770 OLR (1986) 33 (9)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

86:5221 Armonies, Werner and Monika Hellwig, 1986.

Quantitative extraction of living meiofanna from marine and brackish muddy sediments. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 29(1):37-43.

Samples are fitted into tubes covered with a 2-cm layer of clean coarse sand. Water of appropriate salinity is added until the sample is flooded and the sandy cover is just moist. Closed sample tubes are stored in the dark. As the samples become anaer- obic, the animals migrate upwards into the sandy layer. To extract them. the sandy cover is separated periodically and washed out by 10-fold shaking and rotating in a beaker. The supernatant is decanted through small funnels, and animals are retained on a 40 ~tm gauze. Zool. Inst. und Zool. Mus., Georg- August-Univ. Gottingen, D-3400 Gottingen, FRG.

86:5222 Brattegard, Torleiv, 1985. A biologist's search for

chemical solutions to physical problems. [Using chemical tracers in marine ecology.] Rit Fiskideil., 9:177-184.

The selection and the potential use of certain chemical compounds as tracers and water mass markers are discussed from an ecological point of view. Organic compounds to fingerprint a water mass are most likely to be found among amino acids, sterols, odd-chain n-alkanes and vitamins. More extensive use of nutrient data is recommended, notably the use of preformed nutrients which by definition are conservative properties of a water mass. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Bergen, N-5065 Blomsterdalen, Norway.

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecol- ogy, etc.)

86:5223 Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, S.R. Johnson and D.M.

Schell, 1984. Trophic dynamics in an Arctic lagoon. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 24: 1-68.

This interdisciplinary overview of trophic dynamics in the Simpson Lagoon, west of Prudhoe Bay in the Beaufort Sea, is based on detailed studies conducted as part of the Outer Continental Shelf Environ- mental Assessment Program. The food web's biotic

components are examined from consumers to pro- ducers, including the carbon sources for the near- shore food web. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (llt)

86:5224 Kaim-Malka, R.A. and S.S. Jacob, 1985. [Marine

vertebrates and cephalopods of the Mediterranean Sea. Reports of the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediter- ranean Sea.] Rapp. P.-v. Rbun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer mkdit., 29(8):9-251; 55 papers. (French and English.)

86:5225 Mathieson, A.C. and E.J. Hehre, 1986. A synopsis of

New Hampshire seaweeds. Rhodora, 88(853):1o 139. 26 Park St., South Berwick, ME 03908, USA.

E50. General biology, ecology, bioge- ography, etc.

86:5226 Alexander, V. and R.T. Cooney, 1984. Ice edge

ecosystem study: primary productivity, nutrient cycling, and organic matter transfer. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 25:1- 166.

The ecological role of the southeast Bering Sea ice edge system, particularly the plankton community, is examined in terms of the potential impact of oil exploration and development. Ice edge primary production makes a major contribution to the annual total, especially in margin break-up sea ice (April-May) and in lower ice cover layers (early spring) susceptible to oil. Low grazing results in sinking of most of the spring production, providing a route for surface contamination to reach the ben- thos. Both weather-influenced mixing and position of the edge relative to the shelf break are important to production. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5227 Jorgensen, C.B., Flemming Mohlenberg and Ove

Sten-Knudsen, 1986. Nature of relation between ventilation and oxygen eonsumptioo in filter

OLR (1986) 33 (9) E. Biological Oceanography 771

feeders. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 29(1):73-88. Zoo- physiol. Lab. A, August Krogh Inst., Univ. 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.

86:5228 Nienhuis, P.I-1. and A.M. Groenendijk, 1986. Con-

sumption of eelgrass (Zostera marina) by birds and invertebrates: an annual budget. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser., 29(1):29-35. Delta Inst. for Hydro- biol. Res., Vierstraat 28, 4401 EA Yerseke, Netherlands.

86:5229 Pisias, N.G., D.W. Murray and A.K. Roelofs, 1986.

Radiolarian and silicoflagellate response to ocean- ographic changes associated with the 1983 E! Nifio. Natur~ Lond., 320(6059):259-262.

Strong seasonal signals in fluxes and composition of siliceous microfossils were recorded in sediment traps from two sites in the equatorial Pacific. During the 1982-83 E1 Nifio, the radiolarian trap assem- blages at Site C (I°N, 139°W) most resembled faunal assemblages in western equatorial Pacific sediments, whereas the trap assemblages resembled equatorial divergence sediments in the latter half of the period. At Site S (1 I°N, 140°W), the radiolarian and silicoflagellate species can be correlated with organic carbon fluxes. Comparison of trap sample assemblages with underlying sediments shows that dissolution does not alter relative abundances of the fossil specie,; used in palaeoclirnatic reconstructions. A significant difference is observed between the silicoflagellate trap assemblage and the underlying sediment assemblage. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.

86:5230 Schell, D.M., P.J. Ziemann, D.M. Parrish, K.H.

Dunton and E.J. Brown, 1984. Food web and nutrient dynamics in nearshore Alaska. Beaufort Sea waters. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 25:327-499.

Energy supply and transfer experiments suggest that two distinct energy systems exist here: a terrestrial peat-based system (obligate freshwater organisms) and a marine microalgal-based system (obligate marine organisms). The two are linked by upper trophic level consumers which utilize both (anad- romous fish and migratory birds). Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5231 TruetL J,C., 1984. Ecological process studies of a

barrier islland-lagoon system, Beaufort Sea, Alas-

ka. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 24:113-127.

An interdisciplinary assessment of factors contrib- uting significantly to the structure and productivity of the system and their vulnerability to human activities was conducted. Results indicated that important fish and bird species consume mostly epibenthos, which appear to greatly exceed the abundance required and which depend on pelagic primary production and nearshore circulation pat- terns. These patterns are driven by wind and landforms (mostly reworked mainland remnants). Implications for development impact assessment are discussed. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5232 Truett, J.C. (ed.), 1984. Environmental characteri-

zation and biological use of lagoons in the eastern Beaufort Sea. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 24:129-579.

The bays, lagoons, and nearshore waters frora Point Barrows to Demarcation Bay were studied in terms of physical oceanography, meteorology, chemistry (nutrients, primary production, and energy flow), and marine biology (invertebrates, fish, mammals and birds). The results were compared with previous observations from western Beaufort locations, no- tably Simpson Lagoon. Copies are available from NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

E80. Plankton (also primary productivity, seston and detritus)

86:5233 Bodungen, B.V., V.S. Smetacek, M.M. Tilzer and

Bernt Zeitzschel, 1986. Primary production and sedimentation during spring in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Deep-Sea Res., 33(2A):177- 194.

Three distinct zones were observed: low biomass (flagellates and diatoms) in the Drake Passage and Scotia Sea; high to moderate biornass (Phaeocvstis and diatoms) in the northern and central Bransfield Strait; and moderate biomass (Thalassiosira spp. forming resting spores) associated with the heaviest sedimentation on the northern Antarctic Peninsula shelf. Nutrients were abundant in all areas and approximately two-thirds of trapped diatoms were resting spores. This is suggested to be a seeding strategy to ensure regional persistence. Inst, fur Meeresk, Univ. Kiei, D-2300 Kiel i, FRG. (gsbi

772 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1986) 33 (9)

86:5234 Horner, R.A. and G.C. Schrader, 1984. Beaufort Sea

plankton studies: winter-spring studies in Stefansson Sound and off Narwhal Island No- vemher 1978-June 1980. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 25:193-325.

Almost all of the winter-spring primary production was attributed to ice algae and occurred during April-June. Pennate diatoms dominate the ice algae, while small microftagellates are common in both ice and water column, and a distinct and abundant benthic microalgal community lies dormant during this period; zooplankton are chiefly copepods. Light is the most important controlling factor, and ice algal production provides an important food source for animals in all three compartments (ice, water column and sediment). Implications for petroleum development are discussed. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5235 Horner, Rita, 1984. Analysis of [Alaska's] Harrison

Bay zooplankton samples. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 25:167-191. Cop- ies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA.

86:5236 Knap, Anthony, Timothy Jickells, Alex Pszenny and

James Galloway, 1986. Significance of atmos- phere--derived fixed nitrogen on productivity of the Sargasso Sea. Nature, Lond., 320(6058): 158- 160.

Anthropogenic contaminants are transported from North America to the Sargasso Sea, affecting the chemistry of rain water over this oligotrophic ocean area. Our measurements of the anthropogenic fixed nitrogen in rainwater samples collected between 1982 and 1984 are discussed in the context of the amount of nitrogen required to support 'new' primary production in the Sargasso Sea. We show that the effects of atmospheric deposition are insignificant. Mar. and Atmos. Prog., Bermuda Biol. Sta. for Res., Inc., Ferry Reach 1-15, Bermuda.

86:5237 Packard, T.T., 1985. Measurement of electron trans-

port activity of microplankton. Adv. aquat. Micro- biol., 3:207-262.

A review of the structure and function of electron transport systems (ETS) in marine plankton precedes an examination of ETS measurement methods and their application to the determination of respira- tion/ETS ratios in species and communities and

ETS activity in oceanic waters. Although it is an indirect measure of respiration and requires specific calibration, ETS activity remains an important method because of its sensitivity, simplicity, speed of measurement, and its applicability to deep sea studies. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., West Boothbay Harbor, ME, USA. (gsb)

86:5238 Platt, Trevor, 1986. Primary production of the ocean

water column as a function of surface light intensity: algorithm~ for remote sensing. Deep- Sea Res., 33(2A):149-163.

Empirically, phytoplankton production per unit area of sea surface, normalized to total pigment biomass in the water column, is a linear function of surface insolation. The slope xI" varies by only a factor of two in samples from a variety of environments. A theory is developed that describes the empirical results. A simplifying assumption, that photosynthesis is a linear function of available light, leads to a bias (overestimate) that can be calculated as a function of a measurable dimensionless parameter. With the bias corrected, g' is shown to be equal, to within a dimensionless constant, to the initial slope a of the photosynthesis-light curve. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

86:5239 Platt, Trevor and W.G. Harrison (reply), 1986.

[Discussion of] Reconciliation of carbon and oxygen fluxes in the upper ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 33(2A):273-276.

In response to Reid and Shulenberger's (1986) defense of their hypothesis of mid-latitude inferred 02 excess exceeding C-14 measured photosynthesis, the authors reassert the criticisms initially made by Platt (1984). They emphasize the uncertainty of the initial 02 saturation, the role of temperature in- creases, the inaccuracy of associating individual 02 accumulation and instantaneous C-14 fixation values and the compatibility of two fluxes within the errors associated with the data. They conclude that the evidence presented is insufficient for rejection of the null hypothesis that C-14 and 02 fluxes are compatible. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (gsb)

86:5240 Reid, J.L. and Eric Shulenberger (comment), 1986.

[Discussion of] Oxygen saturation and carbon uptake near 28°N, 155°W. Deep-Sea Res, 33(2A):267-271.

OLR (1986) 33 (9) E. Biological Oceanography 773

The authors defend their hypothesis that mid- latitude inferred oxygen evolution exceeds C-14 estimated photosynthesis, against objections raised by Platt (1984). They contend that Platt's O 2 saturation value is not applicable to the central gyre in winter, that radiant heating cannot account for 02 concentration increases, that undersampling of O 2 results in underestimation of maxima, and that 02 excess rates are significantly higher than C-14 rates. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (gsb)

86:5241 Schell, D.M., 1984. Primary production and nutrient

dynamics in [Alaska'sl Simpson Lagoon and adjacent waters. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 24:69-112.

Carbon fixation estimates are made and compared to other carbon inputs (shoreline erosion and fluvial input) and the ecological importance of terrestrial carbon sources relative to phytoplankton production is determined using consumer organism isotope abundances. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5242 Shushkina, E.A., 1985. Production of the main

ecological groups of plankton of the epipelagic oceanic areas. Okeanologiia, 25(5):839-845. (In Russian, English abstract.)

86:5243 Tommasi, L.R., 1985. [Red tide--a review.] CiOncia

Cult., S Paulo, 37(10): 1599-1605. (In Portuguese, English abstract.) Inst. Oceanogr. da USP, Portugal.

86:5244 Vollenweider, R.A., 1985. Elemental and biochemical

composition of plankton biomass; some comments and explorations. Arch. Hydrobiol., 105(1): 11-29.

Derivation of elemental composition from pro- tein/carbohydrate/lipid characteristics is proposed as an alternative to the stoichiometric approach, especially for freshwater and marine coastal systems. This would require hydrogen and ash-free dry weight analyses in addition to the routine particulate C, N, and P determinations. The elemental composition of major building blocks can then be estimated by the procedure of Spoehr and Milner (1949). The result would be more useful data for estimation of not only biomass characteristics, but also trophic relation- ships and energy content. (gsb)

El00. Nekton (communities; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals)

86:5245 Burleigh, R. and E.N. Arnold, 1986. Age and dietary

differences of recently extinct Indian Ocean tortoises (Geochelone s. /at.) revealed by carbon isotope analysis. Proc. R. Soc., Lond., (B)227(1246):137-144. Res. Lab., British Mus., London WClB 3DG, UK.

86:5246 Darling, J.D. and Harold Morowitz, 1986. Census of

'Hawaiian' humpback whales (Megaptera novae- angliae) by individual identification. Can. J. Zool., 64(1):105-111. West Coast Whale Res. Foun- dation, 2020, 1040 West Georgia St., Vancouver, BC V7X 1L3, Canada.

86:5247 Lavigne, D.M., S. Innes, G.A.J. Worthy, K.M.

Kovacs, O.J. Schmitz and J.P. Hickie, 1986. Metabolic rates of seals and whales. Can. J. Zool., 64(2):279-284.

A critical review of metabolic rate determinations for pinnipeds and cetaceans does not support the widely accepted generalization that they have higher metabolic rates than terrestrial mammals of similar size. This finding necessitates a rethinking of the thermoregulatory adaptations of these marine mam- mals for an aquatic existence and has important implications in comparative studies of mammals. It also suggests that numerous studies have overes- timated food consumption by marine mammal populations. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Guelph, ON N1G 2WI, Canada.

86:5248 Sjare, B.L. and T.G. Smith, 1986. The vocal reper-

toire of white whales, Delphinapterus leucas, summering in Cunningham Inlet, Northwest Territories. Can. J. Zool., 64(2):407-415. Dept. of Renewable Resources, McGill Univ., 21, 111 Bord du Lac, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, PQ H9X IC0, Canada.

El10. Bottom communities

86:5249 Candela, Angela, Renato Sconfietti and A.R. Torelli,

1983. Experimental researches concerning the seasonal dynamics of the intertidal zoocenosis of Venice Lagoon. II. Boll. Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Venezia, 34:7-28. (In Italian, English abstract.) Ist. Ecol. Animale ed Etol., Univ. Pavia, Italy.

774 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1986) 33 (9)

86:5250 Dungan, M.L., 1986. Three-way interactions: bar-

nacles, limpets, and algae in a Sonoran Desert rocky intertidal zone. Am. Naturalist, 127(3): 292-316.

Field experiments and observations yielded the following conclusions: (1) the barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma and an entrusting alga of the genus Ralfsia compete for space; (2) grazing by the limpet Collisella strongiana reduced algal abundance, thus indirectly increased barnacle abundance; (3) high percent cover of the barnacle reduced algal and limpet numbers; and (4) a negative feedback loop existed, in which barnacle removal enhanced limpet abundance thereby suppressing algal abundance, leading to barnacle reestablishment. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. (msg)

86:5251 Levin, L.A., D.J. DeMaster, L.D. McCann and C.L.

Thomas, 1986. Effects of giant protozoans (class: Xenophyophorea) on deep-seamount benthos. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 29(1):99-104.

The presence of xenophyophores, giant protozoans that agglutinate sediments to form tests, increased horizontal and vertical faunal densities (amphipods, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, but not poly- chaetes) and species richness. 234Th data indicate increased particle flux of fine-grained material and increased subsurface mixing in xenophyophore communities. It is concluded that xenophyophores increase habitat heterogeneity thus contributing to high benthic diversity. Dept. of Mar., Earth, and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA. (msg)

86:5252 Sutherland, J.P. and Sonia Ortega, 1986. Competition

conditional on recruitment and temporary escape from predators on a tropical rocky shore. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 95(2):155-166.

On the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica we document a period of h e a v y recruitment of the barnacle, Chthamalus fissus in an area infrequently visited by its major predator, the muricid gastropod, Acanthina brevidentata. For much of 1984, C. fissus occupied most available free space in the area, appearing to surround and imprison pulmonate limpets, Sipho- naria gigas, causing limpet weight loss. Limpets had little effect on barnacles. Heavy barnacle recruit- ment in predator-free areas occupied by the limpet is unpredictable in space and time. As a result the negative effect of barnacles on lim~ ~ts probably has little evolutionary consequence for the limpet. Duke Univ. Mar. Lab., Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.

El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities

86:5253 Heatwole, Harold, 1985. Survey of the mangroves of

Puerto Rico: a benchmark study. Carib. J. Sci., 21(3-4):85-99. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia.

El50. Microbiology (communities, pro- cesses; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

86:5254 Battersby, N.S., D.J. Stewart and A.P. Sharma, 1985.

Microbiological problems in the offshore oil and gas industries. J. appl. Bact., 59(Syrup. Ser. 14):227S-235S.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) present in seawater can, under stagnant conditions with suitable sub- strates, proliferate rapidly within surface-coating biofilms and damage equipment used in offshore oil and gas recovery. A review of SRB nutrition, distribution, and the problems they can cause precedes a discussion of SRB control, particularly with biocides. WRC-Environ., Medmenham Lab., P.O. Box 16, Marlow, Bucks SL7 2HD, UK. (gsb)

86:5255 Glover, H.E., 1985. The physiology and ecology of the

marine cyanobacterial genus Synechococcus. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:49-108.

The recently discovered, red-pigmented open ocean cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus are dis- cussed, following a general introduction to cya- nobacteria, in terms of clone characteristics (mor- phology, biochemistry, and pigments); physiology (light, temperature, nutrients, and photosynthet- ic/photorespiration pathways); and ecology (dis- tribution, primary production, and trophic signif- icance). Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., West Boothbay Harbor, ME, USA. (gsb)

86:5256 Jeffrey, W.H. and J.H. Paul, 1986. Activity meas-

urements of planktonic microbial and microfoul- ing communities in a eutrophic estuary [Bayboro Harbor, Florida]. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 51(1):157-162.

[3H]thymidine incorporation, the rate of reduction of iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) to INT formazan normalized to DNA, and the ratio of ATP to DNA were adapted to measure the activity of attached and

OLR (1986) 33 (9) E. Biological Oceanography 775

unattached microbial assemblages. In most cases, activity of attached cells was greater than that of unattached cells either in unfiltered water samples or in the ( l - t t m fraction. Thymidine incorporation rates for cells in the ~ lpm fraction were higher than those for cells either in unfiltered water or in the

1-/~m-filtered fraction. By the rate of reduction of INT to INT formazan normalized to DNA and by ATP-to-DNA ratios, attached cells were also more active than cells in unfiltered water samples. Results indicate that the microenvironment afforded by attachment is a more beneficial habitat for microbial growth. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.

86:5257 Laanbroek, H.J. and J.C. Verplanke, 1986. Tidal

variations in bacterial biomass, productivity and oxygen uptake rates in a shallow channel in the Oosterschelde Basin, The Netherlands. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 29(1): 1-5. Inst. for Ecol. Res., Boterhoeksestraat 22, 6666 GA Heteren, Neth- erlands.

86:5258 Perry, J.J., 1985. Isolation and characterization of

thermophilic hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:109-140.

An overview of organisms that have been isolated from thermal environments is followed by a more in-depth look at hydrocarbon-utilizing, obligately thermophilic microbes. Isolation methods, charac- teristics of isolated organisms, and means of clas- sification are discussed. The study of these microbes can contribute to a better understanding of early evolution from the presumably high-temperature primordial soup and of adaptation to extreme environments. Dept. of Microbiol., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA. (gsb)

86:5259 Ward, D.M. and M.R. Winfrey, 1985. Interactions

between methanogenie and sulfate-reducing bac- teria in sediments. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:141- 180.

A review of the relationship between these terminal stage anaerobic decomposers includes sections on their relative roles in overall decomposition, com- petition for acetate and H2, vertical profiles, varia- tions in degree of competition, and substrates not subject to competition. Dept. of Microbiol., Mon- tana State Univ., Bozeman, MT, USA. (gsb)

86:5260 Yoch, D.C. and G.J. Whiting, 1986. Evidence for

NH4 + switch--off regulation of nitrogenase activ-

ity by bacteria in salt marsh sediments and roots of the grass Spartina altendflora. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 51(1): 143-149.

Acetylene reduction activity (ARA) measured in-situ was only partially inhibited by NH4 + in both the light and dark after 2 h. In-vitro analysis showed that microbes associated with sediment and dead roots have a great potential for anaerobic C2H 2 reduction, but only if amended with a carbon source such as mannose. Only live roots had significant rates of ARA without added carbon. In sediment, N2-fixing mannose enrichment cultures could be distinguished from those enriched by lactate in that only the latter were rapidly inhibited by NH4 ÷. Ammonia also inhibited ARA in dead and live roots and in surface-sterilized roots. The rate of this inhibition was too rapid to be attributed to the repression and subsequent dilution of nitrogenase. The kinetic characteristics of this inhibition and its prevention in root-associated microbes by methi- onine sulfoximine are consistent with the NH4 + switch-off switch-on mechanism of nitrogenase regulation. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crusta- cea, E240-Protozoa)

86:5261 Fleeger, J.W. and J.M. Gee, 1986. Does interference

competition determine the vertical distribution of meiobenthic copepods? J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 95(2): 173-181.

Asellopsis intermedia and Tryphoema bocqueti were added in known densities to laboratory-maintained azoic sand columns. With no other species present, both species relocated at depths very similar to their low tide field distributions. Mean depths and the distributions as a whole of each species were also compared in single species and mixed species situations. No competition-mediated shifts in ver- tical position occurred. With the lack of response to ecological release and the lack of competitive displacement, we could find no evidence that vertical profile was governed by interference competition for space. Dept. of Zool. and Physiol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

86:5262 Grange, K.R., 1985. Distribution, standing crop,

population structure, and growth rates of black coral in the southern fiords of New Zealand. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res., 19(4):467-475. NZOI,

776 E. Biological Oceanography O LR (1986) 33 (9)

Div. of Mar. and Freshwat. Res., P.O. Box 12-346, Wellington, New Zealand.

86:5263 Jensen, Preben, 1985. The nematode fauna in the

sulphide--rich brine seep and adjacent bottoms of the East Flower Garden, NW Gulf of Mexico. I. Chromadorida. Zoologica Scr., 14(4):247-263.

Sixteen nematode species of the order Chromadorida are described from the East Flower Garden at 72 m depth in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The material is from sandy bottom samples influenced by or beyond the influence of a sulphide-rich brine seep. Fifteen species are new to science. Mar. Biol. Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark.

86:5264 Rollins, H.B., D.H. Sandweiss and J.C. Rollins,

1986. Effect of the 1982-1983 E! Nifio on bivalve mollusks. Natn. geogr. Res., 2(1):106-112.

Shell growth patterns and valve stress profiles of sessile bivalves are useful indicators of ENSO events. Peruvian Chione subrugosa and Trachycardium pro- cerum samples exhibited rapid onset growth breaks followed by slow, erratic (not total) recovery. Growth increment counts (extreme ventral tip to beginning of major valve margin stress break) of selected samples coincided with dates of maximum SST anomalies. Dept. of Geol. and Planet. Sci., Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. (gsb)

E230. Crustacea

86:5265 Annala, J.H. and B.L. Bycroft, 1985. Growth rate of

juvenile rock lobsters (Jusus edwardsil) at Stew- art Island, New Zealand. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res., 19(4):445-455. Fish. Res. Div., MAF, P.O. Box 297, Wellington, New Zealand.

86:5266 Cooney, R.T., 1986. The seasonal occurrence of

NeocManus cristatus, Neocalanus p lumchn~ and EueManus bungii over the shelf of the northern Gulf of Alaska. Continent. Shelf Res., 5(5):541- 553. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Alaska, Fair- banks, AK 99701, USA.

86:5267 De Broyer, Claude, 1985. Description of FMklandia

gen.n, from the Southern Ocean and definition of the uristid group of Lysianassoidea (Crustaeea, Amphipoda). Zoologica Scr, 14(4):303-312. (In

French, English abstract.) Inst. royal des Sci. nat. de Belgique, 29 rue Vautier, B-1040 Bru- xelles, Belgium.

86:5268 Donn, T.E. Jr. and R.A. Croker, 1986. Life-history

patterns of Haustorius canadensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in northern New England. Can. J, Zool., 64(1):99-104. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

86:5269 Ferrari, F.D., 1985. Postuaupliar development of a

looking-glass copepod, Pleuromamma xipMas (Giesbrecht, 1889), with analyses of distributions of sex and asymmetry. Smithson. Contr. Zool., 420:55pp.

86:5270 Fincham, A.A. and A.J. Figueras, 1986. Larval keys

and diagnoses for the subfamily Palaemoninae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in the northeast Atlantic and aspects of functional morphology. J. nat. Hist., 20(1):203-224. British Mus. Nat. Hist., Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK.

86:5271 Forniz, Cinzia and Renato Sconfietti, 1983. [Para-

cerceisis sculpta (Holmes, 1904) (lsopoda, Flahel- lffera, Sphaeromatidae) in the Lagoon of Venice.] Boll. Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Venezia, 34:197-203. (In Italian, English abstract.) Ist. di Zool., Univ. di Roma, Italy.

86:5272 Frusher, S.D., David Gwyther and Rolf Lindholm,

1985. Growth of the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis De Man, as estimated from tagging studies in the Gulf of Papua. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 36(6):793-796. Res. and Surv. Br., Fish. Div., Box 2417, Konedobu, Papua, New Guinea.

86:5273 Grygier, M.J. and W.A. Newman, 1985. Motility and

calcareous parts in extant and fossil Acro- thoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia), based primarily upon new species burrowing in the deep-sea scleractinian coral Enallopsammia. Trans. San Diego Soc. nat. Hist., 21(1):1-22. Newman: Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., A-002, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

86:5274 Hartmann, Gerhard, 1985. Ostracods from the Indian

Ocean, the Iberian Sea and from eastern Atlantic

OLR (1986) 33 (9) E. Biological Oceanography 777

platforms and seamounts, including a list of currently known Recent deelv-sea ostracods. Senckenberg. marit., 17(1-3):89-146.

This paper deals with ostracods collected during voyages to the Indian Ocean, Iberian Sea, and the Atlantic (off Portugal and Morocco). The samples contained altogether 27 species of which only 2 are already known to science; 6 new species are described, and 19 remain in open nomenclature. The majority (21~ spp.) come from the deep sea. The appendix contains a list with all deep-sea ostracods known to date. Zool. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, Martin- Luther-King-Platz 3, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

86:5275 Heasman, M.P., D.R. Fielder and R.K. Shepherd,

1985. Mating and spawning in the mudcrab, Scylla serrata (Forsk~l) (Decapoda: Portunidae), in Morton Bay, Queensland. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 36(6):773-783. Sea Hatcheries, 3 Pine Tree Close, Bayview Hts., Cairns, Qld. 4870, Australia.

86:5276 Holdich, D.M. and G.J. Bird, 1986. Tanaidacea

(Crustacea) from sublittoral waters off west Scotland, including the description of two new genera. J. nat. Hist., 20(1):79-100. Dept. of Zool., Univ., Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.

86:5277 Klaoudatos, S.D., 1984. Contribution to the biological

cycle of Penaeus kerathurus (Forskal 1775) in Greek waters, its reproduction and breeding under controlled conditions. Spec. Publ. Inst. oceanogr. Fish. Res., Athens, 9:238pp. (In Greek, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanogr. and Fish. Res., Aghios Kosmas Elliniko, Athens, Greece.

86:5278 McKoy, J.L., 1985. Growth of tagged rock lobsters

(Jasus edwardsiO near Stewart Island, New Zealand. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res., 19(4):457- 466. Fish. Res. Div., Min. of Agric. and Fish., P.O. Box 297, Wellington, New Zealand.

86:5279 Peterson, W.T., 1986. Development, growth, and

survivorship of the copepod Ca/anus marshallae in the laboratory. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 29(1):61- 72. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

86:5280 Rheinallt, T. ap, 1986. Size selection by the crab

Liocarcinus pnber feeding on mussels Mytilus

edulis and on shore crabs Carcinus maenas:, the importance of mechanical factors. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Set., 29(1):45-53. Sch. of Animal Biol., Univ. Coll. of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.

86:5281 Rice, A.L. and M. de Saint Laurent, 1986. The

nomenclature and diagnostic characters of four northeastern Atlantic species of the genus Manida Leach: M. rugosa (Fabricius), M. tenuimana G.O. Sars, M. intermedia A. Miine Edwards and Bouvier, and M. sarsi Huus (Crnstacea, Decap- oda, Galatheidae). J. nat. Hist., 20(1):143-163. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., NERC, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, UK.

86:5282 Schriever, Gerd, 1985. New Harpacticoida (Crus-

tacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. VI. Eight new species of the genera Paranan- nopus Lang and Cylindronannopus Coull (Cleto- didae). Zoologica Scr., 14(4):287-302. Zoo1. Mus., Univ. Kid, Hegewischstrasse 3, D-2300 Kid 1, FRG.

86:5283 Ttlrkay, Michael and Helmut Schuhmacher, 1985.

Latopilumnus tubicolus n.gen, et sp., a new coral-associated crab inducing the formation of a dwelling-cavity. Senckenberg. marit., 17(1-3):55- 63. (In German, English abstract.) Forsch. Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 1, FRG.

E240. Protozoa (except E250--Foraminifera, Radiolaria and Tintinnida)

86:5284 Lindholm, Tore, 1985. Mesod/n/um rubrnm--a

unique photosynthetic ciliate. Adv. aquat. Micro- biol., 3:1-48.

A review of the biology of M. rubrum, a red- pigmented, cosmopolitan, fast-swimming species which commonly blooms near-shore, is presented. Morphological characteristics (including ultrastruc- ture) are discussed, as are M. rubrum physiology and ecology. The role of this ciliate as a primary producer and its relationship to other symbiont- bearing ciliates are examined. Inst. of Biol., Abo Akademi, Abo, Finland. (gsb)

778 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1986) 33 (9)

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintin- nida, etc. (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOL- OGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

86:5285 Hallock, Pamela, T.L. Cottey, L.B. Forward and

John Halas, 1986. Population biology and sed- iment production of ArchMas angulatus (Foram- iniferida) in Largo Sound, Florida. J. foram. Res., 16(1):1-8. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.

86:5286 Reinrhl-Kompa, Sabine, 1985. Population ecology of

Foraminifera in the northeastern Ems-Dollard Estuary, southern North Sea. Senckenberg. marit., 17(1-3):147-161. (In German, English abstract.) Tonwerkstrasse 9, D-8031 Gilching, FRG.

86:5287 Wang, Pinxian and G.F. Lutze, 1986. Inflated later

chambers: ontogenetic changes of some recent hyaline hentMc Foraminifera. J. foram. Res., 16(1):48-62. Dept. of Mar. Geol., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China.

86:5288 Wells, P.E., 1985. Recent agglutinated benthonic

Foraminifera (suborder Textulariina) of Wel- lington Harheur, New Zealand. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res,, 19(4):575-599. Res. Sch. of Earth Sci., Victoria Univ., Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.

E 2 6 0 . Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

86:5289 Fonseca, M.S. and J.S. Fisher, 1986. A comparison of

canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and restoration. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 29(1): 15-22. NMFS, SEFC, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.

86:5290 Roberts, D.G. and J. Caperon, 1986. Lacunar gas

discharge as a measure of photosynthesis in seagrassos. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 29(1):23-27. CSIRO Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 120, Cleveland, Qld. 4163, Australia.

E300. Effects of pollut ion (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350- Atmospheric pollution, C210--Chemical pol- lution, F250-Waste disposal)

86:5291 Atlas, R.M., 1984. Assessment of potential inter-

actions of microorganisms and pollutants resulting from petroleum development on the outer coo- tinental shelf of Alaska. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 28:159-467.

A physiologically and taxonomically diverse micro- bial community, typical of unpolluted shelf regions, dominated by Vibrio and other gram negatives and with many potentially new species, is described. Changes in community parameters such as deni- trification were precipitated by hydrocarbon intro- duction while pathogenic bacteria from sewage became associated with edible crabs, indicating the potential for negative development-related effects. Indigenous bacteria appeared capable of degrading hydrocarbon contaminants from an oil spill; this process is predicted to be slow, but during the recovery period the elevated numbers of hydro- carbon-degraders would serve as useful indicators for pollution monitoring. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5292 Griffiths, R.P. and R.Y. Morita, 1984. Microbial

processes as related to transport in the north Aleutian shelf and St. George Basin lease areas. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 28:1-126.

Microbial function was assessed by measuring nitrogen fixation, CO2 evolution, relative microbial activity, and enzyme activities and found to be highest, and therefore most susceptible to crude oil perturbation, in the center of the St. George Basin and in the major bays along the Alaska Peninsula. The presence of a biologically active water layer at the water-sediment interface where crude oil tends to accumulate suggests a potential for impact. The methane oxidation and methanogenesis data provide a basis for more accurate assessment of transport processes in the prospective lease areas. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5293 Houghton, J.P. et al., 1984. Fate and effects of

drilling fluids and cutting discharges in Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, and on Georges Bank. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 27:1-388.

OLR (1986)33 (9) E. Biological Oceanography 779

High dilution of drilling fluids occurs over a short distance, with most water quality parameters ap- proaching background within 1 km; significant impacts from fluids and cuttings on pelagic plankton and nekton are unlikely at both locations. Benthic and demersal species impacts are dependent on local conditions and are generally confined within 800-- 1000 m downcurrent from a well. Near-bottom currents and biogenic activity would minimize adverse effects in the lower Cook Inlet, while Georges Bank benthos would be extensively affected by drill cuttings and mud solids. Biologically significant accumulations of drilling fluids are not predicted to occur at either site. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

86:5294 Lewis, D.J., D.L. Holland, D.J. Grove and R.

Huxley, 1986. Influence of oil shale on intertidal organisms: sensory impairment in the blenny, Blennins pholis L. by oil shale extracts. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 95(2):145-154. Mar. Sci. Lab., Menai Bridge, Anglesey, North Wales LL59 5EH, UK.

86:5295 Parkes, R.J. and J. Taylor, 1985. Characterization of

microbial populations in polluted marine sedi- ments. J. appl. Bact., 59(Syrup. Ser. 14):155S- 173S.

Because of the short response time of microbes and their important role in sediment biogeochemistry, microbial monitoring should be incorporated into pollution monitoring studies. A review of recent advances and current methods for analysis of sediment microbes, with an emphasis on anaerobic processes, is presented. Included are sections on viable counts, direct counts, substrate and product estimation, activity determination, and bio- mass/community structure analyses. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll, Scotland. (gsb)

86:5296 Van Baalen, C. and D.T. Gibson, 1984. Biodeg-

radation of aromatic compounds by high latitude phytoplankton. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 28:127-158.

Metabolism of napthalene to 1-napthol and other products was observed in cultures of diatoms from both the Cook Inlet and the Bering Sea ice-edge, and Cook Inlet and Prudhoe Bay crude oil caused enhanced toxicity in Bering Sea psychrophilic diatoms relative to mesophiles. These results are discussed in terms of the implications for oil and gas

development. Copies are available from: NOAA, OMA, OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (gsb)

FA00. Books, collections (general)

86:5297 Jannasch, H.W. and P.J. leB. Williams (eds.), 1985.

[A cross section of recent advances in aquatic microbiology.] Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:333pp; 7 papers.

The seven review papers offer a potpourri of recent advances--from studies of individual organisms to entire microbial ecosystems. The first paper dis- cusses the unique photosynthetic ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum. Succeeding papers examine the physiology and ecology of the marine cyanobacteria Synecho- coccus, characterization of thermophilic hydrocar- bon-degrading bacteria, interactions between methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria in sed- iments, the biogeochemistry of nitrous oxide, meas- urement of electron transport activity in micro- plankton, and C-N relationships in nutrient metab- olism of coastal marine ecosystems. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (msg)

86:5298 Siegfried, W.R., P.R. Candy and R.M. Laws (eds.),

1985. Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Fourth SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology, Wilderness, South Africa, 12-16 September 1983. Springer-Verlag, Berlin; 700pp.

This volume is a compilation of most of the papers presented at the symposium (92 out of 107) and is divided into five sections, three of which concern the marine environment. Each section begins with a review paper. Part one--marine nutrient cycles-- discusses fronts and production, nutrient upwelling, phytoplankton near sea ice, bacteria and nutrient cycling, nutrient distributions, trace element geo- chemistry, and effects of light on photosynthesis. Numerous papers in part three--marine food webs--are devoted to krill studies (abundance, distribution, vertical migration, feeding, metabolism, molting); others discuss the roles of other organisms (choanoflagellates, Allotanais hirsutus, Lithodes murrayi, Serolis polita, Chorismus antarcticus, Macro- cystispyrifera, and species of fish, seabirds and seals) in Antarctic food webs. Part five--interactions between marine, freshwater and terrestrial sys- tems-includes papers on intertidal and subtidal food webs, impact of fur seals on the land, and pollutants in seabirds and seals. The last contri- bution is a summary and conclusions. Includes 220 tables and 390 figures. (msg)