mt to t o tmnt

T ton o mcton n ooc conto o co t,to otnty t to n ot c n com on ctvn o t not too n co wds ts dvm n t sphaeses ton cton oc wy t c mn n ouon vn ovy mnt n o nou to t vomno tnc o nctc y mny t nct.

Epean spe saw, Don cyn (Ha. ooc conto o t t n t Cn n on o t t c octto . Dn t 13 n contnn nto t oown y o t w ot o uo n mny w ccuyt ( ) Sc ton w vn to t u t a

bmns fspenns tttt o wc n o mon w c y. Mny o t t w t n nttt M n t nt Stt n Dabns c

t (3. n t y n m out o vu ot v vo n n w y ty c t ntton n n outco o t t r om w o tt on oc Unotuny n ov ccon o oc not ytn to ny tc v t wt nvu mnt n t com

n afnng , Pomcotc c Ba-T wo on tcocont mnn n n outtnn ut m oucu ooc conto o nc nt t. On n conom

nc n mntn twn t t n t ntu nm tt nc w t t cn ntoucton o o mtPeddes enss wot nto t com mt toc mnton o vomnt t o t ot n t vn

Annu

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IGICA CNTRL INEC ET

t nan bt n ntat van tnatn na ntn tvn t natv aaa 8 ta ant t bm an n n v-a n a nt.

ntan n xan v naa nm ttn wa vw an an ana a t attbt aa am n n t an ntn mnnabv a wa tn ma n ava aat n mnt. Pleurotroi arvulu F an nna at a t avata an a a w t nma t w a omootea n ava aa m a nt. t nttnnt F an t a a a ta 25,00 a t n mtnm n n tan n a nt amn av bn n Brotia roatt elebes G Tetratihode brotiae F a avaa aa n b ann Brota maraa Sat n t Paa an b am aat 66

aypu ou weevl, n tat ntwv natv t taa an a a t man n n wa wn m t bam xn vn St a an a n bnnn n 196 tn mtan m taa n ta a an abmn an

aa ahodea te a T nt ta ant T 10 n t vin t m 16 t190 wt t xtn nan a at an n nan na t an aat n tann ntbn ta nt n nt a tn a t nb wtt ta a n n van, .

T aat t ab a an nm n n a wt an tn a Pvn an na n m aabw 4000 t. vatn M wnt wt man mnmm mat

n w 48 F wt wn aa ana w n t b m ava aat tvn In an aa a n Tanvaa n Nata t an wnt a nt a ntnvnt vtn va mnt n t n an t tn avi aat an t atn tat an Ova t aa a wn aatabt an na wa an mat an

t a t 2! natn a a an a ma 180t wa aat a 5 t 6 natn an t 5

50 t mttn v a n aa a ntan avn n nt a m tan 0 m n mnt an 100 m n a n an tv n wa amn 6 65 at wn n S a.

T n exen w nan a nt bn n

Annu.

Rev.Entomol.1958.3:291310.


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29 CLASE

trolled b a egg araste aloe has geerall bee assued that egg arasites rereset a ortalit fctor of reltivel ior iortace as the areseldo able to destro a sucietl high ortio of he host eggs to have adoiat iuece o the host ouatio

ice its itroductio ito outh Africa i 192 A. ntn has bee itroduced ito ad establised i Argetia Kea Madagasar MauritiusNe ealad ad Rhodesa i sevel of hich otabl Ne ealad (9Madagascar (49 ad Mauritius (114 it hs bee equall as eective as iouth Africa

Fuit i (vestigatios o the biological cotrol offruit ies of the fail Tehritidae have bee coducted i several coutriesith the or eorts cetered o the Mediterraea fruit Cratiticapiaa (edea; the orieta fruit Dacu oali Hedel; ad

the elo Dacu cucubia oquillett i the Haaiia slads (18 Theerl ork o the Meditrrae fruit durig 19121 resulted i theestblishmet of ve raite secies of hich Opu tyoni (aero froAustrlia s the ost ective ad brought about a substatial reductioi ifestatios i certi fuits esecill coee

Opufehe ilvestri the arasite of the elo iorted fro diahas ot had areciae iece o the host ifestatios ad recestuies Newell ' and Nihida ee tt ts tvtes srereseted b the ercege of arasitiatio re uch reduced durig the

suer oths Fruit ifestatio is o higher ad arasitiatio loer thareorted b Willrd (11 for the eriod shortl after itroductio of therasite

The earace of the orietal fruit i Haii i 194 led to a verlrge arasite iortatio rogra i the course of hich 424000 uariaof that ad about 0 other secies of the famil ere iorted for arasiterearig (18 Eleve secis ad arieties of arasites are ko to be established ad ed arasitiaio o averages 70 to 7 er cet Field ifestatios have bee reduced substatiall though cheical cotrol ethods still

e to e emloed i coercil orchard ad ard.

tive status of the three or araste seces as reorted b va de Bosch Haraoto (10 is of secil iterest Opu lonicauatu alaniFullaa the rst established ver quickl attaied a high rate of araititio but as suereded the folloig ear b O annoci Fullaa he atter i tur s relced a ear later b the egglaral arasiteO oopilu ilvestri This lst secies has bee virtuall aloe resosiblefor the cotiued high arasitiaio sice 190 Its eectiveess is ehacedb a fugous disese of te host eggs that is rasitted b the arasite feales he oviositig

Malybu Puococa) ealbugs as a grou aear to beseciall eable to bilogica cotrol The earl itroductio of Colauontouziri Mulsat ad ptoatia anori (irault ito alforia led to artial cotrol of the citrus ealbug Planococcu cti io

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OLOGL OROL

n t, n 192 t comlt contol of t ctolu mlyu, Peudo-cou gahani Gn, w cv y Cphagu gureyi om nTetracnemu pretious Tml 20) o ctv w t tt

t tt t om cut to n vn l cmn of t otn t ctu oc T ont yu uu adnidumnnu on voco w w conto tt tt y Anahpydnyni m n etrnmu peregu Tm motfom Aut 41).

T omtoc myu, Pudoou mki Kuwn), t ofv cuou fut, fom n to mny t of t wo.It nc t, lotrpa burrlli Mu, Peudaphyu malin uG, lauen purpura I, t t two mot to t ntStt n 199-41 n ctv n nn out conomc conto nctc tt yc n t ouom n Oo ot y utt Pu ccount fo ot t not yt v Accon to Rn 2 utnt ucton of wt utonly con P mtok on ctu I r f he pan tmnt of purpura.

An tn om fo t oocl contol of t co mlyu,lanocou kenyae Py w untn n Kn fom 1925 onw,tou lc ot w conuct y Py 6 un 196 foown Bcu of uctny to t tt of t t, tc fo t tu nm t to mn toc n utoc n of t wo, ut ctv c t to t w foun ony ny n n Tnny Anagyu kivueni om ov to t mot ctv n om oct y agyru . n Parideapeegrna Tml Fu conomc conto w not ttn n nft, tou utnt ucton n cot ottmnt w out out

A lc ot un wy nc 194 on t Go ot ofAfc fo t ooc conto of Peudoou njaleni n, n l

of t n mot fom m t of t wo (110)T ojct of tcul ntt cu t ojctv onto of two oot of cco vu of wc t mlyu tvto T nom oulto of t myu ow com wtfton of t mo common c on ctu n cuou fut tn ot count n t outon n to uc to uc n ow v to ov conto of t tt t om comcny cult T cnc of ucc conunty ty uc

itru blaky Auocntu woum hby, and other leyrodidae

T ctu cy, ntv to toc A, com ou t ofctu n ot t n toc n utocl mc nc t covyn Jmc n 191 On t, Eretmceru eriu Svt n toaana cueni , ot fm t Myn o, w mot nt n u 9) F cnmc cono ccom v

Annu.

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298 CLUSEN

quickly, not only in uba u i oher Wes India Islands, ad the PanamaCana Zone and Costa Rca as el hs as through E aone,

though Catana demonstratd a capacity to rduce heavy infesatios veryquicly is unable o pess n gh ea however, therefrehas lite vaue in hoding inestatons a a ow leve s highy speciaedhabis ming feeding to the egs and rst-instar larvae preclue is mataing ul cotrol tho the d o other atural eemies

Ater the ndng o te ctrus blac y i Mexic a cperaive projecbetee the agricultural orgazations ha coutry ad he Uitaes as se up o uerake booia oo. retmocus sei ws

impored and estabshe but proved to be neecive because f adverscimati conds. Addioa pecies o parastes ere hen impored fromdia and aistan during 194850 and became estabshe hese beingAmits Ssi ospaltlla clypal ilvestri Prosplllapulenta Silvestri and Prspatela smithi ivestri he distribuio programhas been he larges a simiar proec hures o miios o hese parasites being cooized aualy Accoding to H D Smith (8) economicol has bee achiev practicay al parts o the country, with th

ecepio o smal areas n he Wes Coast mitus has bee mos generallfctiv, whe the severa speces o have bee able to cotroe pes uder special and limited coo.

A reated blacy peces Aeuocanhus snifes Quaiace, wabough under conro i Japa by ltlla ithi (61), ad i Guam bmitus hesperidum and P smihi (79).

The mehs orgy evelopd by peyer (5) for he prducin ohe greenhouse htey, Treuroes ' aporarorum (Wesood), a it

paras Encasa foma aan, have perie eectve and econmicabologcal control of the pest in greenhouses he hitey is proucd o amied stc o omao nd toacco. The later plan being naracve the parasite maintains a hgh whey ppulato from whch the toaa are contnuousl inesed an the parastized whieies from thapa are ted or dtribton ective cnr the pest as been e-prte n ngand, Aus:rala 2 Canaa (66 and Begium

oot sals, Aspious esrucor Sgnot The most im

pran o the scae inects attacing ccout i many ropcal areas is .dstto, ad a eae accou of he highly sccessul eors o conrol ibologicaly n Fii has been preset y ayor (9) A cosiderable number o paraste an praor peies were impor from J ad Triidada several of the preatr ecie became elihed. ig coccinelispees, Cptonatha nodcp Marshal, wa highly eecive and verquickly brought the pest under full ecoomic control in all isans f the

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OLOGAL OTROL O ET ET

productive capacity and remarkable power of dipeion. Other fatoontibuted to the high degee of ontol attaned, one of the mot importantben the greaiou or olonial habt of te hot whh provide adequatefood fo the immature tae of the beetle with a mnimum of seahin e

qued and eond and pehap mot mportant the mld liate of Fijwhch pemt reproduction throuhout the yea

The ue with Cryptogn in Fii ld Taylo to tate that "Paaitehave invaiably failed a omplete and pemanent onto fo le anda a eneral rue it i deirabe to eek predator rather than paraite forthe ontro of a ale whh lie A aesrucr doe it damae only by evereoutbreak It i unquetinably tue that the hihly pealzed pedatouh a Crpogn, Cn and Rool, are very valuable but the numberof uh pee mall and the geat aoty of ale inet do not have

predator eneme of imlar capaity he uccee with paraite of caleinet mealybug and whiteie have now geatly exeedd in nube thoeby pedato alne

ther ale inet ae detutive to oconut in variou pat of the the Seyhee an the two mot ipotant peie aePinnsps buxi (Bouch) and Ishnsps longrosrs (noet A ee ofpedato wa impoted duing 9338 of whih the mot eetive poved tobe Cloorus ngrus Fabrciu fom na A uvey of the eld tuatonby Veey-Fizgeald 09 in 5 revealed that C ngrus had dued vey

ubtantally the infetation n the land eultn in a mared nreaen nut poducon

Clforn re sle Aondiella auanti (MWok on the biologcal control of the Calfona red ale a detructive pet of citru ha beenune way alifonia fo ixty yea yet it wa only afte the ntodutonf Aphyt lngaens Cpee fo uth hina in 949 that appeablereult in ontol have been attaind Thi outome ha been limte howeve to the oatal area eiodi eeae totallin 00,000 o moe peace eac year have yelded econom control in everal ntemeate cli

mati aea ee the natural population wa ineetive 5) he ed aleace of r perns ower obtaned fro Formoa how onideble pome

he loly elated yellow ale rn (oqullett adequately ontolled n othen California by the Japanee rae of ompere bfsHowad obtained fom Aondll on Poocar/s but ineeive aainth pet in te an oaqun Valley .

Jupr cls, auap vii (Shrnk) and Lepidoaphe newtaU.-A etenve poa fo the bioloial ontro of thee to deruc

tve pet of Bemuda ceda Junerus wa undetaen in 9by the ommonwealth Intitute of Boloi ontrol hopon 0 epot that of 30 to 35 pee of paate nd pedator introdued only twobeame well etablhed thee being Lnorus lophne (Blaell anMrows srs cwar n pte of hgh paatation byAsoti

Annu.

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phand hevy feedng he coccneds he pogam as nsccesfecase of he eemel lhl eecs of even smll poplaons of scle ponhe ees

Ole ae Pao oeae .he ologcl cono pogam

on he olve scle n Clfona seves o llse sevel polems ha maconfon wokes n hs eld Socks of Aphy Mas mpoedn fom he e exndn fo nda hogh he Mddle Eso he Medenen pved o e ndsngshle mophologcll esdes Hfez Do eveaed he exsence mong hem of heeaceso slng spees h ve een desgnaed s he ndn, Pesan, andpnsh foms nd whc show dsnc ologcal deences. Unde eld

condons n Calfon e esn fom hs poven o e mos eecve Theess oaned n hs sd emphsze once agn he need fo oanng

socks of ech pase speces fom ll ps of s geogaphc ange ahehan fom ony a snge sce.

Do ) epos h Aphyt nceased pdl n he expemenochadsn whch ws elease and en ains psaon of pecen o moe of he spn ood of sces Aack pon he smme geneon s aws ow ve seldom exceedng 0 pe cen The geneal scaepoplaon on he ees n he yeas folowng pse elease ws ssni less o ao evosl so h on he assof odn ce he ees wee commeca cen deveoped e

howeve ha he few enng scles of he second geneaon wee lgelconcened on he f Ths he f njy, whch s he man cse ofoss fom hs pes s eced ve much ess han he edcon n nmesof he pes self

ale, Lepdospes cs The appaen sccessf conoof hs pes of gs nd ohe pans s anohe nsance of he occence

of hosdeemned acs of a pase speces he one nvolved Apyyilapidi eBaon, occs s a pse of Lepape hogho hened Ses n Cfon paszes onl a ve sma popoon of

he g scles. The z o socs of hs pasefom g sce n Iay esled n high ed pszon and appaeneconomc conol a h: elease ses 8 48 56)

Puule ale, seecnum puslans eelThs pes of censhade nd foes ees n eo Rco was so compleely conolled henodced Chlu a Lnnaes ha specmens of he cle cold noefound ove peiod of es afe geneal eslshmen of he pedaohogh has snce ee aken n smll nmes 115

Bla ale asse oee olonged es o nd eece

naal enemies fo he cono of he ck sce n Cafonia nal esuednpal sccess when phyu hellu Compee ws oned fom ohfca in Ths pase hs poven o e mos eecve n hecosl es whee h "neven hch condon of he hos pevls ndwhee wine empeaes ae lde han n he neo valleys Poc

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IOOGI ONRO O IN

oo rod th dur th wtr r oft food b hv ftto h fu or rt oo otro of th o tru td b Ahyu udr fvorb dto t t otorth tht o t h th rt b tv gt th t o ov

th Joqu d rto brodut of th tv dtrbuto of Ahyu gt th b t ot ro of rtd ii i tr t of hd d orttr souten Cafonia

h troduto of th vr b rt to othr outrha g v rut I outhr ru for , whr o rou t o ov, th ftto r brought udr otro byAhu loubuyi Hord, SuUi ya Mothu Libiuuili Cor . h outo ut b ttrbutd to Ahyu

o th b of obrvto for th gg rdtor v h vrbudt, otrbut vr tt to rduto of th fttos.Rd wx l rot rub Mkll.h rd s b

o o th ot dtrutv t o tru d othr frut tr d hrub aan oong r tht otry bout ty r go vra aat r knon to atak t thogh n all ubr, butth tuto hgd rd ftr 6 h Yutu (117) foudtht hgh tv rt hd rd Fuuo rftur d rdg rdy. t rt dtrd Aiu rli h

but tr drbd w A bu Ih Yutu Follow-g th dovr th rt rred rg ubr d ddtrbutd, d oo otro h rd b ttd rof Kyuhu d Hohu

hr r vr ob to of th udd r of Abu , d utu 18 r the b tht it yh r b utto fro A opi h toof our, ot btrr b udd, though uh dvot hot hrtofor b obrvd th th rt o of othr t

t. A od ob to of th tuto tht A bu rt dt troduto fro brod, ruby fro Ch butth too t rt qutob uh th h ot thu frb rrtd y of th urou oto of Ai fro tht d

y i totrou du )h boog o-tro of hthgou t rt to dut d o th bof our peent knowedge, te popect cannot b ondeed encouagng.So rogr h b d o th t rob o trwbr

for, whr Hur Ktt 57 hv dotrtd thodwhb oto b ohd through uto of tv rdou t, yhlodou uu ud d yhodouiuu ud d d or hv hgh outo of thrdtor Q dtrbuto of fro or wtr rug to

Annu.

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32 CE

ftd ds gav good ontro It suggstd tat quibrium f pst andprdator ma b attaind arl in a planting f dbrat stod wtbot durng t rst growing sason

AH AT TO BOOA CONTOMass poduto of pass ad pdaos-T work and ot involvd

n t nstary rarng f parasits and prdators mpod in man biologialontrol programs as bn vry gratly rdud, in many instans,troug t dvopmnt f mass produton mtods Wn pratab, it

pmtsprodution to mt any oloniation program in a mnimum of timand also at an onomly pratiabl gur n numbr unt forpriodi or inundativ rlas pograms against rtain typs of psts Insom ass w t ot stag to b parasitizd is inatv, su as t

gg of t gypsy mot and tos of t rang atrpllar or t ooon oft uropan spru saw t ost matral an b olltd in t ldin virtuay unimitd quntits and t raring of parasts prsnts nopartiular problm It s mor du owvr wn sap fdrs su asa nts and malybugs frut fdrs su as t fruit is and odlingmot and st borr a involvd Obviously it woud b onomialympratab to produ t rqur numbr on t normal food pant ofu st nss u uu of ntomopagou ntas rntly bn viw Flandrs () onus 47 t

prodution programs t nrs to b xptd undr any onomaltod s about qual to t arag numbr of ggs dpoitd pr da byt parasit fma

In t mass ltur o nomopagous insts t main problm usually onrnd not wit t paraits or prdators tmsvs but wt tot ints It may b ;ovd by (a) t produtin o t ost on plant

parts su a mons tbrs t at ar not normal infstd in tld () t utiliation o a fattious ost 8) amnabl to rarng on supant parts tat is aptab to t parasit or prdator and () t d

vopmnt of aria fod mda f ost Potato sprouts av rovn to b utabl for t produt of arousmabug (9) and t blak sal 38) wil t tubr tmsvs ar

nt for t produon f California rd sal 4), atania sa, andmany otr daspin l inst 3) fruit of various uurbita

spia quas and itron sr fo t prodution of Californa d sal(39), an Jos sal (40) oanr sa and man otr Rip orang wr

found to b atisfatory for t produton of sispott mts 33)amp of fattio osts utizd n parast raring programs ar t

Angoumoi grain ot and otr stord grain pts produd in on owat for t prouto of t gg arast Thoamma spp 3 )t Mditrranan ou mot for raring of Cos and Bao sps0, 7) t potato tubrworm in potatos for t prodution of Maou ao 35 a parat of t orintal frut mot d t ggsand ava of t tub!rrm for produton of t prdator, Csopa

Annu

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13/20

IOLOGIA OOL O

ploru itch 3 May of h arasits o ditrous uaria may braily rard i uria of Drosophila hous is blow is tc

Th costs of mass roductio of hosts ad arasits may b graty r

ducd hrough msurs dod to oai maimum rroduciity ofh scis iold ythic foods for h dults my sr this uros ws foud by Hag h gg dositio of hrso/a plorabna wsgrtly icrasd by ddig ymic hydrolysa of brwr's ys toh hoy slutio fd o th aduls h host iscs Hag Fi53) ror tha fudiy of h orial frui y was ry graly icrasdhrough h us of h sam food sum

h formulio of syhic food mdia for h arasits hmsls, asa substitut for h ormal isc hos has irigud may workrs i th

s hough i sch ws do o h robm Th coml utr-ioal rquirms of both do d coarasts, s wll as h chagghysicl codiios rquird as dlom rogrsss from gg to ua,smd to rs isurmoutabl dilis Th arasitic scis of thdtrous faml archagd nt ai was o of hs seuosrohag is Fall arasitic i th srubudworm, horstoeurfumfern Cms ha was h subc of sudyby Hous Trar was foud that a food mdium cosistig of orklir ad sh was fully acctbl to th lara ad hat much hghr roortio rchd mauriy o his mdiu ha o h orm sc hosThis rmitd yarroud roductio of th arasi i ay dsird quty, a gra adg wh dalg with uiolti hos Hous's larwork o his sam arasi has dalt wth wid rag of ssal utrits

Th dlom of syhic food mda for th hos iscts has showcosidrab romis iy t l 81) foud that th fals codlig mohrgyroloe euotre Myri, woud do ad rroduc radily o araraio of oatmal oridg lightly ifctd wth th mold Mucorhimalis Whmr Hawaii ormous umbrs of h ortl ad ohrfrui is wr roducd mdium of bldd fsh sqush fortid wihaddiioal ssil urii factors 67 ar modicaio of his mhodroidd for us of frsh carrot 34 d h of comrcally aailbl dhydratd carro 13) which rmis of yarroud rodutio ddt ofucrtai sulis of h frsh roduct

Various mas may b moyd to rlc th aborious rarig of hosmatrial ad to isur a aml suly hroughou th roductio rogram h rarig of h ahidfdig coccillid Hippoam conrgnsuri Haug 4 foud ha this could b radily accolish hroughouh yar by h us of fro hids Th scis usd was h olr iol

gall hid Pmhs opultrsersus ily Th olar glls coaiigh hids wr sord a 1 - d rmaid i good oditofor my mohs For sorag uross hs hid ws mor sasfacoryth hos ourrig o o folig baus of h grar as of hadlg th galls coaiig thm d ss aid dcomosito d dsiaioaftr rmoal from sorag

Annu.

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4 CSE

cs fr t tmtc cllctn f st r prst srv t rc cs f mss prc prgrm Empls r ns lp bySpncr t al fr rng n clctng ts ngms grn

mt n rp scrb by fr 5 fr cllctng hlons xansssn n t rng rms T lt m tls tw lgt srcst rst bn ygt rscnt tbs bn nng scrn frm wcrfc t prss r tn trc ; ntrl ylgt nt stbl cnnrs

Bologca stds nwg t bgy n bts t ntmpgs spcs 5 ng tlz n blgcl cntrl s bsly fl tg n lwys ssntl n blgc cntrl prgrms Occsny, wr, sc nwg ps t y t sccss f n ntr pr

grm s ws strngl llstr b t svr by Flnrs f tpnmnn f s rnttn n t s rltns f srs f ocophags spcs prstc n sc nscts wrn t fms p sprmry prsts n t mls s scnr prsts s bt sncfn t ccr n t gnr f plnn, ms ncssry spcl cnqs n cnzn t c sbsmn r ts scry, tbcm cr wy nmbr f rr ttmpts t stbls crtn prsts lbs n w s bn nsccssl

snc bgc n hsttrmn r i i scssn f t l sc n trs, s ry c cpct t lpn cmp f y gc cntrl prcs pbms n mny pcs p n ncyrt prstc n scl nscts b ccrrnc f sc rcs s nwn n tr grpsn s prbby mc m frnt tn s rz t prsnt

pssty f lpg nw rcs r srns f prs spcs,ptb t spcc cmtc r tr cntns, s ntrg bgccntrl wrrs fr mny yrs bt nly rcntly s ts bn ttmptn n bss sts n t lpmn f clrnss nahlbon cnn Zttstt, Ws 111 fn tt t rgtmprr prfrn f ss s twn 22 n 228 ww mnr ps n C n msmmr tr nrl l gpsprfrr tmprtrs 25, 5, n C rspcty Cntns sctn gv mr ncrs n prcntg f nls prfrng lwr tmprtrs n pt prcss n ntr s prc t mrslts s ts bn by rtc sctn n t brry brng f strns wt spcc prfrn my cnsrbl prctc n t l clnztn prgm Vry fw ntmpgs nscts rp t ctc rng f ss n bng n

sml prtn f tt rngrlmnry prmns by B 9 sng cn br prss

agonl nns Twsn n Pararsa larpalps n rWp ppr prmsng Rcs f arahra frm rn, Mc,Vnz n r wr crss n rsltin ybr frm Vnz

Annu

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15/20

OLO ONTO C

rna aets aeae to e te ost goou and possb best sutedto Veneuen contions

Eidenc presented b Aen 2 indicates that a ate spees a becoe adapted to a host to hch it intay as not attracte on iHooenesmolsae Uchida a paraste of the orienta frut oth he ounthat it coud be induced to paraste potatotueror arae ony in thpresnce of rae of its nora host After seera ears of nsecar rearing,hoer t deeoped high attracton for that host the producton inue cuture of tueror arae eg 2 tes that attained in the rsttests The qesion then arise a to hether ths hostadaped stran retansts origina attraction to ts nora host he ased i the ed

e e ao o aoao The probe of antaing a faorbe e ato in aborator stoks is an iportat aspect the eonoiaass producton of any paraste peces n seera proects the popotoof feaes in these stocks has decined progessie to the poin her uate nubes of feaes coud not be produced o the ratio of feaes becae so o th mta was impossible. By poes o seectebreedin ikes (112) as abe to deonstrate that this deeopnt can ereersed A seecte breedng progra ith alomins fipns educed the ncdence of sterie aes fro 35 per cent to 2 per cent and at thesae tie inreased the ean nuber of progen per feae fr to These ndngs contrbutd substanta to the ore econoca poductoof the an iions of alomins utid n the Eopean suce sayprogra Sonds 7 reports sar resuts in the rearng of t odng

oth paraste Mass Anople) apopa ushanartin inney iproed the se ratio of Maoens anlvo9

by decreasing the ght ntensity in the atng ro and by aong a 2heergence perod The aso found that the rato of feaes inreased iththe degree of superparsitiation Fanders 42 orkng th the saeparasite found that utipe atng a resut in preention of fertiia-tion of the feae and educed opositon through crodng of sperato-phores in the agina

he sie of the host often has a ery denite inuence on the se ratio ofthe parasite 14 Ths as striking deostrated b Brunso 11 in thecase of Tipa popilliavoa Roher parastc on the arae o Popillajaponia Nean Those deeoping on seondistar grubs ere predoinanty aes hereas on thirdinstar grus the rato as reersed c-ugan 65 found that the aes of peis onario resson eergedainy fro ae host pupae and feaes fro feae pupae apparentythe resut of seete oiposition bous this fctor of host sie needs to

be considered in deeopng technques in soe ass production progras.Evalaon o paase and pedao eeiveness geat dea of diut

has been eperienced in eauating the eecieness of introduced or naienatura eneies oe progress has been ade in this respect ith those atakin sa nsets an eabugs i ia t each 92

Annu.

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6

demoraed ha ecoure o ied brach i bag o mhdcloh o clud h aual emie, emed a comaio o ho dvelom ad icreae ih ad ihou hm Thi ud a lar eded ad modied b Bach 22) i hich r re rad h Dad alc, ho reaed h DT hoig a gra icae o ogailedmalybug hie h eiig alc or o eam hod a vrmarked dcli i e oulaio d mal h acv o rdaor

Th clh levet ehod meoed abov a ar modied 24 ocombie h aur o boh mehod, h ve cloig h brache -g imegaed h ecical DDT, ad hed i uch a a a o o e icoac ih h oliag hc leve re urad ad o a oh drmiig ormal acv o aural emi

Th quio aro aer a o h oie simulaig eec o reeadligh alicaio o DDT o h ec hemelve a ho 2ha uch alicaio had o aeale c uo olaio o aloria rd ca or lo cal The iccidal chc mehod oer a readmea o valuaig h civee o aua eemi o es ec ucha cae iec, maug, ad ob he ad m

Th m in biil n-The queio o h egh o imeuired or rodued ara ad rdaor o demorae hir caac- or corol o a e he a n n f n n nn oeooogi egage i ilic t aciiie ecaue o h ma

ume o he eca ci laed i elaio o h lag oulaioo h hs, had e ard rqul ha a log iva requiredbeore he ull ecives o he roduced aura emie i aaedThi uec ha be dcused b laue 1, ho rvee, oa adeailed ulihed daa ae availal all iace o ha i geerall aced s ull commercil cool Ths daa idicaed ihou ceioha ull ecive araie ad rdaor demoa vr quicl heircaaci o coro o he ht, ad hat thi i achievd i he immediaaa lea h hee ea, a eiod oe ereig ol hee ho

geeraio hi cocluio d o al o arall ec aheir acvi ar srol iuecd b chagg viromal iuecA ec ded o e ul c i aa ai ad quicl a-lihed ad, covrl, h ailre o become aihed ail ad quicl ia deie idcaio ha i il o ull civ lar Vaiou aes oh roblm ar rd i cricim o h abov aricle b Thomo100 ad e 4

P B CONO

aali o h rese au o iological corol o iec ada oectio o dveoe o h uur ar o much er ad rvaa id divergc o oiio, eve amog r i h d A rovocaivdici o he ue ha b Taor 99 ho a a dl i-miic vieoi a o he osiili o orhhile achievm i hi ldi h uu, dicai: ha h cra ha alead mmd awa ad



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17/20

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF NSET PESTS 307

th pont of mnshng tuns has ong snc bn ac mmons 88psns a voous butta o Tayos tss an cs mny amps toust h ponts ssu Spac mtatons vn n uat vw

of hs wo atcs, but fw ponts ma b mntonTao sas

know i [bioogia ontrol) o be he be of all meho o onrong eswhen i work, bu ha i eo work an hat there i itle uture or i in con-inenta aea.

T succsss n No Amc on ung pas as sucnuta to ht statmn stmatc wok n boogca conto of nsctpsts as stat n ga maoty of contnna counts an s v son o p sus n os couns copb o

succsss ac n Noh mca an sw Accong w mapc subsn pogss n many as n fuu yas Fu th

. te prent tnency to onz th mon o st n to aboute word ercrs sc ee e eu s sd d sereo to b ete.

A wghng of sus of such cn wok cany fus sson ofcsng tuns

Th somwha outmo a hat nsua contons a n som way

conucv to succss n boogca conto s at wh t som ngh bTao That th most funt succsss n boogc conto v bnatn on opca sans s obvous fom h co Ts sns (Hwa F tc) a chactz aoun ua cmat ackngco wns n o y summs n conons fo unnupvopmn of nau nms n pau fom h a suaon obou ucs chncs succss bnon, summ paus, ck of atnat hoss, tc nt no th pcu, n on of whcfactos m cus ucton n cvnss o vn pvnt stashmn

of nua nmy tht un mo favob conons wou e fuycpab of contong ts hos T ga g of succss n topcasan aas may b ttbut not o nsuaty as suc bu o () opmumcmc contons fo vopmn n ncas of h naua nmsn b h ps spcs occung th a pcca a of fogn ognan ck cv n cono gs

T n fo nnsv su of coogc onsps of os nps s mpas by bot Tao an mmons oug u b aaon of th cuts nvov n suppong suc scs on n

ua bass A psnt tm s cu to vsuz th mann nwc ths coogca sus cn contbu subsana o pactcs of app boogc cono nso as t paast ntouctonpogms a concn. Fo amp t s tmy oubfu t asus of Ereter er Svst of My wc so succssfuy cono cus back n th Ws ns wou hv v n o bo couns s om nvnss f sbsmn



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18/20

CLAUSEN

nunn h n nhnng, bgnrl ver rgl n n eprl b ll remn r ers t

LITERURE CIED

Alde C H ad Webb E r, Gorg Stat Board Entomol. Bu No7 23 pp (937

2 An H. W J. n ntomol 47 8-81 1954)3 wbowo R Lanbow (Btnzorg, Java) 0, 792 (1934); Abr Rv

ppl Entomol 23 09 93)4. Bird B Ann ept ntoml oc Ontario, 70 -6 9405 Bfo E. C G ntomol oc ca 9, 342-3 (196)6. Beigoe 0. Bal. Exp gopc 4 96; Abst in R ppl

ntomol 4 4 9 Box E Poc Intn o gaCan Tchnologts 6 230 939 Bo H. ro nt Soc Sgar-Can nologst 6 493 (9399 Bo H. E Int nal gr Vna Bo No 2 pp 192

0 Brdey W G Dp g No 66 22 94)1 1 Bruso M H g: Rarc 57 3796 9391 Brunon M H and Ae H. W on ntomol 37 11 6 943 Chsso L ed d Holow J. R J con Enomo. 49

1336 96 Ce C N Y ntool o 15. Cue C.

Pnoophgo nst (McGrwH Book Co New Vo

. V 88 946 Cluse C P J. E'1 Enool 44 -9 91 Cuse C P U S. pt r Th Bu. No 11 151 pp 96 Cauen C P con nomol 49 168 56)9 Cause C P ad B!r P. A U S pt gr B No 20 pp

9320 Copee H ad Smh H. S Hilgara 6 6 93)21 Cuht C R &on nomol 4 34 922 DeBa J n Entomo/ 39 65 94 DBa P n ntomol 48, 5888 9 DBach Dck, F C A J. Eon ntom 5-7

995 eBch P Der E. Feser C . ad Fsher T W J on

nomol 43 3802 906 ou R L oc awan Entoml Soc 4 90 ou R L J o ntool 47 3943 948 ou R L alf Ag 8 3 (929 owde P B nn ntomol oc mr 9, 2- 194630 Doden B Sers W F d illr F E. r J Foety -

9403 Dooz A T J nomol 0 (93 Fne G L J n Entmol 43 900 9033 Fey G. L. con ntmol 4 38182 193)34 Fi G L n nmol 49, 34 (96)3 Fe G. Fers E ad m Hlgara 33 19)3 Fads S aia 551 9303 Fl . E, Un] al Enool )8 Fl E o ntomo 5 88



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19/20

BIOOGCA CONTROL OF SEC P

9 ander, E, J on. Enomot, 36 -5 (194)40. laner, E J on. Enomol, 37 105 (1944)4 anders, S E J Econ Enomo., 37 089 (944)4 ande, E. J on. Enomol, 3 (945)4. ander, E J Econ Enomol, 4 (94)44 ane, E Cali Ciograph, 3 (1948)45 aner, E Can. Enomologis, 54 (1949)4 ander, E Hilgad 21 14 (1951)4. ane, E Ecology, 3 4549 (954)48 ander, . E J Econ. Enomol, 1 1 (95)49 rappa, C., Bull. Ag. Madagascar, 2 419 (950)5. Haeue, J, U S Dep Ag. Tech Bll. No. (1940)51. Hafez, M, and Doutt R ., Can. Enomologis, 909 (19545 Hagen, K , J Econ Enomol 3 04 1950)5. Hagen, K. , and inney, , J. Econ Enomol, 3 5 (1950)54 Haug, G W Ann. Enomol. Soc Ame 3 4048 (98)55. Houe, H , and ae, M . Ann. Rep. Enomol Soc. Onaio, 505

(1949)5 ak, Poc 0 nn eeac onference, Calorna Fig Insiue

(1955 Huae, C B, an Kennett, C ., Hilgadia, 26 91 (195)58. Jayne, H. , an Bynum, . K, U S Dep. Agr., Tech Bull. No. 7 4 pp

(1941)59 enn . H J o Soc. Ausalia 2 1 (9480. Kaa, M., Bll oc. Fouad I enomol, 3 050 (951)1. Kuwana, I oc V acic Sci Cong., Canada, 5 (19). ange, H. W roc. V acic ci. Cong New Zealand, 4955 195) e eey, R H Empie J Expl Ag 1 888 (194) ever, R J A W Ag. J Fiji, 99 194)5 Mcuga, B M, Can Enomologis, 7 88 (955). Mceod, J. H Sci Ag (Canada), 595 (98) Maeda S Hagen S an inney, G roc Haaian nomot Soc,

85 (95)8. Matin, C H, an inney, . . J. Econ. Enomol, 3 999 (949. Mier D. Car an Dumbeton J Nw Zealand J. Sci echnol

599 (9)0 Muerge, J, New Zealand J ci Technol, 4 0A9A (194) ; 2 0

(194)1 Mudrew, J ., Can. Enomologis, 3 1 195) ewe ! M Mihe W C an Rathbur, o. Hawaiian nomot.

Soc., 49508 (195). ha, T Ann Enomol. Soc Amer, 18 (955)4. obe, W an Hunt, W T J Econ Enomot 35 59 194)5 O'Conno, B A, o. II acic ci Cong, New Zealand 89 9. aine, R W Dep Ag. i, Bull No. 0 (95) emberton, C E Hawaiian lane's ecord, 2 590 (948)8 emberton C , oc. II acic Sci Conr. New Zeald, 4, 0 (95)9. eeon D J J Eon. Enomol, 88 (1955)80. Ree, W A. Can J Ag Sci, 3 4059 (195)81. Ripey . B., Heburn, . ., and Di, J., S Arica Dep Agr., i. Bl. No.

20 18 p (998. Rinay, E., oc Foad I enomol. 19 (194

Annu.R

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310 CUSN

83 Scaramzza L C, and Ingram J. W, &o Eomol, 35 25 (94284. Sllrs, W. F Bul Enomol Resch 27389 (1953)85. Sidorovnin, E , L:i Acd Agr ci Lird 1 1 1 6063 (938) ; Abs

n Rv Appl Eoml, 27 305 (1939)

86 F. J" Bull. Eomt arh, 2926 94)87. Simmods F J C Eomlogi 444 (947)88. Simmods, C Eomlogi 88 553-63 (1956)89 Smith, D. Prona communcton)90 Smith H S Cif rogaph 7 2909 (942)9. Smth H S and Armtage H M Cf Agr Expt S Bu No 09 74 pp

93)92. Smit, H. S. and eah, P, Eomol 3 89 (1942)9. Smyth, . G. Po Ir Soc ugr-C Tchologs 6 36777 939)94. Senr H., Bon nd Phllip A. M., U Dp Agr Crc N

7 p. 995. Speyer, E R Roy. Har oc. 81-9 (1929)96 Sweetman, H Boogc Cool of sc Pss Comstk Pubishin

Siy tha N. Y 461 pp, 936)97. Tylor, T. H C., Bu E ch 6 1-12 (935)98. Tyor, T. H C, Th Biolocal Corol of a Isect Fj A Acu of h

Cocou Lmig B d s Ps Complx (Impral Institute 0ntoooy, oo, nan, 329 pp 1937)

99. lor, T. H. , App BI 996 955 Thompo, W. R C. Eomolos 23040 ()0. Thompson W R h Commowlh Eomol Caf 8993 (Common

wat Intitut o Entomology ondon, ngland 154)02. Tonnoi, A Cocil i d Rrch 8995 (1937)0 Took, . G C., U Afrc D Agr Eomol Mm 3 282 pp 1955:14 Tothil J. D Taylo T H C. nd in, R. W., Th Cocou Moh i ij

(mpri Bureu of Entomology ondon England 269 pp, 930105 Tucr, R W E., Po r oc ugrC Tcho 6 24043 (939)106 rqujo Landauze, P., and adin, J. M., Publ. esc topt. gric. Coru

No 23 79 Abr in v A Eomol 125 (945)07 an n Boh, R n Hramoto, F H Proc wi Emo oc

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Biological Control of Insect Pests_1958

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