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Aim: How do molecules form
Aim: What is matter made of?
Do Now: on your paper
Notes are in cream.
MatterMatter is any substance that has volume and
mass (takes up space & weighs something)EVERYTHING is made of matter!
Elements= one of the 100+ pure substances that make up everything in the universe
Examples of Elements
H = Hydrogen
C = CarbonO = Oxygen
N = Nitrogen
S = Sulfur
Na = SodiumCa = CalciumK = PotassiumI = IodineCl = Chlorine
P = Phosphorus
Atom the tiniest bit of an element
The size of the atom determines which element it is.
Molecules
• The smallest particle of a substance- it is composed of two or more atoms
More Examples of Molecules
Oxygen
Elements vs. Compounds
• Elements = only one type of atom• Compound = more than one type of atom
An element: Nitrogen
A compound:
Carbon dioxide
Compounds
Compounds : When two or more elements combine, they form A NEW SUBSTANCE with NEW PROPERTIES
Hydrogen Oxygen Water
This is a gas This is a gas This is a liquid
It STARTS a fire It STARTS a fire It STOPS a fire
Compounds
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxideThis is a soft black solid
(Your pencil lead)
This is a gas
You need it to live
This is a gas
It is a WASTE
Compounds
Carbon Oxygen Carbon monoxideThis is a soft black solid
(Your pencil lead)
This is a gas
You need it to live
This is a gas
It is a DEADLY POISON
Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
Aim: How do molecules form
Aim: How do molecules combine together to make living things?
Do Now: on your paper Notes are in cream.
Chemical Formula
• Like a math problem• States how different atoms come
together to form a single molecule
2H + O H2O
Structural FormulaShows the arrangement of the
atoms in a single molecule
Like the pictures we saw yesterday, but with letters instead of circles.
H HO
Compounds
Inorganic Compounds or Organic
Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
• usually don’t contain carbon• generally come from non-living things
• simple molecules (only a few atoms)
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
H + O = H2O = Water
H + Cl = HCl = Stomach Acid
C + O = CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
Na + Cl = NaCl = Table Salt
What makes organic compounds different?
One word: CARBON!!
Carbon is Special!!
• Carbon is the only element that can form rings and long chains.
• This allows it to be the “backbone” of very complex molecules.
• WITHOUT CARBON, LIFE WOULD NOT EXIST!!
Organic Compounds
• Come from living things• generally complex molecules• Contain both carbon and hydrogen• COME IN FOUR TYPES
• 1. CARBOHYDRATES• 2. PROTEINS• 3. LIPIDS (FATS)• 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
What elements make up organic compounds?
• The 6 main elements of living things…• Carbon (C)• Hydrogen (H)• Oxygen (O) • Nitrogen (N)• Phosphorus (P)• Sulfur (S)
ALWAYS PRESENT
SOMETIMES PRESENT
USUALLY PRESENT
Organic Compound #1-Carbohydrates
Found in foods like bread, rice, potatoes, & pasta.
Organic Compound #1- Carbohydrates
• Long chains of sugars• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.
• Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
Organic Compound #1- Carbohydrates
Found in foods like meat, milk, and beans.
Organic Compound #2- Proteins
Organic Compound #2- Proteins
• Complex, folded molecules that have specific jobs
• Proteins are made from the instructions in our DNA
• An important example that we will be talking a lot more about in biology (Living Environment) is: ENZYMES.
Organic Compound #2- Proteins
Found in foods like butter, oil, & fried foods
Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats
Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats
• Lipids are FATS, OILS, and WAXES.• Lipids store energy more efficiently
than carbohydrates• The CELL MEMBRANE is also made of
lipids- we will talk a lot more about this later.
Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats
Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats
Fats can be SATURATED
Fats can be UNSATURATED
Saturated fats are SOLIDS like butter
Unsaturated fats are LIQUIDS like olive oil
Saturated fats are UNHEALTHY
Unsaturated fats are HEALTHY
In a saturated fat, the fatty acids are
STRAIGHT
In an unsaturated fat, the fatty acids are
BENT
Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats
SATURATED Fats UNSATURATED Fats
Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats
SATURATED Fats UNSATURATED Fats
Organic Compound #4- Nucleic Acids
• Two types- DNA and RNA• DNA is the set of instructions that
make up you!!• We will talk a LOT more about DNA
when we talk about genetics.
Organic Compound #4- Nucleic Acids
Each of these compounds is made from building blocks
Organic Compound Building Block
Carbohydrates Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides)
Proteins Amino Acids
Lipids Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides
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Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
Aim: How are organic molecules formed, and how
are they broken down again?Do Now: Please fill in this chart. Try to do it without looking at your notes.
Notes in blue.
Some Vocabulary
•Monomer: Any of the subunits that make up organic molecules.
• Polymer: Any of the four organic molecules we’ve talked about.
• Peptide Bond: The bond that connects amino acids in a protein.
Dehydration synthesis:
• De = un, to remove• Hydra = water• Synthesis = to make
Dehydration Synthesis• Is a chemical reaction in which
water is removed from two molecules to join them together by a chemical bond.
• Two subunits (monomers) combine to become an organic molecule (polymer).
• WATER (H2O) is the BYPRODUCT.
Dehydration Synthesis of Carbs
Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins
Hydrolysis:• Hydro = water• Lysis = to split apart
Hydrolysis• Is a chemical reaction in which a
larger molecule is split apart into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.
• A complex molecule (polymer) becomes two simple molecules (monomers)
• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT HYDROLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
Hydrolysis of Proteins
Let’s Watch it Happen!!• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehyd
rat/dehydrat.html
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM
Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
Aim: Can we treat an acid burn in the same way we treat a regular burn?
Do Now: On your paper.Notes are in yellow.
Aim: Can we treat an acid burn in the same way we treat a regular burn?
Do Now: On your paper.Notes are in yellow.
Motivation: Acid ThrowingAcid throwing is when someone throws strong acid at another person in order to blind or disfigure them. Today, it is your job to help Chantou. A man burned her with acid in 2009 when she refused to marry him.Can we treat her burn in the same way we would treat a standard burn?
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/opinion/1194834033797/acid-attacks.html
What do we need to know to treat Chantou?
We need to know:1. What molecule is our skin made of?2. What happens to that type of molecule in high heat?3. What happens to that type of molecule in low pH (acid)?
What Molecule is our Skin Made of?
Living things are made of organic molecules, which are big and complex. There are four types of organic molecules:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids (Fats)3. Nucleic acids (like DNA) 4. Proteins
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids (Fats)
Nucleic Acids (Like DNA)
Question One: What Molecule is our Skin Made of?
Which of the four types of molecules do you think our skin is made of? Why?
Proteins
What is special about protein molecules?
Protein molecules are long chains of amino acids.
They are folded into very precise shapes in order to do specific jobs.
Some proteins, like those in our skin, provide structure.
Some proteins, called enzymes, make chemical reactions faster.
Question Two: What happens proteins in high heat?• Any protein can be denatured.• Denature: to unfold. Proteins stop working
if they are denatured.• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__protein_denaturation.html
High heat can denature a protein.• EGG WHITES are made from a protein called albumin.
• When albumin is folded, it is clear liquid.• What does albumin look like when it is denatured? (In
other words, cooked?)• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html
Egg whites that have been denatured
A person with a burn has denatured the proteins in their skin, exactly like the albumin in this egg.
Question Three: What happens proteins in low pH (acid)?• To answer this, we are going to do an
experiment.• What will happen to albumin (egg white) if we
put it in an acid?
Conclusion: Helping Chantou
What happens to the proteins in your skin when you burn them?Does acid injure your skin in the same way that heat does?Can we treat Chantou’s injury like a standard burn?
Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
Aim: What is an enzyme?
Do Now: on your paper.
Notes are yellow.
Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
• Catalyst – A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
In a Chemical Reaction, Reactants Products
• Reactants – the starting substances• Products – the substances formed during the reaction.
Activation Energy
• The minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to happen.
• Look at the graph:• Initial state = the
reactants • Final state = the
products • The red line is the
reaction with an enzyme
• The other line is without enzymes
• What does this mean?
• Substrate: the reactants that bind to the enzyme• Active site: the part of an enzyme that the reactants bind to.
Facts about enzymes
• Enzymes can be reused• Reactions are reversible• The substrate must fit into the active site EXACTLY!
• Enzymes are specific for certain substrates
• Temperature and pH determine how well enzymes work
• Any proteins, including enzymes,
can be denatured.• Denature: to unfold. Enzymes
won’t work if they are denatured.
• Since the enzyme may unhook from the substrate, it may be reused many times.
Since the enzyme may unhook from the substrate, it may be reused many times.
Why do we need enzymes?
• Enzymes Animation• Enzymes Animation
• http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf
Factors Affecting Enzyme Action
• 1. Temperature.• Enzymes work slowly at cold temperatures• Enzymes denature at high temperatures• Work best at the optimum temperature-
98.6 degrees for us- • This is why our body needs to maintain
homeostasis.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Action
• 2. pH (acidity).• Enzymes denature at low pH (acids)• Enzymes work slowly at high pH (bases)• Work best at the neutral pH- 7 – equal to
water • This is why our body needs to maintain
homeostasis.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Action
• 3. Substrate Concentration• The more substrate, the faster the reaction• Maximum reaction rate reached when ALL of the enzymes are being used at once!
Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.