Energy Markets Are Interconnected
2
https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/energy/energy.html
Combustion
• Conversion efficiency ‐ 20‐25% to power
• Mineral management
• Emissions NOx, SOx, CO, particulate
• Mature technology
3
Petroleum Production"Fossil fuels are a one‐time gift that lifted us up from subsistence agriculture and eventually should lead us to a future based on renewable resources."
Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage
by Kenneth S. Deffeyes
4
Biomass Pros & ConsPros:
• Domestic benefits
Reduced trade deficit
Create jobs
Strengthen rural economies
Local raw materials
• Renewable resources
• Carbon cycle to reduce build up of greenhouse gases
• Technology improvements should continue to reduce costs
Cons:
• Lower energy density
• Solids difficult to handle
• High water content
• Competing uses as high value food stuff
• Symbiotic relationship — producers & users
• Commercial Issues
Biomass feedstock, availability, & cost
Suitable sites
Production technologies
Qualified owner‐operator
Project financing
5
Clean Air Act & Amendments
• Series of Clean Air Acts
Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
Clean Air Act of 1963
Air Quality Act of 1967
Clean Air Act Extension of 1970
Clean Air Act Amendments in 1977 & 1990
• 1977 Clean Air Act amendments set requirements for "substantially similar gasoline"
Oxygenates added to make motor fuels burn more cleanly & reduce tailpipe pollution (particularly CO)
Required that oxygenates be approved by the U.S. EPA
MTBE & ethanol primary choices
• California Phase 3 gasoline regulation approved by California Air Resources Board in December 1999 prohibits gasoline with MTBE after December 31, 2002
Water quality issues
6
2007 Renewable Fuel Standard
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Millions Annual
Gallons
Advanced Biofuels
Corn Stach Derived Ethanol (Max)
Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007
Renew-able Fuel Standard
Advanced Biofuels
Cellulosic Biofuel RFS - AB
Year Mgal/yr Mgal/yr Mgal/yr Mgal/yr
2006 4,000 4,000
2007 4,700 4,700
2008 9,000 9,000
2009 11,100 600 10,500
2010 12,950 950 100 12,000
2011 13,950 1,350 250 12,600
2012 15,200 2,000 500 13,200
2013 16,550 2,750 1,000 13,800
2014 18,150 3,750 1,750 14,400
2015 20,500 5,500 3,000 15,000
2016 22,250 7,250 4,250 15,000
2017 24,000 9,000 5,500 15,000
2018 26,000 11,000 7,000 15,000
2019 28,000 13,000 8,500 15,000
2020 30,000 15,000 10,500 15,000
2021 33,000 18,000 13,500 15,000
2022 36,000 21,000 16,000 15,000
7
Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency
http://epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/index.htm
EPA Clarifications & Adjustments
• RFS‐2 Advanced Biofuels amounts have had to be adjusted since 2010
Significantly less development of cellulosic biofuels than had been anticipated in 2007
• Adjustments have been required each year
Have needed to drastically reduce Cellulosic Biofuel
Increases allowed biodiesel
Have started to expand the types of allowable advanced biofuel
Proposed 2014 amounts are lower than Standard – takes into account “blend wall” & actual fuel sales
8
Ref: http://epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/regulations.htm
Cellulosic Biofuels Projects?
9
Last EIA update: February 26, 2013Ref: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=10131
Typical Elemental Analyses:Fossil Fuels, Biomass, & Biofuels
10
1st Generation Biofuels
• Ethanol
Typically derived from fermentation of sugars & starches
• US: Corn starch
• Brazil: Sugar cane juice
• Biodiesel
FAME – Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
From fats and oils
• US: Soybean oil
• Europe: Rapeseed oil
11
Edible Constituents of Biomass
•Starch: 70%–75% (corn)
• Readily available and hydrolysable
• Basis for existing U.S. “biorefineries”
•Oil: 4%–7% (corn), 18%–20% (soybeans)
• Readily separable from biomass feedstock
• Basis for oleochemicals and biodiesel
•Protein: 20%–25% (corn), 80% (soybean meal)
• Key component of food
• Chemical product applications
12
Ethanol From Corn Starch
• Two primary processing options
Wet mills
• Expensive to build – not common
• Sophisticated operations
• Multiple products
o Fuel, food, & fiber
Dry mills
• Most common – fairly simple operations
o Processing options making more sophisticated
• Limited products – primarily ethanol & DDG/DDGS
o More sophisticated operations may add germ, fermentation co‐products, …
13
Ethanol from Corn vs. Sugar Cane
14
Liquifact ion
Starch
Power
Saccharif icat ion & Fermentat ion
DiluteEthanol
Dist illat ion, Rect if icat ion, &
Dehydrat ion
Centrifugat ion
Whole St illage
ThinStillage Evaporat ion
Syrup
Evaporat ion
RecyclableWater
Wet DDG
JuiceExtract ion
JuiceFermentat ion Dilute
Ethanol
Dist illat ion, Rect if icat ion, &
Dehydrat ion
Bagasse(Fiber)
PowerDrying
RecyclableWater
DriedBagasse
Worldwide Ethanol Capacity
15
Country 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
U.S. 3,535 4,264 4,855 6,499 9,000
Brazil 3,989 4,227 4,491 5,019 6,472
China 964 1,004 1,017 486 502
India 462 449 502 53 66
Europe 858 929 1,030 570 734
Thailand 74 79 93 79 90
Canada 61 61 153 211 238
Australia 33 33 39 26 26
Others 794 1,104 1,309 158 208
Total 10,770 12,150 13,489 13,102 17,335
http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E 5/28/2009
Source: F.O. Licht
Annual World Ethanol Production by Country(Millions of Gallons, All ethanol Grades)
U.S
.
Braz
il
Chi
na
Indi
a
Euro
pe
Thai
land
Can
ada
Aust
ralia
Oth
ers
2004
2006
20080
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Million Gallons (All Ethanol Grades)
Current US Ethanol Capacity
16
YearMillions of
Gallons
1980 175
1981 215
1982 350
1983 375
1984 430
1985 610
1986 710
1987 830
1988 845
1989 870
1990 900
1991 950
1992 1,100
1993 1,200
1994 1,350
1995 1,400
1996 1,100
1997 1,300
1998 1,400
1999 1,470
2000 1,630
2001 1,770
2002 2,130
2003 2,800
2004 3,400
2005 3,904
2006 4,855
2007 6,5002008 9,000
http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#A7/21/2008
Historic U.S. fuel Ethanol Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Millions of Gallons
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Criticisms of Ethanol
• Food vs fuel
Divert land from growing food to growing fuel
• Just a farmer subsidy
• Ethanol not compatible with gasoline infrastructure
RBOB – special blend stock to allow for RVP increase at E10 levels
Picks up water
• Cannot be transported in petroleum pipelines – use water slugs between batches
• Takes more energy to make that you get back
Based on “wells to wheels” Life Cycle Assessment
LCA normally compare energy out vs. fossil energy in
Highly dependent upon feedstock, farming practice, processing, …
• Takes too much water to make
Highly dependent upon feedstock, farming/irrigation practice, processing, …
17
U.S. Corn Yield & Amount to Ethanol
18
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
U.S
. C
orn
Yie
ld [
bu
/acr
e]
http://ethanol.typepad.com/my_weblog/2011/01/response‐to‐the‐wsj‐ethanol‐is‐not‐reducing‐the‐amount‐of‐corn‐for‐food.html#tp
http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/results/AFBDFE1E‐1AFC‐35DE‐8A93‐7FB72F0DA089?pivot=short_desc
Corn Ethanol Energy Balance
19
-40,000
-30,000
-20,000
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Net
Ene
rgy
Valu
e (B
tu/g
allo
n)
Ho
Marland and Turhollow
Pimentel Pimentel
Keeney and DeLuca
Lorenz and Morris
Shapouri et al.
Shapouri et al.
Wang et al.
Agri. Canada
Kim and Dale
GraboskiWang
Source: M. Wang (2003)
A Response to Five Ethanol Criticisms• Ethanol requires more energy to make than it
yields? ANL research has shown corn ethanol delivers positive
energy balance of 8.8 MJ/L (32,000 Btu/gal). • Corn production efficiency has increased dramatically –
160 bu/acre today vs. 95 bu/acre in 1980• Ethanol production more energy‐efficient in modern dry
mills vs. older wet mills• Ethanol yield per bushel also increased about 50% since
1980
• Ethanol production reduces our food supply? Only 1% of corn grown in U.S. eaten by humans. Rest is No. 2
yellow field corn, indigestible to humans; used in animal feed, food supplements and ethanol.
Bushel of corn used for ethanol produces 1.5 lbs corn oil, 17.5 lbs high‐protein DDGS, 2.6 lbs corn meal, & 31.5 lbsstarch.• Starch used for sweeteners or produce 2.8 gal ethanol. • DDGS displaces whole corn & some soybeans used in
animal feed.
• Ethanol crops and production emit more greenhouse gases than gasoline? Blending ethanol with gasoline dramatically reduces CO
tailpipe emissions & tailpipe emissions of VOCs that form ozone.
LCA of ethanol found “at present and in the near future, using corn ethanol reduces greenhouse gas emission by more than 20%, relative to those of petroleum gasoline.”
• Ethanol requires too much water to produce? Amount of water used to make ethanol has declined
dramatically. Requirements today are about 3.5 gallons water/gallon ethanol.• Little more than it takes to process a gallon of gasoline.
Much of the criticism about ethanol’s water requirements stem from irrigation of feedstock crops in drier climates. However, most ethanol is produced crops grown in the Midwest without irrigation.
• Cars get lower gas mileage with ethanol? True on a mile per gal basis. E85 about 25% lower mpg than
gasoline. However, depending on cost of ethanol could have a lower
dollars per mile. Higher octane of ethanol could lead to modified engines
(compression ratios & valve timings) that are optimized for ethanol use.
20
Blog by Forrest Jehlik, Argonne National Laboratoryhttp://www.wired.com/autopia/2011/06/five‐ethanol‐myths‐busted‐2/
Response to 6 Biofuel “Myths”• 40% of the US corn crop is used to make biofuel
13% of the US corn crop is used to make, specifically, fuel ethanol
Per‐acre crop yields have grown significantly in recent years – taken over the long term, the US has not had to increase its corn acreage to make fuel ethanol. There’s less land used to grow grain in the US today than 100 years ago
• “Now that the United States is using 40 percent of its crop to make biofuel, it is not surprising that tortilla prices have doubled in Guatemala.”
Two types of corn grown ‐‐ #2 yellow corn (animal feed & biorefineries) & white corn (food)
Very little white corn grown in US. Acres dedicated to white corn in the US have not decreased since passage of the RFS.
• The world is going to climate hell and there’s nothing anyone can do about it, except starve. If you don’t die of thirst, first.
Drought resistant strains of crops being developed by multiple companies; Ceres given as example
• Biofuels cause higher carbon emissions, instead of lowering them
According to EPA, corn ethanol reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to the use of fossil fuels, including contributions for direct & indirect land‐use change
• Biofuels have lower fuel economy
Ethanol has 70% energy density compared to gasoline but higher octane rating.
Cost per mile driven is the important factor
• Biofuels use more energy in their production than they provide as a transport fuel.
Depending on study, energy return for corn ethanol is 1.3 to 1, sugarcane ethanol (primarily from Brazil) is 8:1, biodiesel is 2.5:1, & cellulosic biofuels range from 2:1 to 36:1
Dependent on process improvements, …
21
Blog by Jim Lane, Biofuels Digesthttp://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/01/09/the‐biggest‐biofuels‐myths‐demythtefied/
Conversion of FOG (Fats, Oils & Greases)
• Biodiesel
• Hydrogenation
22
Nat GasCatalyt ic
Reforming & Synthesis
MethanolWater
Oxygen
Mild Condit ionsLiquid Phase
Base Catalyzed
Fats, Oils, & Grease
FAME(Biodiesel)
Glycerin
Biodiesel – Fats & Oils
23
Picture of molecule from:“Hydrotreating in the production of green diesel”R. Egeberg, N. Michaelsen, L. Skyum, & P. ZeuthenJournal of Petroleum Technology, 2nd Quarter 2010
Biodiesel Production
24
Ref: http://www.endress.com/eh/home.nsf/#page/~biodiesel‐process
Biodiesel Production Example
25
Soybean oil cost (March 2014 contract) = $837.54 per tonne = $0.3799 per lb = $2.917 per gal @ 0.92 kg/L Methanol cost (December 2013) = $632 per tonne = $0.2867 per lb = $1.900 per gal @ 332.6 gal/tonne
Oil Methanol Glycerin FAMEFormula C3H5‐(OOC‐C17H33)3 CH3OH C3H5(OH)3 CH3‐OOC‐C17H33
Molar Mass 885.4 32.0 92.1 296.5wt% C 77% 37% 39% 77%wt% H 12% 13% 9% 12%wt% O 11% 50% 52% 11%Density (g/cm3) 0.92 0.80 1.26 0.90Stoichiometric Coefficient 1 3 1 3Mass 885.4 96.1 92.1 889.5Volume 962.4 120.2 73.1 988.3Mass Ratio 1.00 0.11 0.10 1.00Volume Ratio 1.00 0.12 0.08 1.03
Oleic Fatty Acid (18:1)
“Hydrotreating in the production of green diesel”R. Egeberg, N. Michaelsen, L. Skyum, & P. ZeuthenJournal of Petroleum Technology, 2nd Quarter 2010
2nd Generation & Advanced Biofuels
• Cellulosic/Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biochemical pathway
• Utilize sugars from cellulose & hemicellulose
Thermochemical pathway• Utilize all carbon, including lignin
• Butanol More closely compatible to petroleum derived gasoline
From fermentation (BP/DuPont) Gasification & catalytic synthesis
• Green/Renewable Diesel/Gasoline
Hydrocarbon just like petroleum‐derived products
Multiple sources & processing paths
• Hydroprocessed fats & oils
o Both diesel & gasoline
o Could be integrated into existing refineries
• End product from gasification & FT synthesis
o Excellent diesel
o Poor gasoline – requires isomerization
26
US Biomass Resource Base
27
Perlack, R.D.; Wright, L.L.; Turhollow, A.F.; Graham, R.L.; Stokes, B.J.; Erbach, D.C. Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: the Technical Feasibility of a Billion‐Ton Annual Supply. A joint U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Agriculture report. DOE/GO‐
102995‐2135 & ORNL/TM‐2005/66. April 2005.
High Yield Increase
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Other residues
Other crop residues
CRP Biomass
Soybean residues
Small grain residues
Wheat Straw
Corn Stover
Perennial (Energy) Crops
Manures
Grains to biofuels
Soybeans
Logging Residue
Other Removal Residue
Fuel Treatments (Timberland)
Fuel Treatments (Other Forestland)
Fuel Wood
Wood Residues
Pulping Liquors
Urban Wood Residue
Million Tons Annually
US Biomass Resource Base
28
0 100 200 300 400 500
Existing &UnexploitedResources
High Yield GrowthWithout Energy
Crops
High Yield GrowthWith Energy Crops
Million Tons Annually
Forest Resources Total
Grains & Manure Sub-Total
Ag Residues (non Energy Crops)
Perennial (Energy) Crops
Perlack, R.D.; Wright, L.L.; Turhollow, A.F.; Graham, R.L.; Stokes, B.J.; Erbach, D.C. Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: the Technical Feasibility of a Billion‐Ton Annual Supply. A joint U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Agriculture report. DOE/GO‐
102995‐2135 & ORNL/TM‐2005/66. April 2005.
Significance of the 1.3 Billion Ton Biomass Scenario
29
NREL analysis, July 2005, documented in:J.L. Jechura, Ethanol Potential from Billion Ton Biomass Resource, NREL Technical Memo, May 22, 2006.
Non‐Edible Constituents of Biomass
30
• Lignin: 15%–25%
• Complex aromatic structure
• Very high energy content
• Resists biochemical conversion
• Hemicellulose: 23%–32%
• Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in the biosphere
• Polymer of 5‐ and 6‐carbon sugars, marginal biochemical feed
• Cellulose: 38%–50%
• Most abundant form of carbon in biosphere
• Polymer of glucose, good biochemical feedstock
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
OHO
HO
H3CO
OH
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
H3CO
OO
HO
H3CO
HO
OCH3
OCH3
OHO
HO
H3CO
OH
OCH3
OCH3O
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OCH3
OO
O
OH
HO
O
OO
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
OO
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
OO
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
Biofuels Technology “Square Dance”
Liquid Phase Gas Phase
Fermentation
Amyris LanzaTech
Solazyme Coskata
Gevo INEOS Bio
Traditional Ethanol
Catalytic Conversion
Virent KiOR
Traditional Biodiesel Enerkem
Envergent
Anellotech
Dynamotive
ClearFuels/Rentech
SilvaGas/Rentech
CombinationsZeaChem: Hydrolysis, Fermentation, & Catalytic Conversion
Saphire Energy: Algae lipids to biodiesel & residual biomass to power
31
http://biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2011/04/18/the‐biofuels‐technology‐square‐dance/
Biochemical Conversion Process
32
Feedstock Handling
CO2Ethanol
LigninResidue
Enzyme
Corn Stover
Steam
Electricity
Steam & Acid Liquor
Pretreatment S/L Separation
ConditioningSaccharification&
FermentationDistillation &Ethanol Purification
WastewaterTreatment
Burner/BoilerTurbogenerator
Lime
Steam
Gypsum
Dewatering
Recycle
Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics NREL/TP‐510‐32438 June, 2002 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32438.pdf
Thermochemical Conversions
• Pyrolysis Thermal conversion (destruction) of organics in the absence of oxygen
In the biomass community, this commonly refers to lower temperature thermal processes producing liquids as the primary product
Possibility of chemical and food byproducts• Gasification Thermal conversion of organic materials at elevated temperature and reducing conditions to produce primarily permanent gases, with char, water, & condensibles as minor products
Primary categories are partial oxidation and indirect heating
33
Syngas Products
• Hydrogen
• Methanol and its derivatives (NH3, DME, MTBE formaldehyde, acetic acid, MTG, MOGD, TIGAS)
• Fischer Tropsch Liquids
• Ethanol
• Mixed alcohols
• Olefins
• Oxosynthesis
• Isosynthesis
34
SyngasCO + H2
Methanol
H2OWGSPurify
H2N2 over Fe/FeO
(K2O, Al2O3, CaO)NH3
Cu/ZnOIsosynthesis
ThO2 or ZrO2
i-C4
Alkali-doped
ZnO/Cr2 O3
Cu/ZnO; Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3
CuO/CoO/Al2 O3
MoS2
MixedAlcohols
Oxosynthesis
HCo(CO)4
HCo(CO)3 P(Bu3 )
Rh(CO)(PPh3 )3
AldehydesAlcohols
Fischer-Tropsch
Fe, C
o, R
u
WaxesDiesel
OlefinsGasoline
Ethanol
Co, Rh
FormaldehydeAg
DME
Al 2O
3
zeolites
MTOMTG
OlefinsGasoline
MTBEAcetic Acid
carb
onyla
tion
CH3O
H +
COCo
, Rh,
Ni
M100M85DMFC
Direct Use
hom
olog
atio
nC
o
isob
utyl
ene
acid
ic io
n ex
chan
ge
Alcohol Synthesis
Biomass
Flue Gas
Dryer
Scrubber
Sludge(Waste)
CO2
Sulfur
Acid Gas Cleanup
Air
Gasifier
Solids(Waste)
Steam
Alcohol Separation
Methanol & Water
Ethanol
MixedAlcohols
Steam
Reformer
Air
Compressor
Water to recycle
Compressor
Thermochemical Conversion
35
Personal communication Ryan Davis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. November 2009.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Organic Oils
• Organic oils can be hydrotreated to form “green” diesel
Fully compatible with petroleum derived diesel
Excellent cetane number because of the straight chain nature
• Challenges for catalyst design
Oxygen relatively easy to remove, but large oxygen content
Prefer to deoxygenate to CO2 to maximize fuel usage of H2
36
“Hydrotreating in the production of green diesel”R. Egeberg, N. Michaelsen, L. Skyum, & P. ZeuthenJournal of Petroleum Technology, 2nd Quarter 2010
Green Diesel Production Examples
37
Oil Hydrogen Water Propane OctadecaneFormula C3H5‐(OOC‐C17H33)3 H2 H2O C3H8 C18H38
Molar Mass 885.4 2.0 18.0 44.1 254.5%C 77% 0% 0% 82% 85%%H 12% 100% 11% 18% 15%%O 11% 0% 89% 0% 0%Density (g/cm3) 0.92 1.00 0.51 0.78Stoichiometric Coefficient 1 15 6 1 3Mass 885.4 30.2 108.1 44.1 763.5Volume (Liquid) 962.4 108.1 86.5 978.8Mass Ratio 1.00 0.03 0.12 0.05 0.86Volume Ratio 1.00 0.11 0.09 1.02scf/bbl 2,071
Oil Hydrogen Carbon Dioxide Propane HeptadecaneFormula C3H5‐(OOC‐C17H33)3 H2 CO2 C3H8 C17H36
Molar Mass 885.4 2.0 44.0 44.1 240.5%C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%%H 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%%O 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Density (g/cm3) 0.92 0.51 0.78Stoichiometric Coefficient 1 6 3 1 3Mass 885.4 12.1 132.0 44.1 721.4Volume (Liquid) 962.4 86.5 924.9Mass Ratio 1.00 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.81Volume Ratio 1.00 0.09 0.96scf/bbl 828
Oleic Fatty Acid (18:1)
Oleic Fatty Acid (18:1)
Expectations for Hydrotreating Fats & Oils
• Configuration
Expect to have similar configuration & materials of construction as hydrodesulfurization
Different catalyst than hydrodesulfurization
Lower severity expected?
• Oxygen easier to remove
• Fewer complex molecular structures
• But experience shows higher reactor temperatures
Additional processing of feed?
• Hydrogen requirements
5X or more than hydrodesulfurization
• Product considerations
Remove the produced CO2/CO/H2O
Fractionation required to remove light ends
• Will get additional light ends from autothermal cracking
• Propane & other light gases to LPG
• Naphtha should go to Isomerization
Distillate
• Extremely high cetane number
• May have cloud point issues
• High portion of the boiling point fraction
38
Other conversions analogous to petroleum refining• KiOR process uses a fluidized bed catalytic cracking unit to convert biomass into petroleum‐like gasoline, diesel, & residual fuel oil
Demonstration plant in Columbus, MS
• 500 bone dry ton/day wood chips
• 15 bpd liquid products – 13 MMgal/yr
Next commercial facility to be in Natchez, MS –1,500 bone dry ton/day feedstock
39
http://www.kior.comImage: http://www.kior.com/content/?s=11&t=Technology
Algae
• Better solar collector than land‐based biomass- Higher solar utilization
• Lower land use requirements
- Can use brackish water- Limitation is getting carbon to the organism• Co‐locate with power plants – use CO2 in flue gas
• Biofuels potential- Kill the algae & harvest its natural oils• Biodiesel or biocrude feedstock
- Biocatalyst to secrete desired product• Like yeast for fermentation• Hydrogen production possible
• Near‐term processing steps
Cultivation
• Open ponds
o Low cost but high potential for contamination
• Photo bioreactors – flat panel, tubular, column
o Higher cost but more controlled conditions
Harvesting
• High water content of algae
Oil extraction
• Intercellular rather than intracellular
o Usually chemical extraction
40
General Cultivation & Processing of Algae
41
“Algal Feedstock‐Based Biofuels: Separating Myth from Reality”A. Darzins, NREL Power Lunch Lecture Series
February 18, 2009
Algal Oil Extraction
42
“Algal Feedstock‐Based Biofuels: Separating Myth from Reality”A. Darzins, NREL Power Lunch Lecture Series
February 18, 2009
Desirable Features of Growing Algal Oil
43
“Algal Feedstock‐Based Biofuels: Separating Myth from Reality”A. Darzins, NREL Power Lunch Lecture Series
February 18, 2009
Potential Oil Yields
44
“Algal Feedstock‐Based Biofuels: Separating Myth from Reality”A. Darzins, NREL Power Lunch Lecture Series
February 18, 2009
Resource Requirements
45
“Algal Feedstock‐Based Biofuels: Separating Myth from Reality”A. Darzins, NREL Power Lunch Lecture Series
February 18, 2009
Illustration by Oak Ridge National Lab 46