Blood and Immunity Biology 20Chapter 11: Blood and Immunity Review

Topic 11.1: Blood Composition and Function

1. Identify the major components of plasma and explain the function of each.

2. Identify and explain the general functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

3. Identify the sites of production of the blood components erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

4. Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin.

5. Compare the structure of a leukocyte with an erythrocyte.

6. Compare the structure of platelets with that of the erythrocytes and leukocytes.

7. Outline the sequence of events that lead to the formation of a blood clot.

8. Given data on the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, identify the individual who is:

a. suffering from anemiab. suffering from an infectionc. suffering from a blood clotting problemd. adapted to life at a high altitude

9. Define antibody and antigen as associated with blood type.

10. Explain the ABO and rhesus systems of human blood grouping and their importance to blood transfusion.

11. Define agglutination, and explain the difference between clotting and agglutination.

Topic 11.2: The Body's Defenses (Immunity)1. What is the difference between non-specific and specific immunity?

2. Explain the role of skin, mucous membranes and secretions in the general defense against disease.

3. Explain the roles of phagocytic white blood cells.

4. Explain the function of complementary proteins in nonspecific defense.

5. Differentiate between the function of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.

6. Describe the roles of helper, suppressor and killer T-lymphocytes.

7. Describe the structure and specificity of antibodies.

8. Describe the use of vaccination and antibiotics as treatments to prevent and cure infections.

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Blood and Immunity Biology 20

Fill in the Blank:

A. Blood Functions:

1. To carry _____________________ material from the small intestine and _______

from lungs.

2. To transport the waste products of metabolism from the cells to the kidneys, lungs

and skin for elimination from the body.

3. To carry ______________ from the endocrine glands to the cells they control.

4. To control the ____________________ and the level of acidity inside cells.

5. To provide _________________ and white blood cells that protect against

infection.

6. To provide substances that will _______________ if blood vessels are damaged.

7. To carry _____________ throughout the body.

8. To distribute ____________ produced during cell metabolism.

B. Blood Composition:

Plasma

Blood is a liquid tissue composed of cells, cell fragments and a watery medium called

________________.

_________% of blood volume

straw coloured liquid consisting of:

o _____% water

o _____% proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen)

o _____% ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+)

o _____% other substances (glucose, fats, amino acids, gases, urea, hormones, etc.

If blood is allowed to clot outside the body and the clotted portion is removed, the fluid portion

left is called __________.

__________, therefore, consists of plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells – RBC)

Major function is to transport ______________ and .

Low levels in the blood is called __________________

Are biconcave discs containing ______________.

At maturity the and most other cell structures dissolve.

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Blood and Immunity Biology 20 Life span of a RBC is approximately ___________ days.

Old RBCs have fragile cell membranes and are often ruptured when passing through the

narrow _____________.

The hemoglobin released from RBC's is removed from blood mainly by the

. Iron is released into blood while the other component called _____________ is

secreted in bile. This is the reason why .

Deficiencies of _____________ are caused by either too rapid a loss or too slow production.

May be caused by blood loss, insufficient vitamin B12 or in diet.

Any condition that causes decreased oxygen being transported to the tissue will

___________________ of RBC's production. Example; blood loss, ______________

Leukocytes (white blood cells - WBC)

combat infectious and toxic agents

there are 5 kinds of leucocytes:

1) Neutrophils

2) Eosinophils ___________________ ,

3) Basophils

4) Monocytes ___________________ ,

5) Lymphocytes

leukocytes function in 2 ways:

1) By destroying invading agents by the process of (#1,2,3,4)

2) By forming (#5)

Lymph nodes are spongy tissue with 2 functions: (pg. 337-338)

1) Remove _____________________ from lymph fluid before it returns to circulation

2) Stores ______________________

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Although clotting is a very complicated process involving possibly fifteen different

substances, it can be summarized into three stages.

1. Platelets become and clump together to stop the bleeding.

2. Platelets release of a substance called __________________ which along with

plasma proteins and calcium ions in the blood causes activation of fibrinogen into

.

3. Insoluble threads of ___________ forms a net that traps the blood cells and forms

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Blood and Immunity Biology 20the clot, called a .

After the clot forms, it is tightened by the contraction of the fibrin threads. This further

closes the break in the blood vessel. During this step, a clear yellowish fluid called

_________________ (blood plasma minus clotting factors) escapes.

Clotting in an unbroken vessel is called ________________, and is the most frequent cause

of heart attack and stroke.

C. Immune Response:

, , , ,

, are all examples of components of the first line of

defense in our immune system. This includes barriers, secretions and hairs(filters)

Cytokines released signal phagocytes ( , ) to

exit the blood stream and enter tissues.

Each organism or virus displays unique protein structures on its surface called an

patrol the bloodstream and lymph organs for disease-causing agents.

When it ingests a pathogen it does not destroy the foreign antigen but

T-cells recognizes the antigen on surface of macrophage and co-ordinates an

immune system response to invading pathogen

Helper T-Cells send out a chemical message to other white blood cells, called

are alerted by Helper-T cells and begin to multiply. They then produce

that are shape specific to the antigen presented on the macrophage

Antibodies attach to antigens creating clumps of pathogens easily engulfed by

T-cells regularly patrol body looking for body cells that are mutated or infected

with a virus. They destroy these cells by .

B-cells remain after the invading pathogen has been destroyed. They keep a

blueprint of invader’s antigen to make the response and

if ever exposed again.

T-Cells signal the immune system to return to “pre-infection state” once all

invading organisms have been destroyed.

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Blood and Immunity Biology 20 introduce a killed pathogen (with antigen) to generate an immune

response that will elicit the formation of _________________ . The individual then has

“immunity” against that virus/bacteria.

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Blood and Immunity Biology 20 Antibiotics are compounds that cause the _____________ of bacterial cells.

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