· PDF file · 2016-01-072 BIOREM PROJECT LIFE11 ENV/IT/113 Index 1 The recovery of...

http://www.biorem.ise.cnr.it/

Delivarable Action C

environmental data, viability, impact

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

ENV/IT/113

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113 BIOREM

http://www.biorem.ise.cnr.it/

Delivarable Action C4 Technical report:


1


2

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Index 1 The recovery of soils ................................................................................................. 7

1.1 The purpose of recovery ............................................................................................ 7

2 The new damage category ......................................................................................... 8

2.1 The damage category Soil fertility ............................................................................ 8

2.2 The damage category Employment rate .................................................................. 10

2.3 The damage category Landscape quality ................................................................ 10

2.4 The damage category Internal cost .......................................................................... 10

3 LCA of the recovery of degradated soils with agricultural purphose through the contribution of organic matter in Emilia-Romagna ............................................................ 11

3.1 Objective of the study and scope ............................................................................. 11

3.1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 11

3.1.2 Field of application ....................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Inventory ................................................................................................................. 12

3.3 LCA Calculation ..................................................................................................... 16

3.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 23

4 LCA recovery of degradated land with agricultural purposes through a planting in Emilia Romagna .................................................................................................................. 23

4.1 Objective of the study and scope ............................................................................. 23

4.1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 23


4.2 Inventory ................................................................................................................. 24

4.3 LCA Calculation ..................................................................................................... 35

4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 42

5 LCA of the recovery of degradated land for agricultural purphose trought the additional of organic matter and planting, in Emilia-Romagna .......................................... 42

5.1 Objective of the study and flield of application ...................................................... 42

5.1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 42


5.2 Inventory ................................................................................................................. 43

5.3 LCA Calculation ..................................................................................................... 57

5.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 65

6 Comparison between the tree different recovery mode .......................................... 66

6.1 Emilia Romagna ...................................................................................................... 66

6.2 Basilicata ................................................................................................................. 73

3

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

6.3 Spain ........................................................................................................................ 81

7 The recovery of land with the objective of growth of a natural forest .................... 89

7.1 Land with only organic matter................................................................................. 90

7.1.1 LCA calculation ............................................................................................................ 96

7.2 Degradated land without interventation .................................................................. 99

7.2.1 LCA calculation .......................................................................................................... 105

7.3 Land with planting ................................................................................................. 106

7.3.1 LCA calculation .......................................................................................................... 113

7.4 Land with organic matter and plantation ............................................................... 115

7.4.1 Calculation of the LCA ............................................................................................... 122

7.5 Comparison of different methods of recovery of land in Emilia-Romagna with the aim of recreating the natural forest ................................................................................ 125

7.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 127

7.7 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 127

8 Description of the activities and results achieved ................................................. 129

9 Constrains and main problems experienced .......................................................... 129

10 Environmental Criteria and Indicators .................................................................. 129

10.1 Soil fertility ......................................................................................................... 129

10.1.1 Soil fertility nutritional value .................................................................................. 130

10.1.2 Soil fertility .............................................................................................................. 130

10.2 Deliverable .......................................................................................................... 131

11 Socio-Economic Criteria and Indicators................................................................ 131

11.1 Employment rate ................................................................................................. 131

11.2 Landscape quality ............................................................................................... 132

11.3 Internal cost ......................................................................................................... 132

11.4 Deliverables ........................................................................................................ 133

12 Main Final Results ................................................................................................. 133

13 Monitoring analyses and costs ............................................................................... 136

14 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the economy and population of Spain ..................................................................................................... 141

15 A) Introduction: ..................................................................................................... 141

16 A.1. Current regulations and definitions ............................................................... 143

17 A.2. Definition and characteristics of a composting process ................................ 144

18 B) Market ............................................................................................................... 153

19 B.1. Current situation of the market for compost .................................................. 153

20 B.2. Potential Supply. ............................................................................................ 153

4

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

21 B.3 Potential Demand ........................................................................................... 199

22 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances. .................................... 202

23 C) Plans, programs, forecasts and models on the future management of waste in the CCAA 204

24 C.1 Andalucía ........................................................................................................ 204

25 C.2 Aragón ............................................................................................................ 205

26 C.3 Asturias ........................................................................................................... 205

27 C.4 Baleares .......................................................................................................... 205

28 C.5 Canarias .......................................................................................................... 205

29 C.6 Cantabria ......................................................................................................... 205

30 C.7 Castilla La Mancha ......................................................................................... 205

31 C.8 Castilla León ................................................................................................... 206

32 C.9 Cataluña .......................................................................................................... 206

33 C10 Valencia Region ............................................................................................ 206

34 C.11 Extremadura .................................................................................................. 206

35 C.12 C.A. Galicia .................................................................................................. 206

36 C.13 C. Madrid ...................................................................................................... 206

37 C.14 C.A.R Murcia ............................................................................................... 206

38 C.15 C.A. Navarra ................................................................................................. 206

39 C.16 C.A. País Vasco ............................................................................................ 207

40 C.17 C.A. La Rioja ................................................................................................ 207

41 C.18 C.A. Ceuta .................................................................................................... 207

42 C.19 C.A. Melilla .................................................................................................. 207

43 ANEX I: ................................................................................................................ 208

44 ANEX II: ............................................................................................................... 216

45 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 242

46 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the local economy and population. Study on a Murcia Region ....................................................... 244

47 A) Introduction: ..................................................................................................... 244

48 A.1. Current regulations and definitions ............................................................... 246

49 B) Market .............................................................................................................. 248

50 B.1. Current situation of the market for compost .................................................. 248

51 B.2. Potential Supply. ............................................................................................ 248

52 B.3 Potential Demand ........................................................................................... 258

53 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances. ..................................... 261

5

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

54 C) Plans and program on the future management of waste in the Murcia Region 262

55 ANEX I: ................................................................................................................. 263

56 ANEX II: ............................................................................................................... 271

57 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 286

6

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

LCA study of the recovery of degraded soils

7

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Environmental damage, benefits and socio-economic

impact of the BIOREM integrated soil remediation method

1 The recovery of soils 1. The LCA study with regard to testing for the recovery of degraded land transaction

under a LIFE project in 2011[1]. The recovery of degraded soils was achieved through three different modes: intake of organic material consists of compost or fertilizer animal

2. Planting with pines and mastic 3. contribution of organic material and planting

the sperimentation takes place in ten sites: • in Emilia Romagna • in Basilicata • in Spagna

For the study were considered two different purposes: 1. recovery face to the cultivation of the land: in this case it is assumed that, if the

planting is applied, the forest that forms be demolished, the wood is chipped and then buried.

2. Recovery aimed at creating a natural forest perennial. In each of the sites are studied three different recovery mode and a mode with zero recovery that, in the study, is analyzed only in the case where the purpose of recovery is the creation of a natural wood.

1.1 The purpose of recovery The mode of employment of soilare the following:

• in the case of agricultural recovery is considered as land occupation also the year in which you get the first agricultural production that is supposed to be wheat and is supposed to require the full year, following the recovery. Therefore, the land occupation in the case of the contribution of the organic material is only 1 year as agricultural land, in cases where there are planting 30 years as a cultivated forest and one years as agricultural land, the next 30 years of the forest. The forest type is assumed to be grown to account for the planting and care of any attempts to accelerate the formation of the forest.

• In the case of recovery in natural forest is considered as occupation of 100 years. If there is the planting, in the first 30 is considered an occupancy forest and cultivated in the subsequent 70 to natural forest (with a complete regeneration in 40 years), and then with an occupancy anything. For the recovery with only organic material is considered an occupation in cultivated forest in the first 30 years and employs a natural forest in the other 70 (with a complete regeneration in 40 years). If the degraded land is not recovered one considers that it is of the form shrubs (shrub land, sclerophillous) in the first 30 years and employs a natural forest in the subsequent 70 (with a complete regeneration in 40 years).

• For the comparison of the different methods have been considered 31 years of life for agricultural recovery and 100 years for the recovery to natural forest.

8

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

2 The new damage category

2.1 The damage category Soil fertility

• Calculation of the damage category Soil fertility relative to the increase in fertility of soil Data (page 26 of the document of LIFE [1]):

• 1 t / ha of organic material contains 0.58t / ha = 0.058kg / m2 of organic carbon. • With an increase of 1 t / ha = 0.1kg / m2 carbon organic wheat production increases

0.02436kg / m2. The increase can also be written as: 0.2436kg / m2 / 1kgC / m2Il valore nutrizionale di 0.2436kg di grano vale: 13070kJ/kg*0.2436kg.

The increase of nutritional value for 1 t / ha of organic carbon is true: 13070kJ / kg * 0.2436kg / 1kgC / m2 = 3183,852kJ / kgC / m2. We make the following assumptions:

1. the increase of maximum fertility is 243.6t of wheat / ha (overproduction) 2. This increase is achieved with 1 organic carbon / ha 3. this increase is reduced to 0 in a number of years equal to the mass of organic C

put in the soil. Therefore, the increase due to 1t / ha of organic carbon vanishes in 1 year)

The mass of wheat which has the overproduction is represented by S = ABD'F which can be calculated with the following relation (Fig.2.1): EF*AB/2*BD*(2*BD-EF) where you have: AB=243.6kg wheat/ha BD = mass of organic carbon released into the soil (= Organic carbon) taken as the number of years during which resets the overproduction EF = years of wheat production of which is considered the overproduction.

9

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 2-1 The calculation of the increase in productivity of wheat Area calculation S=ABD’F S=EF*(AB-AE)+(EF*AE)/2=EF*AB-(EF*AE)/2=EF*(AB-AE/2) 1 AE=EF*AB/BD 2 By replacing the 2 in 1 is obtained: S= EF*(AB-EF/2*AB/BD)=(EF*AB)/2*BD*(2*BD-EF) 3 Impact category: Soil fertility nutritional value Substance: increase in wheat production Wheat energy content: 13070 kJ / kgf Characterization factor: 13070 kJ / kg / kgf Increase wheat production: EF * AB / 2 * BD * (2BD-EF) = ipf [kg] (input data) Characterization = increase of energy: 13070kJ / kg * Ipf kg = Ie [kJ] Damage category Soil fertility Daily requirement: 2000 kcal = 8372 kJ / (day * people) number of persons / day = IekJ / 8372kJ / (day * people) = npg [people *day] With an increase in productivity of wheat feed 0.2436kg 0:38 people in a day of life If you consider a number of inhabitants in EUROPE of 384E6, what increases the life of the entire population of Europe? Damage assessment Factor of damage assessment: npg people *day / 0.384E9 people =9.895833333E-10 day /kgC =2,711187215E-12 DALY/kgC (o year/kgC) Damage assessment: Ie kJ / 8372kJ/( day * people)/ 0.384E9 people /365 = 8,522101286E-16 Normalizzazione Factor : 141 DALY-1

Valuation (Weigthing) Factor : 1

A

F

D

E

B D’

10

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

2.2 The damage category Employment rate Impact category : Employment: substance number occupied Characterization factor: 1 Damage category: Employment rate increase Characterization factor: -1/25744000 = -3,88440025E-8 (increase in the employment rate) where 25744000 is the workforce (Italy January 2015) normalization narmalization factor: 1. valuation valuation factor: 1 Data to be used for the study:

• • the cultivation of forage 50ha of land requires the permanent employment of 2 people. 90m2 for the number of employed is: 2/500000 * 90.

• • To treat cultivated forest is estimated to need 0.5 workers for 20ha of forest throughout the year.

• • The formation of a natural forest does not require the employment of workers.

2.3 The damage category Landscape quality Impact category: Landscape: substance landscape Characterization factor: from -1 to 1 natural landscape: 1 natural landscape in training: 0.8 agricultural landscape: 0.7 (benefit for man but not for the environment losing biodiversity) cityscape: 0.5 (human aggregation) living landscape Extra urban: 0.3 landscape of degraded soils: 0 industrial landscape: -0.5 Damage category: Landscape quality Factor of damage assessment: -1. Normalization Normalization factor: 1 (inverse of the factor most value landscape). Valuation Valuation factor: 0.01 Data to be used for the study:

• in the case of the formation of a forest is defined as the natural landscape in training for the time required for the forest to reach its full realization (100 years if there is no supply of organic material or planting, 70 years if c 'is only contribution of organic material, 30 years with the planting.

• After the formation of the forest after the initial training you consider the landscape as a natural landscape.

• In the case of the formation of agricultural land considering the landscape as agricultural landscape.

2.4 The damage category Internal cost The costs are shown in € (Euro the substance) in the main process and the method it performs the sum The costs considered are the following:

11

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

• Rent for land in Italy: € 10,000 / ha. For Spain assumes the same value • Cost of transportation: gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make round trip. Gain hauler: 20%. Total: 130 * 10 * 1.5 * 0.2 • Cost of compost: 20 € / q • Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site are from 270m2 to work, where he planned the planting, processing are 2, 3000 / ((1 + 90 * 180 * 2) * 6) * 90 • Cost of the plants from the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic. • Cost-cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h • Cost for the extirpation of the roots: 60 € / h and 0.5h / strain • Cost for chipping: 200 € / h • Labour costs: 1400 € / month • Cost of measures terrain characteristics. Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613 840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613 840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where 3 experiments were made with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

3 LCA of the recovery of degradated soils with agricultural purphose through the contribution of organic matter in Emilia-Romagna

3.1 Objective of the study and scope

3.1.1 Objective Objective of the study is to assess the environmental, social and economic intake of organic material on a degraded land, in order to increase agricultural fertility and sequester organic carbon.

3.1.2 Field of application

3.1.2.1 The function of the system

The function of the system is to increase the fertility of the soil and CO2 sequestration.

3.1.2.2 The system that nedds to be studied

The system studied here is to add organic material on a degraded soils located in Emilia-Romagna

3.1.2.3 Functional unit

The functional unit is the area of the soil in which the organic material is given and that can be cultivated immediately after the transfer of the organic material. The life time during which you study the process is 1 years.

3.1.2.4 The system boundaries

The boundaries of the system ranging from the production of compost up to the burial into the soil to encourage cultivation practiced on the same ground and passes through the transport of compost and tilling. In the system are considered emissions in the soil of the substances present in the compost. Heavy metals produce damage, nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) are considered as synthetic fertilizers which prevents the production and produce an advantage, the organic C produces an advantage on fertility (see below the

12

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

new indicator) and an advantage in the form of CO2 sequestered. It is considered as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis, which avoids the production, the fixed nitrogen from the soil in the form of NH3, the date set by the date set by the symbiotic bacteria and other bacteria. Not considering the fixed CO2 from agricultural cultivation, nor the calorific value of the biomass produced by cultivation.

3.1.2.5 Data quality

The data used are primary. The processes considered are part of the database Ecoinvent 3.1 [7]. The method for calculating the LCA [2, 3, 4, 5] is IMPACT 2002+ [6] modified to take account of the new indicator on increasing fertility, social indicators and costs. The software used is SimaPro 8.0.4. [7]

3.2 Inventory * Recovery of degraded land with mat. organic E.R. (v.lim.productivity) (1 year)

A=90 m2 Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 We make the following assumptions: -the nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -the organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to a cultivation by plowing -that the transformation is from degraded land to farmland

Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.339

kg C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% Considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as fertilizer nitrogen synthesis that avoids producing

Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5.9322

kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of shoots per ha: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia)

13

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

N = 1.6% SS (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5=0.5% s.s=0.005*moIT*(1-0,4141)

Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458

kg K2O=0.4% s.s=0.004*moIT*(1-0,4141) Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia)


0,75*20*0,009*t=0.135 kg by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part ,one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha


10*0,009*t=0.09 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of

14

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4, this minimum value this nitrogen is fixed biologically 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground


0,5*0,009*t=0.0045 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed that 0.5kg / (ha * a) of N is fixed by symbiotic bacteria Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant

Transformation, to arable, non-irrigated

90 m2 Transformation from temperate forest to arable land

Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous

90 m2 Transformation from degraded land to temperate forest

Occupation, arable, non-irrigated

90*t=90 m2a Occupation as arable land after processing, the contribution of the organic material and cultivation to corn: Duration 1 years

Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)

moIT=2025 kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry inquiry: moit * (1-0.4141)

Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

90 m2 plowing

Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

90 m2 hoeing

Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

90 m2 fertilization

Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow

15

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U

moIT*(50+80)/2=1.3163E5 kgkm Tran sport of the organic matter: 50-80km

Carbon dioxide, fossil

-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77

kg Carbon dioxide absorbed to produce organic carbon and thus avoided

Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.0678

mg

Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-

0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg

Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-

0,4141)=10.678 mg

Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)=42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg carbon content in the

compost Number employed 2/50000*90*t=0.0036 p To cultivate a crop farm

land of 50 ha, is estimated that two people are employedfor a year and for all the number of years referred to by the UNIT FUNCTIONAL

agricultural landscape

1 p At the end of the contribution of the organic substance in the ground this is ready to be cultivated

Increased productivity wheat

(243,6*t/(2*mt)*(2*mt-t))/1E4*A=2.1549

kg Overproduction during the time t = 1 year Time of over 29,266 years (243.6 * t / (2 * m) * (2 * m-t)) / * A 1E4

Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / ha

Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q

Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Freight cost: gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. gain hauler: 20%. Total: 130 * 10 * 1.5 * 0.2

Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites

16

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

are 6, for each site 270m2 are to be machined, where he planned the planting quality workmanship 2, 3000 / ((1 + 90 * 180 * 2 ) * 6) * 90

Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613 840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613 840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where 3 experiments were made with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*t=60.48 p Cost of workers for 1 year € 1400 * 12 * 2/50000 * 90 * t

Input parameters t 1 time of land occupation whit

wheat : a year moITm2 22,5 Weight organic material in

Italy: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-

0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon to m2: kg/m2

moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of orhanic matter

mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=29.266 Mass of organic carbon conferred in the ground t / ha = years of overproduction

Tabella 3-1 The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.productivity) (1 anno)

3.3 LCA Calculation The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno), that is possible to find with this route LCA_DatabaseUNIMORE/sassi/devid/LIFE recupero terreni degradati/LIFE Was calculated for 90m2 with the method IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 290115 V2.10 / IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi, obtained from the standard version modified by the study group.

17

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 3-1 Il network of the valuation with a cut-off del 0.598% of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)

18

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 3-2 the diagram of thr characterization of thr pocess *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:

12.45.17

Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati

Calculation: Analyse

Results: Impact assessment

Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) (of project LIFE recupero terreni

degradati)

Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /

IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi

Indicator: Characterisation

Skip categories: Never

Exclude infrastructure processes: No

Exclude long-term emissions: No

Sorted on item: Impact category

Sort order: Ascending

Impact category

Unit Total

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)






Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EUR







19

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

O6 | Alloc Def, U

Carcinogens

kg C2H3Cl eq

-3,0405412

0 0,47945632

0,012997492

0,0037128781

0,0030417452

0,010437654

0,080791465

-3,1494473

-0,32867764

-0,11547785

-0,021985873

-0,014657249

-0,00073286244

Non-carcinogens

kg C2H3Cl eq

442,85325

443,08671

1,1293256

0,064872132

0,019580364

0,027732372

0,030281608

0,24931412

-1,0406058

-0,64944782

-0,052162736

-0,007264331

-0,0048428873

-0,00024214437

Respiratory inorganics

kg PM2.5 eq

0,19451042

0 0,35141027

0,0030978224

0,00047972443

0,00060573219

0,0016845311

0,014287659

-0,13461443

-0,037852855

-0,0029905041

-0,00093972546

-0,00062648364

-3,1324182E-5

Ionizing radiation

Bq C-14 eq

1346,39

0 2095,0704

8,7515289

1,6881725

1,9682259

4,9912177

97,383309

-587,23917

-247,69791

-21,556757

-4,0994386

-2,7329591

-0,13664795

Ozone layer depletion

kg CFC-11 eq

-3,1195112E-6

0 7,4895882E-6

1,8146207E-7

2,7234659E-8

3,9018619E-8

8,6636506E-8

2,1064317E-6

-1,1046974E-5

-1,5572739E-6

-3,1453589E-7

-7,7117456E-8

-5,1411637E-8

-2,5705819E-9

Respiratory organics

kg C2H4 eq

0,027152857

0 0,044262659

0,0008025616

0,00020811223

0,00020676292

0,0005032146

0,0075035894

-0,021570941

-0,003485509

-0,0010216

-0,00015058387

-0,00010038925

-5,0194625E-6

Aquatic ecotoxicity

kg TEG water

1359701,8

1360223,2

6843,4341

78,502263

19,761383

24,03442

44,339812

1190,6484

-4461,5311

-4012,7158

-194,97476

-31,145356

-20,763571

-1,0381785

Terrestrial ecotoxicity

kg TEG soil

1379264,5

1377884,7

1847,5565

119,99507

35,128566

51,394804

53,022759

1028,7302

-1372,2678

-305,82088

-61,689403

-9,5796193

-6,3864129

-0,31932064

Terrestrial acid/nutri

kg SO2 eq

26,447842

0 30,521749

0,058427628

0,0090734028

0,013176016

0,028467363

0,12906796

-3,8581409

-0,36026932

-0,047922579

-0,026933169

-0,017955446

-0,00089777231

Land occupation

m2org.arable

181,65919

176,04246

8,1199965

0,031097691

0,018562232

0,0073069588

0,022930443

1,3327486

-1,706323

-1,945982

-0,24335918

-0,011911614

-0,0079410763

-0,00039705381

Aquatic acidification

kg SO2 eq

4,7146261

0 5,6143514

0,009381161

0,0016245096

0,0021360493

0,0049422061

0,032891134

-0,78250075

-0,14507847

-0,013834837

-0,0054625338

-0,0036416892

-0,00018208446

Aquatic eutrophication

kg PO4 P-lim

-0,032750403

0 0,010669829

0,00014520279

3,7088488E-5

3,9015127E-5

9,224191E-5

0,0011844751

-0,014453805

-0,029474136

-0,0008187846

-0,00010090009

-6,7266729E-5

-3,3633365E-6

Global warming

kg CO2 eq

-888,36943

-965,76827

203,95616

1,1168847

0,2044387

0,24094003

0,62722903

10,463869

-123,5153

-11,767636

-2,4619347

-0,86224394

-0,57482929

-0,028741465

Non-renewable energy

MJ primary

-383,73619

0 917,01347

16,661489

2,8431305

3,6441495

8,7590255

186,68426

-1245,6852

-214,99752

-43,875825

-8,6959632

-5,7973088

-0,28986544

Mineral extraction

MJ surplus

-8,7817875

0 2,8456159

0,12419856

0,04731119

0,025828496

0,13447599

0,25938517

-9,1280176

-2,3988167

-0,58344189

-0,063721479

-0,042480986

-0,0021240493

Rene MJ 40,8 0 83,2 0,382 0,188 0,090 0,31 2,66 - - - - - -

20

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

wable energy

30426

139 87228

3809 040299

724229

72318

24,186061

19,410706

2,1454469

0,16883968

0,11255979

0,0056279893

Internal cost

euro 5568,28

5568,28

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Soil fertility nutritional value

kJ 28165,107

28165,107

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

p 0,0036

0,0036 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

p 0,7 0,7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 3-2 The table of the characterization of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) Analysis of the results of the characterization is noted that: • the cost is worth € 5,568.28 • renewable energy used by the system applies 40.83MJ

Figure 3-3 Il diagramma della valutazione per single score del processo *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:

12.45.07




Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) (of project LIFE recupero terreni

degradati)



Indicator: Single score


Default units: Yes

21

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113



Per impact category: Yes



Impact category

Unit

Total














Total

Pt

0,91144969

0,88501237

0,066103256

0,00063676692

0,00011885146

0,00015189166

0,00033928554

0,0045471351

-0,036935317

-0,0071233401

-0,00096287451

-0,00025784054

-0,00017189369

-8,5946847E-6

Carcinogens

Pt

-0,0012004057

0 0,00018928936

5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

1,200881E-6

4,1207859E-6

3,189647E-5

-0,0012434018

-0,00012976193

-4,5590656E-5

-8,6800227E-6

-5,7866818E-6

-2,8933409E-7

Non-carcinogens

Pt

0,17483846

0,17493063

0,00044585775

2,5611518E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,0948741E-5

1,1955179E-5

9,8429214E-5

-0,00041083117

-0,000256402

-2,0593848E-5

-2,8679579E-6

-1,9119719E-6

-9,5598596E-8


Pt

0,019198178

0 0,034684194

0,00030575508

4,7348801E-5

5,9785767E-5

0,00016626321

0,001410192

-0,013286444

-0,0037360767

-0,00029516276

-9,2750903E-5

-6,1833935E-5

-3,0916968E-6

Ionizing radiation

Pt

3,9866607E-5

0 6,2035035E-5

2,5913277E-7

4,9986788E-8

5,8279169E-8

1,4778996E-7

2,8835198E-6

-1,7388152E-5

-7,3343352E-6

-6,3829558E-7

-1,2138438E-7

-8,0922919E-8

-4,0461459E-9


Pt

-4,6184364E-7

0 1,1088335E-6

2,6865459E-8

4,0320913E-9

5,7767065E-9

1,2826535E-8

3,1185722E-7

-1,6355044E-6

-2,305544E-7

-4,6567038E-8

-1,1417239E-8

-7,6114929E-9

-3,8057464E-10


Pt

8,1548176E-6

0 1,3293404E-5

2,4103333E-7

6,2502345E-8

6,2097108E-8

1,5113044E-7

2,253553E-6

-6,4784007E-6

-1,0468029E-6

-3,0681712E-7

-4,5224855E-8

-3,0149903E-8

-1,5074952E-9

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt

0,0049827631

0,004984674

2,5078449E-5

2,8767939E-7

7,2417563E-8

8,8076537E-8

1,6248768E-7

4,3632502E-6

-1,6349727E-5

-1,4704998E-5

-7,1450452E-7

-1,1413527E-7

-7,6090181E-8

-3,8045091E-9

Terrestrial ecotoxici

Pt

0,79642868

0,79563196

0,0010668345

6,9288756E-5

2,0284288E-5

2,9676901E-5

3,0616932E-5

0,00059401969

-0,0007923886

-0,00017659015

-3,5621312E-5

-5,5315596E-6

-3,6877064E-6

-1,8438532E-7

22

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

ty Terrestrial acid/nutri

Pt

0,0020079202

0 0,0023172112

4,4358255E-6

6,8885274E-7

1,0003231E-6

2,1612422E-6

9,7988394E-6

-0,00029291006

-2,7351647E-5

-3,6382822E-6

-2,0447662E-6

-1,3631775E-6

-6,8158874E-8

Land occupation

Pt

0,014454621

0,014007698

0,00064610812

2,4744433E-6

1,4769968E-6

5,8141471E-7

1,8245753E-6

0,00010604681

-0,00013577212

-0,00015484179

-1,936409E-5

-9,4780716E-7

-6,3187144E-7

-3,1593572E-8


Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Global warming

Pt

-0,089725312

-0,097542595

0,020599573

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

2,4334943E-5

6,3350132E-5

0,0010568508

-0,012475046

-0,0011885312

-0,0002486554

-8,7086638E-5

-5,8057759E-5

-2,9028879E-6


Pt

-0,0025249842

0 0,0060339486

0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

2,3978504E-5

5,7634388E-5

0,0012283824

-0,0081966088

-0,0014146837

-0,00028870293

-5,7219438E-5

-3,8146292E-5

-1,9073146E-6

Mineral extraction

Pt

-5,7784161E-5

0 1,8724152E-5

8,1722653E-7

3,1130763E-7

1,699515E-7

8,8485203E-7

1,7067544E-6

-6,0062356E-5

-1,5784214E-5

-3,8390476E-6

-4,1928733E-7

-2,7952489E-7

-1,3976244E-8

Renewable energy

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Internal cost

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt

-3,3843652E-9

-3,3843652E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

Pt

-1,3983841E-10

-1,3983841E-10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

Pt

-0,007

-0,007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 3-3 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. Analysis of the results of the evaluation we note that: • the damage worth 0.91145 Pt and is due for 97.1% to direct emissions in the process itself (heavy metals, soil occupation, CO2 avoided), for the 7:25% to the production of compost, for 0.07% to plowing, for the 0:01% to hoeing, 0.02% for the shedding of the organic material on the ground, for the 0.04% at the mixing of the organic material with the ground, for the 0.5% to the transport of the organic material, for -4.05% avoided due to the product the N content in the organic material, for -0.78% to the product avoided because of the P2O5 content in the organic material, for -0.11% to the product avoided due to the K2O content in the organic material, for -0.03% to the product avoided due to the nitrogen

23

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

attached directly to the ground from the atmosphere, for -0.02% to the product avoided because nitrogen fixed by symbiotic bacteria, for the -0.001% to the product avoided due to fixed nitrogen by soil bacteria. • In addition, the damage is due to the 21:16% to Human Health, to 89.73% in Ecosystem quality, to -9.84% in Climate change, to -0.28% in Resources, for -3.71E-7% in Soil fertility, for the -1.53E-8% to Employment rate increase, for -0.77% in Landscape quality. • The advantage in Climate change (-0.089725Pt) is due to the capture of the organic carbon is -0.097543Pt • The advantage in Resources (-0.0025828Pt) is due to synthetic fertilizers avoided for the nutrients contained in the compost and nitrogen captured from the atmosphere.

3.4 Conclusions Analysis of the results we note that: • the process produces damage mainly due to the ecotoxicity of the soil due to heavy metal content in the compost, compost and land use. • The advantage is due to the capture of CO2 and nitrogen content in the compost.

4 LCA recovery of degradated land with agricultural purposes through a planting in Emilia Romagna

4.1 Objective of the study and scope

4.1.1 Objective Objective of the study is to assess the environmental, social and economic life of the planting of a degraded land in order to increase agricultural fertility and sequester organic carbon.


4.1.2.1 The function of the system


4.1.2.2 The system that need to be studied

The system studied is the planting of a degraded soils located in Emilia-Romagna

4.1.2.3 The functional unit

The functional unit is the area of land that will be planted and that can be grown after 30 years when the wood will be felled, wood will be chipped and interred. The life time of the Functional Unit is 31 years old.

4.1.2.4 The boundaries of the system

The system boundaries ranging from planting soil to the burial of the wood of the forest to encourage cultivation practiced on the same plot. In the system are considered emissions in the soil of the substances present in the wood chips. Heavy metals and nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) are the same for the plants they feed during the 30 years of life and therefore are not considered. The nitrogen absorbed from the soil due to the rains in the form of NH4, the date set by the symbiotic bacteria and that set of soil bacteria is considered as synthetic fertilizer which prevents the production and then produces an advantage. It is considered the organic C that produces an advantage on fertility and an advantage in the form of CO2 sequestered. From literature the CO2 that is reformed from carbon that remains on the ground is estimated to be equal to 33% of the carbon from the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. This value refers to the carbon that remains on the

24

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

ground. In this case the wood, after the chipping, is buried and the production of CO2 from the wood may be less than 66.7%. However assumes also that value to account also CH4 emissions that occur during the anaerobic gegradation of wood interred. Not considered the fixed CO2 from agricultural production in the 31 th year. It is not considered renewable energy contained in the wood because it is not considered to be used. It considers the CO2 fixed by plants (Carbon dioxide, in air) which is not considered by the evaluation method because biogenic.

4.1.2.5 The quality of the data

The data used are primary. The processes considered are part of the database Ecoinvent 3.1. The method for calculating LCA IMPACT 2002+ is modified to take account of the indicator of increasing fertility, of social indicators and of the costs. The software used is SimaPro 8.0.4.

4.2 Inventory Recovery of degraded land by planting in ER (v.lim. productivity)

90 m2 Recovering degraded land by planting in ER Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 for a time t + tprod = 31years We make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -the organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -which is the transformation from arable land to forest -The Emissions of heavy metals and fertilizers are not considered because they are the ones that have been absorbed by plants -Si Consider the enrichment of the soil with N fixed from the atmosphere in the form of NH4 +, not fixed by bacteria symbiotic and symbiotic bacteria. Humic substances have a slow degradability until 5E3anni: for wood from 10 to 100 years for the pine needles from 1 to 10 years (Nieder 2003)


0,75*20*0,009*(t+tprod)=4.185 by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a)

25

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha


10*0,009*(t+tprod)=2.79 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4 this minimum value Such biologically fixed nitrogen is 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground


0,5*0,009*(t+tprod)=0.1395 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by non symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant

Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}|

Ptot*13,75/2900=157.5 kg Amount of N spared with the decomposition of the vine

26

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

market for | Alloc Def, U

pruning on site in 30 years. 13.75kg / ha of N in the stolons (from Plant Health Consortium) 13.75 / 2900 = 0.0047kgN / kgpotUnità Given www.caebinternational.it: 2900kg / (ha * a) prunings of a vineyard

Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U

Ptot*2,15/2900=24.628 kg Amount of P2O5 spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 2.15kg / ha of P by pruning (by Consortium) 2.15 / 2900 = 7.41E-4kgP / kgpot

Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U

Ptot*13,1/2900=150.06 kg Amount of K2O3 spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 13.1kg / ha of K2O3 by pruning (by Consortium) 13.1 / 2900 = 0.0045kgK2O3 / kgpot

Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U

Ptot*3,3/2900=37.801 kg Amount of MgO spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 3.3kg / ha of MgO by pruning (by Consortium) 3.3 / 2900 = 0.0011kgMgO / kgpot


90 m2 Transformation of degraded land to temperate forest

Transformation, to forest

90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to forest cultivation

Occupation, forest 90*t=2700 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year


90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to arable land

Transformation, from forest

90 m2 Transformation from cultivated forest to natural forest


90*tprod=90 m2a Occupation as arable land: Duration 1 year

Carbon dioxide, in air

(15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44=49038

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis

27

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

n plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants for m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m hat: -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) n bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants for m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Supponiamo That at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 of different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7) assume 12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3


(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44=4616

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the hats of the plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes


(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44=404.06

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that the end of life the Pinus halepensis ports 30kg of needles with humidity of 70%. The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg

28

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

-1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero datum to an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965=154.64

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno


(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=6383.6

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-

29

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

12) / 2 Carbon dioxide, in air

(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=643.66

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2


(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=69.952

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2


(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=33.531

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2


(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 =25535

kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2



kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years)

30

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

(Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2


(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=279.81

kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2



kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2


Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=486.3

kg Weight of pine needles and leaves fallen on the ground mastic from 0 to 30 years


90 m2 plowing for introducing the organic material


90 m2 hoeing



Vivaio 90 m2 nursery Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741

kgkm

the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting: 100km weight of 54 pines to 0 years: weight to 5 years / 5 D = 0.03m, H = 1.5m Density: 800kg / m3

31

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

P = 3.1416 * 800 * (0.05 / 2) ^ 2 * 1.5 = 2.3562kg weight of 67.5 mastic to 0 years: 6 branches D = 0.01 H = 0.4m P = 4 * 800 * 3.1416 * (0.01 / 2) ^ 2 * 0.6 = 0.1508kg

Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

90 m2 planting

Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

1,5*Npiante=40.5 hr The wood is cut and then be chipped: 1.5hr / plant

Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

(Pradpinus+Pradlent)/800=0.19331

m3 Extraction of the roots: the density is that of a wet wood

Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

Nhr=1.8982 hr Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr


90 m2 plowing the ground for introducing wood chips


90 m2 Hoeing




-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44=-19454

kg From literature the CO2 that reform from carbon that remains on the ground is estimated to have 33% of the carbon from the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. This value refers to the carbon that remains on the ground. In this case the wood, after chipping, is buried and therefore it is estimated that the formation of CO2 can be less than 33%. However it is assumed that value to account also CH4 emissions.

Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 kg Organic carbon from the wood. It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after the burial. In wood the C / N ratio is 200-1500

32

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

in the needles: 80-130 litter of conifers: 30-40 The nitrogen that you could calculate knowing the organic carbon is present in the soil before planting without considering the different fixations. (Nieder 2003)

Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484 kg Organic carbon from the wood.It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after burial

Numero locali occupati

0,5/20000*90*t=0.0675 p To treat cultivated forest is estimated to be 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year for 30 years


2/50000*90*tprod=0.0036 p To cultivate a crop farm land of 50ha it is estimated that 2 persons are needed for the whole year for one year

Paesaggio naturale in formazione

1/(t+tprod)*t=0.96774 p Con la piantumazione si forma un bosco in 30 anni: quindi il paesaggio è naturale in formazione

Paesaggio agricolo 1/(t+tprod)*tprod=0.032258 p Agricultural landscape in the 31st year

Aumento produttività frumento

(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1905

p The overproduction during the time t = 1 year Time of overproduction is 589.53 years (243.6 * tprod / (2 * m) * (2 * m-tprod)) / * A 1E4

Euro 1000/10000*90*t=270 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a)

Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=600 p Cost for the transport of the plants from the nursery: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6. For each site are from 270m2 to work.Where is planned the planting machining is 2, 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2) * 6) * 90

Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362.5 p Cost of the plants of the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic

Euro 25*1,5*Npiante=1012.5 p Cost cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h

Euro 0,5*Npiante*60=379.64 p Cost for the eradication of

33

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Npiante roots: 60 € / h and 0.5h / strain

Euro 200*Nhr=1134 p Cost for chipping: 200 € / h Euro 1400*12*0,5/20000*90*t=60.48 p Cost of the worker for the

maintenance of the forest: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * t

Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*tprod=4603.8

p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90

Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Cost for single experiment in É.R. where they were made three experiments with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

Input parameters

t 30 time employment before coverage with grass: years moITm2 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground each

year crid520 0,082 Coefficiente di riduzione della massa di aghi e di foglie calcolata sulla

base della dimensione finale degli alberi e dei cespugli relativa al periodo da 5 a 20 anni: a 30 anni un pino con una altezza di 25m e un diametro di 0.6 ha una ramaglia di 408.3kg a 12.5 anni il pino ha una altezza di 10.41m e un diametro di 0.25 ha una ramaglia di 33.6kg (Stima del volume e della fitomassa delle principali specie forestali italiane, CRA e Unità di ricerca per il monitoraggio e la pianificazione forestale) si assume che il rapporto tra le masse della ramaglia sia uguale al rapporto tra le masse degli aghi di pino: 33.6/408.3=0.082 si assume che per il lentisco valga la stessa frazione

crid05 0,0044 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A pine of 30 years with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a prunings of 408.3kg. A pine of 12.5 years with a height of 10.41and a diameter of 0.25 has a prunings of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio

34

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082 assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio.

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained A 90 Land degraded: m2 tprod 1 Time of agricultural production: years Calculated parameters

OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon to m2 kg / m2

Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of trunks of pines:kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of brunches of

pines.kg Pag 9*15=135 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of brunches of

mastic:kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^

2)*4)*500*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of roots of mastics:kg

Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=33219

Total weight of plants during their life cycle

Nhr Ptot/17500=1.8982 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10=360.91=360.91 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg

Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520=121.83

Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg

Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641


Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the

planting: kg mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the

ground t / ha = years of overproduction

OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the planting area A: kg

moIT moITm2*A=2025 Mass of total organic carbon (90m2): kg

Tabella 4-1 The process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)

35

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

4.3 LCA Calculation The process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) which is located using the following path:LCA_DatabaseUNIMORE/sassi/devid/LIFE recupero terreni degradati/LIFE Has benn calculated with the METHOD IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 290115 V2.10 / IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi, modified by the study group.

Figure 4-1 Il network of the valuation for single score with a cut-off del 2.25% of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)

36

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 4-2 The diagram of the characterization of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:

12.55.32




Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni

degradati)









Impact category

Unit Total *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)




Vivaio Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U




Carcinogens

kg C2H3Cl eq

4,0805769

0 0,012997492

0,0037128781

0,010437654

4,4143815

0,016634262

0,016257084

10,368282

0,001121225

Non-carcinogens

kg C2H3Cl eq

-2,9143576

0 0,064872131

0,019580364

0,030281608

22,724103

0,067258918

0,18192044

-5,8402985

0,0005631585


kg PM2.5 eq

-1,8723066

0 0,0030978224

0,00047972443

0,0016845311

0,19341599

0,0026451157

0,0017972008

0,25173426

0,00029157932

Ionizin Bq C- - 0 8,75152 1,68817 4,99121 2467,29 18,6885 8,42476 1631,1 0,78496

37

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

g radiation

14 eq 17151,031

89 25 76 31 11 76 608 489


kg CFC-11 eq

0,0032964611

0 1,8146207E-7

2,7234659E-8

8,6636505E-8

0,0033635474

4,1907098E-7

1,4424286E-7

3,9175802E-5

1,8604277E-8


kg C2H4 eq

1,9339186

0 0,0008025616

0,00020811223

0,0005032146

0,13496178

0,0011027084

0,0010624108

2,0285982

0,00010880684

Aquatic ecotoxicity

kg TEG water

-108912,82

0 78,502264

19,761383

44,339812

61319,621

302,44513

136,5358

-11196,278

4,188133


kg TEG soil

24244,345

0 119,99507

35,128566

53,022759

54869,963

286,10845

334,89269

-17283,211

1,0413073


kg SO2 eq

-39,205218

0 0,058427627

0,0090734028

0,028467363

5,4259381

0,022113722

0,04651243

5,9181317

0,0066754489

Land occupation

m2org.arable

2548,6761

1861,4953

0,031097691

0,018562232

0,022930443

253,4083

0,14597741

0,053600709

458,41827

0,00060739632


kg SO2 eq

-8,6160368

0 0,009381161

0,0016245096

0,0049422061

1,1691927

0,0060199227

0,0081945706

1,1059599

0,00099398573


kg PO4 P-lim

79,297345

0 0,00014520279

3,7088488E-5

9,2241909E-5

80,479978

0,00024573414

0,00021095149

0,090969124

9,9885037E-6

Global warming

kg CO2 eq

-19783,276

-19454,329

1,1168847

0,2044387

0,62722903

311,16316

2,2591632

0,9754437

279,71416

0,10527221


MJ primary

-9288,6761

0 16,661489

2,8431305

8,7590254

5122,8813

36,989426

14,496015

3414,9816

1,6185365

Mineral extraction

MJ surplus

-93,587314

0 0,12419856

0,04731119

0,13447599

13,951051

0,060209003

0,16195228

21,106166

0,0041404431

Renewable energy

MJ 11670,909

0 0,38287227

0,1883809

0,31724229

10683,107

0,44508118

0,61071947

1491,3203

0,011792704

Internal cost

euro 11332,925

11332,925

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


kJ 28630,365

28630,365

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

p 0,0711 0,0711 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

p 0,79677419

0,79677419

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0








Ammonium nitrate phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U




2,0225753

0,012997492

0,0037128781

0,010437654

-0,68156208

-0,45437472

-0,022718736

-8,1661839

-0,46388609

-2,3066983

-0,71754649

1,7008308

0,064872131

0,019580364

0,030281608

-0,22519426

-0,15012951

-0,0075064754

-6,8544197

-1,9003459

-3,0972806

-9,7433273

38

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

0,17171035

0,0030978224

0,00047972443

0,0016845311

-0,029131489

-0,019420993

-0,00097104965

-1,8005776

-0,14728277

-0,41430435

-0,092737082

1660,9257

8,7515289

1,6881725

4,9912176

-127,0826

-84,721732

-4,2360866

-16723,935

-2017,1026

-3663,5593

-348,53408

3,8554729E-5

1,8146207E-7

2,7234659E-8

8,6636505E-8

-2,3906411E-6

-1,5937608E-6

-7,9688038E-8

-0,00011124597

-4,5959573E-6

-2,5730011E-5

-3,5336369E-7

0,084640681

0,0008025616

0,00020811223

0,0005032146

-0,0046681001

-0,0031120668

-0,00015560334

-0,22742079

-0,014023322

-0,067495842

-0,0027079956

10701,148

78,502264

19,761383

44,339812

-965,50604

-643,67069

-32,183535

-35975,117

-17508,212

-13573,056

-101767,95

4463,9437

119,99507

35,128566

53,022759

-296,9682

-197,9788

-9,89894 -12325,504

-865,8275

-4683,1313

-465,3773

3,1659892

0,058427627

0,0090734028

0,028467363

-0,83492825

-0,55661883

-0,027830942

-44,321219

-1,6636207

-6,3593467

-0,21895076

2,8479583

0,031097691

0,018562232

0,022930443

-0,36926005

-0,24617336

-0,012308668

-14,55694

-1,4777667

-11,112248

-0,064409014

0,67840257

0,009381161

0,0016245096

0,0049422061

-0,16933855

-0,11289237

-0,0056446183

-7,1349461

-0,81195253

-3,3280457

-0,053876234

0,020528169

0,00014520279

3,7088488E-5

9,2241909E-5

-0,0031279029

-0,0020852686

-0,00010426343

-0,16569134

-1,0308677

-0,06868501

-0,02458429

220,61643

1,1168847

0,2044387

0,62722903

-26,729562

-17,819708

-0,89098541

-804,6318

-48,667711

-209,033 -39,9044

3356,3819

16,661489

2,8431305

8,7590254

-269,57486

-179,71657

-8,9858287

-16337,894

-803,0475

-3590,9551

-102,37858

8,6171085

0,12419856

0,04731119

0,13447599

-1,9753658

-1,3169106

-0,065845528

-76,280435

-9,0679334

-49,055501

-0,33792102

31,14519

0,38287227

0,1883809

0,31724229

-5,2340301

-3,4893534

-0,17446767

-372,77813

-37,078058

-113,11186

-5,6421614

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 4-2 The table of the characterization of the process Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. From the table of the evaluation it can be seen that the cost of testing for 90m2 of land planted worth: € 11,332.93 and Renewable energy is used to 1670.91MJ.

39

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 4-3 the diagram of valuation for single score of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:

13.03.07




Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni

degradati)



Indicator: Weighting


Default units: No






Impact category

Unit

Total *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)








Total Pt -2,0381671

-1,8247358

0,00063676692

0,00011885146

0,00033928554

0,14812774

0,00094671285

0,000652857

0,10506253

5,1984017E-5

Carcinogens

Pt 0,0016110118

0 5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

4,1207859E-6

0,0017427978

6,5672067E-6

6,4182969E-6

0,0040933977

4,4265962E-7

Non-carcinogens

Pt -0,0011505884

0 2,5611518E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,1955179E-5

0,0089714759

2,6553821E-5

7,182219E-5

-0,0023057499

2,2233497E-7

40

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Pt -0,18479667

0 0,00030575508

4,7348801E-5

0,00016626321

0,019090159

0,00026107292

0,00017738372

0,024846172

2,8778879E-5

Ionizing radiation

Pt -0,00050784203

0 2,5913277E-7

4,9986788E-8

1,4778995E-7

7,3056549E-5

5,5336681E-7

2,4945737E-7

4,8298672E-5

2,324281E-8


Pt 0,00048804107

0 2,686546E-8

4,0320913E-9

1,2826535E-8

0,00049797319

6,2043458E-8

2,1355155E-8

5,7999775E-6

2,7543633E-9


Pt 0,00058081378

0 2,4103333E-7

6,2502345E-8

1,5113044E-7

4,0533072E-5

3,311764E-7

3,1907383E-7

0,00060924889

3,2677957E-8

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt -0,00039912193

0 2,876794E-7

7,2417563E-8

1,6248768E-7

0,00022471188

1,1083404E-6

5,0034908E-7

-4,1029879E-5

1,5347832E-8


Pt 0,013999412

0 6,9288756E-5

2,0284288E-5

3,0616932E-5

0,031683563

0,00016520761

0,00019337709

-0,0099798445

6,0128205E-7


Pt -0,0029764601

0 4,4358255E-6

6,8885274E-7

2,1612422E-6

0,00041193722

1,6788738E-6

3,5312237E-6

0,00044930456

5,0680008E-7

Land occupation

Pt 0,20279816

0,14811918

2,4744432E-6

1,4769968E-6

1,8245753E-6

0,020163699

1,1615422E-5

4,2650084E-6

0,036476342

4,8330525E-8


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Global warming

Pt -1,9981109

-1,9648873

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

6,3350132E-5

0,03142748

0,00022817548

9,8519814E-5

0,028251131

1,0632493E-5


Pt -0,061119489

0 0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

5,7634387E-5

0,033708559

0,00024339042

9,5383781E-5

0,022470579

1,064997E-5

Mineral extraction

Pt -0,00061580452

0 8,1722653E-7

3,1130763E-7

8,8485203E-7

9,1797916E-5

3,9617524E-7

1,065646E-6

0,00013887857

2,7244115E-8

Renewable energy

Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Internal cost

Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt -3,4402713E-9

-3,4402713E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

Pt -2,7618086E-9

-2,7618086E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

Pt -0,0079677419

-0,0079677419

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0












0,066005878

0,00063676692

0,00011885146

0,00033928554

-0,0079930568

-0,0053287045

-0,00026643523

-0,3852723

-0,026601989

-0,092342415

-0,018663917

41

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

0,00079851271

5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

4,1207859E-6

-0,00026908071

-0,00017938714

-8,9693569E-6

-0,0032240094

-0,00018314223

-0,0009106845

-0,00028328735

0,000671488

2,5611518E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,1955179E-5

-8,8906694E-5

-5,927113E-5

-2,9635565E-6

-0,0027061249

-0,00075025657

-0,0012228064

-0,0038466656

0,016947812

0,00030575508

4,7348801E-5

0,00016626321

-0,002875278

-0,001916852

-9,58426E-5

-0,17771701

-0,01453681

-0,040891839

-0,00915315

4,918001E-5

2,5913277E-7

4,9986788E-8

1,4778995E-7

-3,7629157E-6

-2,5086105E-6

-1,2543052E-7

-0,0004951957

-5,9726407E-5

-0,00010847799

-1,0320094E-5

5,7080277E-6

2,686546E-8

4,0320913E-9

1,2826535E-8

-3,5393442E-7

-2,3595628E-7

-1,1797814E-8

-1,6469965E-5

-6,8043148E-7

-3,8093281E-6

-5,2315495E-8

2,5420136E-5

2,4103333E-7

6,2502345E-8

1,5113044E-7

-1,4019705E-6

-9,3464701E-7

-4,6732351E-8

-6,8301286E-5

-4,2116244E-6

-2,0271026E-5

-8,1329231E-7

3,9215428E-5

2,876794E-7

7,2417563E-8

1,6248768E-7

-3,5381934E-6

-2,3587956E-6

-1,1793978E-7

-0,00013183441

-6,4160594E-5

-4,973982E-5

-0,00037293881

0,002577615

6,9288756E-5

2,0284288E-5

3,0616932E-5

-0,00017147835

-0,0001143189

-5,7159449E-6

-0,0071171158

-0,00049995477

-0,0027041805

-0,00026872282

0,0002403619

4,4358255E-6

6,8885274E-7

2,1612422E-6

-6,3387753E-5

-4,2258502E-5

-2,1129251E-6

-0,003364867

-0,00012630209

-0,0004828016

-1,6622742E-5

0,00022661204

2,4744432E-6

1,4769968E-6

1,8245753E-6

-2,9382022E-5

-1,9588015E-5

-9,7940073E-7

-0,0011582957

-0,0001175859

-0,00088420156

-5,1250252E-6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,022282259

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

6,3350132E-5

-0,0026996858

-0,0017997905

-8,9989526E-5

-0,081267811

-0,0049154388

-0,021112333

-0,0040303444

0,022084993

0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

5,7634387E-5

-0,0017738026

-0,0011825351

-5,9126753E-5

-0,10750334

-0,0052840525

-0,023628485

-0,00067365105

5,6700574E-5

8,1722653E-7

3,1130763E-7

8,8485203E-7

-1,2997907E-5

-8,6652715E-6

-4,3326358E-7

-0,00050192526

-5,9667002E-5

-0,0003227852

-2,2235203E-6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 4-3 The table of valuation of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) Analysis of the results of the evaluation can be seen that:

• you have an advantage that is -2.0382 Pt and is due to -89.53% to the direct emissions ofthe process itself (heavy metals, land occupation, CO2 avoided), 0.03% for plowing, for the 0.006% to hoeing , to 0.02% to mixing the organic material with the ground, for the 7. 27% to the nursery, to 0.05% to the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting 0.03%, 5.15% for the cut of the plants, at 0.003% to transporting timber to the chipper, for the 24.3% to chipping, to 0.03% to plowing, for the 0.006% to hoeing, for 0.02% of the wood chips to mixing with the soil, for -0.39% to Product avoided due to the N absorbed from the soil as NH4 because of rain, for -0.26% avoided due to the product nitrogen fixed by symbiotic bacteria, for the -0.013% avoided due to the product nitrogen fixed by Soil bacteria, -18.9% for the nitrogen content in the wood basement, for -1.31% to P2O5 content in the wood basement, for -4.53% to the K2O content in the wood basement, -0.92 for the MGO content in wood basement.

• In addition, the advantage is due to -9.02% in the Human Health, to the 10:47% in Ecosystem quality, to -98.04% in Climate change, for -3.03% to Resources, at -

42

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

1.69% in Soil fertility, for the -1.36E-7% Employment rate increase, for -0.39% for Landscape quality.

• The advantage in Climate change (impact category Global warming) (-1.9981Pt) due to the capture of the organic carbon is -1.9649Pt.

4.4 Conclusions Analysis of the results of the evaluation can be seen that:

• The process produce an advantage (-2.0382 Pt) due to mainly the capture of the CO2 and to the capture of N content in wood.

• The maximun damage is that due to land use ,due to the nursery and due to the cutting of trees.

5 LCA of the recovery of degradated land for agricultural purphose trought the additional of organic matter and planting, in Emilia-Romagna

5.1 Objective of the study and flield of application

5.1.1 Objective Objective of the study is to assess the environmental, social and economic intake of organic material and the planting of pines and bushes of mastic on a degraded land in order to increase agricultural fertility and sequester the CO2.


5.1.2.1 The fuction of the system


5.1.2.2 The system that need to be studied

The system studied is the recovery of degraded soils located in Emilia-Romagna with the transfer of organic material in it and through its planted with pine trees and bushes of mastic.

5.1.2.3 The functional unit

The functional unit is the area of land where the organic material is awarded and which is planted. The land will be cultivated after 30 years by the contribution of the organic material and its planting. This period of time is estimated in fact necessary for the formation of a natural wood to be killed for the purpose of chipping the wood from it obtained and plowed. The aim of burial is the segregation of the CO2 absorbed by the forest during his life and the formation of humus that with the passage of years will be able to release the nutrients contained therein.

5.1.2.4 The boundary of the system

The boundaries of the system ranging from the production of compost that is buried in the soil and planting soil, killing the natural forest built on the ground in 30 years, the chipping of the wood and its landfill. In the system are considered the emissions in the soil of the substances present in the compost. Heavy metals produce damage, nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) are considered as synthetic fertilizers which prevents the production and produce an advantage. The organic C produces an advantage on fertility (see under the

43

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

new indicator) and an advantage due to the CO2 sequestered. Also in the system is considered the mass of CO2 absorbed by the plants during their lifetime. It is consideried that one third of the carbon content in this mass is trapped in the soil , carbon that is mass of fossil CO2 avoided. This value is refered to the carbon that remains on the ground. In this case the wood, after chipping, is buried and therefore it is estimated that the formation of CO2 can be less than 33%. However it is assumed that value to account also CH4 emissions. Is considered the need for the production of nursery plants used for planting: in 90m2 of land are planted 54 plants of Pinus halepensis trees and shrubs 67.5 of Pistacia lentiscus. Is considered chipping and planting of wood. Is not included either the nutrients or heavy metals that enter the soil with wood chips because they are substances that come from the soil in which they return. Is Not considered the CO2 fixed by agricultural cultivation, it is not considered renewable energy contained in the wood because not used in the process. It is considered the CO2 fixed by plants (Carbon dioxide in air) that is not considered by the valuation method because biogenic.

5.1.2.4.1 The enhancement factor forest with contribution of organic

material

The organic carbon content in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2 average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2 increase in production of wheat by the imput of 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2 growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55 This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and then are reduced because the nutrients used by plants, it is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145

5.1.2.5 The quality data

The data used are primary. Processes are in the database Ecoinvent 3.1. The method for calculating LCA is the nethod IMPACT 2002+ ,amended to take account of the new indicator on increasing fertility, of social indicators and of costs. The software used is SimaPro 8.0.4.

5.2 Inventory As inventory is reported the LCA process * Recovering degraded land with mat. organic planting in ER + (v.lim. Productivity) *Recovering degraded land with organic matter planting in ER + (v.lim. Productivity)

A=90 m2 Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 for a time t + tprod (= 31years) We make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -The organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to

44

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

a cultivation by plowing -which is the transformation from arable land to forest -The Emissions of heavy metals and fertilizer are not considered because they are the ones that have been absorbed by the plants themselves -Si Considers the enrichment of the soil with N fixed from the atmosphere in the form of NH4 +, fixed by symbiotic bacteria and not by symbiotic bacteria. Humic substances have degradability slow until 5E3anni: for wood from 10 to 100 years for the pine needles from 1 to 10 years (Nieder 2003)


0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.339 kg C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% it is considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as synthetic fertilizer nitrogen that prevents production


0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5,9322 kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of sticks to it: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (Tutto sul compost, pubblicazioni settore agricoltura provincia di Pavia) N = 1.6% ss (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5 = 0.5% ss = 0.005 *moit * (1-.4141)

45

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

K2O = 0.4% ss = 0.004* moit * (1-.4141)


0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458 kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of sticks to it: 2009kg / ha K2O = 0.4% ss = 0.004* moit * (1-.4141)


0,75*20*0,009*(t+tprod)=4.185 kg from: Azoto nel terreno, Dipartimento di agronomia e gestione dell'agroecosistema (Università di Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the soil due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthetic avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of latter part a part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and returns into the atmosphere, a portion (it is supposed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is supposed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (it is supposed 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthetic avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha


10*0,009*(t+tprod)=2.79 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen

46

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

the minimum value for infected plants is 40kg / (ha * a) (bean) It is reduced by a factor of 4 the minimum value Such nitrogen is fixed biologically for 90% by the plant. The rest remains in the ground


0,5*0,009*(t+tprod)=0.1395 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: It is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen It assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from plant


Ptot*13,75/2900=193.01 kg Quantity of N spared with the decomposition of pruned runners on site in 30 years. 13.75kg / ha of N in pruning (by Plant Health Consortium) 13.75 / 2900 = 0.0047kgN / kgpotUnità Data : www.caebinternational.it: 2900kg / (ha * a) pruning a vineyard


Ptot*2,15/2900=30.179 kg Amount of P2O5 saved by the decomposition of pruning pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 2.15kg / ha of P from prunings (from Consortium) 2.15 / 2900 = 7.41E-4kgP / kgpot


Ptot*13,1/2900=183.88 kg Amount of K2O3 saved by decompisizione of pruned runners on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 13.1kg / ha of K2O3 by pruning (by Consortium)

47

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

13.1/2900=0.0045kgK2O3 / kgpot


Ptot*3,3/2900=43.322 kg Amount of MgO saved by the decomposition of pruning pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 3.3kg / ha of K2O3 by pruning (by Consortium) 3.3/2900= 0.0011kgMgO / kgpot





Occupation, forest 90*t=2700 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year


90 m2 Conversion from natural forest to arable land

Transformation, from forest

90 m2 Transformation from cultivated forest to temperate forest


90*tprod=90 m2a Occupation as arable land: Duration 1 year


((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+fda)=59898

kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants

48

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3


(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1+fda)=5638.3

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by thehats of plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes


(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+fda)=493.53

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo =

49

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=154.68

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno



kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2

50

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113





(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443






(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=31189

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared

51

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2





(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=341.77







kg Weight of pine needles and leavesof mastic fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years

Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità

moIT=2025 kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost

52

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

ER) used: 41.41%

1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)




90 m2 Hoeing



Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

20,25*(50+80)/2=1316.3 kgkm transport of organic material from the production to the land to be recovered: 50-80km

Vivaio 90 m2 Nursery Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741

kgkm the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting: 100km weight of 54 pines to 0 years: weight to 5 years / 5 D = 0.03m, H = 1.5m Density: 800kg / m3 P = 3.1416 * 800 * (0.05 / 2) ^ 2 * 1.5 = 2.3562kg weight of 67.5 mastic to 0 years: 6 branches D = 0.01 H = 0.4m P = 4 * 800 * 3.1416 * (0.01 / 2) ^ 2 * 0.6 = 0.1508kg


90 m2 Planting


1,5*Npiante=40.5 hr The wood is cut and then be chipped: 1.5hr / plant


(Pradpinus+Pradlent)/800=0.23611 m3 Extraction of the roots: the density is that of a wet wood


Nhr=2.3261 hr Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Tillage, ploughing 90 m2 plowing the ground for

53

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

{GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

introducing wood chips


90 m2 Hoeing




-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77 kg Carbon dioxide absorbed to produce the organic carbon of the compost and thus avoided


-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44=.23840 kg From Literature the CO2 that reform from carbon that remains on the ground is estimated to have 33% of the carbon from the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. This value refers to the carbon that remains on the ground. In this case the wood, after chipping, is buried and therefore it is estimated that the formation of CO2 can be less than 33%. However it is assumed that value to account also CH4 emissions.

Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.0678 mg Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=10.678 mg Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg C content in compost Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 kg Organic carbon from the

wood. It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after the burial. In wood the C / N ratio is 200-1500 in the needles: 80-130 litter of conifers: 30-40 The nitrogen that you could calculate knowing the organic carbon is present in the soil before planting without

54

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

considering the different fixations. (Nieder 2003)


0,5/20000*90*t=0.0675 p To treat cultivated forest is estimated to be 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest in a year ,for 30 years


2/50000*90*tprod=0.0036 p To cultivate a crop farm land of 50ha for one year it is estimated that 2 persons are needed for the whole year


1/(t+tprod)*t=0.96774 p With the planting will form a forest in 30 years, then the natural landscape is in training

Paesaggio agricolo 1/(t+tprod)*tprod=0.032258 p Paesaggio agricolo nel 31° anno

Aumento produttività frumento


p The overproduction during the time t = 1 year Time of overproduction is 589.53 years (243.6 * tprod / (2 * m) * (2 * m-tprod)) / * 1E4 *A

Euro 1000/10000*90*t=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a)

Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q

Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Cost to transport the compost: gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=100 p Cost for the transport of

the plants from the nursery: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=600 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site we need to work 270m2. where isplanned the planting is considered 2 machining 3000 / ((90 *

55

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

180 * 1 + 2 ) * 6) * 90 Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362.5 p Cost of the plants from

the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic

Euro 25*1,5*Npiante=1012.5 p Cost cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h

Euro 0,5*Npiante*60=810 p Fee for the eradication of N plants: 60 € / h and 0.5h / strain

Euro 200*Nhr=465.22 p Cost for chipping: 200 € / h

Euro 1400*12*0,5/20000*90*t=1134 p Cost of the worker for the maintenance of the forest: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * t

Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*tprod=60.48 p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90

Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where they were made three experiments with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

Input parameters t 30 time of occupation before coverage with grass: years moITm2 22,5 Peso organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground

each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on

the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a brushwood 408.3 kg. at 12.5

56

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

years, the pine has a height of 0.25 10.41me diameter has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) takes on .si that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082.It assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3 kg. 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 0.05 2.08me diameter has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). assumes that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. assumes that the mastic valgalo same ratio

fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2 average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2 increase in wheat production because of 'entering 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2 growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 12:55 this value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years, and then the nutrients are reduced, because used by plants, it is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0, 4429/2 = 0.22145

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 numero bushes remained tprod 1 number of years of agricultural production A 90 Land degraded: m2 Calculated parameters


Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975

Weight of trunks of pines:kg

Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6

Weight of brunches of pines.kg

Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)

=7.195 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg

Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9

Weight of brunches of mastic:kg

Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((

0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692

Weight of roots of mastics:kg

57

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113



Nhr Ptot/17500=2.3261 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg

Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76


Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174


moIT moITm2*90=2025 Number of plants remained Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Organic carbon due to the

planting: kg OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Mass of Co conferred in the


OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6765.1 Organic carbon due to the planting area A: kg

mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=751.68 Mass of total organic carbon (90m2): kg

Tabella 5-1 The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)

5.3 LCA Calculation The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) which is located using the following path: LCA_DatabaseUNIMORE/sassi/devid/LIFE recupero terreni degradati/LIFE Has been calculated for 90m2 with the METHOD IMPACT 2002+ 180115 V2.12 / IMPACT 2002+, modified by the group of study.

58

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 5-1 Il network of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) with the cut-off del 3%.

Figure 5-2 the diagrammo f the carachterization of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:

11.04.08




59

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero

terreni degradati)









Impact category

Unit Total *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)







Vivaio





Carcinogens

kg C2H3Cl eq

-1,2005599

0 0,47945632

0,012997492

0,0037128781

0,0030417452

0,010437654

0,00080791465

4,4143815

0,016634262

0,016257084

10,368282

0,0013695202

Non-carcinogens

kg C2H3Cl eq

435,10539

443,08671

1,1293256

0,064872131

0,019580364

0,027732372

0,030281608

0,0024931412

22,724103

0,067258919

0,18192044

-5,8402985

0,00068786994


kg PM2.5 eq

-2,2101946

0 0,35141027

0,0030978224

0,00047972443

0,00060573219

0,0016845311

0,00014287659

0,19341599

0,0026451157

0,0017972008

0,25173426

0,00035614956

Ionizing radiation

Bq C-14 eq

-20663,728

0 2095,0704

8,7515288

1,6881725

1,9682259

4,9912177

0,97383309

2467,2931

18,688511

8,4247676

1631,1608

0,95879537


kg CFC-11 eq

0,0032677954

0 7,4895882E-6

1,8146207E-7

2,7234659E-8

3,9018619E-8

8,6636506E-8

2,1064318E-8

0,0033635474

4,1907098E-7

1,4424286E-7

3,9175802E-5

2,2724195E-8


kg C2H4 eq

1,9012395

0 0,044262659

0,00080256159

0,00020811223

0,00020676292

0,0005032146

7,5035894E-5

0,13496178

0,0011027083

0,0010624108

2,0285982

0,00013290211

Aquatic ecotoxicity

kg TEG water

1213879

1360223,2

6843,4341

78,502263

19,761383

24,03442

44,339813

11,906484

61319,621

302,44513

136,5358

-11196,278

5,115595


kg TEG soil

1399171

1377884,7

1847,5565

119,99507

35,128566

51,394803

53,02276

10,287302

54869,963

286,10846

334,89269

-17283,211

1,2719048

Terre kg - 0 30,5 0,058 0,009 0,013 0,028 0,001 5,425 0,022 0,046 5,918 0,008

60

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

strial acid/nutri

SO2 eq

24,068457

21749

427627

0734028

176016

467363

2906796

9381 113722

51243 1317 153727

Land occupation

m2org.arable

2547,4295

1861,4953

8,1199965

0,031097691

0,018562232

0,0073069587

0,022930443

0,013327486

253,4083

0,14597741

0,053600709

458,41827

0,00074190423


kg SO2 eq

-6,3411227

0 5,6143514

0,009381161

0,0016245096

0,0021360493

0,0049422062

0,00032891134

1,1691927

0,0060199227

0,0081945706

1,1059599

0,0012141039


kg PO4 P-lim

78,977209

0 0,010669829

0,00014520279

3,7088488E-5

3,9015126E-5

9,224191E-5

1,1844751E-5

80,479978

0,00024573414

0,00021095149

0,090969124

1,2200458E-5

Global warming

kg CO2 eq

-25266,386

-24805,294

203,95616

1,1168847

0,2044387

0,24094003

0,62722904

0,10463869

311,16316

2,2591632

0,9754437

279,71416

0,12858474


MJ primary

-13810,04

0 917,01347

16,661489

2,8431305

3,6441495

8,7590255

1,8668426

5122,8813

36,989426

14,496015

3414,9816

1,9769614

Mineral extraction

MJ surplus

-131,25237

0 2,8456159

0,12419856

0,04731119

0,025828495

0,13447599

0,0025938517

13,951051

0,060209002

0,16195228

21,106166

0,0050573442

Renewable energy

MJ 11596,367

0 83,213901

0,38287228

0,1883809

0,090040298

0,31724229

0,026672318

10683,107

0,44508117

0,61071948

1491,3203

0,014404198

Internal cost

euro 11952,5

11952,5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


kJ 28635,607

28635,607

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

p 0,0711

0,0711

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

p 0,79677419

0,79677419

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0















2,4784835

0,012997492

0,0037128781

0,010437654

-3,1494473

-0,32867764

-0,11547785

-0,68156207

-0,45437472

-0,022718736

-10,006922

-0,56845055

-2,8266507

-0,87928847

2,084 0,064 0,019 0,030 - - - - - - - - - -

61

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

2147 872131

580364

281608

1,0406058

0,64944782

0,052162736

0,22519426

0,15012951

0,0075064754

8,3994728

2,3287024

3,7954379

11,939568

0,21041554

0,0030978224

0,00047972443

0,0016845311

-0,13461443

-0,037852855

-0,0029905041

-0,029131489

-0,019420993

-0,00097104965

-2,2064453

-0,18048175

-0,5076926

-0,11364093

2035,3146

8,7515288

1,6881725

4,9912177

-587,23917

-247,69791

-21,556757

-127,0826

-84,721732

-4,2360866

-20493,673

-2471,7772

-4489,3614

-427,09707

4,7245342E-5

1,8146207E-7

2,7234659E-8

8,6636506E-8

-1,1046974E-5

-1,5572739E-6

-3,1453589E-7

-2,3906411E-6

-1,5937608E-6

-7,9688038E-8

-0,0001363219

-5,631931E-6

-3,1529807E-5

-4,3301532E-7

0,10371952

0,00080256159

0,00020811223

0,0005032146

-0,021570941

-0,003485509

-0,0010216

-0,0046681001

-0,0031120668

-0,00015560334

-0,27868366

-0,017184316

-0,082710064

-0,0033184042

13113,292

78,502263

19,761383

44,339813

-4461,5311

-4012,7158

-194,97477

-965,50604

-643,67069

-32,183535

-44084,26

-21454,734

-16632,555

-124707,43

5470,1602

119,99507

35,128566

53,02276

-1372,2678

-305,82088

-61,689403

-296,9682

-197,9788

-9,89894

-15103,793

-1060,9935

-5738,7549

-570,27789

3,8796341

0,058427627

0,0090734028

0,028467363

-3,8581409

-0,36026932

-0,047922579

-0,83492825

-0,55661883

-0,027830942

-54,311655

-2,0386171

-7,7928055

-0,2683044

3,4899159

0,031097691

0,018562232

0,022930443

-1,706323

-1,945982

-0,24335918

-0,36926005

-0,24617337

-0,012308668

-17,838216

-1,8108698

-13,617057

-0,078927435

0,83132113

0,009381161

0,0016245096

0,0049422062

-0,78250075

-0,14507847

-0,013834837

-0,16933855

-0,11289237

-0,0056446183

-8,7432327

-0,99497456

-4,0782198

-0,066020463

0,025155419

0,00014520279

3,7088488E-5

9,224191E-5

-0,014453805

-0,029474136

-0,00081878461

-0,0031279029

-0,0020852686

-0,00010426343

-0,20303979

-1,2632354

-0,084167282

-0,030125829

270,34553

1,1168847

0,2044387

0,62722904

-123,51531

-11,767636

-2,4619347

-26,729562

-17,819708

-0,89098541

-986,00367

-59,637888

-256,15108

-48,899242

4112,9431

16,661489

2,8431305

8,7590255

-1245,6852

-214,99752

-43,875825

-269,57486

-179,71657

-8,9858286

-20020,615

-984,06224

-4400,3915

-125,45571

10,559489

0,12419856

0,04731119

0,13447599

-9,1280177

-2,3988167

-0,58344189

-1,9753659

-1,3169106

-0,065845529

-93,474791

-11,111934

-60,11309

-0,41409172

38,16562

0,38287228

0,1883809

0,31724229

-24,186061

-19,410706

-2,1454469

-5,2340301

-3,4893534

-0,17446767

-456,80597

-45,435814

-138,60838

-6,9139598

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 5-2 La tabella della caratterizzazione per single score del processo *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) Dall’analisi dei risultati della caratterizzazione si nota che:

• l’energia rinnovabile è 11596,367 MJ • il costo vale 11952, 5€

62

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 5-3 Il diagramma della valutazione per single score del processo *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:

11.03.53




Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero

terreni degradati)





Default units: No






Impact category

Unit Total *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)






Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 |

Vivaio





63

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Alloc Def, U

Total Pt -1,6847607

-1,3896359

0,066103256

0,00063676691

0,00011885146

0,00015189165

0,00033928554

4,5471351E-5

0,14812774

0,00094671285

0,000652857

0,10506253

6,3495878E-5

Carcinogens

Pt -0,00047398104

0 0,00018928936

5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

1,200881E-6

4,120786E-6

3,189647E-7

0,0017427978

6,5672067E-6

6,4182969E-6

0,0040933976

5,4068659E-7

Non-carcinogens

Pt 0,17177961

0,17493063

0,00044585775

2,5611517E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,094874E-5

1,1955179E-5

9,8429214E-7

0,0089714759

2,6553821E-5

7,182219E-5

-0,0023057499

2,7157105E-7


Pt -0,21814621

0 0,034684194

0,00030575507

4,7348801E-5

5,9785767E-5

0,00016626322

1,410192E-5

0,019090159

0,00026107292

0,00017738372

0,024846172

3,5151962E-5

Ionizing radiation

Pt -0,00061185298

0 6,2035036E-5

2,5913277E-7

4,9986789E-8

5,8279168E-8

1,4778996E-7

2,8835198E-8

7,3056549E-5

5,533668E-7

2,4945737E-7

4,8298671E-5

2,8389931E-8


Pt 0,00048379711

0 1,1088335E-6

2,6865459E-8

4,0320913E-9

5,7767065E-9

1,2826535E-8

3,1185722E-9

0,00049797319

6,2043458E-8

2,1355155E-8

5,7999774E-6

3,364317E-9


Pt 0,00057099925

0 1,3293404E-5

2,4103332E-7

6,2502345E-8

6,2097107E-8

1,5113044E-7

2,253553E-8

4,0533072E-5

3,311764E-7

3,1907383E-7

0,00060924889

3,9914491E-8

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt 0,0044483809

0,004984674

2,5078449E-5

2,8767939E-7

7,2417563E-8

8,8076536E-8

1,6248768E-7

4,3632502E-8

0,00022471188

1,1083404E-6

5,0034908E-7

-4,1029879E-5

1,874661E-8


Pt 0,80792329

0,79563196

0,0010668345

6,9288755E-5

2,0284288E-5

2,9676901E-5

3,0616932E-5

5,9401969E-6

0,031683563

0,00016520761

0,00019337709

-0,0099798445

7,3443596E-7


Pt -0,0018272772

0 0,0023172112

4,4358254E-6

6,8885274E-7

1,0003231E-6

2,1612422E-6

9,7988394E-8

0,00041193722

1,6788738E-6

3,5312237E-6

0,00044930456

6,1903096E-7

Land occupation

Pt 0,20269896

0,14811918

0,00064610812

2,4744433E-6

1,4769968E-6

5,8141471E-7

1,8245754E-6

1,0604681E-6

0,020163699

1,1615422E-5

4,2650085E-6

0,036476342

5,903332E-8


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Global warming

Pt -2,551905

-2,5053346

0,020599573

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

2,4334943E-5

6,3350133E-5

1,0568508E-5

0,03142748

0,00022817548

9,8519814E-5

0,028251131

1,2987059E-5


Pt -0,090870062

0 0,0060339486

0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

2,3978504E-5

5,7634388E-5

1,2283824E-5

0,033708559

0,00024339042

9,5383781E-5

0,022470579

1,3008406E-5

Mineral extraction

Pt -0,0008636406

0 1,8724152E-5

8,1722652E-7

3,1130763E-7

1,699515E-7

8,8485204E-7

1,7067544E-8

9,1797917E-5

3,9617524E-7

1,065646E-6

0,00013887857

3,3277325E-8

Renewable energy

Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Internal cost

Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Soil Pt - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

64

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

fertility nutritional value

3,4409012E-9

3,4409012E-9

Employment

Pt -2,7618086E-9

-2,7618086E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

Pt -0,0079677419

-0,0079677419

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0















0,080884247

0,00063676691

0,00011885146

0,00033928554

-0,036935317

-0,0071233401

-0,00096287451

-0,0079930568

-0,0053287045

-0,00026643523

-0,47211644

-0,032598337

-0,1131573

-0,022870946

0,00097850528

5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

4,120786E-6

-0,0012434018

-0,00012976193

-4,5590656E-5

-0,00026908071

-0,00017938714

-8,9693569E-6

-0,0039507326

-0,00022442428

-0,0011159617

-0,00034714309

0,00082284795

2,5611517E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,1955179E-5

-0,00041083118

-0,000256402

-2,0593848E-5

-8,8906695E-5

-5,927113E-5

-2,9635565E-6

-0,0033161119

-0,00091937172

-0,0014984389

-0,0047137416

0,020768014

0,00030575507

4,7348801E-5

0,00016626322

-0,013286444

-0,0037360767

-0,00029516276

-0,002875278

-0,001916852

-9,58426E-5

-0,21777615

-0,017813549

-0,05010926

-0,011216359

6,0265665E-5

2,5913277E-7

4,9986789E-8

1,4778996E-7

-1,7388152E-5

-7,3343352E-6

-6,3829558E-7

-3,7629157E-6

-2,5086105E-6

-1,2543052E-7

-0,00060681765

-7,3189321E-5

-0,00013292999

-1,2646344E-5

6,9946728E-6

2,6865459E-8

4,0320913E-9

1,2826535E-8

-1,6355044E-6

-2,305544E-7

-4,6567039E-8

-3,5393442E-7

-2,3595628E-7

-1,1797814E-8

-2,0182457E-5

-8,3380738E-7

-4,6679879E-6

-6,4107919E-8

3,1150082E-5

2,4103332E-7

6,2502345E-8

1,5113044E-7

-6,4784007E-6

-1,0468029E-6

-3,0681713E-7

-1,4019705E-6

-9,3464701E-7

-4,673235E-8

-8,3697063E-5

-5,1609656E-6

-2,4840313E-5

-9,9661634E-7

4,8054968E-5

2,8767939E-7

7,2417563E-8

1,6248768E-7

-1,6349727E-5

-1,4704998E-5

-7,1450453E-7

-3,5381934E-6

-2,3587956E-6

-1,1793978E-7

-0,00016155118

-7,8623019E-5

-6,0951662E-5

-0,00045700286

0,0031586346

6,9288755E-5

2,0284288E-5

3,0616932E-5

-0,0007923886

-0,00017659015

-3,5621312E-5

-0,00017147835

-0,0001143189

-5,7159449E-6

-0,0087213833

-0,00061264946

-0,0033137292

-0,00032929556

0,00029454182

4,4358254E-6

6,8885274E-7

2,1612422E-6

-0,00029291006

-2,7351647E-5

-3,6382822E-6

-6,3387753E-5

-4,2258502E-5

-2,1129251E-6

-0,0041233408

-0,00015477181

-0,0005916298

-2,036967E-5

0,00027769261

2,4744433E-6

1,4769968E-6

1,8245754E-6

-0,00013577212

-0,00015484179

-1,936409E-5

-2,9382022E-5

-1,9588015E-5

-9,7940074E-7

-0,0014193868

-0,00014409091

-0,0010835092

-6,280256E-6

65

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,027304898

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

6,3350133E-5

-0,012475046

-0,0011885312

-0,0002486554

-0,0026996858

-0,0017997905

-8,9989526E-5

-0,09958637

-0,0060234267

-0,025871259

-0,0049388234

0,027063166

0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

5,7634388E-5

-0,0081966088

-0,0014146837

-0,00028870293

-0,0017738026

-0,001182535

-5,9126752E-5

-0,13173565

-0,0064751296

-0,028954576

-0,00082549858

6,9481437E-5

8,1722652E-7

3,1130763E-7

8,8485204E-7

-6,0062356E-5

-1,5784214E-5

-3,8390476E-6

-1,2997907E-5

-8,6652716E-6

-4,3326358E-7

-0,00061506412

-7,3116527E-5

-0,00039554414

-2,7247235E-6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 5-3 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. From the Analysis of the results of the evaluation can be seen that:

• It has an advantage that is worth -1.6848Pt and is due to -82.48% to the direct emissions in the process itself (heavy metals, land occupation, CO2 avoided), 3.92% for the production of compost, to 0.04% at 'plowing, for the 0.007% to hoeing, for the 0.009% to the shedding of compost on the ground, for 0.02% to mixing the compost with the ground, for the 0.003% to transport the compost, for the 8.79% to the nursery, for 0056 to transport the plant nursery, for 0.04% at planting, for 24.6% at the cutting of trees,for 0.004% to the extraction of the roots, for 4.8% to the chipping wood of the forest, for 0.04 % to plowing, for the 0.007% to hoeing, for 0.02% to harrowing, for -2.19% to the product avoided because the N content in the organic material, for -0.42% to product avoided because of P2O5 content in the organic material, for -0.06% to product avoided because of the K2O content in the organic material, for -0.47% to nitrogen fixed by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4, for -0.32% to nitrogen fixed by symbiotic bacteria, for the -0016% to nitrogen fixed by bacteria in the soil, for-28.02% to nitrogen content in the wood, for -1.93% to P2O5 content in the wood, for -6.72% to K2O5 content in wood and for-1.36% to the MgO content

• in addition, the advantage is due to -2.75% in the Human Health, to 60.14% in Ecosystem quality, for -151.47% to Climate change, for -5.44% at Resources for the -2.04E-7% in Soil fertility, for the -1.64E-7% to Employment rate increase, for -0.47% to Landscape quality.

• • The advantage in Climate change (Global warming) (-2.5519Pt) due to the capture of the organic carbon (-2.5053Pt) is -98.17% of total damage in the same category.

5.4 Conclusions From Analysis of the results can be seen that: • The process produces an advantage (-1.6848Pt) mainly due to the capture of CO2

and nitrogen content in the wood. • The maximum damage is produced in the ecotoxicity of the land because of the

heavy metals contained in the compost.

66

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

6 Comparison between the tree different recovery mode To compare the three recovery processes, taking into account that with the planting, the recovery of the ground agriculture can take place after 30 (natural forest) +1 (landfill) = 31 years, while the recovery with only the organic material takes place after 1 year (burial of organic carbon), assuming that both the cultivation of wheat and is made according to the same criteria of management, were created three new processes that consider the increase in wheat production of 243.6kg / ha obtained with 1t / ha organic carbon [1]. As was done for the definition of the indicator Fertility of the soil, they make the assumption that this increase represents the maximum value obtainable by adding organic carbon to the soil, that it is reduced linearly in time and which is canceled after a time in years equal to the weight in tons of organic carbon added. This last hypothesis assumes then that with 1t / ha of organic carbon increased production last only one year. The comparison was done for 1kg of increase in production of wheat.

6.1 Emilia Romagna The processes compared to 1kg of increase of wheat for the sites in Emilia - Romagna are the following:

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: 243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A = 32.081kg where: 243.6 twheat/ ha is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt = OCm2/1E3*1E4= 29.266 t/ha : this is the mass of organic carbon made for hectare of soil, assumed as reset of years of overproduction. The supply of organic carbon to 90m2 worth: 263.39kg A=90m2 it is area of land. In this process it has been considered the fixing of the nitrogen from the air in the ground and from the bacteria contained in it, even during the 31 years of production of the wheat and the increase of employment for the cultivation of wheat during 31 years old. The calculation of overproduction is done by of the report (see the definition of the indicator Soil fertility): (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A 4 Where tprod is the production time that is 31 years. But since the reset time is less than the time of production, in the report tprod is replaced with mt. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

(243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A=32.081

kg Increase in production in the first 30 years +1 -1 Indicates the initial year that coincides with the year in which it was buried compost -during the first 29,266 years there is overproduction in the remaining overproduction vanishes


90 m2 First year

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (30 anni)

90 m2 30 years of which the last has no increase in productivity because it is assumed that the effect of the organic carbon terms to 30th year

67

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Input parameters t 1 time employment before coverage with wheat:

years moITm2 22,5 Weight of the organic material in the Italian

sites: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon for m2:

kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic carbon in a

m2 tprod 30+t=31 Time of production of the wheat:

years mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=29.266 Mass of Co conferred in the ground

t / ha = years of overproduction OC OCm2*A=263.39 Mass of Co conferred in 90m2 of

land Tabella 6-1 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in E.R. .(valore

limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1905kg where: 243.6tfrumento / ha it is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 751.68 kg organic carbon content in the compost OC=0,33*Ptot*0,484 = 5305.7 kg of organic carbon tprod= 1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)


kg Increas of production of wheat land rec. with planting in ER (limit value of production increase) life time= t + tprod = 31 years Production time: 1 year

*Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)

90 m2

Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground

each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated

on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A 30-year pine with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. A 12.5 years pine tree with a height of 10.41m, a diameter of 0.25 has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning).It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It assumes that for the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a

68

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg At 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 2.08m, a diameter of 0.05 and a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value table) (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. It is assumed that for the mastic is worth the same ratio

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity:years A 90 Area of degradated land:m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg Pag 9*15=135 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)

^2)*4)*500*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg



Nhr Ptot/17500=1.8982 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10=360.91 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg

Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520 =121.83


Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641


Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of planta remained mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the ground t /

ha = years of overproduction OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the planting in

the area: kg moIT moITm2*A=2025 Total mass of organic carbon (90m2):

kg Tabella 6-2 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in E.R. .(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R. .(valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1909kg where: mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141) = 263.39 kg of organic carbon content in compost OC= OCpiante+OCm2*A= 6765.1 kg of organic carbon due to the burial of the organic material and the forest tprod =1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat.


kg A=90m2, time of life t+tprod Time of production: 1 year Durationof the overproduction:

69

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)

751.68 year

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)

90 m2

Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground


the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio

fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity of wheat:years A 90 Area of degradated soil:m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2:

kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the trunks of pine trees:

kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6 Weight of the branches of the

pines: kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the branches of mastic:

kg

70

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg

Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg

Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692

Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg









moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic matter: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Organic carbon due to the

planting: kg OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6765.1 Total organic carbon: kg mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=751.68 Mass of organic carbon

conferred: t/ha=year of overproduction

Tabella 6-3 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)

Figure 6-1 Il diagramma del damage assessment della valutazione del confronto tra le tre modalità di recupero dei terreni in Emilia Romagna

SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:

13.16.22


Calculation: Compare

71

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.

con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

(of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)


con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione) (of

project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)

Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con

mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di

produzione) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)



Indicator: Damage assessment







Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)

Carcinogens DALY -2,8419123E-7 5,2158885E-6 -1,5343026E-6 Non-carcinogens DALY 3,8992437E-5 -3,7251998E-6 0,00055606004 Respiratory inorganics

DALY 7,0394515E-6 -0,0005983065 -0,00070615127

Ionizing radiation DALY 1,0861594E-8 -1,6442136E-6 -1,9806017E-6 Ozone layer depletion DALY 9,7470483E-11 1,5801051E-6 1,5660778E-6 Respiratory organics DALY 4,720145E-9 1,8804704E-6 1,848356E-6 Aquatic ecotoxicity PDF*m2*yr 2,1329792 -2,4959244 27,813029 Terrestrial ecotoxicity

PDF*m2*yr 341,87475 87,545866 5051,4546

Terrestrial acid/nutri PDF*m2*yr 0,91900083 -18,613409 -11,424857 Land occupation PDF*m2*yr 98,701338 1268,2061 1267,3537 Aquatic acidification ? 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication

? 0 0 0

Global warming kg CO2 eq -27,01466 -9031,2302 -11532,204 Non-renewable energy

MJ primary 4,0523447 -4240,3581 -6303,2439

Mineral extraction MJ primary -0,064747085 -42,723388 -59,90683 Renewable energy MJ 1,9193775 5327,8672 5292,8688 Internal cost euro 344,21176 5173,5746 5455,417 Soil fertility nutritional value

DALY -1,1873567E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11

Employment p -1,3512614E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605578E-9 Landscape p -0,043639448 -0,36373406 -0,36366746 Tabella 6-4 The table del damage assessment of the valuation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Emilia Romagna

72

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 6-2 Il diagramma della valutazione del confronto tra le tre modalità di recupero dei terreni in Emilia Romagna SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:

13.16.37





con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)



con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione) (of

project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)


mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di




Indicator: Weighting


Default units: Yes






Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)


Total Pt 0,035698847 -0,93044028 -0,76896648 Carcinogens Pt -4,0070963E-5 0,00073544027 -0,00021633667 Non-carcinogens Pt 0,0054979337 -0,00052525318 0,078404465 Respiratory Pt 0,00099256266 -0,084361217 -0,099567329

73

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

inorganics Ionizing radiation Pt 1,5314848E-6 -0,00023183412 -0,00027926484 Ozone layer depletion Pt 1,3743338E-8 0,00022279481 0,00022081697 Respiratory organics Pt 6,6554044E-7 0,00026514633 0,00026061819 Aquatic ecotoxicity Pt 0,00015570748 -0,00018220248 0,0020303511 Terrestrial ecotoxicity Pt 0,024956857 0,0063908482 0,36875619 Terrestrial acid/nutri Pt 6,7087061E-5 -0,0013587788 -0,00083401455 Land occupation Pt 0,0072051977 0,092579048 0,092516823 Aquatic acidification Pt 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication

Pt 0 0 0

Global warming Pt -0,0027284807 -0,91215425 -1,1647526 Non-renewable energy

Pt 2,6664428E-5 -0,027901556 -0,041475345

Mineral extraction Pt -4,2603582E-7 -0,00028111989 -0,00039418694 Renewable energy Pt 0 0 0 Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value

Pt -1,674173E-9 -1,5705125E-9 -1,5705125E-9

Employment Pt -1,3512614E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605578E-9 Landscape Pt -0,00043639448 -0,0036373406 -0,0036366746

Tabella 6-5 The table of the valuation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata The comparison shows that the recovery mode that produces the damage is only with organic material (Pt 0.035698847). The maximum advantage you have with just planting (-0.93044028). With the organic material and planting it has an advantage worth -0,76896648Pt. In this case the damage due to the compost is less than the advantage due to the absorption of CO2. Furthermore, the part of the damage due to the compost is greater with the mode of the organic material + planting compared to that with the mode of the organic material but by a factor approximately equal to that of the increase in wheat production in the two cases applies: 32,081 / 2.1909 = 30913.

6.2 Basilicata Processes compared for 1kg of the wheat productivity increase in Basilicata are the following:

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: 243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A = 49.236kg where: 243.6t wheat / ha is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt = OCm2/1E3*1E4= 56.25 t/ha this is the mass of organic carbon made for hectare of soil, assumed as reset of years of overproduction. The supply of organic carbon to 90m2 worth: 0,25*moIT = 506.25kg A=90m2 is area of land. In this process it has been considered the fixing of the nitrogen from the air in the ground and from the bacteria contained in it, even during the 31 years of production of the wheat and the increase of employment for the cultivation of wheat during 31 years old. The calculation of overproduction is done by of the report (see the definition of the indicator Soil fertility): (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A 4

74

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Where tprod is the production time that is 31 years. But since the reset time is less than the time of production, in the report tprod is replaced with mt. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)


kg Increase in production in the first 30 years +1 -1 Indicates the initial year that coincides with the year in which it was buried compost Time of increasing of production: 56.25anni

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Basilicata (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)

90 m2 First year

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Basilicata (v.lim.produttività) (30 anni)

90 m2 30 years later

Input parameters t 1 time employment before coverage with

wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of the organic material in the Italian

sites: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,25*moIT/90=5.625 Mass of organic carbon for m2: kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic carbon in a m2 tprod 30+t=31 Time of production of the wheat: years mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=56.25 Mass of Co conferred in the ground t / ha

= years of overproduction OC OCm2*A=506.25 Mass of Co conferred in 90m2 of land

Tabella 6-6 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore

limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1905kg dove: 243.6tfrumento / ha it is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 589.53t/ha = years of reset of overproduction OC=0,33*Ptot*0,484 = 5305.7 kg of organic carbon tprod=1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produzione)


kg Functional unit: the increase of productivity in Basilicata (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A During 1 year, the first after the burial Tempo di vita: t+tprod=31 anni

*Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in Basilicata (v.lim. produttività)

90 m2

Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moIT 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to

the ground each year

75

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A 30-year pine with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. A 12.5 years pine tree with a height of 10.41m, a diameter of 0.25 has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning).It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It assumes that for the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg At 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 2.08m, a diameter of 0.05 and a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value table) (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. It is assumed that for the mastic is worth the same ratio

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity:years A 90 Area of degradated land:m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,25*moIT=5.625 Mass of organic carbon in a

m2: kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of the trunks of pine

trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of the branches of the

pines: kg Pag 9*15=135 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of the trunks of

mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of the branches of

mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of the leaves of the

mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of the roots of the

pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*

500*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg







Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground

76

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

from the 5th to 20th year: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of planta remained mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the


OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the planting in the area: kg

Tabella 6-7 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in

Basilicata .(valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has a functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.191kg dove: mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 778.66t/ha = year of reset of overproduction OC= OCpiante+OCm2*A= 700.9 kg of organic carbon due to the burial of the organic material and the forest tprod =1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest.



kg A=90m2, time of life t+tprod Time of production: 1 year Durationof the overproduction: 751.68 year

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)

90 m2

Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground




77

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity of wheat:years A 90 Area of degradated soil:m2

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=337

2.6 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg

Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.

9 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg

Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)

^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg









moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic matter: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Organic carbon due to the planting: kg OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6765.1 Total organic carbon: kg mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=751.68 Mass of organic carbon conferred:

t/ha=year of overproduction Tabella 6-8 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione) In processes in which we consider the organic material made, it was considered the mixture of manure humified with the composition shown in the table. Also the CO2 avoided is calculated on the basis of the organic carbon content of the manure.

Emissions to air


-0,25*moIT/12*44 kg

Emissions to

78

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

soil Cadmium agricultural 3*moIT mg The content of

heavy metals was taken from the Italian Association for Organic Agriculture FERTILEXPO 2004. The substance was considered as such

Copper agricultural 320*moIT mg Nickel agricultural 30*moIT mg Lead agricultural 30*moIT mg Zinc agricultural 450*moIT mg Mercury agricultural 1*moIT mg Organic carbon

agricultural OCm2*90 kg

Molybdenum agricultural 1,3*MoIT mg Selenium agricultural 1*MoIT mg Arsenic agricultural 3*MoIT mg Calcium agricultural 0,06*moIT/(40+16)*40 kg Magnesium agricultural 0,006*moIT/(24,305+16)*24,305 kg Sulfur agricultural 0,03*moIT/(32,065+2*16)*32,065 kg

Tabella 6-9 The CO2 avoided and composition of the manure used as organic material in the sites of Basilicata

Tabella 6-10 The diagramm of the damage assessment the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata

SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time: 17.24.12


79

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113




con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di

produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)


con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di



mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento

di produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)










Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produzione)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

Carcinogens DALY 1,3279006E-5 5,2158885E-6 0,00030118549 Non-carcinogens DALY 0,00032531326 -3,7251998E-6 0,0072959485 Respiratory inorganics

DALY -9,9678323E-6 -0,0005983065 -0,0010281781

Ionizing radiation DALY -1,6693603E-8 -1,6442136E-6 -2,5048279E-6 Ozone layer depletion

DALY -1,0914288E-9 1,5801051E-6 1,5411499E-6

Respiratory organics DALY -3,0263617E-9 1,8804704E-6 1,7186614E-6 Aquatic ecotoxicity PDF*m2*yr 14,912541 -2,4959244 331,7267 Terrestrial ecotoxicity

PDF*m2*yr 1642,1991 87,545866 36953,097

Terrestrial acid/nutri PDF*m2*yr -0,35771699 -18,613409 -32,837142 Land occupation PDF*m2*yr 63,71917 1268,2061 1254,6913 Aquatic acidification ? 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication

? 0 0 0


MJ primary -128,81255 -4240,3581 -9166,0359

Mineral extraction MJ primary -1,0642805 -42,723388 -82,707493 Renewable energy MJ -4,6312801 5327,8672 5161,9038 Internal cost euro 218,6121 5050,3173 5451,1835 Soil fertility nutritional value

DALY -1,1402904E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11

Employment p -8,8044371E-11 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605287E-9 Landscape p -0,028434229 -0,36373406 -0,36365907 Tabella 6-11 The table of the damage assessment of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata

80

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 6-3 The diagram of the evaluation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:

17.23.11





con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di



con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di



mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento

di produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)





Default units: No






Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produzione)

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

Total Pt 0,16577928 -0,93044028 2,4360208 Carcinogens Pt 0,0018723398 0,00073544027 0,042467154 Non-carcinogens Pt 0,04586917 -0,00052525318 1,0287287 Respiratory Pt -0,0014054644 -0,084361217 -0,14497311

81

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

inorganics Ionizing radiation Pt -2,3537981E-6 -0,00023183412 -0,00035318073 Ozone layer depletion Pt -1,5389146E-7 0,00022279481 0,00021730214 Respiratory organics Pt -4,2671699E-7 0,00026514633 0,00024233125 Aquatic ecotoxicity Pt 0,0010886155 -0,00018220248 0,024216049 Terrestrial ecotoxicity Pt 0,11988054 0,0063908482 2,6975761 Terrestrial acid/nutri Pt -2,611334E-5 -0,0013587788 -0,0023971114 Land occupation Pt 0,0046514994 0,092579048 0,091592464 Aquatic acidification Pt 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication

Pt 0 0 0


Pt -0,00084758661 -0,027901556 -0,060312516


Pt -1,6078094E-9 -1,5705125E-9 -1,5705125E-9

Employment Pt -8,8044371E-11 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605287E-9 Landscape Pt -0,00028434229 -0,0036373406 -0,0036365907

Tabella 6-12 The table of the evaluation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata The comparison shows that the recovery mode that produces an advantage, is what provides the only planting (-0.93044028). The other two recovery modes produce damage that is greater for the mode with organic material + piantumazione (2,4360208Pt) that for the mode with only organic material (0,16577928Pt). This is due to the fact that the advantage represented by the capture of CO2 (global warming) is not enough to balance the damage due to the manure. This is in fact greater than that which is obtained with the mode of the only organic by a factor that is approximately equal to the ratio between the increase in wheat production in the two cases: 49,236 / 2,191 = 22,472. This difference in the relationship between Emilia-Romagna and Basilicata is due to the fact that the organic carbon of the manure is greater than that of compost (0,222 moit * * (1-.4141) = 263.39kg for compost in ER. 0.25 * moit = 506.25kg for manure in Basilicata.

6.3 Spain The processes compared to 1kg increase of wheat for sites in Spain are the following:

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: 243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A = 21.434kg where: 243.6tfrumento / ha is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt = OCm2/1E3*1E4= 19.553 t/ha this is the mass of organic carbon made for hectare of soil, assumed as reset of years of overproduction. The supply of organic carbon to 90m2 worth: 0,25*moIT = 175.98kg A=90m2 è is area of land. In this process it has been considered the fixing of the nitrogen from the air in the ground and from the bacteria contained in it, even during the 31 years of production of the wheat and the increase of employment for the cultivation of wheat during 31 years old. The calculation of overproduction is done by of the report (see the definition of the indicator Soil fertility): (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A 4

82

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Where tprod is the production time that is 31 years. But since the reset time is less than the time of production, in the report tprod is replaced with mt. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Spagna.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)

(243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A=21.434

kg Increase in production in the first 30 years +1 -1 Indicates the initial year that coincides with the year in which it was buried compost Time of increasing of production: 19,533 years

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Spagna (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)

90 m2 First year

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Spagna (v.lim.produttività) (30 anni)

90 m2 30 years later

Input parameters t 1 time employment before coverage with

wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of the organic material in the

Spanish sites: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2 hu 0,392 Humidity of compost in Spain

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,268*moES*(1-hu)/90=1.9553 Mass of organic carbon for m2: kg/m2 moES moESm2*90=1080 Total weight of organic carbon in a m2 tprod 30+t=31 Time of production of the wheat: years mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=19.553 Mass of Co conferred in the ground t / ha =

years of overproduction OC OCm2*A=175.98 Mass of Co conferred in 90m2 of land

Tabella 6-13 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1905kg where: 243.6tfrumento / ha it is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 589.53t/ha = years of reset of overproduction OC=0,33*Ptot*0,484 = 5305.7 kg of organic carbon tprod=1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest.

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)


kg A = 90m2 in Spain, life time t + tprod Production time: 1 year duration of overproduction: 709.53 years

*Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in Spagna (v.lim. produttività)

90 m2

Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 12 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground


83

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A 30-year pine with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. A 12.5 years pine tree with a height of 10.41m, a diameter of 0.25 has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning).It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It assumes that for the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg At 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 2.08m, a diameter of 0.05 and a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value table) (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. It is assumed that for the mastic is worth the same ratio

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity:years A 90 Area of degradated land:m2 hu 0.392 Humidity of compost in Spain

Calculated parameters

OCm2 0,268*moES*(1-hu)/90=1.9553 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2

Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg

Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg

Pag 9*15=135 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of the trunks of

mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of the branches of

mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of the leaves of the

mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of the roots of the

pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500

*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg







Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg

Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of planta remained mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the


OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the

84

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

planting in the area: kg moES moESm2*A=1080 Total mass of organic carbon

(90m2): kg Tabella 6-14 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in

Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has a functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1909kg dove: mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 741.6t/ha = year of reset of overproduction OC= OCpiante+OCm2*A= 6677.7 kg of organic carbon due to the burial of the organic material and the forest tprod =1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest.

*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)


kg A=90m2, time of life t+tprod Time of production: 1 year Durationof the overproduction: 751.68 year

*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in Spagna (v.lim. produttività)

90 m2

Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moESm2 12 Weight of organic matter in spanish sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground




fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha

85

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity of wheat:years A 90 Area of degradated soil:m2 hu 0.392 humidity of compost in Spain

Calculated parameters OCm2 0,268*moES*(1-hu)/90=1.9553 Mass of organic carbon in a m2:

kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6 Weight of the branches of the pines:

kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the leaves of the mastic:

kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)

*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg









moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic matter: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Organic carbon due to the planting:

kg OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6677.7 Total organic carbon: kg mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=741.96 Mass of organic carbon conferred:

t/ha=year of overproduction Tabella 6-15 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)

In processes in which we consider the organic material made, it was considered the mixture of manure humified with the composition shown in the table. Also the CO2 avoided is calculated on the basis of the organic carbon content of the manure.

Emissions to air Carbon dioxide, fossil

-0,268*moES*(1-hu)/12*44

kg

VOC, volatile organic compounds

0,473*moES*(1-hu)

kg

86

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Emissions to water

Emissions to soil

Cadmium agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Copper agricultural 23,6*moES*(1-hu) mg Nickel agricultural 5,53*moES*(1-hu) mg Lead agricultural 6,09*moES*(1-hu) mg Zinc agricultural 74*moES*(1-hu) mg Chromium agricultural 16*moES*(1-hu) mg Organic carbon agricultural OCm2*90 kg Arsenic agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Beryllium agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Missing

bismuth that is unique among the heavy metals to be non-toxic

Cobalt agricultural 3,37*moES*(1-hu) mg Lithium agricultural 6,5*moES*(1-hu) mg Molybdenum agricultural 0,58*moES*(1-hu) mg Antimony agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Selenium agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Strontium agricultural 195*moES*(1-hu) mg Titanium agricultural 76,1*moES*(1-hu) mg Thallium agricultural 0,632*moES*(1-

hu) mg

Vanadium agricultural 22,6*moES*(1-hu) mg Phosphorus, total

agricultural 0,0053*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Potassium agricultural 0,0378*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Calcium agricultural 0,0743*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Magnesium agricultural 0,0091*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Sodium agricultural 0,002*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Sulfur agricultural 0,00263*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Aluminium agricultural 0,0045*moES*(1-hu)

kg

Iron agricultural 17002*moES*(1-hu)

mg

Manganese agricultural 272*moES*(1-hu) mg Boron agricultural 44,8*moES*(1-hu) mg Ammonia agricultural 5526*moES*(1-hu) mg

Tabella 6-16 The CO2 avoided and composition of the manure used as organic material in the sites of Spain

87

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 6-4 The diagram of the damage assessment of the recovery mode in Spain SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:

18.43.25





con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di



con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)



mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di











Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)


*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

Carcinogens DALY 1,1287798E-6 5,2158885E-6 5,1993234E-7 Non-carcinogens DALY 4,5703328E-5 -3,7251998E-6 0,0004400143 Respiratory inorganics

DALY 2,6630003E-6 -0,0005983065 -0,00085920504

Ionizing radiation DALY 7,8348111E-10 -1,6442136E-6 -2,2791952E-6 Ozone layer depletion DALY -2,4755459E-10 1,5801051E-6 1,5444559E-6

88

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Respiratory organics DALY 9,3641431E-6 1,8804704E-6 9,1425752E-5 Aquatic ecotoxicity PDF*m2*yr 25,126663 -2,4959244 242,68407 Terrestrial ecotoxicity

PDF*m2*yr 993,08627 87,545866 9827,1873

Terrestrial acid/nutri PDF*m2*yr 0,64490315 -18,613409 -21,324861 Land occupation PDF*m2*yr 147,20747 2577,2905 1034,8633 Aquatic acidification ? 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication

? 0 0 0


MJ primary -44,377593 -4240,3581 -8272,0345

Mineral extraction MJ primary -0,56119585 -42,723388 -73,968151 Renewable energy MJ -1,468823 5327,8672 4570,9573 Internal cost euro 506,36957 5173,5746 5369,1996 Soil fertility nutritional value

DALY -2,3357793E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11

Employment p -2,0224545E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605688E-9 Landscape p -0,065315855 -0,36373406 -0,36367063

Tabella 6-17 The diagram of the valuation of the methods of recovery in Spain

Figure 6-5 The diagram of the evaluation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Spain SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:

18.43.34





con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di



con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)



mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di


89

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113





Default units: No






Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)


*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)

Total Pt 0,08933251 -0,83487712 -0,46366849 Carcinogens Pt 0,00015915795 0,00073544027 7,3310461E-5 Non-carcinogens Pt 0,0064441692 -0,00052525318 0,062042016 Respiratory inorganics

Pt 0,00037548305 -0,084361217 -0,12114791

Ionizing radiation Pt 1,1047084E-7 -0,00023183412 -0,00032136652 Ozone layer depletion Pt -3,4905197E-8 0,00022279481 0,00021776828 Respiratory organics Pt 0,0013203442 0,00026514633 0,012891031 Aquatic ecotoxicity Pt 0,0018342464 -0,00018220248 0,017715937 Terrestrial ecotoxicity Pt 0,072495298 0,0063908482 0,71738467 Terrestrial acid/nutri Pt 4,707793E-5 -0,0013587788 -0,0015567148 Land occupation Pt 0,010746145 0,1881422 0,075545021 Aquatic acidification Pt 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication

Pt 0 0 0


Pt -0,00029200456 -0,027901556 -0,054429987


Pt -3,2934488E-9 -1,5705125E-9 -1,5705125E-9

Employment Pt -2,0224545E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605688E-9 Landscape Pt -0,00065315855 -0,0036373406 -0,0036367063 Tabella 6-18 The table of the valuation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Spain The comparison shows that the recovery mode that produces a benefit is what provides the only planting (-0,83487712Pt). Even the way with organic material and planting produces an advantage (-0,46366849Pt), while the mode with only organic material produces damage (0,08933251Pt). In the case of recovery with organic material + planting the advantage represented by the capture of CO2 (Global warming) is greater than the damage due to the compost. This is in fact less than that which is obtained with the mode of the only organic by a factor that is approximately equal to the ratio between the increase in wheat production in the two cases: 21,434 / 2.1909 = 9,783.

7 The recovery of land with the objective of growth of a natural forest

The study is done only for the test site in Emilia-Romagna considering a life of 100 years.

90

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

7.1 Land with only organic matter The process is Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno),reported in table, was obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. with the following changes: • is considered nitrogen fixation (100 years) directly from the soil in the form of NH4 from the atmosphere through the rain, by the bacteria symbiotic and non-symbiotic for all 100 years. • The occupation of land is as natural forest. However, since it requires to form 70, in the first 70 years is considered as cultivated forest because it is believed requires human activity. • It is assumed that the natural forest is renewed every 40 years. His occupation is that of a natural forest and thus with zero damage. • It is assumed that the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves is equal to 1.5 times that produced in land planted in 30 years. In 100 years, it is (1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years• It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the 70 years, has the same die-offs in production planted in the 30 years considered in land planted. •The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33*Ptot*0.484/12*44*(1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30). •The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided •The natural landscape is being formed for the first 70 years, and natural landscape over the next 30 years. To take account of the fact that we consider only 30 years instead of 40 for a natural forest, we take as UF Landscape 1/40 * 30. •It is not considered the Soil fertility

**Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)

90 m2 Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 You make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -The organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to that of a cultivation by plowing -which is the transformation from degraded land to natural forest -is considered that the formation of a natural forest requires 70 years with a renewal every 40 years following total It is assumed that after 70 years there is the formation of a broad-leaved forest that renews itself every 40 years. It is assumed that the deciduous forest absorb a mass of CO2 equal to 1.5 that produced after the first 30 years (P) (increased production of wood). In the remaining 30 years, the mass of CO2 is supposed to be equal a1.5P / 40 * 30


0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.399 kg C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% Considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as fertilizer nitrogen synthesis that avoids producing

Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for

0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5.9322 kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of shoots per ha: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost

91

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

| Alloc Def, U ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About

compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia) N = 1.6% SS (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5=0.5% s.s=0.005*moIT*(1-0,4141)


0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458 kg K2O=0.4% s.s=0.004*moIT*(1-0,4141) Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia)




10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4, this minimum value this nitrogen is fixed biologically 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground



Occupation, forest

90*tforcolt=6300 m2a Occupation as natural forest in training that we consider as a cultivated forest: Duration 70 years




90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to arable land

Occupation, forest, natural

90*(t-tforcolt)=2700 m2a Occupation as natural forest or temperate forest (null damage)


((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=1.5723E5

kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m

92

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3


(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=14800



(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=1295.5

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=154.96

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and

93

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno








(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443












(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest

94

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2





Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=725.83 kg Weight of pine needles and leavesof mastic fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years


moIT kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)




90 m2 Hoeing




90 m2 transport of organic material from the production to the land to be recovered: 50-80km


moIT*(50+80)/2=1.3163E5 kgkm Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)


-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77 kg


-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1,5)=-35759 kg

Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141) =1.0678 mg Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=10.678 mg Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)=42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*(1,5)=20150 kg Organic carbon remaining on the ground Numero locali occupati

0,5/20000*90*70=0.1575 p To treat cultivated forest are estimated to have 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year. Duration of cultivated forest: 70 years. Allocation: 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * 70/100


1/100*70=0.7 p In the first 70 years it has a natural forest in training: 1/100 * 30

Paesaggio naturale

1/100*30=0.3 p After the first 70 years, the forest renews itself and the landscape in the last 30 years is natural: 1/100 * 30

Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / ha Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q

95

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Cost to transport the compost:

gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites. it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site are from 270m2 to work. where it is needed the planting processing are two, 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2) * 6) * 90

Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and four in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Cost for single experiment in É.R. where three experiments were made with four different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*tforcolt=4233.6 p Cost of workers for 70 years € 1400 * 12 * 2/50000 * 90 * 70

Input parameters t 100 Time of occupation:years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall

to the ground each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and

leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio


fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha in the

96

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145

tforcolt 70 time of cultivated forest: years


OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)= 3372.6 Weight of the needles: kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)

*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Total weight of plants during their life cycle


Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Nhr Ptot/1000=40,707 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg





Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2

Tabella 7-1 The process **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)

7.1.1 LCA calculation

Figure 7-1 The diagramm of the damage assessment of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)

97

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Figure 7-2 The diagrammo f the valuation of Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 14/03/2015 Time:

14.16.43




Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)





Default units: No






Impact category

Unit

Total







Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric







98

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U

Total

Pt

-2,4515172

-2,43456

0,066103256

0,00063676692

0,00011885146

0,00015189166

0,00033928554

0,0045471351

-0,036935317

-0,0071233401

-0,00096287451

-0,025784054

-0,017189369

-0,00085946847

Carcinogens

Pt

-0,0026612535

0 0,00018928936

5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

1,200881E-6

4,1207859E-6

3,189647E-5

-0,0012434018

-0,00012976193

-4,5590656E-5

-0,00086800227

-0,00057866818

-2,8933409E-5

Non-carcinogens

Pt

0,17435579

0,17493063

0,00044585775

2,5611518E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,0948741E-5

1,1955179E-5

9,8429214E-5

-0,00041083117

-0,000256402

-2,0593848E-5

-0,00028679579

-0,00019119719

-9,5598596E-6


Pt

0,0035882012

0 0,034684194

0,00030575508

4,7348801E-5

5,9785767E-5

0,00016626321

0,001410192

-0,013286444

-0,0037360767

-0,00029516276

-0,0092750903

-0,0061833935

-0,00030916968

Ionizing radiation

Pt

1,9437616E-5

0 6,2035035E-5

2,5913277E-7

4,9986788E-8

5,8279169E-8

1,4778996E-7

2,8835198E-6

-1,7388152E-5

-7,3343352E-6

-6,3829558E-7

-1,2138438E-5

-8,0922919E-6

-4,0461459E-7


Pt

-2,383365E-6

0 1,1088335E-6

2,6865459E-8

4,0320913E-9

5,7767065E-9

1,2826535E-8

3,1185722E-7

-1,6355044E-6

-2,305544E-7

-4,6567038E-8

-1,1417239E-6

-7,6114929E-7

-3,8057464E-8


Pt

5,4347452E-7

0 1,3293404E-5

2,4103333E-7

6,2502345E-8

6,2097108E-8

1,5113044E-7

2,253553E-6

-6,4784007E-6

-1,0468029E-6

-3,0681712E-7

-4,5224855E-6

-3,0149903E-6

-1,5074952E-7

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt

0,0049635541

0,004984674

2,5078449E-5

2,8767939E-7

7,2417563E-8

8,8076537E-8

1,6248768E-7

4,3632502E-6

-1,6349727E-5

-1,4704998E-5

-7,1450452E-7

-1,1413527E-5

-7,6090181E-6

-3,8045091E-7


Pt

0,79549771

0,79563196

0,0010668345

6,9288756E-5

2,0284288E-5

2,9676901E-5

3,0616932E-5

0,00059401969

-0,0007923886

-0,00017659015

-3,5621312E-5

-0,00055315596

-0,00036877064

-1,8438532E-5


Pt

0,001663786

0 0,0023172112

4,4358255E-6

6,8885274E-7

1,0003231E-6

2,1612422E-6

9,7988394E-6

-0,00029291006

-2,7351647E-5

-3,6382822E-6

-0,00020447662

-0,00013631775

-6,8158874E-6

Land occupation

Pt

0,30801081

0,3077234

0,00064610812

2,4744433E-6

1,4769968E-6

5,8141471E-7

1,8245753E-6

0,00010604681

-0,00013577212

-0,00015484179

-1,936409E-5

-9,4780716E-5

-6,3187144E-5

-3,1593572E-6

Aquatic

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

99

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

acidification Aquatic eutrophication

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Global warming

Pt

-3,7160701

-3,7092307

0,020599573

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

2,4334943E-5

6,3350132E-5

0,0010568508

-0,012475046

-0,0011885312

-0,0002486554

-0,0087086638

-0,0058057759

-0,00029028879


Pt

-0,012155016

0 0,0060339486

0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

2,3978504E-5

5,7634388E-5

0,0012283824

-0,0081966088

-0,0014146837

-0,00028870293

-0,0057219438

-0,0038146292

-0,00019073146

Mineral extraction

Pt

-0,00012835022

0 1,8724152E-5

8,1722653E-7

3,1130763E-7

1,699515E-7

8,8485203E-7

1,7067544E-6

-6,0062356E-5

-1,5784214E-5

-3,8390476E-6

-4,1928733E-5

-2,7952489E-5

-1,3976244E-6

Renewable energy

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Internal cost

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

Pt

-6,1179E-9

-6,1179E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

Pt

-0,0086

-0,0086

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 7-2 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) From Analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is -2,4515172Pt, due to -151.58% Global warming due to the absorption of CO2 by the forest in 100 years. The maximum damage is due to the 45.28% in Ecosystem quality because of the heavy metals contained in the compost. The advantage due to Employment is -6,1179E-9pt, that due to the Landscape is -0,0086Pt

7.2 Degradated land without interventation The process is **Recupero terreni degradati in E.R.(100 anni), reported in table, and is obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) with the following changes: • the nutrients contained in the compost are not considered • The occupation of land is as natural forest taken as grown to account for that becomes natural after 100 years.

100

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

• It is not considered the compost, the soil tillage, transportation of compost and emissions from the compost • It is assumed that plants of natural forest are considered in the same planting • It is assumed that the natural forest is formed in 100 years and then be renewed every 40 years. • It is assumed that after 100 years the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves is equal to 1.5 times that produced in land planted in 30 years. In 100 years, it is worth (1.5) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years • It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the 100 years present the same die-offs in production planted in the 30 years considered in land planted. • The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33 * * Ptot 0.484 / 12 * 44 * (1.5). • The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided • The natural landscape is in training for the entire period. • It is not considered the Soil fertility **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)

90 m2 The following assumptions are considered: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -The organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to that of a cultivation by plowing -which is the transformation from degraded land to natural forest -you considers that the formation of a natural forest requires 70 years with a total renovation every 40 years It is assumed that after 100 years there is the formation of a broad-leaved forest that renews itself every 40 years. It is assumed that the deciduous forest absorb a mass of CO2 equivalent to that produced by 1.5 pines (greater produz wood) .There is considered organic carbon until it falls on the ground to end the life of the plant



Ammonium nitrate, as N

10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic

101

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

{GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4, this minimum value this nitrogen is fixed biologically 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground



Occupation, forest, natural

90*t=9000 m2a Occupation as natural forest at the end of 100 years. To take account of what is considered a cultivated forest: life 100 years


90 m2 transformation of degraded land to temperate forest


90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to temperate forest


((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*1,5=73558

kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3


(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1,5)=6924.1



(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1,5)=606.8

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus)

102

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1,5)=154.72

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno








(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443







kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years)

103

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

(Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2 Carbon dioxide, in air




(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=341.77







kg Weight of pine needles and leaves of mastic, fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years. It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the 100 years present the same die-offs in production planted in 30 years


-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1,5)=-35759 kg CO2 absorbed by plants that is then removed from the atmosphere

Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*(1,5)=20150 kg Organic carbon remaining on the ground Paesaggio naturale in formazione

1 kg The landscape is natural in education for 100 years

Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / ha Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p in private laboratories.

Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and four in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where three experiments were made with four different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

Input parameters t 100 Time of occupation:years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground each

year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the

basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine

104

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio



OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6 Weight of the needles: kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*

500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Total weight of plants during their life cycle


Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Nhr Ptot/1000=40.707 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg





Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2

Ptot100 Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=725.53 total weight of the organic material of the plants that is left on the ground in 100 years: kg

Tabella 7-3 The process**Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)

105

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Figure 7-3 The diagrammo f the damage assessment of the process **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)

Figure 7-4 The diagrammo f the valuation of the process **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)ni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 14/03/2015 Time:

15.28.43




Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)





Default units: No



106

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113




Impact category

Unit Total **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)




Total Pt -3,65961 -3,6157771 -0,025784054 -0,017189369 -0,00085946847

Carcinogens Pt -0,0014756039 0 -0,00086800228

-0,00057866819

-2,8933409E-5

Non-carcinogens

Pt -0,00048755284

0 -0,00028679579

-0,00019119719

-9,5598596E-6


Pt -0,015767654 0 -0,0092750903 -0,0061833936 -0,00030916968

Ionizing radiation

Pt -2,0635344E-5 0 -1,2138438E-5 -8,0922919E-6 -4,046146E-7


Pt -1,9409307E-6 0 -1,1417239E-6 -7,6114929E-7 -3,8057465E-8


Pt -7,6882254E-6 0 -4,5224855E-6 -3,0149904E-6 -1,5074952E-7

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt -1,9402996E-5 0 -1,1413527E-5 -7,6090182E-6 -3,8045091E-7


Pt -0,00094036513

0 -0,00055315596

-0,00036877064

-1,8438532E-5


Pt -0,00034761026

0 -0,00020447662

-0,00013631775

-6,8158874E-6

Land occupation

Pt 0,0037498542 0,0039109814 -9,4780716E-5 -6,3187144E-5 -3,1593572E-6


Pt 0 0 0 0 0


Pt 0 0 0 0 0

Global warming

Pt -3,6264928 -3,6116881 -0,0087086638 -0,0058057759 -0,00029028879


Pt -0,0097273045 0 -0,0057219438 -0,0038146292 -0,00019073146

Mineral extraction

Pt -7,1278847E-5 0 -4,1928733E-5 -2,7952489E-5 -1,3976244E-6

Renewable energy

Pt 0 0 0 0 0

Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value

Pt 0 0 0 0 0

Employment Pt 0 0 0 0 0 Landscape Pt -0,008 -0,008 0 0 0 Tabella 7-4 The table of the valuation of the process **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni) Analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is -3,65961Pt due for 99,095% to Global warming. The benefit due to the Landscape is -0,008Pt

7.3 Land with planting The process is Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni), reported in the following table, is obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) with the following changes: • the land occupation takes place as forest, for the first 30 years is considered cultivated. • It is assumed that the natural forest, formed in the first 30 years, is renewed every 40

years.

107

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

• It is assumed that the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves during subsequent cycles 40 years is equal to 1.5 times that produced in the first 30 years. In 100 years, it is (1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years

• It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the cycles of 40 years following the first 30 years, has the same die-offs in production planted in 30 years.

• The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33*Ptot 0.484/12*44*(1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30).

• The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided. • Among the tillage do not consider those for the burial of the wood chips and later. • The natural landscape is in training for 30 years and then natural for the whole

remaining period. • It is not considered the soil fertility **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)

90 m2 by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha


0,75*20*0,009*t=13.5 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4 this minimum value Such biologically fixed nitrogen is 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground


10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by non symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant


0,5*0,009*t=0.45 kg Amount of N spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. 13.75kg / ha of N in the stolons (from Plant Health Consortium) 13.75 / 2900 = 0.0047kgN / kgpotUnità Given www.caebinternational.it: 2900kg / (ha * a) prunings of a vineyard

Occupation, forest

90*t=9000 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year

Transformation, from shrub land,


108

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

sclerophyllous Transformation, to forest



((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=1.7776E5

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis n plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants for m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m hat: -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) n bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants for m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Supponiamo That at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 of different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7) assume 12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3


((15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=16733

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the hats of the plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes


(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=1464.7

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that the end of life the Pinus halepensis ports 30kg of needles with humidity of 70%. The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero datum to an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=155.03

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA

109

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno








(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=69.952







kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2



kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2


(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=279.81

kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2



kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of

110

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2



kg Weight of pine needles and leaves fallen on the ground mastic from 0 to 30 years


90 m2 Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the hats of the plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes


90 m2 Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that the end of life the Pinus halepensis ports 30kg of needles with humidity of 70%. The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero datum to an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


90 m2 Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno

Vivaio 90 m2 It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2

Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for |

(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741

kgkm It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2

111

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Alloc Def, U of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the

end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2


90 m2 It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2


-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1+1,5+1,5/40 *30) =70522

kg CO2 captured by plants during their lifetime

Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=19233

kg Organic carbon from the wood that remains on the ground. It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after the burial. In wood the C / N ratio is 200-1500 in the needles: 80-130 litter of conifers: 30-40 The nitrogen that you could calculate knowing the organic carbon is present in the soil before planting net of different fixations. (Nieder 2003)


1/100*30=0.3 p The first 30 years of formation of natural forest are considered cultivated forest

Paesaggio naturale

1/100*70=0.7 p After the planting has formed a natural landscape for 70 years. 100 years on, we have: 1/100 * 70


0,5/20000*90/*tforcolt=0.0675 p To treat cultivated forest is estimated to be 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year Allocation: 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * 30

Euro 1000/10000*90*t=900 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a) Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=600 p Cost for the transport of the plants from the nursery:

1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6. For each site are from 270m2 to work.Where is planned the planting machining is 2, 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2) * 6) * 90

Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362 p Cost of the plants of the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic

Euro 25*1,5*Npiante=1012.5 p Cost cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h Euro 0,5*Npiante*60=810 p Cost for the eradication of Npiante roots: 60 € / h

and 0.5h / strain Euro 200*Nhr=6643.8 p Cost for chipping: 200 € / h Euro 1400*12* tforcolt *0,5/20000*90=1134 p Cost of the worker for the maintenance of the

forest: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * t

Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90

Input parameters t 100 time employment before coverage with grass: years moIT 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the

ground each year crid520 0,082 Coefficiente di riduzione della massa di aghi e di foglie

calcolata sulla base della dimensione finale degli alberi e dei cespugli relativa al periodo da 5 a 20 anni: a 30 anni un pino con una altezza di 25m e un diametro di 0.6 ha una ramaglia di 408.3kg a 12.5 anni il pino ha una altezza di 10.41m e un

112

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

diametro di 0.25 ha una ramaglia di 33.6kg (Stima del volume e della fitomassa delle principali specie forestali italiane, CRA e Unità di ricerca per il monitoraggio e la pianificazione forestale) si assume che il rapporto tra le masse della ramaglia sia uguale al rapporto tra le masse degli aghi di pino: 33.6/408.3=0.082 si assume che per il lentisco valga la stessa frazione

crid05 0,0044 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A pine of 30 years with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a prunings of 408.3kg. A pine of 12.5 years with a height of 10.41and a diameter of 0.25 has a prunings of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082 assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio.

Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tforcolt 30 time of cultivated forest: years


OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90 Mass of organic carbon to m2 kg / m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500 Weight of trunks of pines:kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500 Weight of brunches of pines.kg Pag 9*15 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500 Weight of brunches of mastic:kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)

*4)*500*0,0081965 Weight of roots of mastics:kg

Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05


Nhr Ptot/1000 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr

Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg

Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520


Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg

Npiante Npin+Nlent Number of plants remained Tabella 7-5 The process **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)

113

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Figure 7-5 The diagramm of valuation of**Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni)

Figure 7-6 The diagrammo f valuation of **Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 17/03/2015 Time:

19.52.14




Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in

E.R. (100anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)





Default units: Yes


114

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113





Impact category Unit Total **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni) Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for

| Alloc Def, U Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U Tillage,

harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U Vivaio

Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market

for | Alloc Def, U Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U




Total Pt

-6,5863983

-6,6933876

0,00063676691

0,00011885146

0,00033928554

0,14812774

0,00094671285

0,000652857

-0,025784054

-0,017189369

-0,00085946847

Carcinogens

Pt

0,00029089749

0 5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

4,1207859E-6

0,0017427978

6,5672067E-6

6,4182969E-6

-0,00086800228

-0,00057866819

-2,8933409E-5

Non-carcinogens

Pt

0,0086275961

0 2,5611517E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,1955179E-5

0,0089714759

2,6553821E-5

7,182219E-5

-0,00028679579

-0,00019119719

-9,5598596E-6


Pt

0,0042803288

0 0,00030575507

4,7348801E-5

0,00016626321

0,019090159

0,00026107292

0,00017738372

-0,0092750903

-0,0061833935

-0,00030916968

Ionizing radiation

Pt

5,3680939E-5

0 2,5913277E-7

4,9986788E-8

1,4778996E-7

7,3056549E-5

5,5336681E-7

2,4945737E-7

-1,2138438E-5

-8,0922919E-6

-4,0461459E-7


Pt

0,00049615938

0 2,6865459E-8

4,0320913E-9

1,2826535E-8

0,00049797319

6,2043458E-8

2,1355155E-8

-1,1417239E-6

-7,6114929E-7

-3,8057464E-8


Pt

3,3949763E-5

0 2,4103332E-7

6,2502345E-8

1,5113044E-7

4,0533072E-5

3,311764E-7

3,1907383E-7

-4,5224855E-6

-3,0149903E-6

-1,5074952E-7

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt

0,00020744016

0 2,8767939E-7

7,2417563E-8

1,6248768E-7

0,00022471188

1,1083404E-6

5,0034908E-7

-1,1413527E-5

-7,6090181E-6

-3,8045091E-7


Pt

0,031221972

0 6,9288756E-5

2,0284288E-5

3,0616932E-5

0,031683563

0,00016520761

0,00019337709

-0,00055315596

-0,00036877064

-1,8438532E-5


Pt

7,6822982E-5

0 4,4358255E-6

6,8885274E-7

2,1612422E-6

0,00041193722

1,6788738E-6

3,5312237E-6

-0,00020447662

-0,00013631775

-6,8158874E-6

Land occupation

Pt

0,45795296

0,43792873

2,4744433E-6

1,4769968E-6

1,8245753E-6

0,020163699

1,1615422E-5

4,2650085E-6

-9,4780716E-5

-6,3187144E-5

-3,1593572E-6


Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Aquatic eutrophicati

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

115

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

on Global warming

Pt

-7,1055701

-7,1227163

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

6,3350132E-5

0,03142748

0,00022817548

9,8519814E-5

-0,0087086638

-0,0058057759

-0,00029028879


Pt

0,024506004

0 0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

5,7634387E-5

0,033708559

0,00024339042

9,5383781E-5

-0,0057219438

-0,0038146292

-0,00019073146

Mineral extraction

Pt

2,3994278E-5

0 8,1722652E-7

3,1130763E-7

8,8485203E-7

9,1797916E-5

3,9617524E-7

1,065646E-6

-4,1928733E-5

-2,7952489E-5

-1,3976244E-6

Renewable energy

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Internal cost

Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

Pt

-2,6219702E-9

-2,6219702E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

Pt

-0,0086

-0,0086

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tabella 7-6 The table of the valuation of **Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni) From the analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is the -6,5863983Pt for -107.88% due to Global warming. The maximum damage is due for 7:43% in Ecosystem quality because of Land occupation. In Landscape it has an advantage of -0.0086Pt and in Employment it has an advantage of -2,6219702E-9 Pt.

7.4 Land with organic matter and plantation The process ,Recupero terreni degradati con materiale organico e piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni), reported in the following table, is obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con materiale organico e piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) through the following changes:

• After the first thirty years, the land occupation is as natural forest • It is assumed that the forest is formed in 30 years (cultivated forest) and to be renewed every 40 years (natural forest). • It is assumed that the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves during subsequent cycles 40 years is equal to 1.5 times that produced in the first 30 years. In 100 years, it is (1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years • It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the cycles of 40 years following the first 30 years, has the same die-offs in production planted in 30 years. • The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33 * * Ptot 0.484 / 12 * 44 * (1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30). • The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided. • Among the tillage are not considerat burial of the wood chips and the subsequent ones.

116

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

• The landscape is natural in training for 30 years and natural landscape for the remaining period.

**Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)

90 m2 Recovering degraded land by planting in ER Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 for a time t + tprod = 31years We make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -the organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -which is the transformation from arable land to forest -The Emissions of heavy metals and fertilizers are not considered because they are the ones that have been absorbed by plants -Si Consider the enrichment of the soil with N fixed from the atmosphere in the form of NH4 +, not fixed by bacteria symbiotic and symbiotic bacteria. Humic substances have a slow degradability until 5E3anni: for wood from 10 to 100 years for the pine needles from 1 to 10 years (Nieder 2003)


0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.339 C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% it is considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as synthetic fertilizer nitrogen that prevents production


0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5.9322 Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of sticks to it: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (Tutto sul compost, pubblicazioni settore agricoltura provincia di Pavia) N = 1.6% ss (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5 = 0.5% ss = 0.005 *moit * (1-.4141) K2O = 0.4% ss = 0.004* moit * (1-.4141)


0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458


0,75*20*0,009*t=13.5 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen the minimum value for infected plants is 40kg / (ha * a) (bean) It is reduced by a factor of 4 the minimum value Such nitrogen is fixed biologically for 90% by the plant. The rest remains in the ground


10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: It is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen It assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from plant


0,5*0,009*t=0.45 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: It is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen It assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from plant

Occupation, forest

90*t=9000 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year

117

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113






((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30))

kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3


(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30))=20439



(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30))=1789.1

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno


15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30

kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the

118

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

))=155.14 volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno








(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443



(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2 =40.956






(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 =3144.8



(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 =341.77



(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 = 163.82

kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2

119

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2


Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030 = 725.53

kg Weight of pine needles and leavesof mastic fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years


moIT=2025 kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)




90 m2 Hoeing


90 m2 Fertilising


90 m2 transport of organic material from the production to the land to be recovered: 50-80km


20,25*(50+80)/2=1316.3 kgkm

Vivaio 90 m2 nursery Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U

(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741

kgkm

the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting: 100km weight of 54 pines to 0 years: weight to 5 years / 5 D = 0.03m, H = 1.5m Density: 800kg / m3 P = 3.1416 * 800 * (0.05 / 2) ^ 2 * 1.5 = 2.3562kg weight of 67.5 mastic to 0 years: 6 branches D = 0.01 H = 0.4m P = 4 * 800 * 3.1416 * (0.01 / 2) ^ 2 * 0.6 = 0.1508kg


m2 Planting


-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77

kg CO2 absorbed from compost


-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1+1,5+1,5/40 *30) =-86418

kg CO2 absorbed from plants during their life

Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141) =1.0678 mg Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=10.678 mg Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)=42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*(1,5)=48695 kg Organic carbon that remains in the soil Numero locali occupati

0,5/20000*90*30=0.000675 p To treat cultivated forest, it is estimated that 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year. Duration of cultivated forest: 30 years. Allocation: 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * 30

Paesaggio naturale in

1/100*30=0.3 p In the first 30 years it has a natural forest in training: 1/100 * 30

120

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

formazione Paesaggio naturale

1/100*70=0.7 p After the first 30 years, the forest renews itself and the landscape in the last 70 years is natural: 1/100 * 70

Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a) Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Cost to transport the compost:

gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362.5 p Cost of the plants from the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic

Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=600 p Cost for the transport of the plants from the nursery: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2

Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site we need to work 270m2. where isplanned the planting is considered 2 machining 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2 ) * 6) * 90

Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where they were made three experiments with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4

Euro 1400*12*tforcolt*0,5/20000*90=1134

p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90

Input parameters t 100 Time pf occupation:year moITm2 22,5 Peso organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall

to the ground each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and

leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a brushwood 408.3 kg. at 12.5 years, the pine has a height of 0.25 10.41me diameter has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) takes on .si that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082.It assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio

crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3 kg. 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 0.05 2.08me diameter has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). assumes that the ratio of the

121

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. assumes that the mastic valgalo same ratio

fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2 average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2 increase in wheat production because of 'entering 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2 growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 12:55 this value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years, and then the nutrients are reduced, because used by plants, it is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0, 4429/2 = 0.22145

tforcolt 30 time of cultivated forest: years



moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total mass of organic carbon in italy Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of trunks of pines:kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)= 3372.6 Weight of brunches of pines.kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of brunches of mastic:kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)

*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Weight of roots of mastics:kg



Nhr Ptot/1000=40,707 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr






Tabella 7-7 The process **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni)

122

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

7.4.1 Calculation of the LCA

Figure 7-7 The diagrammo f the damage assessment of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni)

Figure 7-8 The diagrammo f the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 17/03/2015 Time:

19.26.46




Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni

degradati)





123

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Default units: Yes






Impact category

Unit Total **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni)







Total Pt -7,5972568

-7,7255252

0,066103256

0,00063676691

0,00011885146

0,00015189166

0,00033928554

4,5471351E-5

Carcinogens

Pt -0,00093704768

0 0,00018928936

5,1314097E-6

1,4658443E-6

1,200881E-6

4,1207859E-6

3,189647E-7

Non-carcinogens

Pt 0,18332819

0,17493063

0,00044585775

2,5611517E-5

7,7303276E-6

1,094874E-5

1,1955179E-5

9,8429214E-7


Pt 0,021720726

0 0,034684194

0,00030575507

4,7348801E-5

5,9785767E-5

0,00016626322

1,410192E-5

Ionizing radiation

Pt 9,0442305E-5

0 6,2035035E-5

2,5913277E-7

4,9986788E-8

5,8279168E-8

1,4778996E-7

2,8835198E-8


Pt 0,00049536449

0 1,1088335E-6

2,6865459E-8

4,0320913E-9

5,7767065E-9

1,2826535E-8

3,1185722E-9


Pt 3,9495779E-5

0 1,3293404E-5

2,4103332E-7

6,2502345E-8

6,2097107E-8

1,5113044E-7

2,253553E-8

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt 0,0051855551

0,004984674

2,5078449E-5

2,8767939E-7

7,2417563E-8

8,8076537E-8

1,6248768E-7

4,3632502E-8


Pt 0,82695178

0,79563196

0,0010668345

6,9288755E-5

2,0284288E-5

2,9676901E-5

3,0616932E-5

5,9401969E-6


Pt 0,0020712325

0 0,0023172112

4,4358255E-6

6,8885274E-7

1,0003231E-6

2,1612422E-6

9,7988394E-8

Land occupation

Pt 0,15447831

0,13411631

0,00064610813

2,4744433E-6

1,4769968E-6

5,8141471E-7

1,8245753E-6

1,0604681E-6


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Global warming

Pt -8,8019203

-8,8257888

0,020599573

0,00011280535

2,0648309E-5

2,4334943E-5

6,3350132E-5

1,0568508E-5


Pt 0,020676219

0 0,0060339486

0,0001096326

1,8707799E-5

2,3978504E-5

5,7634387E-5

1,2283824E-5

Mineral extraction

Pt -3,6780168E-5

0 1,8724152E-5

8,1722653E-7

3,1130763E-7

1,699515E-7

8,8485203E-7

1,7067544E-8

Renewable energy

Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

124

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Internal cost

Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Employment

Pt -2,6219702E-9

-2,6219702E-9

0 0 0 0 0 0

Landscape

Pt -0,0094 -0,0094 0 0 0 0 0 0









0,14812774

0,00094671285

0,000652857

-0,036935317

-0,0071233401

-0,00096287451

-0,025784054

-0,017189369

-0,00085946847

0,0017427978

6,5672067E-6

6,4182969E-6

-0,0012434018

-0,00012976193

-4,5590656E-5

-0,00086800228

-0,00057866819

-2,8933409E-5

0,0089714759

2,6553821E-5

7,182219E-5

-0,00041083117

-0,000256402

-2,0593848E-5

-0,00028679579

-0,00019119719

-9,5598596E-6

0,019090159

0,00026107292

0,00017738372

-0,013286444

-0,0037360767

-0,00029516276

-0,0092750903

-0,0061833935

-0,00030916968

7,3056549E-5

5,533668E-7

2,4945737E-7

-1,7388152E-5

-7,3343352E-6

-6,3829558E-7

-1,2138438E-5

-8,0922919E-6

-4,0461459E-7

0,00049797319

6,2043458E-8

2,1355155E-8

-1,6355044E-6

-2,305544E-7

-4,6567038E-8

-1,1417239E-6

-7,6114929E-7

-3,8057464E-8

4,0533072E-5

3,311764E-7

3,1907383E-7

-6,4784007E-6

-1,0468029E-6

-3,0681713E-7

-4,5224855E-6

-3,0149903E-6

-1,5074952E-7

0,00022471188

1,1083404E-6

5,0034908E-7

-1,6349727E-5

-1,4704998E-5

-7,1450453E-7

-1,1413527E-5

-7,6090181E-6

-3,804509E-7

0,031683563

0,00016520761

0,00019337709

-0,0007923886

-0,00017659015

-3,5621312E-5

-0,00055315596

-0,00036877064

-1,8438532E-5

0,00041193722

1,6788738E-6

3,5312237E-6

-0,00029291006

-2,7351647E-5

-3,6382822E-6

-0,00020447662

-0,00013631775

-6,8158874E-6

0,020163699

1,1615422E-5

4,2650084E-6

-0,00013577212

-0,00015484179

-1,936409E-5

-9,4780715E-5

-6,3187143E-5

-3,1593572E-6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,03142748

0,00022817548

9,8519814E-5

-0,012475046

-0,0011885312

-0,0002486554

-0,0087086638

-0,0058057759

-0,00029028879

0,033708559

0,00024339042

9,538378E-5

-0,0081966088

-0,0014146837

-0,00028870293

-0,0057219438

-0,0038146292

-0,00019073146

9,1797917E-5

3,9617524E-7

1,065646E-6

-6,0062356E-5

-1,5784214E-5

-3,8390476E-6

-4,1928733E-5

-2,7952489E-5

-1,3976244E-6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

125

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Tabella 7-8 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) Analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is -7,5972568Pt, due for the 115.86% to Global warming. The advantage due to Landscape is -0,0094Pt, that due to Employment is -2,6219702E-9Pt.

7.5 Comparison of different methods of recovery of land in Emilia-Romagna with the aim of recreating the natural forest

Figure 7-9 The diagramm of the damage assessment of the comparison between the processes Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)

Figure 7-10 The diagramm of the valuation of the comparison between the processes Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)

126

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 17/03/2015 Time:

19.38.21




Product 1: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico +

piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni

degradati)

Product 2: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in

E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)

Product 3: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in

E.R. (100anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)

Product 4: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in

E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)





Default units: Yes






Impact category Unit **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni)


**Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)

**Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)

Total Pt -7,5972568 -2,4515172 -6,5863983 -3,65961 Carcinogens Pt -0,00093704769 -0,0026612535 0,00029089749 -0,0014756039 Non-carcinogens

Pt 0,18332819 0,17435579 0,0086275961 -0,00048755284


Pt 0,021720726 0,0035882012 0,0042803288 -0,015767654

Ionizing radiation

Pt 9,0442305E-5 1,9437616E-5 5,3680939E-5 -2,0635344E-5


Pt 0,00049536449 -2,383365E-6 0,00049615938 -1,9409307E-6


Pt 3,9495779E-5 5,4347454E-7 3,3949763E-5 -7,6882254E-6

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Pt 0,0051855551 0,0049635541 0,00020744016 -1,9402996E-5


Pt 0,82695178 0,79549771 0,031221972 -0,00094036513


Pt 0,0020712325 0,001663786 7,6822982E-5 -0,00034761026

Land occupation

Pt 0,15447831 0,30801081 0,45795296 0,0037498542


Pt 0 0 0 0


Pt 0 0 0 0

Global warming Pt -8,8019203 -3,7160701 -7,1055701 -3,6264928 Non-renewable energy

Pt 0,020676219 -0,012155016 0,024506004 -0,0097273045

127

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Mineral extraction

Pt -3,6780167E-5 -0,00012835022 2,3994278E-5 -7,1278847E-5

Renewable energy

Pt 0 0 0 0

Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value

Pt 0 0 0 0

Employment Pt -2,6219702E-9 -6,1179304E-9 -2,6219702E-9 0 Landscape Pt -0,0094 -0,0086 -0,0086 -0,008 Tabella 7-9 The table of the valuation of the comparison between the processes Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni) Analysis of the results can be seen that the most advantageous mode of action, is the one with organic material and planting (-7,5972568Pt) ,followed by single planting (-6,5863983Pt),from that without interventions (-3,65961Pt), the only organic material (-2,4515172Pt). This result depends essentially on the amount of organic carbon that is captured by the forest during its growth.

7.6 Conclusions The study on the use of recovery with only natural purpose, results that the environmental benefit depends on the amount of organic carbon that is captured by the forest during its growth.

7.7 Bibliography [1] Innovative System for the Biochemical Restoration and monitoring of Degraded Soils – Progetto BIOREM – LIFE+ 2011. [2] Neri e al. ‘Verso la certificazione energetica degli edifici’ Alinea editrice, Firenze, 2007 [3] Neri e al. ‘Analisi ambientale della gestione dei rifiuti con il Metodo del Life Cycle4 Assessment’, Lcarifiuti.net, CNR Area Ricerca Bologna, 2010 [4] Neri e al. ‘Analisi ambientale dei prodotti agroalimentari con il Metodo del Life Cycle4 Assessment’ ARPA Sicilia, 2010 [5] Sebastien Humbert, IMPACT 2002+: User Guide, Draft for version Q2.21, november 2012 [6] Ecoinvent, Copyright © 1998 - 2014 Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. All Rights reserved.Realised with TYPO3 by ifu Hamburg GmbH, internet.ifu.com. [7] Mark Goedkoop, SimaPro 8.0.4, Pré Consultans, Nederland

128

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Assessment of the socioeconomic impact

of the project actions on the local economy

and population

129

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

8 Description of the activities and results achieved

In order to monitor the sustainability of the project a set of environmental indicators was

developed.

The principles considered for the definition of these indicators were orderliness (indicators

had to be able to analyse systematically the main environmental aspects) and

multidimensionality (indicators had to be able to recognize the relationships among

different aspects, places and phenomena of sustainability).

The collection of the necessary data for the calculation of the defined indicators were

performed through the elaboration and distribution of ad-hoc questionnaires addressed to

the partners and to different stakeholders.The project phases progressed according to the

schedule of the project.

9 Constrains and main problems experienced

In general, the main constrain regarding the development of these indicators was that the

aspects to be analysed were very complex and interconnected each other.

10 Environmental Criteria and Indicators

In order to assess the environmental benefits of the project, the main environmental

indicators were defined as follow: soil fertility [kgofwheat/ha (overproduction)], global

warming [kg CO2 eq], non-renewable energy [MJ], mineral extraction [MJ], Renewable

energy [MJ]. With respect to the new indicator soil fertility, the following considerations

were done.

10.1 Soil fertility

This indicator is based on the increase in the soil fertility data (Project LIFE BIOREM).

With an increase of 1t/ha = 0.1kg/m2 carbon organic wheat production increases

0.02436kg /m2.

The increase can also be written as:

0.2436kg/m2/1kgC/m2

Il valore nutrizionale di 0.2436kg di grano vale:

13070kJ/kg*0.2436kg.

The increase of nutritional value for 1 t / ha of organic carbon is:

13070kJ/kg*0.2436kg/1kgC/m2 = 3183,852kJ/kgC/m2.

130

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

10.1.1 Soil fertility nutritional value

The calculationof the increase inproductivity ofwheat was carried out as follows:

Substance: increase in wheat production

Wheat energy content: 13070 kJ / kgf

Characterization factor: 13070 kJ / kg / kgf

Increase wheat production: EF * AB / 2 * BD * (2BD-EF) = ipf [kg] (input data)

Characterization = increase of energy: 13070kJ / kg * Ipf kg = Ie [kJ]

10.1.2 Soil fertility

Daily requirement: 2000 kcal=8372kJ/(day*people)

Number ofpersons/day=IekJ/8372kJ/(day*people) =npg[people*day]

With an increasein productivityofwheatfeed0.2436kg0:38peopleinaday of life

Factor of damage assessment: npgpeople *day / 0.384E9 people =9.895833333E-10 day

/kgC =2,711187215E-12 DALY/kgC (o year/kgC)

Damage assessment: Ie kJ / 8372kJ/( day * people)/ 0.384E9 people /365 = 8,522101286E-

16

A

F

D

E

B D’

131

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

10.2 Deliverable

The calculated environmental indicators are reported in Figure 1.

INDICATORS UNIT SCENARIO 1

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

EMILIA ROMAGNA

Global warming kg CO2eq

-27,01466 -9031,2302 -11532,204


MJ 4,0523447 -4240,3581 -6303,2439

Mineral extraction MJ -0,064747085 -42,723388 -59,90683 Renewable energy MJ 1,9193775 5327,8672 5292,8688 Soil fertility nutritionalvalue

DALY -1,1873567E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11

SPAIN


-31,095325 -9031,2302 -11563,949


MJ -44,377593 -4240,3581 -8272,0345

Mineral extraction MJ -0,56119585 -42,723388 -73,968151 Renewable energy MJ -1,468823 5327,8672 4570,9573 Soil fertility nutritional value

DALY -2,3357793E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11

BASILICATA


-49,598379 -9031,2302 -12245,57


MJ -128,81255 -4240,3581 -9166,0359

Mineral extraction MJ -1,0642805 -42,723388 -82,707493 Renewable energy MJ -4,6312801 5327,8672 5161,9038 Soil fertility nutritional value

DALY -1,1402904E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11

Table 1–Environmental indicators. SCENARIO 1 -Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 -Increased wheat production: soil recovery byplanting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter andplanting (limit value of increased productivity

11 Socio-Economic Criteria and Indicators

In order to assess the environmental benefits of the project, the main environmental

indicators were defined as follow: Employment rate [person/year]; Landscape [amount];

Internal cost [€]

11.1 Employment rate

This indicator is defined as the amount of direct labor in person-years required for the

operations and management considered in the project and includes indirect jobs as soil

analysis, environmental analysis, material supply, biomass transportation.

The employment rate increase was calculated as follow:

132

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

-1/25744000 = -3,88440025E-8 (increasein the employment ratewhere25744000is

theworkforce(Italy -January 2015)

11.2 Landscape quality

The indicator Landscape that highlight a cultural issue, takes into account the following

aspects:

natural landscape, natural landscape in training, agricultural landscape (benefit for man but

not for the environment losing biodiversity), cityscape (human aggregation), living

landscape extra urban, landscape of degraded soils, industrial landscape. The indicator

ranges from -1 to 1 , being the negative value a benefit and the following value were

obtained:

- natural landscape: -1

- natural landscape in training: -0.8

- agricultural landscape: -0.7 (benefit for man but not for the environment losing

biodiversity)

- cityscape: -0.5 (human aggregation)

- living landscape Extra urban: -0.3

- landscape of degraded soils: 0

- industrial landscape: +0.5

11.3 Internal cost

This indicator measures the economic impact of the considered scenarios and is measured

in € (Euro). The costs considered are the following:

- Rent for land in Italy: € 10,000 / ha. For Spain it is assumed the same value.

- Cost for transportation: gasoline cost: 1.5 €/l, consumption of 10 l/km, liters of

gasoline consumed to make round trip. Gain hauler: 20%. Total: 130*10*1.5*0.2

- Cost for compost: 20 €/q

- Cost for tillage: 3000 € for the Italian and Spanish sites (5 experiments in Italy and

5 in Spain).

- Cost for the plants from nursery: 25 €/pine and 15 €/mastic.

- Cost for cutting plant before chipping: 25 €/h

- Cost for the extirpation of the roots: 60 €/h and 0.5h/strain

- Cost for chipping: 200 € /h

133

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- Labour costs: 1400 €/month

- Cost for measuring soil characteristics.

- Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories.

11.4 Deliverables

The calculated socio-economic indicators are reported in Figure 1.

INDICATORS UNIT SCENARIO 1

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

EMILIA

ROMAGNA

Internal cost euro 344,21176 5173,5746 5455,417

Employment p -1,3512614E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605578E-9

Landscape p -0,043639448 -0,36373406 -0,36366746

SPAIN


Employment p -2,0224545E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605688E-9

Landscape p -0,065315855 -0,36373406 -0,36367063

BASILICATA


Employment p -8,8044371E-11 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605287E-9

Landscape p -0,028434229 -0,36373406 -0,36365907

Table 2– Socio-economic indicators. SCENARIO 1 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery by planting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter andplanting (limit value of increased productivity.

12 Main Final Results

The indicators calculated for Action C.4 reported in Table 3 can be summarized in

integrated manner, considering in addition to the social and economic issues, the

environmental indicators calculated with LCA methodology.

The negative values are representative of benefits that the three considered scenarios

provide with respect to the standard situation (status quo).

TOTAL SCENARIO

1

SCENARIO

2

SCENARIO

3

EMILIA

ROMAGNA

Pt 0,035698847 -0,93044028 -0,76896648

SPAGNA Pt 0,08933251 -0,83487712 -0,46366849

134

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

BASILICATA Pt 0,16577928 -0,93044028 2,4360208

Table 3– Overallresults. SCENARIO 1 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery by planting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter and planting (limit value of increased productivity).

SCENARIO 1

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3

EMILIA

ROMAGNA

Soil fertility/Resources -6,38062E-05 5,57262E-08 3,75097E-08

Soil fertility/Internal cost

-4,86379E-12 -3,03564E-13 -2,87881E-13

Soil fertility/Employment

12,38970491 1,245658868 1,24588694

Soil fertility/Landscape 3,83638E-08 4,31775E-09 4,31854E-09

BASILICATA

Soil fertility/Resources 1,88138E-06 5,57262E-08 2,58067E-08


-7,35462E-12 -3,03564E-13 -2,88105E-13


18,2613537 1,245658868 1,245915702


SPAGNA

Soil fertility/Resources 1,11379E-05 5,57262E-08 2,85981E-08


-6,50404E-12 -3,03564E-13 -2,92504E-13


16,2844148 1,245658868 1,245876068


Table 4 – Results related to the Soil fertility indicator with respect to 4 different

indicators expressed in eco-point (Pt) except for the internal cost indicator misured in

€.

SCENARIO 1 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value

of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery by

planting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat

production: soil recovery with organic matter and planting (limit value of increased

productivity.

The ratio are related to the Soil fertility indicator with respect to 4 different indicators

expressed in eco-point (Pt) except for the internal cost indicator measured in €.

135

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

For each considered scenario and region, the most favorable values are reported in bold

and the following criteria were used:

1. Since soil fertility always presents an advantage (negative value), if the ratio is

negative it means that the denominator is positive and therefore is a damage (as in

the case of internal costs). Consequently the most advantageous condition is

represented by the maximum ratio in absolute terms, that is the one that has the

minimum denominator.

2. If the ratio is positive it means that the denominator is negative and is therefore an

advantage. Then, among the positive values the most advantageous condition is

represented by the minimum ratio in absolute value, that is the one that has the

maximum denominator.

It is however necessary to remind that considering the whole set of environmental and

socio-economic indicators the overall comparative results are those reported in Table 3.

136

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

13 Monitoring analyses and costs Chemical and physical analysis have been carried out in the BIOREM project in order to

evaluate soil quality and restoration. This set of parameters are easy and fast to determine

and also quite economic. The cost is about 30 € for each parameter for soil sample in

triplicate. However, chemico-physical parameters are not sensitive enough and they change

very slowly. In contrast, biological indicators offer certain advantages over

physicochemical methods, since are very sensitive even to small changes occurring in soil

and they offered a high resolution picture of changes in soil under BIOREM remediation

strategy.

The cost of enzyme activities carried out on soil (total enzyme activity) are similar to that

of chemico-physical analysis, averagely 30€ for each analysis for soil sample in triplicate,

slightly higher, about 35€, the extracellular enzyme activities conducted on soil extract that

need a further step consisting in the extraction of the enzyme from the soil.

The humic-bound enzymes represent another paramount parameters useful for soil

monitoring, since they are considered a constitutive fraction of SOM capable of conferring

resilience and resistance to stressed soils in extreme environments. This biochemical

component of SOM was used also to assess soil response to different management

practices. The methodology to isolate, purify and characterise these enzymatically active

fractions of SOM (extracellular humic–enzyme complexes) is based on three steps: (1)

pyrophosphate extraction of humic matter, (2) ultrafiltration (UF) of the various

components of the organic extracts on molecular mass exclusion membranes, followed by

(3) the analytical isoelectric focussing technique (IEF). Mainly due to the long procedure,

the cost of this analysis is about 80 € for each sample resulting more expensive with

respect to the previous analyses.

Moreover, new "OMICs" technologies have been applied in this project and benefit the

understanding of the processes taking place at the microbial community level after

remediation strategy application. Genomic tools based on bacterial (16S) and fungal (18S)

gene pyrosequencing (DNA and RNA methods) have been successfully used to evaluate

the effects of compost and plants on the structure of the microbial community.

However, these technologies need long procedures for DNA-RNA extraction and

quantification and sophisticated and expensive instrument for microbial identification,

making them more expensive of the previous biochemical tests with a cost ranging around

200 € for sample.

137

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

In addition, BIOREM explored the frontiers of environmental metaproteomics with the aim

to understand the functional response of specific microbial populations. Metaproteomics is

an appropriate approach for unraveling functional insights within the microbial

community. For this purpose, proteins were categorized in functional groups related to

cellular metabolism. However, proteomic represents an expensive approach, in terms of

both time and cost due to the long procedure and expensive apparatus necessary (400-500

€ for sample). Still in its infancy, proteomics is starting to provide insights into this

functionality, coupled to microbial phylogeny, thanks to the application of state-of-the-art

mass spectrometers.

Traditional physical-chemical analysis

Costs €

Total organic C and Total N

30*2 =60

Macro and micronutrients P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, S, Se

30*8= 240

Metals and metalloids Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Be, Bi, B, Li, Mo, Sb, Sr, Ti, Tl, V

30*19= 570

pH and electrical conductivity

30

Cationic exchange Capacity (CEC)

30

Water-holding capacity 30 Tot 960 BIOREM monitoring analysis

β-glucosidase activity assay

30

Phosphatase activity assay

30

Dehydrogenase activity assay

30

Extracellular β-glucosidase activity

35

Total humic matter 30 Fractionated humic matter thorough isoelectric focusing

50

β-glucosidase activity on stable humic matter

80

Stabile isotope probing 40

138

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Proteomic 400 Genomic 200 Tot 925

On the basis of their relevance on soil quality and fertility, soil results related to the soil

organic matter sequestration processes have been statistically treated by PCA analysis in

order to assess the correlations between different variables and identify the most important

parameters that characterize the behaviour of soil under different treatments.

Soil properties at the end of the experimentation can be summarized in two independent

PCs, which explained 76% of the total variance. The first PC (PC1, 50.5% of the total

variance) represented the effect of compost treatments, since TOC, humic C,

dehydrogenase activity and extracellular β-glucosidase activity were positively correlated

on this PC (parameters denoting significance on the same PC with the same sign). The

significant loadings on the second PC (25.5% of the total variance) included total

phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities. The positive correlation of these parameters on

PC2 indicated that phosphorus and carbon cycles were positively affected by the

treatments.

Principal components (PCs) and component loadings.

PC 1 PC 2

humic bound b-glucosidase activity 0,479 0,591

Dehydrogenase activity 0,818* 0,319

tot b-glucosidase activity 0,455 0,719*

tot phosphatase -0,221 0,890*

extr b-glucosidase activity 0,904* 0,052

TOC 0,866* 0,026

humic C 0,904* 0,146

Var. Sp. 3,54 1,79

Prp.Tot. 0,505 0,255

Among these parameters that have been proposed to monitor soil health, soil enzyme

activities (dehydrogenase, -glucosidase and phosphatase activities) together with the

TOC and humic C, have great potential to provide a unique integrative functional

assessment of soil health.

139

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

The PCA plot diagrams allowed a better comprehension of the relationships between soil

environments, variables and their changes over time in the orthogonal space defined by the

components 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2).

All organically treated soils are shifted towards positive values of PC1 with respect to

control and plant treatments; this separations along the PC1 axis might have been mainly

associated with the effects of compost treatments on soil microbial activity, organic carbon

and humic carbon content (parameters significant on the PC1). The positive correlation of

these parameters on PC1 indicated that microbial metabolism (dehydrogenase activity) and

the carbon cycle (extracellular β-glucosidase activity) were positively affected by the

quantity (TOC) and quality (humic C) of organic matter. In addition, all treatments are

shifted towards positive values of PC2 with respect to control, indicating the positive effect

of the different treatments on the activation of phosphorus and carbon cycles.

Even if it is less evident, plant treatments, shifted away from the control towards positive

values on the PC1 axis. This behaviour indicates the efficiency of the plants alone or in

combination with compost in soil quality recovery.

The effect of sampling depth was generally not important, since surface samples were near

to sub-surface samples in the plot, with a slight shift of sub-surface samples along negative

values of both PC 1 and PC2 axes.

Abaran

1C

Fontanelle

6C 1P 6P 1OM 6OM 1OM+P 6OM+P

Boqueron

2C

Fusetto


Cartagena

3C

Albicocco


Santomera Entrada

4C

Tebano


Santomera Canas

5C

Imola


C= control P= Plant

140

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

OM= organic matter OM+P= organic matter plus plant p=20-40 cm depth s=0-20 cm depth Biplot of factor scores at the final sampling time (T3), in each treatment (C, control; P, plant; OM, compost and OM+P, compost plus plant ) and at each depth (0-20 and 20-40 cm).

Scatterplot

1Cs

2Cs

3Cs

4Cs5Cs

6Cs7Cs

8Cs

9Cs

10Cs

1Cp

2Cp3Cp

4Cp

5Cp

6Cp

7Cp

8Cp

9Cp10Cp

2Ps

3Ps4Ps

5Ps

6Ps

7Ps 8Ps

9Ps10Ps

1Pp

2Pp

3Pp4Pp

5Pp6Pp

7Pp8Pp

9Pp

10Pp

1OMs

2OMs

3OMs

4OMs5OMs

6OMs

7OMs8OMs

9OMs

10OMs

1OMp2OMp

3OMp

4OMp

5OMp

6OMp

7OMp

8OMp

9OMp10OMp

1OM+Ps

2OM+Ps

3OM+Ps

4OM+Ps

5OM+Ps

6OM+Ps

7OM+Ps

8OM+Ps

9OM+Ps10OM+Ps

1OM+Pp2OM+Pp

3OM+Pp

4OM+Pp

5OM+Pp6OM+Pp

7OM+Pp8OM+Pp

9OM+Pp

10OM+Pp

-2,5 -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5

PC1

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

PC2

0-20 cm C

20-40 cm C

0-20 cm P

20-40 cm P

0-20 cm OM

20-40 cm OM

0-20 cm OM+P

20-40 cm OM+P

As reported above, the effect of plant treatment, especially in Spanish soils, is not very

evident, while organically treated soils showed a marked change with respect to control

soils.

141

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

14 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the economy and population of Spain

15 A) Introduction:

There is a great variety of definitions regarding the terms Compost and Composting. In reality, they are both variations of the same concept that try to provide concise information from diverse viewpoints. In simple terms, the compost is nothing more than a mixture of organic waste with a variable degree of decomposition which, once added to the soil cultivation, exerts a beneficial role as organic fertilizer. Beyond this simple definition are the mechanisms by which these mixtures acquire their properties and the way the production process should be controlled so that the desired effect is optimal Whatever the case, compost production has boomed in recent years because, besides being a material of great agronomic value, the very process by which it is obtained, in itself represents a system of dealing with bio-waste that is economicaland respectful to the environment, while directly involving the society and making it responsible for the waste it generates. Perhaps the fact that composting is a biotransformation process is the key to properly defining the term compost from a scientific and technical standpoint. Biotransformation implies that the decomposition of the organic materials is mediated by living beings. In this case, living beings are microorganisms that, through enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions,obtain the nutrients and energy necessary for the maintenance of their biological activities from their own organic remains. As a result of this decomposition, part of organic matter is mineralized completely to CO2 and H2O. The rest of the materials are partially transformed into compounds with different degree of humification. In addition, during the microbial action, chemical energy necessary for microorganisms is generated, part of which dissipates in the form of heat. There are other key circumstances that should be considered in this process: the biotransformation of organic matter should occur under aerobic conditions; that is, in the presence of significant concentrations of oxygen. This is an essential requirement in order for the final material to be called compost, because even though organic matter is also transformed in anaerobic conditions, the material obtained is not compost. All those nutritional factors (for the composition of the raw materials) and environmental factors (moisture, pH, temperature, concentration of oxygen, etc.) which have a direct influence on the biological activity of microorganisms must be scrupulously controlled so that the process runs optimally. In the light of these considerations, it can be said that the compost is a stable material, similar to hummus, obtained by the biological transformation of organic matter, under controlled aerobic conditions. In accordance with this definition, the compost should not be considered only as a simple system for treatment of bio-waste that allows its stabilization, since, through adequate control of the conditions under which it runs, the process leads to the enhancement of organic matter from waste, giving it properties which allow it to decisively contribute to the fertility of the soil. The supply of compost and mixtures of waste for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping, and improvement and recovery of soil, comes from the following production sectors:

● Composting plants that process the organic fraction of the RSU. ● Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including

those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries. The compost produces positive effects in the soil both in its physical/chemical and biological properties. Its incorporation in the soil allows improving its structure, reducing the problems of compaction and susceptibility to erosion. It also increases the capacity for retention of water and gas exchange, thus promoting radical development.

142

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

It also improves the biological activity of the soil since it provides food to the microorganisms that inhabit it and feed on humus. As a result of the improvement in the ventilation and other properties, the bacterial flora is increased and diversified. Its use as a fertilizer is related to its ability to deliver nutrients slowly, in accordance with the mineralization caused by micro-organisms who in simple terms release nutrients contained in the humus and organic matter. In addition, the compost acts as a suppressor of diseases through biological mechanisms such as competition between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms, parasitism and antibiosis. Agriculture and forestry depend on the soil for the supply of water and nutrients, as well as for its physical support. Its capacity for filtration, retention, storage and transformation convert the soil into one of the main elements for protecting the water and the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. Furthermore, it serves as a habitat and a genetic reserve, an element of the landscape and cultural heritage as well as a source of raw materials.

143

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

16 A.1. Current regulations and definitions

The Law 22/2011 of waste y contaminated soils defines "Compost" as the "organic amendment obtained from the biological, thermophilic and aerobic treatment of biodegradable waste collected separately". According to this definition, organic material obtained from the plants by mechanical biological treatment of mixed waste is not to be considered compost but rather should be referred as biostabilized material. It can be seen that the last regulation gives emphasizes on the differences between processes that originate different biotransformed materials in order provide a clear identity to the compost and at the same time linking it to processes that are based on organic materials separated in origin. The same law defines "Biowaste" as biodegradable residue of gardens and parks, waste from food and cooking from households, restaurants, catering services and retail establishments, as well as comparable waste from plants that process food. With this new regulation, environmental authorities, without prejudice for the measures derived from actions at the community level, promote measures which may include in plans and programs for management of waste intended to promote:

a) The separate collection of bio-waste destined for composting or anaerobic digestion, in particular of the plant fraction, bio-waste of large generators andbio-waste generated in households.

b) Household and community composting. c) The treatment of bio-waste collected separately so as to achieve a high degree of

protection of the environment carried out in specific facilities without letting it mix with waste throughout the process. Where appropriate, the authorization of such facilities shall include the technical requirements for the proper treatment of bio-waste and the quality of the obtained materials.

d) The use of compost produced from bio-waste and environmentally safe in agriculture, gardening or the regeneration of degraded areas, in replacement of other organic amendments and mineral fertilizers.

Other applicable laws prior to the publication of theLaw 22/2011 on Waste and Contaminated Soil: Urban household waste Specific legislation The national legislation applicable to such waste is: -Law 10/1998 of April 21st, on waste. -Law 11/1997 of April 24th, on packages and packaging waste, and the regulations that carry it out; approved by Royal Decree 782/1998 and subsequent amendments to both. -Royal Decree 653/2003, of May 30th, on waste incineration. -Royal Decree 1481/2001, of December 27th, which regulates the disposal of waste through a landfill deposit. -Law 16/2002, of July 1st, on integrated pollution prevention and control Sludge from urban waste water treatment plants (urban WWTP). Legislation specifies Sludge from urban sewage treatment plants is regulated by the norms of waste with the particularity that their application as fertilizer or organic amendment must conform to the following provisions: -Royal Decree 1310/1990 of October 29th, which regulates the use of sewage sludge in the agricultural sector. This Royal Decree establishes a series of controls on the part of the autonomous regions for the monitoring and use of sludge in the agriculture and creates the National Registry of Sludge (RNL)

144

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

-Order of October 26th, 1993. on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture establishes the requirements for the provision of information to the RNL on sludge production and quantities intended for agricultural soils. -Royal Decree 824/2005, of July 8th, on fertilizer products. Regulates the organic amendments prepared with organic waste including sewage sludge. Description of Current situation Data from the national registry of sludge indicates that in the year 2006 1.064.972 t m s of sludge was generated, which means that the production of sludge has increased 55% in the period 1997-2006. The autonomous regions that produce the most sludge are Cataluña, Madrid and Valencia. The amounts to be used for agricultural recovery in recent years went up from 606,119 tm (2001) to 687,037 t m s. (2006), which, in percentage terms, is a substantial increase. The planning and management of sludge in Spain are different in all autonomous regions: some have specific plans, others apply standards of waste management or include them in the plans of urban waste, and others apply the Royal Decree 1310/1990 through their Ministries of Agriculture, waste services or sanitation of the Ministries of Environment. This situation is not very desirable, not only for ecological reasons, but also for reasons of administrative efficiency because there is some confusion with regard to the competent department. The remaining legal framework connected to the subject-matter of soils and compost was configured by the following directives:

-Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC - Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC - Directive on Agricultural Application of sewage sludge 86/278/EC - Regulation 1774/2002 on Waste and animal by-products and related norms

Other directives with an indirect but important link with the subject-matter of soils and compost are:

- Directive 91/968 Wastewater treatments - DIR 96/61/EC IPPC - Directive 2001/77/EC on power generation by renewable sources

17 A.2. Definition and characteristics of a composting process

In order to effectively define this term, the process must be specified and well-defined. Therefore, we can indicate the following:

• It must be a controlled bioxidative process. This aspect distinguishes the composting from any

other natural process that is without any control. To be defined as "bioxidative", iit requires a

biological condition, which makes composting different from the physical and chemical processes,

as well as those not made of aerobic form

• It involves heterogeneous organic substrates in a solid state. The heterogeneity which we refer

to describes substrates that are derived from a mixture of different organic waste, or that, as in the

case of municipal solid waste, have it due to the diversity of materials that incorporates.

• Causes the step of a thermophilic stage and induces an initial production of phytotoxins. The

bioxidative processes are exothermic. Substantial amounts of heat are produced in the initial stage

of the process (30-65 °C), decreasing rapidly during the next stage of stabilization (generally

associated with a temperature between 35-40°C). An insufficient rise in temperature, or a delay in

it, would imply an unfavorable development of the process, or poor control of the factors that affect

it. The metabolic production of phytotoxins characterizes the initial stage of fresh organic matter

145

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

decomposition. This production is less intense and of shorter duration with heterogeneous

substrates and aerobic conditions, basic requirements in the composting. A persistent phytotoxicity

would indicate a bad development process, often due to inadequate oxygenation, or a poor balance

of substrates.

• The composting process leads to the production of carbon dioxide, water, minerals and finally

a stabilized organic matter (which would be the final product "compost"). Composting should

produce a stabilized product, with a high fertilizer value to be used in agriculture. In addition, it has

to be easily handled and stored, and its direct use in the soil should not cause adverse effects.

With everything said so far, we can give the following definition of COMPOSTING: a controlled

bioxidative process, which involves numerous and varied microorganisms and requires a suitable

humidity and heterogeneous organic substrates. This process involves the step to a thermophilic

stage and a temporary production of phytotoxins, giving at the end a product of the degradation

processes of carbon dioxide, water and minerals, as well as a steady organic matter, free of

phytotoxins and ready for use without causing adverse events.

Stabilization processes of organic materials such as composting, which we could consider as "low-

cost technologies for stabilization of organic waste", must meet specific requirements in order to

develop optimally. The above-mentioned requirements range from those relating strictly to the

process itself (control of temperature, humidity and ventilation), as well as those that are specific to

the products you want to compost (particle size, macro and micronutrients in the mass, C/N ratio of

the materials, etc.). It is necessary to indicate the limited porosity that the biosolid provides,

therefore making it necessary to increase the porosity in the mass of composting through the

addition of porous material (in our case, wood shavings, as it will be indicated later.

Factors relative to the composting process

For the process of composting to be a purely biological process, there are many and very complex

factors to be involved; some of which become uncontrollable because the dynamics of the process.

However, other parameters such as temperature, aeration, moisture, pH, and the C/N ratio can and

must be controlled in order not to allow the process to run spontaneously.

Temperature: The waste is decomposed by the action of microorganisms, generating large amount

of energy that is transmitted by all the composting pile, causing a rise in temperature.

Subsequently, the temperature drops and remains stabilized around room temperature. When

excessively high temperatures are reached it is of interest to cool the mass, either by whirling it or

by forced aeration.

At the beginning of the composting process, mass is at room temperature; due to the mesophilic

population increase, the labile organic material degrades and a temperature increase occurs. At

temperatures above 40°C the mesophilic process stops and degradation enters a thermophilic phase,

reaching up to values of 60-70°C. The thermophilic phase is very important because when

temperatures of this order are reached, a pasteurization of the product takes place, destroying the

pathogenic organisms and weeds seeds and ensuring the sanitation of the product. Once easily

biodegradable materials have been consumed, the reaction slows down beginning to cool down the

mass.

146

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Aeration:Ensuring the presence of oxygen is essential for the development of the process of

composting, as this is an aerobic process (Jäckel et al., 2005). The amount of oxygen required

depends on the type of material, its texture, the frequency of throws or reactor type and should be

maintained between 5 and 15 %.

Moisture: The microorganisms need water for their metabolism. This also constitutes the means of

transport of the soluble nutrients and the reaction products. Optimal levels are from 40 to 60 %.

Below the lower level the microbial activity decreases considerably and above the upper level,

anaerobic problems appear from the displacement of air for water (Costa et al., 1991).

pH: This parameter is often taken as an indicative of the evolution of the composting process. In

the first moments of the process, the initial pH can suffer a decline, due to the fact that

microorganisms act on the more labile organic matter (carbohydrates, etc. ), resulting in a release of

organic acids. Subsequently there is a rise in pH, as a result of an increase in the concentration of

ammonium ion. It should be borne in mind that a large increase in pH, accompanied by strong

temperature increases, may lead to the loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. As the material

stabilizes, pH values are usually located between 7 and 8(Carnes and Lossin, 1970; Nogales et al.,

1982).

In general, materials can be composted within a wide range of pH values (from 3 to 11); however,

the included pH values between 5 and 8 are the ones that are optimal. While the bacteria prefer a

pH close to neutral, the fungi are best developed in acid medium

C/N Ratio: For the good development of composting, it is recommended that the source material

has an appropriate C/N ratio. It is a very important aspect since bearing in mind that the

microorganisms generally use thirty parts of carbon for one of nitrogen, theoretically this ratio

(30:1) must be considered optimal for the materials to be composted (Kiehl, 1985). However, while

the values of this ratio are useful when it comes to some organic waste, in the case of the biosolids

it’s not so convenient.

Sewage sludge is high in nitrogen, so the initial C/N ratio is less than 10. During the composting

process, as a result of the loss of nitrogen, the ratio increases and at the end remains in values

between 15 and 20.

Factors relating to the substrate

There are other types of substrate-related factors among which we could mention the particle size.

It would be ideal if the size is almost microscopic, since in this way the process would run

perfectly. If that’s not a possibility then for operational reasons, the mentioned size must be

between 1 and 3 cm.

It should also be pointed out that the substrates involved in composting should provide macro and

micronutrients in such adequate quantities that microorganisms involved can carry out their activity

in optimal conditions.

Composting systems

147

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

There are many kinds of waste that can be used for composting: Organic fraction of municipal solid

waste (now called urban waste), sewage sludge, agricultural waste, etc. Some of them require that

they draw inert materials such as glass, plastics, metals, etc. Others need an adjustment of the mass

porosity and the chemical-biological conditioning in order for the process to run smoothly (this is

precisely the case of sewage sludge).

The biological transformation of organic matter occurs in nature in a spontaneous way, and this

depends on the particular substrate, as well as on the micro-organisms involved. The final product

will be completely different depending if the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic. This process is

slow and discontinuous, and does not occur in a homogenous manner.

Non-natural composting, in which a microbiological reaction of mineralization takes place along

with a partial reaction of humification (Adani et al., 2002), shall be subject to minimum periods of

time, that will be hard to shorten since processes depend on the biological cycles of the

microorganisms involved. Therefore, in the industrial process, which must be aimed at obtaining of

a final product useful as a fertilizer from an agricultural point of view, the composting cannot be

left to run spontaneously, but rather has to be controlled for ensuring a quick and low-cost process.

This can be achieved by directly influencing the growth and metabolism of microorganisms that

affect the composting.

Technically speaking, the most influential factor is aeration. Depending on the method adopted to

control it, various systems to carry out the composting arise (De Bertoldi et al., 1985; Stentiford,

1987). The fundamental difference between them is that they are either open (stacks exposed to air)

or closed (use of reactors or tunnels). The system that is simpler and more cost-effective is the one

in open-air because it aerates the stacks through turns.

The implementation of composting by forming stacks and periodically turning them has its

limitations as well. We must take into account that in order to utilize this system we must have

sufficient space to be able to flip the stack sideways, although it can also be done by machines that

leave it in the same place. It is also necessary to bear in mind that the turns can temporarily

interrupt the process. However, we believe that, if run well, this process has a greater advantage

over the others, because through turning it the whole mass is equally composted; achieving the

same objective through the other systems can present some problems, since the mass remains static.

a) Open systems.

Static piles

The idea of static piles with forced ventilation is perhaps the most appropriate, because it allows for

a precise control of the oxygen as well as other parameters such as temperature and humidity. Their

148

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

installation is not expensive, since the stacks don’t have to be rolled over, with the only

disadvantage being the space of the system.

The suction system that was devised in Beltsville (Willson and Dalmat, 1983), is widely used in the

United States (U.S.A.). With this system, a flow of air over 0.2 m3/min/ton is enough to provide an

oxygen concentration of 15% to compost composed of sewage sludge and wood shavings. In order

to reduce the problems with the smell, the air can be transmitted through a stack of mature compost

which acts as a filter (Biofilters).

The process was performed at Rutgers University in New Jersey (diagram 7), is based on the

supply of air and temperature control (Finstein and Miller, 1987). The data is transmitted to a

temperature controller by means of a thermostat located in the stack. When the signal being sent

indicates a value higher than the set limit, the system is triggered, launching a fan that cools down

the mass and decreases the temperature. This system has two main advantages over the precedent:

on one hand, through the evaporation which it originates, it produces a low humidity of the final

product and ensures good stability. On the other hand, the automatic temperature control prevents it

from prolonged periods of high temperature.

Piles with turns

This composting system is among the oldest existing practices. The phytopathologist Howard

(1931) was the one that marked the first significant progress in this area, developing a technique in

Indore (India) known as Indore Method or Howard Method (which has been followed in this

project). He formed 1.5 meters high piles with layers of garbage, animal manure, straws, leaves and

mud, then compared the advantages of that system with respect to the burning and burying of

waste.

It is a system that is simple and easy to carry out; it consists of periodically turning the mass in

order to expose the material of outer part to the interior and that way composting the whole mass

alike. Currently, with good monitoring of the temperature and humidity of the mass, in order to

find the right times appropriate times for the turns, this system can give very favourable results.

Naturally, it also has its limitations, as the oxygenation of the stack is only periodically provided

with the turns. If we consider that for a good biological oxidation to occur the oxygen level should

be kept constant, then this becomes a handicap for this system (De Bertoldi et al., 1982).

System associated with turns and forced ventilation

In this system the composting mixture is flipped and subsequently aerated by forced ventilation

(SILODA System). This process has been developed for accelerated composting of solid municipal

waste

149

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Scheme 1: Closed and open composting systems.

Scheme 2:Static system and forced ventilation.

b) Closed systems.

Vertical reactors

Reactors usually are between 2 and 4 meters high and can be continuous (the mass is located along

the reactor) or discontinuous (the mass is separated into different floors with a height of 2 meters or

they may also be static). Vertical reactors provide the ventilation necessary for the product in every

moment. A system of forced ventilation is installed according to the temperature that the mass can

reach and the amount of oxygen that the air must possess for a good stabilization of the product.

150

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

These reactor systems have a fundamental advantage which is the speed of the process. On the

other hand, among its drawbacks are the expensive maintenance and discharges, which tend to be

complicated is done manually.

There are two vertical composting processes:

Triga Process:A rolling bridge removes the waste from a reception pit and feeds a rotary sieve of

coarse mesh. The sieved material is carried through a pump to a mill. The ferrous material is

previously removed by a magnetic extractor. The milled product is transported to a digester

consisting of four vertical silos. The silos are loaded from the top, keeping the material in its

interior for two days, and the discharge being carried out by a thread without an end. A conveyor

belt carries the material back to the top of another digester, and so on. The top of the silos has a fan

for the aeration of the material in its interior. Then, the material passes through a magnetic

extractor and on to a vibrating sieve.

Earp-Thomas process:

It is defined as a process of bioconversion of organic residues in organic fertilizers for agriculture.

The main phases of the process are:

1. The transformation of organic waste into compost, through the use of vertical digesters and

bacterial inoculation as a means of accelerating the process.

2. The addition of chemicals to the compost in the quantities required to raise its nutrient values

and achieve the desired formulas, with the objective that these substances be incorporated in the

organic environment, preventing its loss by leaching or a combination in insoluble forms with

the soil.

3. A second inoculation of useful microorganisms into the soil, which proliferate in the middle

of the compost and intervene in the transformation of nutrients in forms that can be assimilated

by the upper floors.

The digester is a vertical metal cylinder, divided in 8 levels, with a central axis that operates a

system of plows or pallets in each one of them, which turns each time slot.

The material that enters through the top level is moved toward the center where an opening in the

floor allows the material to drop to the next level. In this compartment the inclination of the

different plows is opposite to each other in order to move the material towards the periphery where

another trap allows it to fall to the third level and so on. Due to the special design of the plows,

while they are slowly moving the material, they are also stirring it in order to have a complete

aeration in the entire mass, and ensure that the process is aerobic.

At the top of each chamber there is a nozzle for air intake and, diametrically opposite, an output for

vapors. All nozzles have occludes that regulate the entry of air and exit of steam in order to control

the temperature. On each level there is a door of record and a peephole for inspecting the inside of

the chamber. Fixed thermometers in the air chambers of each level permanently indicate the values

of the temperatures.

151

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

The process begins on the first level of the digester (from top to bottom), where the bacteria

synthesize sugar and multiply rapidly producing reducing enzymes of starch, minerals, etc. The

development of anaerobic bacteria is inhibited immediately. Temperatures range from 32 to 38 °C.

On the second level the proteolytic bacteria produce enzymes that reduce proteins to amino acids.

Nitrites and nitrates are produced and then used by the reductive organisms of cellulose.

Temperatures range between 38 and 44 °C. On the third level, the rate of bacterial oxidation

increases. The temperature rises to the optimal limits for bacteria, which multiply and initiate the

reduction of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, alfa-cellulose, and lignin. The temperature is from 44 to 55

°C.

On the fourth and fifth level, the aerobic thermophilic organisms heat up and soften resistant

tissues, hydrolyze and disintegrate decaying bacterial bodies and organic matter. Resistant

anaerobic bacteria and spores, in the majority of cases disintegrate by their interiors being

vaporized and hydrolyzates, or are attacked in the softening condition, in such a way that the

starch, proteins and minerals contained in each organism are digested by enzymes that could not

penetrate the membranes of the cells before the intense heat.

In the last three levels, digestion continues at a slower pace, the homogenization and drying of the

product is completed, achieving a drop in temperature in the process. The lignins are of difficult

reduction and are the ones that give the "compost" its special characteristics-nutrients for the

microorganisms in the soil, which allow for a controlled and intense bacterial activity.

Horizontal reactors

The Danobiostabilizing cylinder and other similar ones can be considered as horizontal reactors of

composting (Tunnels). It should be noted that they are not considered as true reactors for

composting, because its main function is the differentiation of waste components by biological and

physico-chemical means.

PROCESS OF MATURING

The composting process, as we have extensively exhibited, is based on achieving the loss of more

labile organic matter and reaching a sanitation and stabilization of organic matter.

However, if in addition to the composting process the compost is subject a subsequent process of

maturing the content of humic substances (key for the quality of organic matter) will be improved,

as well as other lesser known aspects such as its biocontrol effect.

Scheme 3:Composting plant; System in tunnels.

152

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

The realization of this process is extremely simple and not costly. It only consists of stackingthe

composted material in static piles without turning it. During maturation, the material stays in the

mesophilic phase and the microbial activity will be extremely slow (Goyal, 2005).

The annex I-II describes a study realized to the characterization of wastes treated by different

technologies regarding their suitability for agricultural use and especially for vegetable and cereal

cultivation under Spanish climatic conditions.

Since the co-utilization of various wastes in composting processes is a common practice for

obtaining high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers

for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes have

been included in this study.

153

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

18 B) Market

19 B.1. Current situation of the market for compost

Supply of compost and mixtures of waste destined for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping and improvement and recovery of soils, comes from the following sectors:

-Composting plants that process the organic fraction of MSW. -Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries.

Apart from that, there are companies that trade treated sludge from urban sewages or apply this sludge directly to agriculture and green spaces. In the last few years, some of the companies in the sector started developing the production of mixtures of Compost + NPK, which are a result of combining organic product and inorganic formulations with different contents N-P-K. As a result of the lack of specific legislation that requires a concrete definition and characterization of raw materials, composting processes and resulting products, the market for compost and organic amendments is unorganized, and prices do not correspond with the qualities and uses.

20 B.2. Potential Supply.

The recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment regarding separate

source collection of the organic fraction becomes an objective for optimal quality and

competitiveness in the compost, this productive potential in the medium to long term will be

calculated from a policy parameter as indicated in the National Plan for Urban Waste of the

Ministry of Environment: it is considered that in 2006, 24.2% of generated MSW will be

composted, in other words. The organic fraction will be 106 kg/inhabitant per year (1.2

Kg/inhabitant/day of MSW).

On the other hand, the data offered by composting plants with separate source collection (year

2,000) shows that about 25% of the organic fraction is converted into compost, which is equivalent

to 27 kg of compost per inhabitant per year.

Nevertheless, it’s necessary to make two estimates for the total amount of production, the first in a

consideration of the short term (year 2006), with most of the compost of a lower quality (organic

fraction not separated at source) and an overall figure around 750 thousand tons (extrapolation of

the official production figures in 1998: 415.000 - 513.000 tons of composting plants) and the

second estimate, long-term, with mostly high quality compost, from separate collection at source:

1,067 thousand tons. Their breakdown by autonomous regions is contained in the attached table.

The theoretical potential for production of compost msw (medium-long term).

AUTONOMOUS REGION’S

COMPOST

Tons (in

thousands)

ANDALUCIA

ARAGON

194

32

154

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

ASTURIAS

BALEARES

CANARIAS

CANTABRIA

CASTILLA-LA MANCHA

CASTILLA Y LEON

CATALUÑA

VALENCIA

EXTREMADURA

GALICIA

MADRID

MURCIA

NAVARRA

PAIS VASCO

LA RIOJA

CEUTA Y MELILLA

29

21

443

14

46

68

164

108

29

74

136

30

14

56

7

2

TOTAL 1.067

SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOST

The estimated numbers of treated sludge production in late 2005, by Autonomous Community, are given in the following table:

AUTONOMOUS REGION’S TONS OF DRY

MATTER/YEAR

ANDALUCIA

ARAGON

ASTURIAS

BALEARES

CANARIAS

CANTABRIA

CASTILLA-LA MANCHA

CASTILLA Y LEON

CATALUÑA

VALENCIA

EXTREMADURA

GALICIA

MADRID

MURCIA

NAVARRA

PAIS VASCO

LA RIOJA

CEUTA Y MELILLA

312.500

41.000

36.000

29.000

54.000

18.000

56.000

81.000

200.000

130.000

36.000

90.000

342.862

37.000

11.314

63.000

8.000

2.300

TOTAL 1.547.976

155

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Or the purposes of using this sludge as a base for compos, this plan makes the following forecast

(reference in dry matter for sludge with 75% moisture)

Tm dry matter (max.)

Use and conservation of agricultural soils with uncomposted treated sludge

619.190 (40%)

Agricultural and soil conservation (prior

composting)

386.944 (25%)

Incineration and landfill 541.791 (35%)

Total 1.547.976

Thus, it is estimated that approximately 1 million tons of treated sludge (dry matter), or 4 million

tons of fresh sludge, will be used for agriculture and improvement of soils. Of this amount, 1.5

million tons will be subjected to composting process, combining them with other waste, in

particular forest remains and gardening.

The total volume of compost obtained from the composting process with use of treated sludge and

forest remnants is, according to previous data, 619,190 Tm

LIVESTOCK AND FOOD WASTE COMPOST

Raw materials

Waste that is potentially compostable includes the following: grape marc, olive pomace, vegetable water, slurry and manure, horticultural remains, forest residues, garden waste, meat and dairy waste.

It is necessary to point out that a big part of these raw materials is intended for mixtures with

different maturity grade but without them having had a finished composting process. It is assumed

that the regulation on quality control makes the latter productive line more and scarcer for the sake

of composting being subject to specific norms.

In the livestock sector, the modernization and intensification that has undergone in the last few

decades has also caused an increase in the waste generation and a concentration in its distribution,

in a way that constitutes as a source of contamination. This is especially true for the waste in the

atmosphere (greenhouse gases and odors) and in the waters (nitrates, organic matter, etc.). On the

other hand, the use of more environmentally friendly and less costly resources is an increasingly

dominant need, while utilization of the livestock waste for compost production has great potential.

The key approach: there is a wide dispersion of farms (manure-producing areas). Currently, the

farms are the ones responsible for their management and incorporate them to the soil, either

composted or without any treatment. This was the trend until 2-3 years ago. At present, there

156

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

already are companies responsible for the management of waste and its subsequent recovery

(biogas, compost…), but its uncontrolled use keeps on being more profitable for the farmer in some

developments

WASTE FROM PROCESSING GRAPES

The pomace, which comes from alcohol and wine industries, is the only one considered. This

residue is obtained in the pressing of the grapes and is composed of the stem, the skins and the

kernel or seed, unless the latter is used by anoil extractor.

The grape pomace has high humic content.

Productions

- An average number of pomace per treated grapes is estimated at 150 kg.

- It is estimated that the content of dry organic matter is 75 kg per ton of grapes.

Marketing

Grape pomace is sold as a component of mulches and substrates without any processes other than

the grinding and sieving, that is, without a complete aerobic digestion.

Composting on the basis of this residue, incorporating other elements (manure), provides

identifiable compost as an organic amendment for the sector of nurseries and landscaping.

Grape wine(Tm Thousand)

Grape pomace (Tm Thousand)

Andalucía 270 40

Aragón 137 21

Asturias - -

Baleares 6 1

Canarias 28 4

Cantabria - -

Castilla-la mancha 1.998 300

Castilla y León 197 30

Cataluña 492 74

ComunidadValenciana

323 48

Extremadura 314 47

Galicia 248 37

Madrid 59 9

Murcia 86 13

Navarra 124 19

País vasco 76 11

Rioja 239 36

Ceuta y Melilla - -

TOTAL 4.597 690

157

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

We have to take into account the success of last year (2013-2014) which has turned Spain into the

largest producer of wine in the world, ahead of its big competitors, France and Italy. Spain, despite

being the country with the largest cultivated vineyards in the world, has failed to take the

leadership of wine production up to now because of the low productivity of the soil in some

regions. (Source OEMV)

Scheme 4: Estimated wine production of the leading countries in the world

By autonomous regions, Castilla - La Mancha registered the largest increase last year. The region has gone from producing 19 million hectolitres to 31.2 million, 64.1% more than last year. It is followed in growth by Extremadura with an increase of 28.4%, slightly surpassing the 4 million hectolitres and Cataluña, whose production increased by 20.6% to 3.4 million hectolitres. Out of all the autonomous regions, only Galicia and Asturias recorded falls of production with regard to previous years

OLIVE POMACE AND ALPECHIN Olive oil extraction processes.-

By-product: OLIVE POMACEAND ALPECHIN: 1-1,5 tons per ton of processed olives

158

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

OLIVE POMACE (modern two-phase system of extraction)

Semisolid mixture of wastewaters and solid remains of olive pulp and seed.. Its organic matter content is 95% of the total dry matter. Humidity is around 50-55%.

The pH is acidic (around 6) Its physical characteristics are unsuitable for agricultural management and application.

Vegetable water (traditional system of extraction)

-Residual water with organic matter and fertilizers -Average Composition per m3

● Dry residue: 170 kg., of which: - 150 kilograms of organic matter - 20 kg (mineral elements) - Acid pH (4 to 6). - Vegetable water carries compounds that are toxic to the plants (polyphenols and fatty acids) but their toxicity disappears in the composting process

Final parameter of calculation It is estimated that OLIVE POMACE will be progressively obtained in order to correspond with the most modern systems of extraction. The parameter estimate would be: 0.9 of waste per ton of olives. ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF OLIVE POMACE AND VEGETABLE WATER BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).

Autonomous region Olives (Tm Thousand) Estimated waste (Tm Thousand)

ANDALUCIA ARAGON ASTURIAS BALEARES CANARIAS CANTABRIA CASTILLA-LA MANCHA CASTILLA Y LEON CATALUÑA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA EXTREMADURA GALICIA MADRID MURCIA NAVARRA PAIS VASCO RIOJA CEUTA Y MELILLA

3.629 55 - 2 - -

206 8

139 62

189 -

15 13 8 - 3 -

3.266 50 - 2 - -

185 7

125 56

170 -

14 12 7 - 3 -

Total 4.329 3897

This volume of waste is destined for, on one hand, biomass plants and cogeneration power production and on the other, for composting plants where the OLIVE POMACE is combined with other materials (manure, municipal waste, other plant debris) in order to produce compost (at medium-long term). For the purpose of this second use, estimation is made that 50% of the above total will be the basis for all composting. SLURRY AND MANURE SWINE MANURE.

159

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

For the purposes of its use as an organic fertilizer, some important traits have to be considered. - High nitrogen content that on one hand is an important nutrient, and on the other is applied

in excess to the field, generates a problem of nitrification, in addition to contamination. - It is not uncommon for the slurry to have a high concentration of heavy metals (especially

copper), as a result of the complements of the feed for the cattle. Volume of average production and composition

According to the pig case of the Annual Food Statistics of MAGRAMA and Cataluña manure management plan, an estimated gross volume of total production is 12 million tons. The average composition of slurry is the following (there have been considered fattening farms, breeding animals and closed cycle):

- Dry Matter: 5 %. - % of organic matter in dry matter: 66 %. - N total (% dry matter) :6-8% - P2O5 (% dry matter) :6-7% - K2O (% dry matter): 3-4%

OTHER MANURE AND SLURRY

These include organic waste from cattle, sheep, horses and chicken manure from poultry farms: Pondering the production of different types of exploitation and considering an average composition, has lead to the following parameters:

Manure % Dry Matter % organic matter S/dry matter

bovine sheep poultry manure

20 35 50

55 65 72

The estimate of the available manure production is derived from the data of the Annual agri-food statistics of MAPA. It is taken as a reference for the possibility of making compost, in combination with other wastes, although for the most part it is reemployed on the farm or in local composting who often have incomplete character

Poultry Manure

The main waste generated in intensive livestock farms is fundamentally related to the production of manure, mainly due to its generation and accumulation in large volumes that can pose a problem of management. The poultry manure is considered as the faeces accumulated in the agricultural accommodations, which may or may not be mixed with other organic materials used in the preparation of the beds. As in the case of semi-intensive productions or the generation of wet manure which have been diluted in water in the processes of extraction and cleaning. The management of such waste is one of the main problems that are faced by the sector, especially in cases of farms in the outskirts of towns. Poultry manure can be seen as a by-product with multiple potential uses, although in Spain it’s generally treated as a waste delivered to external agents. It should be noted that there are developments in other countries toward a scenario in which this waste disposal is an additional cost to the expenses inherent to the production of eggs.

160

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

In consequence, the problem for poultry farms is caused by the generated volumes and its subsequent management. Currently the majority of the chicken manure which is generated in poultry production is intended for use as compost. Therefore, it is transferred to an agent, then sold or is intended for personal consumption, in those cases in which the producer himself possesses agricultural land.

Revaluation as organic fertilizer

The agronomic value of the poultry manure as organic fertilizer is the preferred one for its management. In Spain, this use may be more advised due to the existence of large agricultural areas with soils poor in organic matter and threatened by desertification. The summary of these productions is as follows

Manure ProductionTmThousand bovine Sheep, goats equine poultry others

35.121 13.840 2.504 6.107 1.078

TOTAL 58.650 ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF SLURRY AND MANURE BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).

Autonomous Region Slurry (Tm Thousand) OthersManures ( thousand Tm Tm)


1.246 1.820

30 60 52 25

686 1.714 3.535 695 460 647 30

972 240 25 73 -

6.458 5.049 2.367 814 528

2.137 4.132 11.382 6.798 1.083 4.281 8.234 790 606

1.381 1.959 651

-

Total 12.310 58.650 For the purposes of a transformation by way of compost, 50% of manure is used.

161

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

An assumption is made that 90% of the other manures have a direct agricultural use and only 10% will be included in the compost processing plants. ORGANIC MATTER (dry) AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCING COMPOST AND FERTILIZERS

In accordance with the data shown above, and considering the different types of slurry and manures produced, following parameters are applied:

- Pig slurry: 5% of dry matter. o or 66% of organic matter S / dry. mat.

- Other livestock waste: 25% of dry matter. o or 60% of organic matter S / dry. mat.

Therefore, 34 kg of dry organic matter is obtained per ton of pig slurry and 150 Kg of dry organic matter per ton of other cattle remains. Considering the total volumes of waste reach the following figures of availability of dry organic matter to produce fertilizers:

- From pig slurry: 412,000 t. - From other livestock waste: 880,000 Tm

HORTICULTURAL AND OTHER PLANT REMAINS

Because of the importance of their concentration in some areas, waste from greenhouses and the organic remains of mushroom farms should be highlighted. Other materials that should be considered as compost ingredients are the cereal straws and the remains from fruit and vegetable farms even though there are no concrete estimates available for their volume, because of never being the main components of these finished organic products. Greenhouses

Basically, there are horticultural crops located in Almeria (60% of national total), the Canary Islands, Valencia, Murcia and Almeria.

The volume of plant debris has important figures as raw material for production of compost (an estimate is 300,000 t of green waste per year) although there are some difficulties with textile and plastic materials that are not separated at origin Mushrooms There are companies that produce compost for the cultivation of mushrooms. The used compost can be treated again giving a base for a new compost that can be marketed as an amendment. The companies that are engaged in the latter activity are concentrated in Cuenca and La Rioja, and it is estimated that they use about 400,000 t/year of waste to produce compost. FOREST AND GARDENING REMAINS The volume of these remains as organic base for fertilizers is enormous, but it must be taken into account that its use is very diverse, now and possibly in the future. Referred applications are as follows:

-Plants which use biomass in the combustion process and get electrical and/or thermal energy (cogeneration plants) -Direct use of bark, sawdust and other debris in the preparation of substrates and organic amendments -Plants for transformation and production of briquettes

162

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

On the other hand, a feature of these remains is their high content of lignin, hardly degradable to the effects of compost suitable for the soil. The remains of forests, gardens and green spaces present a major problem in the current situation, especially in large metropolitan areas. The progressive elimination of landfill sites and the large accumulation of these remains makes the implementation of solutions to eliminate those materials very urgent. The rules for their management prepared by the Public Agencies consider important the employment of these residues in the production of compost, according to the cases with organic fraction of MSW, sewage sludge and other organic waste. MEAT AND DAIRY WASTE Meat companies (slaughterhouses, quartering rooms, various products) provide waste of very diverse application in a composting process, but today, with its difficult output as supply for animal consumption, such use is being considered, also taking into account its protein content (nitrogen source). It is also possible to consider remains of the dairy as a compost ingredient, although this output is less significant than that of the meat sector. The incorporation of some of this industrial waste to compost may be considered in all of the autonomous regions but especially in Cataluña, Andalusia, Castilla y León and Valencia, because of the importance of their agri-food sector. It should be taken into account that the EU is currently preparing a regulation on these types of waste which includes its use in composting and anaerobic digestion processes (methanation). POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST (MEDIUM AND LONG-TERM) BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS

Taking into consideration the raw materials analyzed before (organic fraction of MSW, treated

sludge available for composting, meat and agri-food waste), estimates have been made of the

potential production of compost for each Autonomous Region. Each regional monograph includes,

first, the availability of materials and then the production of compost, breaking down the organic

fraction of MSW, of treated sludge from and other waste.

The summary table is attached, with a total of 3,477 tons of compost.

163

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST

Autonomous Region O.F MSW

SLUDGE TREATED

OTHER WASTE


194 32 29 21 43 14 46 68

164 108 29 74

136 30 14 56 7 2

125 16 14 11 22 6 22 32 80 51 14 37

138 14 5 26 3 1

467 216 33 14 13 30

200 184 185 64 99

122 16 50 38 30 32 -

Total 1.067 617 1.793

164

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF ANDALUCIA

POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE

WASTE

MSW ORGANIC FRACTION

Parameters

- -1.2 kg. of MSW per capita and day. - -Organic compostable fraction (according to National Plan) : 24.2% - -Designed to compost: 106 kg. / capita

Availability (medium and long-term))

- -Total, for composting: 776 thousand Tm

TREATED SLUDGE

-Fresh sludge (75% humidity). ......................................1,250 thousand TM -Intended for agricultural use and soil conservation, previous composting...312, 5 thousands Tm -Dry matter to compost (25%)...78.1 thousands TM -Number of cores of population with wastewater treatment plant sludge in 2006 (with more 10,000 inhabitants.

- Almería: 9

- Cádiz: 21

- Córdoba: 13

- Granada: 14

- Huelva: 11

- Jaén: 14

- Málaga: 19

- Sevilla: 29

TOTAL ANDALUCIA: 130

AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE

GRAPE WINE

- Parameters-150 Kg. / Tm grape - Drymatter: 50%

Availability- - 0,315 Tm dry matterper Tm of waste - 50% of waste goes to compost.

OLIVE POMACEAND OTHER OLIVE RESIDUES

Parameters -0.9 Tm grape pomace and vegetable water per Tm olive.

0,315 Tmdry matter per Tm of waste

50% of waste goes to compost

Availability - -1. 633 thousand tons of compostable waste. - - 570 thousandtons. drymatter.

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters:Dry matter:. 5%

Availability

165

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- 623 thousands of tons slurry. - 32 thousands of Tmdry matter.

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters: Only 10% will be used for compost. Drymatter 25%

Parameters.-

- 645 thousands tons. manure. - 162 thousands de tons. dry matter

HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND OTHER

Parameters.

- -50 % drymatter.

Availability

- 150 thousand tons residue (dry matter).


COMPOST FROM MSW

Average parameters: organic fraction of 600 Tm and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent

generate 200 Tm compost..

- 776 thousand Tm organic fractions available. - 260 thousand Tm of forest or equivalent remnants. - 194 thousand Tm compost.

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

Average parameters250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest residues generated

400 tonnes or equivalent compost.

- 78,thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 312,0 thousand Tm of forest or equivalent residues - 125 thousand Tm of compost.

COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE

Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste

- 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 570 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of alperujo. - 32 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of slurry. - 162 thousand Tm (Dry matter other manures. - 150 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 467 thousand Tm compost prepared total

TOTAL COMPOST: 786 thousand de Tm

166

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF ARAGON

COMPOST PRODUCTION. AVAILABILITY BIO DEGRADABLE OF WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 Kg. MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant

Availability (Medium-Long Term)

- Total for composting: 128.000 Tm

SLUDGE TREATED

- - Fresh sludge (75% moisture) ...................... 164 thousand of Tm - - For agricultural use and Soil conservation, composting prior ..................... 41

thousand Tm - - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 10 thousand Tm - - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) - Huesca: 5

- Teruel: 2

- Zaragoza: 4

- TOTAL ARAGON: 11


GRAPE MARC

Parameters 150 Kg./ Tmgrape

Dry matter: 50%

Availability

- 21 thousand of Tm grape marc - 10 thousand of Tm dry matter

OLIVE POMACEAND OTHER OLIVE WASTE

Parameters

- OLIVE POMACE 0.9 Tm and Tm vegetable water/olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter waste - 50% of the waste is intended to compos -

Availability

- thousand Tm Compostable waste - 8 thousand Tm dry matter a

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters.- Drymatter: 5%

167

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Availability.-

- 910thousand Tm de slurry - 45 thousand Tmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters.

- - Only 10% will be used for compost. - Dry matter: 25 %

Availability

- 505thousandTmmanure - 126thousand Tmdry matter

HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER

Parameters.- 50% drymatter.

Availability.-

- 27 thousandTmresidues(dry matter).


COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.

- 128 thousand Tm organic fraction available - 42 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 32 thousand Tm compost.

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost

- 10 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 40 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 16 thousand Tm compost


- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste - 10 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 8 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 45 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines - 126 thousand (Dry matter) of other manures - 27 thousand t (dry matter) and several horticultural - 216 thousand Tm compost prepared total

TOTAL COMPOST: 264thousand Tm

168

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF ASTURIAS

POTENTIAL COMPOST PRODUCTION AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE

WASTE


Parameters.-

- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant

Availability(Medio-Largo Plazo)

- - Total for composting: 116 thousand Tm

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture) ..................... 144 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior ..................... 36 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ..................... 9 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) - Asturias: 22

- TOTAL ASTURIAS 22


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 15 thousandTmslurry - 1 thousandTmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Paramentes.

- Only 10% will be used for compost. - Dry matter: 25%

Availability

- 236 thousandTmmanure. - 59 thousandTmdry matter


Parameters.

- - 50 % dry matter.

Availability.-

- 5thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).

169

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


COMPOST FROM MSW


- 116 thousand Tm organic fraction available - 39 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 29 thousand Tm compost.

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost



- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 59 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural - 33 thousand of Tm total compost produced.

TOTAL COMPOST: 76 thousand Tm

170

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF BALEARS

POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE

WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 kg of MSW per capita per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant

Availability (Medium - Long Term)

- Total, para compostaje: 84thousandTm

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture) ........................... 116thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior........................ 29thousand Tm - Dry matter para compost (25%)........................... 7thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants.

− Baleares: 15

TOTAL BALEARES 15


GRAPE MARC

Parameters.

- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %

Availability

- 1thousand Tmgrape marc - 0,4thousand Tmdry matter

OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE

Parameters

- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - - 50% of the waste is intended for compost

Availability

- 1 thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 0,3 thousand Tmdry matter.

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5%

Availability

- 30thousand Tm de slurry - 1thousand Tmdry matter

171

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters

- - Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25%.

Availability

- 81thousand Tmmanure - 20thousand Tmdry matter


Parameters

- 50% dry matter.

Availability.-



COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average Parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.

- 84 thousand Tm organic fractions available. - 28 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 21 thousand Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost.



- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 0.4 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 0.3 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of OLIVE POMACE - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of slurry - 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 14 Tm compost prepared total.


172

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CANARIAS


WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 kg of MSW per capita per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant


- Total for composting: 172 thousand Tm

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ...................... 216 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior ................... 54 thousand of Tm - Dry material for compost (28%) .................... 14 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (more than 10 thousand).

− Las Palmas de G.C.: 13

− Sta. Cruz de Tenerife: 14

TOTAL CANARIAS: 27


GRAPE MARC

Parameters

- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape - Dry matter: 50%

Availability

- 4thousand Tmgrape marc - 2thousand Tmdry matter

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability


OTHERS MANURES

Parameters

- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25%

Availability



173

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Parameters

- 50% dry matter.

Availability.-



COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fraction and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.

- 172 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 57 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 43 thousand Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost



- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of slurry - 13 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures - 10 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural residues - 13 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


174

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CANTABRIA


WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant.


- Total for composting: 56 Miles of Tm

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). .................. 72 thousand of Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior .................. 18 Miles of Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) .................. 4 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants)

− Santander: 8

TOTAL CANTANBRA: 8


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- - Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 12thousand Tm de slurry - 0,6thousand Tmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters

- - Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %

Availability



Parameters

- 50 % drymatter

Availability

- 5thousand Tmresidue(dry matter).


175

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

COMPOST FROM MSW


- 56 thousand of Tm organic fraction of available - 18 thousand of Tm forest or equivalent residues - 14 thousand of Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Parameters means 250 tonnes of sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes of compost

- 4 thousand of Tm sludge (dry matter) - 16 thousand of Tm forest or equivalent residues - 6 thousand of Tm compost


- Media parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 0.6 Thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 54 thousand of Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand of Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 30 thousand of Tm compost prepared total.


176

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CASTILLA-LA MANCHA


WASTE

FRACCIÓN ORGANICA RSU

Parameters.-

- 1.2 Kg Of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant



SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ..................... 224 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior ..................... 56 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ..................... 14 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) − Albacete: 5

− Ciudad Real: 11

− Cuenca: 2

− Guadalajara: 2

− Toledo: 3

TOTAL CASTILLA – LA MANCHA: 23


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability



Parameters

- 1.1 Tm and dregs of alperujos by Tm olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability

- 92 thousand Tm of compostable waste - 29 thousand Tm dry matter

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- .Dry matter: 5 %

177

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Availability.-


OTHERS MANURES

Parameters

- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %

Availability



Parameters

- 50 % dry matter

Availability

- 100thousand Tm de residue (dry matter).


COMPOST FROM MSW


- 184 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 62 thousand Tm forest or other equivalent - 46 thousand Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes of compost.

- 14 thousand of Tm sludge (dry matter) - 56 thousand of Tm forest or equivalent residues - 22 thousand of Tm compost


- 150 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 29 Miles of Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace. - 17 Miles of Tm (dry matter) of purines. - 104 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures - 100 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural residues - 200 thousand Tm compost prepared total.

TOTAL COMPOST: 268 thousandTm

178

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CASTILLA Y LEON

POTENTIAL COMPOST PRODUCTION. AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE

WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2%. - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant.

Availability


SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 324 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior 81 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 20 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) − Avila: 1

− Burgos: 3

− León: 7

− Palencia: 1

− Salamanca: 3

− Segovia: 1

− Soria: 1

− Valladolid: 3

− Zamora: 3

TOTAL CASTILLA Y LEON: 23


GRAPE MARC

Parameters

- 150 Kg. / Tm ofgrape. - Dry matter: 50 %

Availability

- 30thousand Tmgrape marc. - 15thousand Tmdry matter


Parameters

- 0.9 Tm olive pomace and vegetable water per Tm olive. - 0.315 Tm of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost.

Availability

- 3thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 0.2ThousandTmdry matter

179

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 857thousand Tm de slurry - 43thousand Tm dry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability.-

- 1.138thousand Tmmanure - 284thousand Tmdry matter


Parameters


Availability

- 27thousand Tmofwaste (dry matter). POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST

COMPOST FROM MSW



COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost.

- 20 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 80 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 32 thousand Tm compost


- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 15 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 0.2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of alperujo - 43 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 284 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 184 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


180

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CATALUÑA


WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant

Availability.-


SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 800 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 200 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 50 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants − Barcelona: 57

− Gerona: 12

− Lérida: 4

− Tarragona: 10

TOTAL CATALUÑA: 83


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability.-



Parameters

- 0,9 Tm de alperujos y alpechines por Tm de aceituna. - 0,315 Tmdry matter/ Tmof waste. - 50 % de los residuos se destina a compost.

Availability

- 62thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 20thousand Tmdry matter

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 1.768thousand Tm de slurry.

181

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- 88thousand Tmof dry matter.

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability



Parameters

- 50 % dry matter.

Availability

- 54thousand Tm waste(dry matter). POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST

COMPOST FROM MSW



COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost



- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste - 37 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 88 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 170 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 185 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


182

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF VALENCIA


WASTE


Parameters


Availability

Total for composting: 432 thousand of Tm

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 520 thousand of Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting....................... 130 thousand of Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 32 thousand of Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (more than 10 thousand

inhabitants). − Alicante: 26

− Castellón: 9

− Valencia: 39

TOTAL VALENCIA: 74


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability

- 48thousand Tmgrape marc - 24thousand Tmdry matter.


Parameters

- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive. - 0.315 Tm / ton of dry matter. waste - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability

- 28thousand Tmof compostable waste - 7thousand Tmdry matter

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

183

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- 348thousand Tmofslurry. - 17thousand Tmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability



Parameters

- 50 % dry matter.

Availability

- 54thousand Tmresidues (dry matter).


COMPOST FROM MSW



COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes Compost



- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 7 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of alperujos - 17 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 64 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


184

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF EXTREMADURA

POTENTIAL OF COMPOST. AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE


Parameters


Availability


SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 144 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior.......... 36 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 9 Miles Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) -− Badajoz: 11

− Cáceres: 4

TOTAL EXTREMADURA: 15


GRAPE MARC

Parameters

- 150 kg / ton of grapes - Dry matter: 50%

Availability



Parameters.

- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability

- 85thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 28thousand Tmdry matter

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 230thousand Tmofslurry. - 12thousand Tmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

185

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Parameters

- - Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %

Availability



Parameters


Availability

- 27thousand Tm de waste (dry matter).


COMPOST FROM MSW



COMPOST FROM SLUDGE




- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 28 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 12 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 107 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 99 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


186

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF GALICIA


WASTE


Parameters


Availability


SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 360 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 90 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 23 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (covering more than 10

thousand inhabitants) − La Coruña: 26

− Lugo: 7

− Orense: 4

− Pontevedra: 25

TOTAL GALICIA: 62


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 323thousand Tmofslurry. - 16thousand Tmdry matter.

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability


187

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Parameters

- 50 % dry matter

Availability.-



COMPOST FROM MSW


- 296 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 99 thousand Tm forest residues or equivalent - 74 thousand Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- - Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost.

- 23 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 92 thousand Tm forest residues or equivalent. - 37 thousand Tm compost


- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 18 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 16 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 206 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 122 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


188

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MADRID


WASTE


Parameters


Availability


SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 1,372 thousand of Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 343 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 86 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) − Madrid: 29

TOTAL MADRID: 29


GRAPE MARC

Parameters

- 150 kg / ton of grapes. - Dry matter: 50%

Availability



Parameters

- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive. - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost.

Availability


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 15thousand Tm de slurry. - 1thousand Tmdry matter.

189

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability



Parameters

- 50 % dry matter.

Availability

- 4thousand Tmwaste (dry matter). POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST

COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost


COMPOST FROM SLUDGE




- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 4 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 16 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


190

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MURCIA

PRODUCCIÓN POTENCIAL DE COMPOST.AVAILABILITYOF WASTE

BIODEGRADABLES

ORGANIC FRACTION MSW

Parameters


Availability


SLUDGE TREATED


inhabitants) − Murcia: 24

TOTAL MURCIA: 24


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability.-



Parameters.

- -. 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability


191

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability



Parámetro.

- 50 % dry matter

Availability



COMPOST FROM MSW


- - 120 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - - 40 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - - 30 thousand Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE


- 9 thousand Tm Sludge (dry matter). - 36 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 14 thousand Tm compost


- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - - 6 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - - 15 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - - 50 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


192

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF NAVARRA


WASTE


Parameters.-


Availability.-


SLUDGE TREATED

- - Fresh sludge (75% moisture)........................ 44 thousand Tm - - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 11 thousand Tm - - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 3 thousand Tm - - Number of villages in WWTP sludge, 2006 (with over 10 thousand inhabitants)

− Navarra: 7

TOTAL NAVARRA: 7


GRAPE MARC

Parameters

- 150 kg / ton of grapes. - Dry matter: 50%

Availability



Parameters

- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability

- 3 thousand Tm of compostable waste - 0.2 thousand Tm dry matter

SWINE SLURRY

- Parameters.- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 120thousand Tmslurry - 6thousand Tmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


193

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Availability.-



Parameter

- 50 % dry matter.

Availability

- 27thousand Tmwaste (dry matter)


COMPOST FROM MSW



COMPOST FROM SLUDGE




- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 9 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 0.2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 6 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 35 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 38 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


194

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY


WASTE


Parameters


Availability

- Total, para compostaje: 224thousandTm

SLUDGE TREATED


inhabitants) − Álava: 3

− Guipúzcoa: 19

− Vizcaya: 18

TOTAL PAIS VASCO: 40


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability

- 12thousand Tm de slurry - 0,6thousand Tmdry matter

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability


195

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Parameters

- - 50 % dry matter

Availability

- 5thousand Tmwaste (dry matter)


COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average parameters: 600 Tm. organic fraction and 200 Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm. compost.

- 224 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 75 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 56 thousand Tm. Compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost

- 16 thousand Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 64 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 26 thousand Tm. compost


- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 6 thousand Tm. (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 600 Tm. (Dry matter) of purines. - 49 thousand Tm. (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand Tm. (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 30 thousand Tm. compost prepared total


196

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF LA RIOJA


WASTE


Parameters


Availability

- Total for composting: 28 thousand Tm.

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 32 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior.......................8 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 2 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) − Logroño: 3

TOTAL LA RIOJA: 3


GRAPE MARC

Parameters

- 150 Kg. / Tm ofgrape - Dry matter: 50 %

Availability



Parameters

- 0.9 Tm. and dregs of pomace per Tm. olive - 0.315 Tm. per ton of dry matter waste - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability

- 2thousand Tmof compostable waste - 0,8thousand Tmdry matter

SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability


OTHERS MANURES

197

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Parameters


Availability



Parameters

- 50 % dry matter

Availability



COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average parameters: 600 Tm. organic fractions and 200 Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost

- 28 thousand Tm. organic fraction of available - 9 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 7 thousand Tm. compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost

- 2 thousand Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 8 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 3 thousand Tm compost


- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost

- 2 thousand Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 8 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 3 thousand Tm. compost


198

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

CEUTA AND MELILLA


WASTE


Parameters

- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost: 106 Kg / Living

Availability

- Total for composting: 8 thousand Tm.

SLUDGE TREATED

- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 8 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior.......................2 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 500 Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand

inhabitants) − Ceuta: 1

− Melilla: 1

TOTAL CEUTA Y MELILLA: 2


COMPOST FROM MSW

- Average parameters: 600 Tm. organic fraction and 200 Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm. compost.

- 8 thousand Tm. organic fraction of available - 3 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 2 thousand Tm. compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE

- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost

- 500 Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 2 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues. - 1 thousand Tm. compost


199

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

21 B.3 Potential Demand

In the current situation, the demand for compost corresponds to the following types of consumption:

- Agriculture. - Companies such as nurseries and garden centre - Institutions and companies that organize and maintain gardens and green spaces. - Companies who perform works of infrastructure that requires the creation of soil

vegetation

Agriculture The findings of the interviews with organizations of farmers have been very uniform and can specify the following points:

- There is a general ignorance about the uses and applications of compost and a distrust of their comparability with organic fertilizers.

- The direct application of treated sludge to crops is loosely organized and the farmer is encounters problems with the procedures for the application and control of soil analysis

- As opposed to mixtures of peat and other organic remains that are sold by commercial houses (branded and packaged products), the compost derived from a well-elaborated fermentation with identified waste, is just a small percentage of what could potentially be offered to the market from the residues. For this reason, the farmer does not value this compost and only uses it when the price is low.

- The ecological agriculture still does not have a concrete and well known supply of compost, as it has an image linked to waste and processes that give little confidence.

- Recently, some farmers’ associations have begun to worry about the possibility of the waste composted organic fertilizer and are awaiting precise technical guidelines that allow for a development of the use of compost in agriculture.

Companies such as nurseries, garden centers and institutions that maintain green spaces Their demand for compost is growing but the adjusted downward price requirement makes the buyer not value the difference in quality properly. It is important that the Administration controls and provides good information about the content, so that the consumer appreciates such quality, for the benefit of the well-crafted compost. In general, respondents have expressed their distrust of compost which is not well-presented and require that its effectiveness be proven, especially the nurseries and gardening companies. Companies carrying out infrastructure works with creation of soil vegetation All respondents indicated that the main problem for the use of quality compost is that in each project, the batch dedicated for the creation of soil is very tight, and for the application to the field they prefer a product that essentially can be distributed without difficulty (Eg: Fresh sludge or semiliquid manure). Again, in this sector, it is also necessary to have public support for the dissemination of the use of compost, starting this work in terms of technical specifications of the projects themselves. PRICES OF THE COMPOST MSW compost The low quality compost obtained from the MSW makes its selling price rarely exceeding the 12 euros/Tm, excluding transport costs. In addition, as customers of opportunity (some farms or processors of amendments and mulch in the area), one cannot talk of a real market but

200

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

rather specific operations without continuity and marketing applied to a significant market segment. There are, however, exceptions to this trend such as Navarra and Cataluña, who obtain a process and a degree of refinement and screening that are close in physical appearance and quality to a commercial organic amendment. The sale price to farmers (bulk) is in the range of 19-22 euro/Tm. It can be said that there is virtually no sales of compost packaging (bags) so that an important value-added step is lost. Once again, it is the lack of quality that prevents the pose of packaging, in addition to the supply from the competition of companies specializing in amendments and substrates. The average prices of compost, considering the data from composting plants, are as follows:

- -Medium-high quality compost: 20 euro/Tm - -Low quality compost: 13.2 euros/Tm

Prices of organic amendments and mulch The market for these organic products is supplied, on one hand, by companies of local nature "mantilleros" that offer little reliability in terms of composition and quality of the amendment, and, on the other hand, by companies that sell products under a brand name, with indications of formulations and with prices that are very competitive. Therefore, it is difficult to find a niche in the market and exploit cheap organic waste or very economic in its design, so industries and farms often pay for the service to the management of these residues. A sample of prices of wholesalers (bulk and packaged) is offered in the tables attached, with considerations and following conclusions: 1) In the market for amendments and products equivalent to the compost, there is a great disparity of qualities, as it is very difficult to homogenize them because of their diverse origin:wet or dry sludge(including semi-composted sludge), compost from MSW, manure, remains from forest pruning, grape marc, olive pomace, slurry, etc. Some companies limit themselves to mixing waste and leaving it to "mature", similar to mulch. It is common for them to add imported peat. Sometimes, the development is more complete and can be seen in the price of the product, higher and with detailed information and advertising (2) The prices of bulk (in euros/m3 or euros/Tm) have, in accordance with the aforementioned, a huge dispersion. The averages are as follows:

- - Bulk, by volume: 35 euros/m3 - - Bulk, by weight : 49 euros/Tm

Compared with the prices of compost purchased in MSW plants, it can be observed that the commercial product (49 euros/Tm) is significantly higher than the compost, regardless if it is of high (20 euros/Tm) or low quality (13.2 euros/Tm). That is one of the key points for the development of the supply of quality compost. 3) The prices of the packaging (wholesale), with an average of 0.06 euro/litter and equivalent to 60 euros/m3 lead, logically, to an increase of value added in the bulk.

- - Rising from 35 to 60 euros/m3. It is important to note, once again, that the packaged product due to the absence of specific regulations, does not guarantee any quality nor a significant performance.

201

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Average prices

- -Bulk prices to wholesalers (Ex warehouse) (€/m3): 35 €/m3 - -Bulk wholesale prices €/Tm: 49 €/Tm

Organic and assimilated amendments:

- -Packaged (whole sale) prices: 0.06 €/litter Prices of mixtures of Compost + NPK Although it's a nascent market, everything seems to point to a strong expansion of its sales, by the undoubted advantages of bringing together, in a single product and a single application, organic compounds and formulations NPK. In fact, there are already several Spanish companies, which have been launched by that line of sales and it is estimated, according to opinions of technicians, that the mixture of quality compost and NPK is an activity in which it can participate, not only promoters and fertilizer companies, but also cooperatives which have capacity of re-employment. From the point of view of achieving, from waste, the greatest possible added value, a table has been attached with average data of companies that sell mixtures of Compost + NPK. In this table, with wholesale prices, is indicated that the average price of the bulk is 101 euros/Tm while the packaged is 131 euros/Tm It signifies that in the case of mixtures of Compost + NPK, a new step of added value is presented and it indicates how the pyramid of the compost gross has an important economic multiplier.

- Average bulk: 101 euro/Tm - Average packaged: 131 euro/Tm

202

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

22 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances.

Potentialdemand Las estimaciones de la demanda a medio-largo plazo han sido las siguientes: Agriculture A minimum estimate has been applied, corresponding with the following assumptions:

- -The market of olive groves and vineyards will demand from the market of blends of Compost - NPK an equivalent of 1 thousand kg/ha annually. Logically, it is a consumption that could expand to the extent that these products are disclosed and the farmer knows them and appreciates their usefulness.

- -The market of irrigation will demand an equivalent of 500 kg of compost per hectare per year (2 thousand Kg every 4 years).

- - In these calculations it is estimated that the dry lands will only benefit in the short-term by possible direct applications of treated sludge, and will join the demand of quality compost in a long-term horizon.

Nurseries and gardens The survey carried out to nurseries and gardening companies has led to an estimate of the consumption of compost for amendments in the range of 80 - 90 kg/inhabitant/year. This figure is lower than the one deduced from documentation in other countries of the EU but is adopted in this work as reasonable hypothesis. Three have been established, however, three levels of consumption depending on the urban and tourist characteristics of the area. They are as follows:

- High density of single-family homes in the region, strong endowment of public green spaces and high concentration of areas with tourist resorts: 80 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Cataluña, Madrid, Valencia, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Murcia.

- Region with large tourist sites and of second residence but with a predominance of nuclei with limited endowment of public green spaces: 40 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Andalusia

- Regions with low density of tourist sites, of second residence and predominance of nuclei with scarce endowment of green spaces: 20 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Aragón, Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla - La Mancha, Castile and León, Extremadura, Galicia, Navarre, Basque country and La Rioja.

Other uses of compost In accordance with references on compost use of countries in the EU, it estimated that the equivalent of 10% of employment in nurseries and gardening will be the figure used in soil recovery projects, vegetation cover of infrastructures and activities for ecological conservation of territories with eroded soils Total demand by Regions The summary of the case studies outlined in annex No. 4 is the attached table, in which have been broken down the sectors of Agriculture, Gardening and green spaces, and other uses relating to improvement and recovery of soils.

agriculture nurseries and

gardens other uses

Andalucía 1.851 280 28

Aragón 310 24 2

Asturias - 22 2

Baleares 20 57 6

Canarias 27 120 12

Cantabria 1 10 1

Castilla-la mancha 1.089 32 3

Castilla y León 297 50 5

203

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

agriculture nurseries and

gardens other uses

Cataluña 308 480 48

ComunidadValenciana 377 320 32

Extremadura 451 20 2

Galicia 53 54 5

Madrid 52 400 40

Murcia 156 80 8

Navarra 61 10 1

País vasco 15 42 4

Rioja 61 10 1

Ceuta y Melilla - - -

TOTAL 5.129 2.011 200

ADJUSTED SUPPLY OF COMPOST AND DEGREE OF BALANCE The potential demand will require an adjustment to the demand which is carried out as follows: 1) Consideration of the two product lines that are compared in the medium term: quality compost and blends of Compost + NPK. 2) The total supply of compost calculated above applies, firstly, to the demand for compost, due to less productive and commercial effort. Due to this application, following situations will arise:

- There is a shortage of supply of quality compost. In this case, the Region will have to import compost or biodegradable waste (from other regions) and organominerals

- There is a supply-demand balance. The market will have to buy organominerals (or waste for developing them) from other regions.

- There is a surplus of supply of compost. Applies the production of organominerals, whose demand, if finally it is deficient, will require a purchase of these products from abroad.

- There is a surplus of supply and there is no market of organominerals. In that case, the compost (or perhaps waste) must be sent to other loss-making regions

The data of the adjusted Supply-Demand is presented in the following table, which shows that the northern communities (Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia, Basque country) and Ceuta-Melilla have potential excess of production and Andalusia and Castilla - La Mancha stand out in terms of the supply deficit.

Supply thousand Tm

Demand thousand Tm

Balance thousand Tm

Andalucía 786 2.158 -1.372

Aragón 264 336 -72

Asturias 76 25 51

Baleares 46 83 -37

Canarias 78 159 -81

Cantabria 50 12 38

Castilla-la mancha 268 1.124 -856

Castilla y León 284 352 -68

Cataluña 429 836 -407

ComunidadValenciana

223 729 -506

Extremadura 142 473 -331

Galicia 233 112 121

Madrid 290 492 -202

Murcia 94 244 -150

Navarra 57 72 -15

204

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Supply thousand Tm

Demand thousand Tm

Balance thousand Tm

País vasco 112 61 51

Rioja 42 72 -30

Ceuta y Melilla 3 - 3

TOTAL 3.477 7.340 -3.863

As we can see the potential demand exceeds, almost doubling the current supply, and should grow even more significantly in the coming years due to: - The application of the legislation on landfills and the progressive obligation of diverting organic matter from the it self -The growing implementation of clean industrial technologies that reduce the level of contamination - The widespread implementation of programs to control spill over - The adoption of programs for separation of green waste at origin, OFMSW, etc. However, we should also take into account the possible alternative ways of recovery, mainly the production of biofuels and fuels derived from waste (not to be confused with the incineration of waste). Purpose that can grow dramatically as a function of the appearance of an emerging demand for large consumers (cement, electric power generation plants with biomass, ceramic industry and other industries…) driven by the price increase in fossil fuels and the economic benefits arising from the use of recovered fuels (reduction of CO2 emissions according to Kyoto and subsidies for electric power generation) On the other hand, there is a growing demand for compost for its use in agriculture due to recognition of the need for input of organic matter to the cultivated soils, in addition with a growing demand in terms of selectivity of the components, absence of contaminants and compost quality

23 C) Plans, programs, forecasts and models on the future management of waste in the CCAA

The Autonomous Regions and Autonomous Cities have also been developing and approving strategic plans on waste management, contents and varied scopes, depending on their own policies and priorities. These are set out below

24 C.1 Andalucía

- Director Plan of Territorial Management of RU of Andalusia (1999-2008) (Decree 218/1999) approved by Decree 218/1999, of October 26 (BOJA no. 134, 18/11/ 99). - Plan for the Prevention and Management of Hazardous Waste 2004-2010, approved by Decree 134/1998, June 23 (BOJA No. 91, of 8.13.98 ), revised by Decree 99/2004, March 9 (BOJA No. 64, 01/04/ 2004). Current Model of management of RU: On the basis of generation of more than 4 thousand t/a of RU, the model is based on recovery , composting and landfill plants , infrastructures that will be reviewed in the coming years, to coincide with the contents of the directive 1999/31/EC, of spillage, and the Royal Decree 1481/2001. Predicted management model of RU in the future: Expansion of treatment facilities; promotion of recovery and minimization of disposal in landfill; implementation of energy recovery; promotion of composting and expansion of existing infrastructures (new recovery and composting plants in Granada and Málaga); creation of the market of compost; expansion of the network of collection points; sealing of

205

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

dumps and expansion of the classification and transfer plants Planning on the subject of waste: Specific programs for specific waste, the Plan Director Territorial Director of RU and his RP Management Plan

TYPE OF WASTE RU Section 9.2. Domiciliary garbage; Territorial Director of

Urban Management Plan waste LD LD Section 9.3.5. Industrial waste, sludge and sludge;

Specific waste; Territorial Director of Urban Management Plan waste

25 C.2 Aragón

Integral Waste Management Plan of Aragon (GIRA) (2009-2015). Approved by order of April 22, 2009, the Minister of the Environment, by which the agreement of the Government of Aragon dated 14 April 2009, approving the integral waste management plan of Aragon (2009-2015). (BOA No. 94, 20/05/ 2009). This plan is currently under revision

26 C.3 Asturias

Strategic Plan for Waste of the Principality of Asturias 2014-2024

27 C.4 Baleares

Mallorca: Sectorial Plan Director of urban solid waste. Revision adopted by the Plenary Session of February 6 2006, BOIB 35 of 09/03/2006. Mallorca: Plan Sector Manager for the management of waste from construction, demolition, bulky and tires out of use of the island of Mallorca. Approved by the Plenary Session of 08/04/2002, BOIB 05.16.2002 , CONSOLIDATED TEXT BOIB 141 of 23/11/2002. Menorca: Plan Sector Manager for the management of non-hazardous waste in Menorca (BOIB no. 109, 03/08/ 2006). Ibiza and Formentera Plan Sector Manager for the management of the urban waste of Eivissa and Formentera definitively approved by Decree 46/2001, March 30.

28 C.5 Canarias

Comprehensive Plan for Waste of the Canary Islands, approved by Decree 161/2001, of July 30 (BOC no. 134, Monday 15/OCT/ 2001). Plans are being developed for the island. Plans for waste are already approved in Tenerife and Fuerteventura.

29 C.6 Cantabria

Waste Plan of Cantabria Sectorial Plans of residues of Cantabria

30 C.7 Castilla La Mancha

Urban Waste Management Plan of Castilla-La Mancha. Approved by Decree 179/2009, 11/24/2009 Plan for the Management of Sludge produced in the sewage treatment plants of Castilla-La Mancha. Approved by Decree 32/2007, 17-04 -2007 (D. O. C. M nº 83 of 20-04 -2007). The plans of sludge and hazardous waste are currently under review.

206

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

31 C.8 Castilla León

Regional Plan of sectoral scope of urban waste and packaging waste of Castile and Leon (2004-2010). Approved by the Decree 18/2005, of 17 February In the pipeline: Comprehensive Plan for Waste of Castile and Leon

32 C.9 Cataluña

Program of Municipal Waste Management of Cataluña (PROGREMIC 2007-2012). Approved by the Decree 87/2010, June 29 Sectorial Plan of Territorial Infrastructures Municipal Waste Management in Cataluña. Approved by the Decree 16/2010, February 16, approving the sectorial plan of territorial Infrastructures of municipal waste management General program of waste management and resources of Cataluña 2013- 2020 (integrated plan for the prevention and management for all waste). Sectorial plan of territorial infrastructures of waste management of Cataluña 2013-2020

33 C10 Valencia Region

Comprehensive Plan for waste of the Valencian Region (Includes the program for the prevention of waste of the Valencian Region.)

34 C.11 Extremadura

Comprehensive Plan for Waste of Extremadura 2009-2015. Adopted by Resolution in April 12, 2010. The comprehensive plan includes a program of prevention.

35 C.12 C.A. Galicia

Urban Waste Management Plan 2010-2020 Galicia resolution of 7 February 2011, the General Secretariat of Environmental Quality and Evaluation Program for the Prevention of Industrial Waste from Galicia 2013-2016

36 C.13 C. Madrid

The waste strategy for the Region of Madrid, which includes the following regional waste plans:

• Regional Plan of urban waste from the Region of Madrid (2006-2016) • Regional Plan of sewage sludge in the Autonomous Region of Madrid (2006-2016) • Regional Plan of soils contaminated by the Region of Madrid (2006-2016) Approved by agreement of October 18 2007, the Council of Government

37 C.14 C.A.R Murcia

Strategic Plan of the waste in the Region of Murcia 2007-2012. (reference document) It is in an advanced state of processing the waste plan in the Region of Murcia 2014-2020. In developing a program for the prevention of waste in the Region of Murcia.

38 C.15 C.A. Navarra

Integrated Plan for Waste Management of Navarra The integrated waste plan includes a program of prevention.

207

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

39 C.16 C.A. País Vasco

Plan for the prevention and non-hazardous waste management of the Basque Country 2009-2012 III. Environmental Framework Program In processing Plan for Prevention and Waste Management 2014-2020.

40 C.17 C.A. La Rioja

Plan Director of waste of La Rioja 2007-2015.Approved by Decree 62/2008, to November 14 (BOR on Friday November 21, 2008). This plan is in process of revision.

41 C.18 C.A. Ceuta

In the process of preparing a waste plan of Ceuta.

42 C.19 C.A. Melilla

Processing the Comprehensive Plan for Waste Management for the City of Melilla For the development of all these waste management plans, the guide developed by the European Commission has been followed.

208

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

43 ANEX I:

209

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Summary The wastes collected include aerobically and anaerobically treated sewage sludges, thermically dried sewage sludge, alperujo (solid waste from two-phase olive oil mill) both, fresh and stabilized in pond for one year, pig slurry treated with fly larvae, digestate from the anaerobic digestion of a mixture of vegetal residues and manure for obtaining biogas,liquid and solid pig slurry, sheep manure, manure vermicompost and composts from, among others, the organic fraction of domestic organic wastes, artichoke sludge, mixing alperujo with sheep and goat manure, mushroom cultivation residues, sewage sludge and pruning residues. These organic wastes have been characterized by determining parameters such as pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, volatile organic matter, ashes content, total C and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy metals and others elements. The potential phytotoxicity of these organic wastes, as well as their possible stimulant effect on plant growth has been also determined by submitting the wastes to germination tests. These assays were performed in Petri dishes in which the effect of the water extracts (1/10 w/v) obtained from the different wastes on seed germination and root and shoot elongation was evaluated. The Study analyse the suitability for agricultural use of the different characterized organic wastes, as well as the suitability of the methods/technologies used for their treatment 1. -Introduction Organic wastes are typically by-products of farming, industrial or municipal activities, and are usually called wastes because they are not primary products. They are often negatively viewed as waste products with undesirable features such as odor, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals, pathogens, toxins and other contaminant. However, when organic amendments are used judiciously, they play an important role in improving soil fertility. Like crop residues, which contain substantial amounts of plant nutrients, other types of organic wastes, such as those derived from the urban and industrial sectors also have the capacity to contribute to the improvement of soil quality (Cuevas, 2011). The use of organic wastes (possibly treated) of animal, vegetal or even municipal (sewage sludge) origin as soil amendments represent an “added value” from both an economic and ecological point of view. Therefore, different technologies for the stabilization treatment of organic wastes have been developed in the last decades and different types of organic wastes are being used as soil amendments. Lime treatment or high temperature aerobic or anaerobic treatment are very effective in eliminating pathogens. Also, different land application techniques are used to reduce odor and ammonia emission, such as injection into soil. By composting manures and organic residues bulk is reduced, nutrients are concentrated, odor is reduced, pathogens are killed and a stabilized product for storage and transport is obtained. Vermicomposting utilizes earthworms for stabilizing organic materials. Compared to conventional composting, vermicomposting often results in somewhat lower mass reduction, much shorter processing time, higher humus content, less phytotoxicity, retention of more N and usually greater fertilizer value (Lorimor et al., 2001). Fly larvae (Hemetiaillucens) have also been used for converting manure into a more stabilized and useful product. The type of methodology used for improving organic wastes will determine the characteristics of the resulting product, influencing in turn organic waste suitability for being used as soil amendment for agricultural purposes.

210

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Organic amendments affect soil properties in numerous and variable ways. These effects can be due to the intrinsic properties of the organic amendment (direct effect) or a consequence of the beneficial effect of the organic amendment on soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Steward et al., 2000; Ros et al., 2003; Tejada et al., 2009). Organic amendments add nutrients plus organic matter, offering many more opportunities for the improvement of soil quality and fertility than the sole use of mineral fertilization. The utilization of organic wastes in agriculture depends on several factors, including the characteristics of the waste such as organic matter, nutrients and heavy metal content, energy value, odor generated by the waste, benefits to the agriculture, availability and transportation costs and regulatory considerations. Although the importance of these factors can vary by type of organic waste, the considerations for their use are similar for most organic wastes. It is clear then, that knowledge as exhaustive as possible of the characteristics of the organic wastes is needed in order to accurately establish their suitability for agriculture and how they must be applied to soil for improving crop yields. In the present report, the suitability for agricultural use of different organic wastes is analyzed. 2. - Organic waste collection and characterization 2.1. - Organic waste collection

In order to evaluate from an agricultural point of view a wide range of technologies used for organic waste treatment, and to compare with the compost used in agriculture, a different organic amendment producers the study compares a representative number (25) of organic wastes (treated and untreated) and evaluate the quality, from an agricultural point of view, of the end product obtained by the different technologies used for organic waste treatment. Since co-utilization of various wastes is a common practice in composting processes to obtain high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes were included in this study. These composts are considered appropriate for use in Spain and all other Mediterranean countries. The report shows the different organic wastes were studied

- Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1) - Table 2. Sewage sludge aerobically digested (R2) - Table 3. Sewage sludge submitted to anaerobic digestion (R3) - Table 4. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4) - Table 5. Alperujo stabilized in a pond for 1 year (R5) - Table 6. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R6) - Table 7. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R7) - Table 8. Composted sheep manure (R8) - Table 9. Compost from pruning residues (R9) - Table 10. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R10) - Table 11. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R11) - Table 12.Solid fraction pig slurry (fresh) (R12) - Table 13. Solid fraction pig slurry (dried) (R13) - Table 14.Compost of a mixture of alperujo+chickenmanure+straw leaves (R14) - Table 15.Vermicompost of manure (R15) - Table 16.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R16) - Table 17. Fresh alperujo (R17) - Table 18. Residues from slaughterhouse industry (flour)+chicken feed treated with fly

Larvae (R18) - Table 19. Solid fraction of pig slurry treated with fly larvae (R19) - Table 20. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R20)

211

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- Table 21. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R21) - Table 22. Sewage sludge thermically dried (R22) - Table 23. Biochar from forest residues (R23) - Table 24. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from

slaughterhouse industry (R24) - Table 25. Digestate from anaerobic digestion of bagasse+manure (mixture at 50% of the

fermenter and post-fermenter residue) (Liquid) (R25) The origin and technology used for the organic waste treatment is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Treatment of the collected organic wastes Organicwaste Organicwastetreatment

R1 None R2, R3 Aerobic oranaerobicdigestion R4 Composting R5 Stabilized in pond for one year R6–R11, R20, R21, R24

Composting

R12, R13 Separationbycentrifuging R14 Composting R15 Vermicomposting R16 Composting R17 None R18, R19 Flylarvae R22 Thermicdried

2.2. Organic waste characterization 2.2.1. Chemical and microbiological characterization

The following parameters were determined in these wastes: pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), volatile organic matter, total C and N, P, K, ammonium, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy metals and others elements. Results from these analyses are shown in the Tables 1-25 of the Annex. The methodologies used for these analyses are shown in Table 2. Except for residues R8, R13, R16, and R23 which showed pH values ranging from 9 to 9.6, and residues R17, R19, R17, R18 and R25 that showed values lower than 6, the rest of organic materials exhibited pH values between 6 and 7.7 which is a suitable pH value for plant growth. The EC values of most of the analyzed organic materials ranged from 1,100 µS/cm to 7000 µS/cm, although higher EC were found in some of them (from 9,000 to 15,000 µS/cm), the compost obtained from sewage sludge and rice straw (R17) showed a very high EC value (31,050 µS/cm). High salt content in soil is a limiting factor for plant growth.

Table 2. Methodologies used for organic waste analysis

PARAMETER METHOD Humidity Constant weight at 105ºC pH Standard methods Electrical conductivity Standard methods Volatile organic matter Ignition at 650 ºC Ashes Ignition at 650 ºC Sulphur Acid digestion and ICP Total C Elemental analyser Total N content Elemental analyser Total P Acid digestion and ICP Total K Acid digestion and ICP Ammonia Colour measurement in Spectrophotometer Anions Ionic chromatography Macro and micronutrients ICP

212

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Heavy metals ICP Escherichia coli Β-D-glucuronidase positive (ISO 16649) Presence of Salmonella/ 25 g Met.-Mic-E.coli-Al (ISO 6579) Water soluble Polyphenols Folin-Ciocalteumethod

Organic C and total N content in the analyzed wastes were very variable ranging from 17 to 56% (dry weight) for C and from 0.3 to 7% for N (with the exception of R23, biochar, with 75% C, and R19, compost tea, with 0.05% N) (Figure 1). The highest values of organic C (dry weight) were found in R23 (75% C) biochar obtained from forest wastes, the fresh alperujo (R17, 55% C) and the stabilized alperujo (R5, 48% C) followed by R1, R2, R3, R11, R12, R16, R18, R20 and R25 (35-43% C) and the lowest values were shown by R6, R10, and R17 (<25% C). As regard N the highest values were shown by the treated sludges (R2 and R3) and the mixture of slaughterhouse flour and chicken feed treated with fly larvae (R18) (6-7% N), followed by R12, R13, R17, R19, R20, R21 and R22 (3-4.5% N). Aerobically (R2) and anaerobically treated sewage sludge (R3) and other derived wastes (R17 and R21) showed high P content (2.5, 1.6 and 1.3%, respectively) as is usual in this type of residue which contains residual detergents rich in P. Likely, wastes derived from pig slurry (R1, R12, R13, R19) as well as R18 also showed high P contents (1.7- 4.7%). The rest of wastes showed P contents ranging between 0.1% and 0.8%. In turn, R13; R16, R1 and R7, by this order, were the wastes with the highest K contents (5.7; 4.7; 4.3 and 3.8%, respectively), which is characteristic of products containing animal manures. With regard to pathogens, presence of Salmonella in 25g was detected in the solid fraction of pig slurry (R12 and R13) and in the aerobic (R2) and anaerobic (R3) sewage sludge, whereas the presence of Escherechia coli was detected in fresh pig slurry (R1, 2.1 x 105 UFC) and in the anaerobic sewage sludge (5.2 x 105). This suggests that these treatments are not good enough to sanitize this kind of wastes. Heavy metal content was in all the studied residues below the limit established by the EU for the use of sewage sludges in agriculture (UE directive 86/278 CEE). However, it is important to mention the high Zn content detected in the solid fraction of pig slurry (R12 and R13). 2.2.2. Organic matter stability

The stability of the organic matter contained in these wastes was determined by amending an agricultural soil with the different organic wastes at a rate of 3% (w/w) and incubating the amended soil for 60 days at 28 ºC. Soil moisture was maintained at 50-60% of its water holding capacity throughout the incubation period and organic C content was measured at the beginning and end of the incubation period. The organic matter mineralization rate was different depending on the nature of the organic waste and the treatment of the waste. In general terms composts (R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R17, R19, R20, R21, R24) as well as vermicompost (R15) showed a more stabilized organic matter with low losses of Corg during the two month incubation period. Aerobically digested sewage sludge (R2) showed higher rate of organic matter mineralization than anaerobically digested (R3) or composted (R21) sewage sludge, indicating that the latter treatment techniques are more suitable than aerobic digestion for obtaining a stable end-product that can be used as soil improver increasing soil C pool. Sewage sludge thermally dried (R22) also showed a more stabilized organic matter than aerobically digested sludge. Waste treatment with fly larvae (R18 and R19) also seems less efficient than techniques such as composting or vermicomposting for stabilizing waste organic matter, which is in agreement with the high amount of ammonium found in these wastes (R18 and R19). The high rate of organic matter mineralization shown by the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4), prune debris (R1), or horse manure (R13), are indicative of the immaturity of these commercial compost suggesting that the composting process has not been carried out adequately

213

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

2.2.3. Phytotoxicity Assays

The potential phytotoxicity of the studied wastes was established by seed germination tests. 2ml of a water extract (1/10 w/v, and 1/20, 1/100 or 1/200 for those wastes with very high electrical conductivity) from the organic wastes, and 10 or 15 seeds (depending of the seed size) of different plant species were placed in Petri dishes and the dishes were put in a germination chamber at 28 ºC. All treatments were carried out by quintuplicate. Petri dishes with 2 ml of distilled water instead of OW extract were used as control. After germination, the number of germinated seeds was recorded and the length of the seedling roots and shoots was measured. In a first phase of the assay, seeds of 7 different plant species: cress, ryegrass, lettuce, melon, barley, wheat and maize, were assayed in 9 of these wastes: R2, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R11, R10 and R14. Then, given that results demonstrate that lettuce and cress were the most sensitive seeds, these two seeds were selected to be used for the phytotoxicity evaluation of the rest of the collected organic wastes. Germination index (GI) was calculated according to the following equation (Zucconi and De Bertoldi 1987): GI = % GS (LR/LRC); where GI = Germination index in percentage; % GS = Percentage of germinated seed with respect to the control; LR = Average root length in the treated seedling; and LRC = Average root length in the control seedling. Germination index is a widely accepted indicator of potential phytotoxicity for organic amendments. It combines the effect of the studied material on both, seed germination capacity and root elongation. This index was established by Zucconi and De Bertoldi (1087) using Lepidiumsativum for evaluating compost maturity; they reported that GI values lower than 50% indicated phytotoxicity, and composts are considered immature. However, the scientific community has generalized its use for any kind of organic material and with different kind of seeds. It is mentioned that GI values lower than 50% indicate phytotoxicity; IG values between 80 and 50% indicate moderate phytotoxicity and values higher than 100% indicate a bio-stimulant effect. The potential phytotoxicity of the organic materials under study differed depending on the assayed vegetal species, indicating a different sensitivity of the different seeds to salts and other possible phytotoxic compounds present in the organic waste. Table 3 shows the values of germination index (GI) obtained for cress and lettuce with the different organic wastes. No phytotoxic effect of these organic materials was observed on ryegrass, melon, barley, wheat or maize, most of them showing a stimulant effect on root and shoot elongation, suggesting that these residues may enhance the yield of this kind of crops when used at appropriate dose as soil organic amendments

Table 3. Germination index (GI) of cress and lettuce seeds in extracts of the different

organic wastes and electrical conductivity values of the assayed organic wastes

Germin Index Lm (cm)Stem EC (1/5) % Ref

OrganicWaste Cress Lettuce Cress Lettuce dS/m Moisture

1* Freshpigslurry 152.4 170.94 4.65 3.84 6.68 98.83

2 Aerobic SewageSludge** 8.92 157.65 1.79 3.71 1.88 78.31

3 AnaerobicSewageSludge 113.85 61.92 3.51 2.79 3.35 81.57

4 Compost of organic domestic wastes** 14.66 41.1 2.21 7.29 6.44 29.47

214

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

5 Old Alperujo (stabilized in a pond for one year) 34.56 134.34 3.67 5.49 2.62 28.98

6 Compost of Alperujo+sheep and goat manure 135.42 93.24 3.22 5.5 4.00 11.37

7 Compost of sheep+goat manure⁺ 110.26 122.66 3.87 3.73 9.30 39.25

8 Compost of Sheepmanure 50.19 88.33 4.7 5.87 4.76 43.52

9 Compost of Prunedebris 89.49 57.05 3.24 5.53 5.38 28.34

10 Compost of green waste+5% manure 89.49 78.52 3.13 5.28 4.06 40.17

11 Compost of Prune debris+trichoderma 202.93 192.31 5.07 3.51 0.60 62.7

12 Solid fraction from pig slurry (fresh) 73.00 143.43 5.25 4.85 1.87 71.24

13 Dried solid fraction from pig slurry 47.3 50,00 4.83 3.33 7.12 43.7

14 Compost from 40% Alperujo+40% poultry manure+20% prune and straw 19.96 109.09 4.9 3.8 5.34 12.28

15 Vermicompost of sheepmanure 136.43 117.68 4.73 4.21 1.35 62.27

16 Compost of Alperujo+goat manure+ grape debris+olive leaves and prune⁺ 136.92 126.17 4.26 3.95 5.07 7.86

17 Fresh alperujo** 0.00 7.48 0.00 0.88 4.80 44.58

18 Res. from slaughterhouse industry (flour)+ poultry feeding+Fly larvae inoc 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 7.51 46.93

19 Pig Slurry+Fly larvae inoculum 59.83 111.11 6.00 4.82 3.95 19.48

20 Compost from Artichoke industry sludge+artichoke and grape residues 97.02 128.21 5.74 4.83 2.28 55.09

21 Compost of anaerobic Sewage sludge+Prune debris 112.78 147.44 4.83 4.14 6.94 49.36

22 Dried Sewage Sludge (Thermic treatment)*** 0.00 5.79 0.00 1.08 3.50 59.38

23 Biochar from forestal residues 104.99 32.63 2.29 1.28 1.10 49.55

24 Compost from 40% Garden prune+60% (pig slurry +slaughterhouse resid.) 34.12 93.24 4.63 5.63 8.71 6.94

25* Digestate from anaerobic digestion of bagasse+manure++ 97.03 97.11 3.82 2.49 14.92 91.72

Control 100 100 3.48 2.85

**Extract 1/20 for cress; ***Extract 1/20 for cress and lettuce; ⁺Extract 1/20+dil 1/5 for cress and lettuce; ++Digestate, extract 1/400 for cress and lettuce

Residues such as fresh pig manure (R1), compost of sheep and goat manure (R7), compost of prune residues inoculated with Trichoderma (R11), vermicompost of sheep manure (R15), compost of alperujo + goat manure + grape debris + olive leaves and prune (R16) and compost from anaerobic sewage sludge+prune debris (R21) showed a stimulant effect on both cress and lettuce growth, whereas the anaerobic sewage sludge (R3), the compost from alperujo + sheep and goat manure (R6) and the biochar from forest residues (R23) only showed stimulant effect on cress, and the aerobic sewage sludge (R2), the old stabilized alperujo (R5), the solid fraction from pig slurry (fresh) (R12), the compost from a mixture composed of 40% Alperujo + 40% poultry manure + 20% (prune straw) (R14), pig slurry inoculated with fly larvae (R19) and the compost of artichoke industry sludge + artichoke and grape residues (R20), showed stimulant effect only on lettuce growth Residues such as R4, R9, R13, ,R19, R17, R18, R25, R22 and R23 showed phytotoxicity for both, cress and lettuce seeds. Phytotoxicity found in composts such as the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4), the compost from mushroom cultivation residues (R9), horse manure (R13) or compost of sewage sludge + rice hull (R17) is probably due to the high electrical conductivity exhibited for these wastes and to the lack of maturity of the end compost. It is known that the composting process improves the stability and quality or the composted material eliminating bad odors and phytotoxic compounds but during this process salts are accumulated due to the mass reduction by organic matter mineralization. This parameter (EC) should be taken into consideration for establishing the dose to be added to the soil in order to avoid negative effects on soil and plant. To obtain good quality composts the fermentation and maturation phases of the composting process must be completed, otherwise an immature compost with low degree of organic matter stabilization will be obtained. The phytotoxic effect detected in the uncomposted residues R13, R19, R17, R18, R25, R22 and R23 may be due to the presence of some phytotoxic organic compounds due to the instability of

215

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

their organic matter along with a high ammonium content (R13, R17, R18 and R22) and high EC (R13, R18 and R25). These results suggests that, in general terms, composting and vermicomposting processes are more efficient techniques for eliminating phytotoxic compounds than the other methods assayed. Conclusions

As it has been observed the studied organic wastes are suitable products for recycling in soil used for agricultural purposes. They have an important load of organic matter that will contribute to improve soil organic quality and fertility, increasing the pool of organic C in the soil by fixing C in soil colloids thus avoiding C losses.

Although the main function of organic wastes in soil is to act as soil improvers, they can also act as fertilizers due to the considerable amount of macro and micronutrients they contain. The chemical characterization of the studied wastes (see Tables in the Annex II) has revealed that nutrient content in wastes is more closely related with the nature of the waste than with the treatment method used for its stabilization, whereas the rate of waste organic matter mineralization and the risk of phytotoxicity derived from the use of the end-product are greatly influenced by the treatment technology. In this sense composting seems to be one of the most promising and used techniques for waste treatment. Treatments such as aerobic or anaerobic digestion also help to stabilize waste organic matter, but the level of organic matter stabilization and product sanitization is lower than that reached with composting. A more stabilized end-product is obtained by anaerobic digestion or thermal drying than with anaerobic digestion treatment. Thermal drying as a follow-up process can raise the dry solids concentration from 30 up to 90% w/w, stabilize the sludge and destroy pathogens. However, investments, operation costs and energy consumption are high. A further possibility for mass reduction is drying of the sludge in a solar dryer; the technology has proved to be suitable and highly cost efficient for small to medium sized sewage treatment plants. Almost no maintenance is needed, and the achieved evaporation rates per square meter were up to three times higher than in conventional sludge beds. Therefore, solar drying could be an economic alternative to conventional drying systems, especially in areas with proper climatic conditions. The use of fly larvae is an innovative waste treatment but the ammonium content in the end-product is too high (2.5-3%) and it is not a widely used methodology.

The use of organic wastes as alternative to mineral fertilizers will help to reduce natural resources consumption and energy costs, as well as the risks of groundwater contamination derived from inorganic fertilization. At the same time these organic wastes will improve the physical and microbiological characteristics of the soils where they are applied. However, due to the fact that organic wastes act as fertilizers of gradual liberation, it is probable that they cannot cover all crop nutrient demand and organic fertilization has to be complemented in parallel with inorganic fertilization, but the reduction of such inorganic fertilization is an important goal. The effects of organic waste addition will be more noticeable after several years of adding the organic amendment to the soil.

Co-utilization of various wastes is a matter of paramount importance in waste treatment since it allows the elimination of several wastes at the same time and combines wastes with complementary characteristics in order to give a higher added value to the end product.

216

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

44 ANEX II:

217

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Since the highlighted values are small, you can consider mg/100g, also in other tables Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1)

pH 7.46

Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6675

Humidity, % 98.83

Volatileorganicmatter, % 67.89 (dryweight)

Ashes, % 32.11 (dryweight)

Organiccarbon, g/100g 36,7 (dryweight)/0,429(freshwaste)

Total nitrogen, g/100g 0.11

Total P, g/100g 0.02

Total K, g/100g 0.05

Ca, g/100g 0.07

Mg, g/100g 0.02

Na, g/100g 0.02

S, g/100g 0.02

Al, mg/kg 44.79

Fe, mg/kg 28.64

Mn, mg/kg 6.07

B, mg/kg 1.98

Ammonium, mg/kg 484.6

Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5

Cu mg/kg 12.31

Cr mg/kg <0.5

Ni mg/kg <0.5

Pb mg/kg <0.5

Zn mg/kg 109.51

Otherelements, mg/kg

As <0.5

Be <0.5

Bi <0.5

Co <0.5

Li <0.5

Mo <0.5

Sb <0.5

Se <0.5

Sr <0.5

Ti <0.5

Tl <0.5

V <0.5

Pathogens

EscherechiaColiufc/g 2.1 x 10_

Salmonella 25g Absence

218

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 2. Sewage sludge aerobically digested (R2)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.96

Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1881.5

Humidity, % 78.31

Volatileorganicmatter, % 29.18

Ashes, % 70.82

Organiccarbon, g/100g 37.07 8.04

Total nitrogen, g/100g 6.36 1.38

Total P, g/100g 2.47 0.54

Total K, g/100g 0.54 0.12

Ca, g/100g 4.61 1.00

Mg, g/100g 0.87 0.19

Na, g/100g 0.33 0.07

S, g/100g 0.89 0.19

Al, g/100g 1.22 0.26

Fe, mg/kg 4405.8 955.63

Mn, mg/kg 130.06 28.21

B, mg/kg 69.98 15.18

Ammonium, mg/kg 14194.66 3078.9

Metals

Cd mg/kg 1.15 0.25

Cu mg/kg 271.08 58.80

Cr mg/kg 34.14 7.40

Ni mg/kg 28.51 6.18

Pb mg/kg 52.79 11.45

Zn mg/kg 673.12 146.00


As 2.87 0.62

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 6.84 1.48

Mo 6.47 1.40

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 7.89 1.71

Sr 1942.7 421.37

Ti 63.37 13.74

Tl 16.81 3.65

V 26.66 5.78

Pathogens

EscherechiaColiufc/g 70

Salmonella 25g Presence

219

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 3. Sewage sludge submitted to anaerobic digestion (R3)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.76


Humidity, % 81.57


Ashes, % 32.26



Total P, g/100g 1.63 0.30

Total K, g/100g 0.21 0.04

Ca, g/100g 2.88 0.53

Mg, g/100g 0.67 0.12

Na, g/100g 0.28 0.052

S, g/100g 4.27 0.79

Al, g/100g 0.53 0.10

Fe, mg/kg 35329.01 6511.14

Mn, mg/kg 111.44 20.54

B, mg/kg 38.16 7.03

Ammonium, mg/kg 11455.4 2111.7

Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.67 0.12

Cu mg/kg 222.6 41.02

Cr mg/kg 45.95 8.47

Ni mg/kg 33.1 6.10

Pb mg/kg 45.05 8.30

Zn mg/kg 603.44 111.21


As 1.31 0.24

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 7.49 1.38

Li 3.73 0.69

Mo 49.76 9.17

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 8.82 1.63

Sr 478.33 88.16

Ti 152.40 28.09

Tl 61.53 11.34

V 22.22 4.10

Pathogens



220

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 4. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.45


Humidity, % 29.47


Ashes, % 55.66



Total P, g/100g 0.54 0.38

Total K, g/100g 1.04 0.74

Ca, g/100g 8.36 5.90

Mg, g/100g 0.8 0.56

Na, g/100g 0.83 0.59

S, g/100g 0.59 0.42

Al, g/100g 0.99 0.69

Fe, mg/kg 12183.1 8592.74

Mn, mg/kg 189.16 133.42

B, mg/kg 27.68 19.52


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 136.27 96.11

Cr mg/kg 80.01 56.43

Ni mg/kg 36.52 25.76

Pb mg/kg 76.11 53.68

Zn mg/kg 300.75 212.12


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 0.63 0.44

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 11.12 7.84

Mo 1.85 1.30

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 270.3 190.71

Ti 90.68 63.96

Tl 18.48 13.03

V 20.64 14.56

Pathogens



221

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 5. Alperujo stabilized in a pond for 1 year (R5)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.52


Humidity, % 28.98


Ashes, % 61.76



Total P, g/100g 0.12 0.08

Total K, g/100g 1.78 1.26

Ca, g/100g 2.90 2.06

Mg, g/100g 0.23 0.16

Na, g/100g 0.02 0.01

S, g/100g 0.15 0.11

Al, g/100g 0.68 0.48

Fe, mg/kg 4108.4 2917.81

Mn, mg/kg 80.05 56.85

B, mg/kg 38.68 27.47


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 27.86 19.79

Cr mg/kg 20.1 14.85

Ni mg/kg 6.32 4.49

Pb mg/kg 7.8 5.54

Zn mg/kg 35.11 24.93


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 5.11 3.63

Mo <0.5 <0.5

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 126.18 89.61

Ti 69.92 49.66

Tl 1.99 1.41

V 16.19 11.50

Polyphenols mg/kg 6317.94 4487

Pathogens

EscherechiaColiufc/g <10


222

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 6. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R6)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.73


Humidity, % 11.37


Ashes, % 27.27



Total P, g/100g 0.17 0.15

Total K, g/100g 1.35 1.19

Ca, g/100g 15.44 13.68

Mg, g/100g 0.98 0.87

Na, g/100g 0.16 0.14

S, g/100g 0.45 0.40

Al, g/100g 2.07 1.83

Fe, mg/kg 13846.9 12272.55

Mn, mg/kg 278.47 246.81

B, mg/kg 38.74 34.33


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.58

Cu mg/kg 80.89 71.69

Cr mg/kg 68.31 60.54

Ni mg/kg 16.87 14.95

Pb mg/kg 30.43 26.97

Zn mg/kg 49.77 44.11


As 1.14 1.01

Be 0.72 0.64

Bi 6.58 5.83

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 20.25 17.95

Mo 1.08 0.96

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 592.47 525.11

Ti 101.79 90.22

Tl 28.63 25.37

V 43.92 38.92


Pathogens



223

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 7. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R7)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.68


Humidity, % 39.25


Ashes, % 52.66



Total P, g/100g 0.53 0.32

Total K, g/100g 3.78 2.30

Ca, g/100g 7.43 4.52

Mg, g/100g 0.91 0.55

Na, g/100g 0.2 0.120

S, g/100g 2.63 1.60

Al, g/100g 0.45 0.28

Fe, mg/kg 17002.58 10329.07

Mn, mg/kg 272.01 165.25

B, mg/kg 44.83 27.23


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 23.66 14.38

Cr mg/kg 16.68 10.13

Ni mg/kg 5.53 3.36

Pb mg/kg 6.09 3.70

Zn mg/kg 74.04 44.98


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 3.37 2.05

Li 6.5 3.95

Mo 0.58 0.35

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 195.53 118.78

Ti 76.14 46.25

Tl 63.24 38.42

V 22.64 13.76

Pathogens



224

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 8. Composted sheep manure (R8) Dryweight Wetweight pH 8.95


Humidity, % 43.52


Ashes, % 48.32



Total P, g/100g 0.56 0.32

Total K, g/100g 2.44 1.38

Ca, g/100g 11.37 6.42

Mg, g/100g 1.1 0.67

Na, g/100g 0.35 0.20

S, g/100g 0.53 0.30

Al, g/100g 1.36 0.77

Fe, mg/kg 8193.5 4627.71

Mn, mg/kg 310.85 175.57

B, mg/kg 25.42 14.36


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 80.51 45.47

Cr mg/kg 46.9 26.49

Ni mg/kg 13.16 7.43

Pb mg/kg 15.54 8.78

Zn mg/kg 133.92 75.64


As 1.36 0.77

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 3.74 2.11

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 14.89 8.41

Mo 2.00 1.13

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 359.42 203.00

Ti 101.08 57.09

Tl 28.8 16.32

V 34.33 19.39

Pathogens



225

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 9. Compost from pruning residues (R9)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.51


Humidity, % 28.34


Ashes, % 24.89



Total P, g/100g 0.24 0.17

Total K, g/100g 1.65 1.18

Ca, g/100g 7.44 5.33

Mg, g/100g 2.93 2.10

Na, g/100g 0.29 0.21

S, g/100g 0.47 0.34

Al, g/100g 1.98 1.42

Fe, mg/kg 22767.8 16315.43

Mn, mg/kg 431.53 309.24

B, mg/kg 32.01 22.94


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 170.34 122.07

Cr mg/kg 95.57 68.49

Ni mg/kg 107.04 76.70

Pb mg/kg 59.32 42.51

Zn mg/kg 171.83 123.14


As 10.66 7.64

Be 0.62 0.44

Bi 7.9 5.66

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 16.21 11.62

Mo 1.83 1.31

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 183.35 131.39

Ti 321.16 230.15

Tl 70.28 50.36

V 65.82 47.17

Pathogens



226

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 10. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R10)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.46


Humidity, % 40.17


Ashes, % 33.5



Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.12

Total K, g/100g 1.7 1.01

Ca, g/100g 9.19 5.50

Mg, g/100g 1.36 0.81

Na, g/100g 0.26 0.16

S, g/100g 0.55 0.33

Al, g/100g 1.17 0.70

Fe, mg/kg 8962.1 5362.04

Mn, mg/kg 271.26 162.29

B, mg/kg 45.63 27.30


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 47.46 28.40

Cr mg/kg 73.18 43.79

Ni mg/kg 13.77 8.24

Pb mg/kg 34.67 20.74

Zn mg/kg 96.02 57.45


As 4.06 2.43

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 2.33 1.39

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 15.47 9.25

Mo 1.91 1.15

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 276.44 165.39

Ti 153.33 91.74

Tl 33.11 19.81

V 33.64 20.13

Pathogens



227

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 11. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R11)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.79


Humidity, % 62.7


Ashes, % 23.63



Total P, g/100g 0.09 0.04

Total K, g/100g 0.46 0.17

Ca, g/100g 4.87 1.82

Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.29

Na, g/100g 0.05 0.017

S, g/100g 0.18 0.07

Al, g/100g 0.11 0.04

Fe, mg/kg 1106.47 412.71

Mn, mg/kg 65.54 24.45

B, mg/kg 20.86 7.78


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 9.72 3.63

Cr mg/kg 21.89 8.16

Ni mg/kg 1.61 0.60

Pb mg/kg 1.82 0.68

Zn mg/kg 62.7 23.39


As 0.82 0.31

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 10.88 4.06

Mo <0.5 <0.5

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.08 0.40

Sr 205.09 76.50

Ti 19.69 7.35

Tl 42.79 15.96

V 14.07 5.25

Pathogens



228

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 12.Solid fraction pig slurry (fresh)(R12)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.35


Humidity, % 71.24


Ashes, % 27.38

Total carbon, g/100g 42.34 12.18


Total P, g/100g 2.5 0.85

Total K, g/100g 0.67 0.19

Ca, g/100g 5.27 1.51

Mg, g/100g 1.67 0.48

Na, g/100g 0.11 0.03

S, g/100g 0.64 0.19

Al, g/100g 0.14 0.04

Fe, mg/kg 2208.71 635.22

Mn, mg/kg 768.87 221.13

B, mg/kg 33.89 9.75


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 305.57 87.88

Cr mg/kg 8.56 2.46

Ni mg/kg 7.15 2.06

Pb mg/kg 2.36 0.68

Zn mg/kg 2726.04 784.01


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 1.78 0.51

Li 1.87 0.54

Mo 9.37 2.69

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.62 0.46

Sr 114.02 32.79

Ti 33.21 9.55

Tl 48.14 13.85

V 26.6 7.65

Pathogens

EscherechiaColiufc/g 3.6 x 10


229

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 13. Solid fraction pig slurry (dried) (R13)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.6


Humidity, % 43.7


Ashes, % 41.2



Total P, g/100g 4.69 2.64

Total K, g/100g 0.99 0.56

Ca, g/100g 8.71 4.90

Mg, g/100g 2.48 1.40

Na, g/100g 0.16 0.09

S, g/100g 1.21 0.68

Al, g/100g 0.26 0.14

Fe, mg/kg 2897.12 1631.08

Mn, mg/kg 1180.71 664.74

B, mg/kg 52.9 29.78


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 552.51 311.07

Cr mg/kg 16.24 9.14

Ni mg/kg 14.7 8.28

Pb mg/kg 3.95 2.22

Zn mg/kg 4471.81 2517.63


As 0.67 0.38

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 5.05 2.84

Co 1.84 1.04

Li 3.72 2.09

Mo 11.91 6.71

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 2.68 1.51

Sr 209.62 118.02

Ti 7.48 4.21

Tl 71.95 40.51

V 44.5 25.06

Pathogens



230

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 14.Compost of a mixture of alperujo+chickenmanure+straw leaves (R14)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 8.6


Humidity, % 12.28


Ashes, % 48.04



Total P, g/100g 0.84 0.74

Total K, g/100g 2.38 2.08

Ca, g/100g 8.16 7.16

Mg, g/100g 0.58 0.51

Na, g/100g 0.14 0.13

S, g/100g 0.34 0.30

Al, g/100g 1.05 0.92

Fe, mg/kg 4302.36 3774.03

Mn, mg/kg 285.4 250.36

B, mg/kg 50.94 44.69


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 95.76 84.00

Cr mg/kg 39.52 34.67

Ni mg/kg 13.37 11.72

Pb mg/kg 7.21 6.32

Zn mg/kg 156.92 137.65


As 0.9 0.79

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 1.37 1.21

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 6.93 6.08

Mo 1.77 1.55

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 118.76 104.18

Ti 56.07 49.19

Tl 17.09 14.99

V 26.7 23.42


Pathogens


231

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 15.Vermicompost of manure (R15)

Dryweith Wetweith

pH 7.33


Humidity, % 62.27


Ashes, % 52.02



Total P, g/100g 0.51 0.19

Total K, g/100g 0.57 0.22

Ca, g/100g 8.52 3.21

Mg, g/100g 1.37 0.52

Na, g/100g 0.07 0.03

S, g/100g 0.86 0.32

Al, g/100g 1.00 0.38

Fe, mg/kg 6463.38 2438.64

Mn, mg/kg 482.61 182.09

B, mg/kg 42.35 15.98


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 42.83 16.16

Cr mg/kg 50.75 19.15

Ni mg/kg 9.84 3.71

Pb mg/kg 9.94 3.75

Zn mg/kg 135.92 51.28


As 1.97 0.74

Be 0.75 0.28

Bi 6.13 2.31

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 12.06 4.55

Mo 2.24 0.85

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 428.58 161.70

Ti 81.75 30.84

Tl 40.54 15.30

V 51.93 19.59

Pathogens



232

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 16.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R16)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 9.14


Humidity, % 7.86


Ashes, % 35.27



Total P, g/100g 0.39 0.35

Total K, g/100g 4.68 4.31

Ca, g/100g 6.76 6.23

Mg, g/100g 1.19 1.10

Na, g/100g 0.38 0.35

S, g/100g 0.5 0.46

Al, g/100g 0.47 0.44

Fe, mg/kg 2452.29 2259.54

Mn, mg/kg 154.04 141.94

B, mg/kg 62.89 57.94

Ammonium, mg/kg <2.5 <2.5

Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 25.13 23.15

Cr mg/kg 17.44 15.79

Ni mg/kg 6.17 5.68

Pb mg/kg 4.81 4.43

Zn mg/kg 72.55 66.84


As 0.76 0.70

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 1.66 1.53

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 5.62 5.18

Mo 0.83 0.77

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 308.7 284.43

Ti 52.35 48.24

Tl 28.73 26.47

V 21.15 19.49


Pathogens



233

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 17. Fresh alperujo (R17)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 4.76


Humidity, % 44.58


Ashes, % 40.24



Total P, g/100g 0.12 0.07

Total K, g/100g 1.83 1.02

Ca, g/100g 0.4 0.22

Mg, g/100g 0.06 0.03

Na, g/100g 0.003 0.001

S, g/100g 0.12 0.07

Al, g/100g 0.05 0.03

Fe, mg/kg 441.8 244.84

Mn, mg/kg 13.71 7.60

B, mg/kg 33.59 18.61


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 15.37 8.52

Cr mg/kg 3.14 1.74

Ni mg/kg 1.7 0.94

Pb mg/kg 0.93 0.52

Zn mg/kg 20.41 11.31


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 0.6 0.33

Li <0.5 <0.5

Mo <0.5 <0.5

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.46 0.81

Sr 22.5 12.47

Ti 2.59 1.43

Tl <0.5 <0.5

V 1.57 0.87


Pathogens



234

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 18. Residues from slaughterhouse industry (flour)+chicken feed treated with fly Larvae (R18)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 5.9


Humidity, % 46.93


Ashes, % 21.21



Total P, g/100g 1.84 0.97

Total K, g/100g 0.72 0.38

Ca, g/100g 5.27 2.80

Mg, g/100g 0.15 0.08

Na, g/100g 0.35 0.187

S, g/100g 0.37 0.19

Al, g/100g 0.01 0.006

Fe, mg/kg 734.72 389.92

Mn, mg/kg 45.59 24.19

B, mg/kg 8.25 4.38

Ammonium, mg/kg 30574.5 16226.8

Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 14.0 7.43

Cr mg/kg 3.13 1.66

Ni mg/kg 1.01 0.53

Pb mg/kg 2.64 1.40

Zn mg/kg 79.27 42.07


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li <0.5 <0.5

Mo 0.77 0.41

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.64 0.87

Sr 43.24 22.95

Ti 3.44 1.83

Tl 3.06 1.62

V 2.47 1.31

Pathogens



235

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 19. Solid fraction of pig slurry treated with fly larvae (R19)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.58


Humidity, % 19.48


Ashes, % 37.21



Total P, g/100g 4.28 3.45

Total K, g/100g 0.63 0.51

Ca, g/100g 3.9 3.14

Mg, g/100g 2.58 2.08

Na, g/100g 0.06 0.045

S, g/100g 0.63 0.51

Al, g/100g 0.06 0.05

Fe, mg/kg 1666.87 1342.17

Mn, mg/kg 696.55 560.86

B, mg/kg 29.36 23.64

Ammonium, mg/kg 24714.64 19899.9

Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 165.79 133.50

Cr mg/kg 8.21 6.61

Ni mg/kg 5.66 4.56

Pb mg/kg 1.99 1.60

Zn mg/kg 917.29 738.60


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 2.03 1.63

Li 1.6 1.29

Mo 3.62 2.91

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 2.7 2.17

Sr 103.41 83.27

Ti 18.01 14.50

Tl 152.65 122.91

V 44.23 35.61

Pathogens



236

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 20. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R20)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.36


Humidity, % 55.09


Ashes, % 26.61



Total P, g/100g 0.58 0.26

Total K, g/100g 1.16 0.52

Ca, g/100g 6.81 3.06

Mg, g/100g 0.73 0.33

Na, g/100g 0.19 0.087

S, g/100g 0.87 0.39

Al, g/100g 0.18 0.08

Fe, mg/kg 3377.04 1516.63

Mn, mg/kg 83.72 37.60

B, mg/kg 54.8 24.65


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 34.84 15.65

Cr mg/kg 50.95 22.88

Ni mg/kg 14.55 6.53

Pb mg/kg 7.25 3.26

Zn mg/kg 162.82 73.12


As 0.91 0.41

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 1.38 0.62

Li 4.78 2.15

Mo 2.29 1.03

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.85 0.83

Sr 332.91 149.51

Ti 45.04 20.23

Tl 42.01 18.86

V 15.32 6.88

Pathogens



237

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 21. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R21)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.06


Humidity, % 49.36


Ashes, % 42.53



Total P, g/100g 1.27 0.64

Total K, g/100g 0.66 0.34

Ca, g/100g 7.22 3.66

Mg, g/100g 0.83 0.42

Na, g/100g 0.19 0.094

S, g/100g 2.87 1.45

Al, g/100g 0.67 0.34

Fe, mg/kg 24227.37 12268.74

Mn, mg/kg 120.29 60.92

B, mg/kg 31.36 15,88


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.33

Cu mg/kg 154.54 78.26

Cr mg/kg 44.15 22.36

Ni mg/kg 22.8 11.54

Pb mg/kg 47.08 23.84

Zn mg/kg 411.05 208.16


As 3.13 1.58

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 3.14 1.59

Li 5.47 2.77

Mo 30.54 15.46

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 7.76 3.93

Sr 729.83 369.59

Ti 108.95 55.17

Tl 66.4 33.63

V 25.72 13.02

Pathogens



238

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 22. Sewage sludge thermically dried (R22)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.54


Humidity, % 6.05


Ashes, % 40.62



Total P, g/100g 0.64 0.61

Total K, g/100g 0.23 0.22

Ca, g/100g 2.44 2.29

Mg, g/100g 0.34 0.32

Na, g/100g 0.043 0.040

S, g/100g 0.62 0.59

Al, g/100g 0.97 0.91

Fe, mg/kg 11722.73 11013.50

Mn, mg/kg 224.63 211.04

B, mg/kg 7.35 6.91


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.73 0.69

Cu mg/kg 310.79 291.99

Cr mg/kg 49.80 46.79

Ni mg/kg 25.58 24.03

Pb mg/kg 94.05 88.36

Zn mg/kg 988.51 928.71


As 5.55 5.21

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 9.72 9.13

Mo 3.53 3.31

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 0.98 0.92

Sr 321.45 302.00

Ti 41.19 38.70

Tl 19.87 18.67

V 23.26 21.85

Pathogens



239

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 23. Biochar from forest residues (R23)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 9.53


Humidity, % 49.55


Ashes, % 20.45



Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.09

Total K, g/100g 0.72 0.36

Ca, g/100g 4.92 2.48

Mg, g/100g 0.33 0.17

Na, g/100g 0.02 0.010

S, g/100g 0.07 0.03

Al, g/100g 0.11 0.05

Fe, mg/kg 826.99 417.22

Mn, mg/kg 680.94 343.53

B, mg/kg 21.85 11.02


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.1

Cu mg/kg 13.45

Cr mg/kg 10.44

Ni mg/kg 11.65

Pb mg/kg 0.94

Zn mg/kg 35.57


As <0.1 <0.1

Be <0.5 6.79

Bi <0.5 5.27

Co 1.74 5.87

Li 3.09 0.47

Mo <0.5 17.95

Sb <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 307.92 <0.5

Ti 25.91 <0.5

Tl 15.54 0.88

V 5.70 1.56

Pathogens



240

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 24. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from slaughterhouse industry (R24)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.72


Humidity, % 6.94


Ashes, % 60.35

Organic carbon, Organic carbon, g/100g 27.05 25.18


Total P, g/100g 0.82 0.77

Total K, g/100g 1.6 1.48

Ca, g/100g 9.58 8.92

Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.73

Na, g/100g 0.241 0.225

S, g/100g 0.73 0.68

Al, g/100g 0.60 0.56

Fe, mg/kg 4401.8 4096.31

Mn, mg/kg 299.28 278.51

B, mg/kg 42.07 39.15


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.15 0.14

Cu mg/kg 64.44 59.97

Cr mg/kg 35.57 33.10

Ni mg/kg 11.08 10.31

Pb mg/kg 16.59 15.44

Zn mg/kg 214.92 200.01


As 1.19 1.11

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 3.67 3.41

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 7.61 7.08

Mo <0.5 <0.5

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 261.85 243.68

Ti 73.75 68.63

Tl 39.92 37.15

V 18.16 16.90

Pathogens



Table 25. Digestate from anaerobic digestion of bagasse+manure (mixture at 50% of the fermenter and post-fermenter residue) (Liquid) (R25)

pH 7.79

241

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113


Humidity, % 91.72



Organiccarbon, g/100g 41.2 8 (dryweight)/3,417fresh waste)

Total nitrogen, g/100g 0,34



Ca, g/100g 0.09

Mg, g/100g 0.01

Na, g/100g 0.1

S, g/100g 0.04

Al, mg/kg 115.14

Fe, mg/kg 223.28

Mn, mg/kg 7.00

B, mg/kg 6.20


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5

Cu mg/kg 3.26

Cr mg/kg <0.5

Ni mg/kg <0.5

Pb mg/kg <0.1

Zn mg/kg 15.2


As <0.5

Be <0.5

Bi <0.5

Co <0.5

Li <0.5

Mo <0.5

Sb <0.5

Se <0.5

Sr 7.65

Ti 93.2

Tl <0.5

V <0.5

Pathogens



242

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

45 Bibliography Adani f., Baido d., Calcatera e., Genevini p., The influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-biodrying of municipal solid waste, Bioresource Technology, 2002, 83, 173–178. Bertoldi, M. D., G. Vallini, and A.Pera. 1985. Technological aspects of composting including model-ing and microbiology. In: J.K.R.Gasser, Editor, Composting of Agricultural and Other WastesProc. Seminar Environ. Res. Prog, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York. 27-40 Carnes, R. y Lossin, R. (1970). An investigation of the pH characteristics of compost. Compost Sci. 5. Cuevas C. 2011. Enmiendas Orgánicas en suelos semiáridos, Una estrategia para favorecer ¨sumideros de carbono¨. (Organic amendments in semi-arid soils. A strategy to favour Carbon Sinks¨.) Ph D. Thesis. University of Murcia, Spain.

De Bertoldi M, Vallini G, Pera A, Zucconi F. 1982. Comparison of three windrow compost systems.BioCycle. 23(2):45–50. Finstein, M.S., F.C. Miller, J.A. Hogan, & P.F. Strom. 1987. Analysis of EPA Guidance on Composting Sludge: Part I - Biological Heat Generation and Temperature, BioCycle 28(1):20-26; Part II - Biological Process Control, BioCycle 28(2):42-47; Part III - Oxygen, Moisture, Odor, Pathogens, BioCycle 28(3):38-44; Part IV - Decomposition Rate and Facility Design and Operation, BioCycle 28(4):56-61. Goyal S, Dhull SK, Kapoor KK (2005)Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity.Bioresour Technol. 96: 1584-9 Howard, Albert and Yeshwant D. Wad. The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus.London: Oxford University Press, 1931. Many organic gardeners have read Howard's An Agricultural Testament, but almost none have heard of this book. It is the source of my information about the original Indore composting system Jackel, U, K. Thummes, and P. Kampfer (2005) Thermophilic methane production and oxidation in compost. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 52: 175-184 Lorimor, J., Fulhage, C., Zhang, R., Funk, T., Sheffield, R., Sepphard, C., Newton, G :L : 2001. Manure management strategies/technologies. White paper on Animal Agriculture and the Environnement for National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management.MWPS, Ames, IA, 52p. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental. Estudio de los mercados del compost. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental.Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos, 2008-2015 (PNIR). Informe de Sostenibilidad Ambiental (ISA). 2007 Ross, M., Hernández, T. and García, C. 2003.Soil microbial activity after restoration of a semi-arid soil by organic amendments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 463-469

Stentiford, E.I., 1987. Recent developments in composting. In: de Bertoldi, M., Ferranti, M., L_Hermite, P., Zuicconi, F. (Eds.), Compost, Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier, London, pp. 52–60. Stewart, B.A., Robinson, C.A., Parker, D.B. 2000. Examples and case studies of beneficial reuse of beef cattle byproducts. In : J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (eds) Land application of agricultural, industrial and municipal byproducts, pgs. 387-407. SSSA BookSeries Nº 6, SSSA, Madison, WI Tejada, M., Hernández T., García C. 2009.Soil restoration using composted plant residues: effect on soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 45: 109-117 Wilson G.B., Dalmat, D. (1983). Sewage Sludge Composting in the USA, Bio-Cycle, 24: 20-231 Zucconi, F. & De Bertoldi, M., 1987. Compost specifications for the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste.En: ”Compost: production, quality and use”. Ed. De Bertoldi, M.P. Ferranti, P. L’Hermite, F. Zucconi. Elsevier Applied Science. Publisher.30-50.

243

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

244

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

46 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the local economy and population. Study on a Murcia Region

47 A) Introduction:

There is a great variety of definitions regarding the terms Compost and Composting. In reality, they are both variations of the same concept that try to provide concise information from diverse viewpoints. In simple terms, the compost is nothing more than a mixture of organic waste with a variable degree of decomposition which, once added to the soil cultivation, exerts a beneficial role as organic fertilizer. Beyond this simple definition are the mechanisms by which these mixtures acquire their properties and the way the production process should be controlled so that the desired effect is optimal Whatever the case, compost production has boomed in recent years because, besides being a material of great agronomic value, the very process by which it is obtained, in itself represents a system of dealing with bio-waste that is economicaland respectful to the environment, while directly involving the society and making it responsible for the waste it generates. Perhaps the fact that composting is a biotransformation process is the key to properly defining the term compost from a scientific and technical standpoint. Biotransformation implies that the decomposition of the organic materials is mediated by living beings. In this case, living beings are microorganisms that, through enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions,obtain the nutrients and energy necessary for the maintenance of their biological activities from their own organic remains. As a result of this decomposition, part of organic matter is mineralized completely to CO2 and H2O. The rest of the materials are partially transformed into compounds with different degree of humification. In addition, during the microbial action, chemical energy necessary for microorganisms is generated, part of which dissipates in the form of heat. There are other key circumstances that should be considered in this process: the biotransformation of organic matter should occur under aerobic conditions; that is, in the presence of significant concentrations of oxygen. This is an essential requirement in order for the final material to be called compost, because even though organic matter is also transformed in anaerobic conditions, the material obtained is not compost. All those nutritional factors (for the composition of the raw materials) and environmental factors (moisture, pH, temperature, concentration of oxygen, etc.) which have a direct influence on the biological activity of microorganisms must be scrupulously controlled so that the process runs optimally. In the light of these considerations, it can be said that the compost is a stable material, similar to hummus, obtained by the biological transformation of organic matter, under controlled aerobic conditions. In accordance with this definition, the compost should not be considered only as a simple system for treatment of bio-waste that allows its stabilization, since, through adequate control of the conditions under which it runs, the process leads to the enhancement of organic matter from waste, giving it properties which allow it to decisively contribute to the fertility of the soil. The supply of compost and mixtures of waste for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping, and improvement and recovery of soil, comes from the following production sectors:

● Composting plants that process the organic fraction of the RSU. ● Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including

those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries. The compost produces positive effects in the soil both in its physical/chemical and biological properties. Its incorporation in the soil allows improving its structure, reducing the problems of

245

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

compaction and susceptibility to erosion. It also increases the capacity for retention of water and gas exchange, thus promoting radical development. It also improves the biological activity of the soil since it provides food to the microorganisms that inhabit it and feed on humus. As a result of the improvement in the ventilation and other properties, the bacterial flora is increased and diversified. Its use as a fertilizer is related to its ability to deliver nutrients slowly, in accordance with the mineralization caused by micro-organisms who in simple terms release nutrients contained in the humus and organic matter. In addition, the compost acts as a suppressor of diseases through biological mechanisms such as competition between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms, parasitism and antibiosis. Agriculture and forestry depend on the soil for the supply of water and nutrients, as well as for its physical support. Its capacity for filtration, retention, storage and transformation convert the soil into one of the main elements for protecting the water and the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. Furthermore, it serves as a habitat and a genetic reserve, an element of the landscape and cultural heritage as well as a source of raw materials.

246

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

48 A.1. Current regulations and definitions

TheLaw 22/2011 of waste y contaminated soilsdefines "Compost" as the "organic amendment obtained from the biological, thermophilic and aerobic treatment of biodegradable waste collected separately". According to this definition, organic material obtained from the plants by mechanical biological treatment of mixed waste is not to be considered compost but rather should be referred as biostabilized material. It can be seen that the last regulation gives emphasizes on the differences between processes that originate different biotransformed materials in order provide a clear identity to the compost and at the same time linking it to processes that are based on organic materials separated in origin. The same law defines "Biowaste" as biodegradable residue of gardens and parks, waste from food and cooking from households, restaurants, catering services and retail establishments, as well as comparable waste from plants that process food. With this new regulation, environmental authorities, without prejudice for the measures derived from actions at the community level, promote measures which may include in plans and programs for management of waste intended to promote:

e) The separate collection of bio-waste destined for composting or anaerobic digestion, in particular of the plant fraction, bio-waste of large generators andbio-waste generated in households.

f) Household and community composting. g) The treatment of bio-waste collected separately so as to achieve a high degree of

protection of the environment carried out in specific facilities without letting it mix with waste throughout the process. Where appropriate, the authorization of such facilities shall include the technical requirements for the proper treatment of bio-waste and the quality of the obtained materials.

h) The use of compost produced from bio-waste and environmentally safe in agriculture, gardening or the regeneration of degraded areas, in replacement of other organic amendments and mineral fertilizers.

Other applicable laws prior to the publication of theLaw 22/2011 on Waste and Contaminated Soil: Urban household waste Specific legislation The national legislation applicable to such waste is: -Law 10/1998 of April 21st, on waste. -Law 11/1997 of April 24th, on packages and packaging waste, and the regulations that carry it out; approved by Royal Decree 782/1998 and subsequent amendments to both. -Royal Decree 653/2003, of May 30th, on waste incineration. -Royal Decree 1481/2001, of December 27th, which regulates the disposal of waste through a landfill deposit. -Law 16/2002, of July 1st, on integrated pollution prevention and control Sludge from urban waste water treatment plants (urban WWTP). Legislation specifies Sludge from urban sewage treatment plants is regulated by the norms of waste with the particularity that their application as fertilizer or organic amendment must conform to the following provisions: -Royal Decree 1310/1990 of October 29th, which regulates the use of sewage sludge in the agricultural sector. This Royal Decree establishes a series of controls on the part of the autonomous regions for the monitoring and use of sludge in the agriculture and creates the National Registry of Sludge (RNL)

247

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

-Order of October 26th, 1993. on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture establishes the requirements for the provision of information to the RNL on sludge production and quantities intended for agricultural soils. -Royal Decree 824/2005, of July 8th, on fertilizer products. Regulates the organic amendments prepared with organic waste including sewage sludge. Description of Current situation Data from the national registry of sludge indicates that in the year 2006 1.064.972 t m s of sludge was generated, which means that the production of sludge has increased 55% in the period 1997-2006. The autonomous regions that produce the most sludge are Cataluña, Madrid and Valencia. The amounts to be used for agricultural recovery in recent years went up from 606,119 tm (2001) to 687,037 t m s. (2006), which, in percentage terms, is a substantial increase. The planning and management of sludge in Spain are different in all autonomous regions: some have specific plans, others apply standards of waste management or include them in the plans of urban waste, and others apply the Royal Decree 1310/1990 through their Ministries of Agriculture, waste services or sanitation of the Ministries of Environment. This situation is not very desirable, not only for ecological reasons, but also for reasons of administrative efficiency because there is some confusion with regard to the competent department. The remaining legal framework connected to the subject-matter of soils and compost was configured by the following directives:

-Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC - Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC - Directive on Agricultural Application of sewage sludge 86/278/EC - Regulation 1774/2002 on Waste and animal by-products and related norms

Other directives with an indirect but important link with the subject-matter of soils and compost are:

- Directive 91/968 Wastewater treatments - DIR 96/61/EC IPPC - Directive 2001/77/EC on power generation by renewable sources

The annex I-II describes a comparative study realized to the characterization of wastes treated by composting process frequently used in Murcia regarding their suitability for agricultural use and especially for vegetable and cereal cultivation under Spanish climatic conditions. Since the co-utilization of various wastes in composting processes is a common practice for obtaining high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes have been included in this study.

248

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

49 B)Market

50 B.1.Current situation of the market for compost

Supply of compost and mixtures of waste destined for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping and improvement and recovery of soils, comes from the following sectors:

-Composting plants that process the organic fraction of MSW. -Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries.

Apart from that, there are companies that trade treated sludge from urban sewages or apply this sludge directly to agriculture and green spaces. In the last few years, some of the companies in the sector started developing the production of mixtures of Compost + NPK, which are a result of combining organic product and inorganic formulations with different contents N-P-K. As a result of the lack of specific legislation that requires a concrete definition and characterization of raw materials, composting processes and resulting products, the market for compost and organic amendments is unorganized, and prices do not correspond with the qualities and uses.

51 B.2.Potential Supply.

The recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment regarding separate

source collection of the organic fraction becomes an objective for optimal quality and

competitiveness in the compost, this productive potential in the medium to long term will be

calculated from a policy parameter as indicated in the National Plan for Urban Waste of the

Ministry of Environment: it is considered that in 2006, 24.2% of generated MSW will be

composted, in other words. The organic fraction will be 106 kg/inhabitant per year (1.2

Kg/inhabitant/day of MSW).

On the other hand, the data offered by composting plants with separate source collection (year

2,000) shows that about 25% of the organic fraction is converted into compost, which is equivalent

to 27 kg of compost per inhabitant per year.

Nevertheless, it’s necessary to make two estimates for the total amount of production, the first in a

consideration of the short term (year 2006), with most of the compost of a lower quality (organic

fraction not separated at source) and an overall figure around 750 thousand tons (extrapolation of

the official production figures in 1998: 415.000 - 513.000 tons of composting plants) and the

second estimate, long-term, with mostly high quality compost, from separate collection at source:

1,067 thousand tons. Their breakdown by Murcia regions is contained in the attached table.

The theoretical potential for production of compost msw (medium-long term).

AUTONOMOUS REGION’S

COMPOST

Tons (in

thousands)

MURCIA 30

TOTAL 30

249

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOST

The estimated numbers of treated sludge production in late 2005, by Murcia Region, are given in the following table:

AUTONOMOUS REGION’S TONS OF DRY

MATTER/YEAR

MURCIA 37.000

TOTAL 37.000

Or the purposes of using this sludge as a base for compos, this plan makes the following forecast

(reference in dry matter for sludge with 75% moisture)

Tm dry matter (max.)

Use and conservation of agricultural soils with uncomposted treated sludge

14.800 (40%)

Agricultural and soil conservation (prior

composting)

9.250 (25%)

Incineration and landfill 12.950 (35%)

Total 37.000

Thus, it is estimated that approximately 37.000 tons of treated sludge (dry matter), or 65.000 tons

of fresh sludge, will be used for agriculture and improvement of soils. Of this amount, 10.000 tons

will be subjected to composting process, combining them with other waste, in particular forest

remains and gardening.

The total volume of compost obtained from the composting process with use of treated sludge and

forest remnants is, according to previous data, 37.000 Tm

LIVESTOCK AND FOOD WASTE COMPOST

Raw materials

Waste that is potentially compostable includes the following: grape marc, olive pomace, vegetable water, slurry and manure, horticultural remains, forest residues, garden waste, meat and dairy waste.

It is necessary to point out that a big part of these raw materials is intended for mixtures with

different maturity grade but without them having had a finished composting process. It is assumed

that the regulation on quality control makes the latter productive line more and scarcer for the sake

of composting being subject to specific norms.

In the livestock sector, the modernization and intensification that has undergone in the last few

decades has also caused an increase in the waste generation and a concentration in its distribution,

in a way that constitutes as a source of contamination. This is especially true for the waste in the

atmosphere (greenhouse gases and odours) and in the waters (nitrates, organic matter, etc.). On the

other hand, the use of more environmentally friendly and less costly resources is an increasingly

dominant need, while utilization of the livestock waste for compost production has great potential.

250

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

The key approach: there is a wide dispersion of farms (manure-producing areas). Currently, the

farms are the ones responsible for their management and incorporate them to the soil, either

composted or without any treatment. This was the trend until 2-3 years ago. At present, there

already are companies responsible for the management of waste and its subsequent recovery

(biogas, compost…), but its uncontrolled use keeps on being more profitable for the farmer in some

developments

WASTE FROM PROCESSING GRAPES

The pomace, which comes from alcohol and wine industries, is the only one considered. This

residue is obtained in the pressing of the grapes and is composed of the stem, the skins and the

kernel or seed, unless the latter is used by anoil extractor.

The grape pomace has high humic content.

Productions

- An average number of pomace per treated grapes is estimated at 150 kg.

- It is estimated that the content of dry organic matter is 75 kg per ton of grapes.

Marketing

Grape pomace is sold as a component of mulches and substrates without any processes other than

the grinding and sieving, that is, without a complete aerobic digestion.

Composting on the basis of this residue, incorporating other elements (manure), provides

identifiable compost as an organic amendment for the sector of nurseries and landscaping.

Grape wine(Tm Thousand)

Grape pomace (Tm Thousand)

Murcia 86 13

TOTAL 4.597 690

We have to take into account the success of last year (2013-2014) which has turned Spain into the

largest producer of wine in the world, ahead of its big competitors, France and Italy. Spain, despite

being the country with the largest cultivated vineyards in the world, has failed to take the

leadership of wine production up to now because of the low productivity of the soil in some

regions. (Source OEMV)

Scheme 4: Estimated wine production of the leading countries in the world

251

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Murcia Region registered the largest increase last year. The region has gone from producing 668.602,91 hectolitresmore than last year

OLIVE POMACE AND ALPECHIN Olive oil extraction processes.-

By-product: OLIVE POMACEAND ALPECHIN: 1-1,5 tons per ton of processed olives OLIVE POMACE (modern two-phase system of extraction)

Semisolid mixture of wastewaters and solid remains of olive pulp and seed.. Its organic matter content is 95% of the total dry matter. Humidity is around 50-55%.

The pH is acidic (around 6) Its physical characteristics are unsuitable for agricultural management and application.

Vegetable water (traditional system of extraction)

-Residual water with organic matter and fertilizers -Average Composition per m3

252

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

● Dry residue: 170 kg., of which: - 150 kilograms of organic matter - 20 kg (mineral elements) - Acid pH (4 to 6). - Vegetable water carries compounds that are toxic to the plants (polyphenols and fatty acids) but their toxicity disappears in the composting process

Final parameter of calculation It is estimated that OLIVE POMACE will be progressively obtained in order to correspond with the most modern systems of extraction. The parameter estimate would be: 0.9 of waste per ton of olives. ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF OLIVE POMACE AND VEGETABLE WATER BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).

Autonomous region Olives (Tm Thousand) Estimated waste (Tm Thousand)

MURCIA 8 7 Total 8 7

This volume of waste is destined for, on one hand, biomass plants and cogeneration power production and on the other, for composting plants where the OLIVE POMACE is combined with other materials (manure, municipal waste, other plant debris) in order to produce compost (at medium-long term). For the purpose of this second use, estimation is made that 50% of the above total will be the basis for all composting. SLURRY AND MANURE SWINE MANURE.

For the purposes of its use as an organic fertilizer, some important traits have to be considered. - High nitrogen content that on one hand is an important nutrient, and on the other is applied

in excess to the field, generates a problem of nitrification, in addition to contamination. - It is not uncommon for the slurry to have a high concentration of heavy metals (especially

copper), as a result of the complements of the feed for the cattle. Volume of average production and composition

According to the pig case of the Annual Food Statistics of MAGRAMA, Murcia manure management plan, an estimated gross volume of total production is 972 thousand tons. The average composition of slurry is the following (there have been considered fattening farms, breeding animals and closed cycle):

- Dry Matter: 5 %. - % of organic matter in dry matter: 66 %. - N total (% dry matter):6-8% - P2O5 (% dry matter):6-7% - K2O (% dry matter): 3-4%

OTHER MANURE AND SLURRY

These include organic waste from cattle, sheep, horses and chicken manure from poultry farms: Pondering the production of different types of exploitation and considering an average composition, has lead to the following parameters:

253

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Manure % Dry Matter % organic matter

S/dry matter bovine sheep poultry manure

20 35 50

55 65 72

The estimate of the available manure production is derived from the data of the Annual agri-food statistics of MAPA. It is taken as a reference for the possibility of making compost, in combination with other wastes, although for the most part it is reemployed on the farm or in local composting who often have incomplete character

Poultry Manure

The main waste generated in intensive livestock farms is fundamentally related to the production of manure, mainly due to its generation and accumulation in large volumes that can pose a problem of management. The poultry manure is considered as the faeces accumulated in the agricultural accommodations, which may or may not be mixed with other organic materials used in the preparation of the beds. As in the case of semi-intensive productions or the generation of wet manure which have been diluted in water in the processes of extraction and cleaning. The management of such waste is one of the main problems that are faced by the sector, especially in cases of farms in the outskirts of towns. Poultry manure can be seen as a by-product with multiple potential uses, although in Spain it’s generally treated as a waste delivered to external agents. It should be noted that there are developments in other countries toward a scenario in which this waste disposal is an additional cost to the expenses inherent to the production of eggs. In consequence, the problem for poultry farms is caused by the generated volumes and its subsequent management. Currently the majority of the chicken manure which is generated in poultry production is intended for use as compost. Therefore, it is transferred to an agent, then sold or is intended for personal consumption, in those cases in which the producer himself possesses agricultural land.

Revaluation as organic fertilizer

The agronomic value of the poultry manure as organic fertilizer is the preferred one for its management. In Murcia, this use may be more advised due to the existence of large agricultural areas with soils poor in organic matter and threatened by desertification. The summary of these productions is as follows

Manure ProductionTmThousand bovine Sheep, goats

200 95

254

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

equine poultry others

45 900 600

TOTAL 1.840 ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF SLURRY AND MANURE BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).

Autonomous Region Slurry (Tm Thousand)

OthersManures ( thousand Tm Tm)

MURCIA 972 606 Total 972 606

For the purposes of a transformation by way of compost, 50% of manure is used. An assumption is made that 90% of the other manures have a direct agricultural use and only 10% will be included in the compost processing plants. ORGANIC MATTER (dry) AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCING COMPOST AND FERTILIZERS

In accordance with the data shown above, and considering the different types of slurry and manures produced, following parameters are applied:

- Pig slurry: 5% of dry matter. o or 66% of organic matter S / dry. mat.

- Other livestock waste: 25% of dry matter. o or 60% of organic matter S / dry. mat.

Therefore, 34 kg of dry organic matter is obtained per ton of pig slurry and 150 Kg of dry organic matter per ton of other cattle remains. Considering the total volumes of waste reach the following figures of availability of dry organic matter to produce fertilizers:

- From pig slurry: 412,000 t. - From other livestock waste: 880,000 Tm

HORTICULTURAL AND OTHER PLANT REMAINS

Because of the importance of their concentration in some areas, waste from greenhouses and the organic remains of mushroom farms should be highlighted. Other materials that should be considered as compost ingredients are the cereal straws and the remains from fruit and vegetable farms even though there are no concrete estimates available for their volume, because of never being the main components of these finished organic products. Greenhouses

Murcia is the second producer region with 3.280.632 Million Tons.

The volume of plant debris has important figures as raw material for production of compost (an estimate is 190,000 t of green waste per year) although there are some difficulties with textile and plastic materials that are not separated at origin POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST (MEDIUM AND LONG-TERM) BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS

Taking into consideration the raw materials analyzed before (organic fraction of MSW, treated

sludge available for composting, meat and agri-food waste), estimates have been made of the

255

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

potential production of compost for Autonomous Region. Murcia monograph includes, first, the

availability of materials and then the production of compost, breaking down the organic fraction of

MSW, of treated sludge from and other waste.

The summary table is attached, with a total of 38 tons of compost.


Autonomous Region O.F MSW

SLUDGE TREATED

OTHER WASTE

MURCIA 14 5 38 Total 14 5 38

256

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MURCIA

PRODUCCIÓN POTENCIAL DE COMPOST.AVAILABILITYOF WASTE

BIODEGRADABLES


Parameters


Availability


SLUDGE TREATED


inhabitants) − Murcia: 24

TOTAL MURCIA: 24


GRAPE MARC

Parameters


Availability.-



Parameters.

- -. 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - - 50% of the waste is intended to compost

Availability


SWINE SLURRY

Parameters

- Dry matter: 5 %

Availability


257

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

OTHERS MANURES

Parameters


Availability



Parámetro.

- 50 % dry matter

Availability



COMPOST FROM MSW


- - 120 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - - 40 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - - 30 thousand Tm compost

COMPOST FROM SLUDGE


- 9 thousand Tm Sludge (dry matter). - 36 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 14 thousand Tm compost


- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - - 6 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - - 15 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - - 50 thousand Tm compost prepared total.


258

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

52 B.3 Potential Demand

In the current situation, the demand for compost corresponds to the following types of consumption:

- Agriculture. - Companies such as nurseries and garden centre - Institutions and companies that organize and maintain gardens and green spaces. - Companies who perform works of infrastructure that requires the creation of soil

vegetation

Agriculture The findings of the interviews with organizations of farmers have been very uniform and can specify the following points:

- There is a general ignorance about the uses and applications of compost and a distrust of their comparability with organic fertilizers.

- The direct application of treated sludge to crops is loosely organized and the farmer is encounters problems with the procedures for the application and control of soil analysis

- As opposed to mixtures of peat and other organic remains that are sold by commercial houses (branded and packaged products), the compost derived from a well-elaborated fermentation with identified waste, is just a small percentage of what could potentially be offered to the market from the residues. For this reason, the farmer does not value this compost and only uses it when the price is low.

- The ecological agriculture still does not have a concrete and well known supply of compost, as it has an image linked to waste and processes that give little confidence.

- Recently, some farmers’ associations have begun to worry about the possibility of the waste composted organic fertilizer and are awaiting precise technical guidelines that allow for a development of the use of compost in agriculture.

Companies such as nurseries, garden centers and institutions that maintain green spaces Their demand for compost is growing but the adjusted downward price requirement makes the buyer not value the difference in quality properly. It is important that the Administration controls and provides good information about the content, so that the consumer appreciates such quality, for the benefit of the well-crafted compost. In general, respondents have expressed their distrust of compost which is not well-presented and require that its effectiveness be proven, especially the nurseries and gardening companies. Companies carrying out infrastructure works with creation of soil vegetation All respondents indicated that the main problem for the use of quality compost is that in each project, the batch dedicated for the creation of soil is very tight, and for the application to the field they prefer a product that essentially can be distributed without difficulty (Eg: Fresh sludge or semiliquid manure). Again, in this sector, it is also necessary to have public support for the dissemination of the use of compost, starting this work in terms of technical specifications of the projects themselves. PRICES OF THE COMPOST MSW compost The low quality compost obtained from the MSW makes its selling price rarely exceeding the 12 euros/Tm, excluding transport costs. In addition, as customers of opportunity (some farms or processors of amendments and mulch in the area), one cannot talk of a real market but

259

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

rather specific operations without continuity and marketing applied to a significant market segment. It can be said that there is virtually no sales of compost packaging (bags) so that an important value-added step is lost. Once again, it is the lack of quality that prevents the pose of packaging, in addition to the supply from the competition of companies specializing in amendments and substrates. The average prices of compost, considering the data from composting plants, are as follows:

- -Medium-high quality compost: 20 euro/Tm - -Low quality compost: 13.2 euros/Tm

Prices of organic amendments and mulch The market for these organic products is supplied, on one hand, by companies of local nature "mantilleros" that offer little reliability in terms of composition and quality of the amendment, and, on the other hand, by companies that sell products under a brand name, with indications of formulations and with prices that are very competitive. Therefore, it is difficult to find a niche in the market and exploit cheap organic waste or very economic in its design, so industries and farms often pay for the service to the management of these residues. A sample of prices of wholesalers (bulk and packaged) is offered in the tables attached, with considerations and following conclusions: 1) In the market for amendments and products equivalent to the compost, there is a great disparity of qualities, as it is very difficult to homogenize them because of their diverse origin:wet or dry sludge(including semi-composted sludge), compost from MSW, manure, remains from forest pruning, grape marc, olive pomace, slurry, etc. Some companies limit themselves to mixing waste and leaving it to "mature", similar to mulch. It is common for them to add imported peat. Sometimes, the development is more complete and can be seen in the price of the product, higher and with detailed information and advertising (2) The prices of bulk (in euros/m3 or euros/Tm) have, in accordance with the aforementioned, a huge dispersion. The averages are as follows:

- - Bulk, by volume: 35 euros/m3 - - Bulk, by weight : 49 euros/Tm

Compared with the prices of compost purchased in MSW plants, it can be observed that the commercial product (49 euros/Tm) is significantly higher than the compost, regardless if it is of high (20 euros/Tm) or low quality (13.2 euros/Tm). That is one of the key points for the development of the supply of quality compost. 3) The prices of the packaging (wholesale), with an average of 0.06 euro/litter and equivalent to 60 euros/m3 lead, logically, to an increase of value added in the bulk.

- - Rising from 35 to 60 euros/m3. It is important to note, once again, that the packaged product due to the absence of specific regulations, does not guarantee any quality or a significant performance. Average prices

- -Bulk prices to wholesalers (Ex warehouse) (€/m3): 35 €/m3 - -Bulk wholesale prices €/Tm: 49 €/Tm

Organic and assimilated amendments:

260

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- -Packaged (whole sale) prices: 0.06 €/litter Prices of mixtures of Compost + NPK Although it's a nascent market, everything seems to point to a strong expansion of its sales, by the undoubted advantages of bringing together, in a single product and a single application, organic compounds and formulations NPK. In fact, there are already several Spanish companies, which have been launched by that line of sales and it is estimated, according to opinions of technicians, that the mixture of quality compost and NPK is an activity in which it can participate, not only promoters and fertilizer companies, but also cooperatives which have capacity of re-employment. From the point of view of achieving, from waste, the greatest possible added value, a table has been attached with average data of companies that sell mixtures of Compost + NPK. In this table, with wholesale prices, is indicated that the average price of the bulk is 101 euros/Tm while the packaged is 131 euros/Tm it signifies that in the case of mixtures of Compost + NPK, a new step of added value is presented and it indicates how the pyramid of the compost gross has an important economic multiplier.

- Average bulk: 101 euro/Tm - Average packaged: 131 euro/Tm

261

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

53 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances.

Potential demand Estimates of the demand in the medium-long term have been the following: Agriculture A minimum estimate has been applied, corresponding with the following assumptions:

- The market of olive groves and vineyards will demand from the market of blends of Compost - NPK an equivalent of 1 thousand kg/ha annually. Logically, it is a consumption that could expand to the extent that these products are disclosed and the farmer knows them and appreciates their usefulness.

- The market of irrigation will demand an equivalent of 500 kg of compost per hectare per year (2 thousand Kg every 4 years).

- In these calculations it is estimated that the dry lands will only benefit in the short-term by possible direct applications of treated sludge, and will join the demand of quality compost in a long-term horizon.

Nurseries and gardens The survey carried out to nurseries and gardening companies has led to an estimate of the consumption of compost for amendments in the range of 80 - 90 kg/inhabitant/year. This figure is lower than the one deduced from documentation in other countries of the EU but is adopted in this work as reasonable hypothesis. Three have been established, however, three levels of consumption depending on the urban and tourist characteristics of the area. They are as follows:

- High density of single-family homes in the region, strong endowment of public green spaces and high concentration of areas with tourist resorts: 80 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Murcia.

Other uses of compost In accordance with references on compost use of countries in the EU, it estimated that the equivalent of 10% of employment in nurseries and gardening will be the figure used in soil recovery projects, vegetation cover of infrastructures and activities for ecological conservation of territories with eroded soils Murcia total demand The summary of the case studies outlined in annex No. 4 is the attached table, in which have been broken down the sectors of Agriculture, Gardening and green spaces, and other uses relating to improvement and recovery of soils.

agriculture nurseries and gardens other uses

Murcia 156 80 8

TOTAL 156 80 8

ADJUSTED SUPPLY OF COMPOST AND DEGREE OF BALANCE The potential demand will require an adjustment to the demand which is carried out as follows: 1) Consideration of the two product lines that are compared in the medium term: quality compost and blends of Compost + NPK. 2) The total supply of compost calculated above applies, firstly, to the demand for compost, due to less productive and commercial effort. Due to this application, following situations will arise:

- There is a shortage of supply of quality compost. In this case, the Region will have to import compost or biodegradable waste (from other regions) and organominerals

- There is a supply-demand balance. The market will have to buy organominerals (or waste for developing them) from other regions.

- There is a surplus of supply of compost. Applies the production of organominerals, whose demand, if finally it is deficient, will require a purchase of these products from abroad.

262

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

- There is a surplus of supply and there is no market of organominerals. In that case, the compost (or perhaps waste) must be sent to other loss-making regions

The data of the adjusted Supply-Demand is presented in the following table

Supply thousand Tm

Demand thousand Tm

Balance thousand Tm

Murcia 94 244 -150

TOTAL 94 244 -150

However, we should also take into account the possible alternative ways of recovery, mainly the production of biofuels and fuels derived from waste (not to be confused with the incineration of waste). On the other hand, there is a growing demand for compost for its use in agriculture due to recognition of the need for input of organic matter to the cultivated soils, in addition with a growing demand in terms of selectivity of the components, absence of contaminants and compost quality

54 C)Plans and program on the future management of waste in the Murcia Region

Strategic Plan of the waste in the Region of Murcia 2007-2012. (reference document) It is in an advanced state of processing the waste plan in the Region of Murcia 2014-2020. In developing a program for the prevention of waste in the Region of Murcia.

263

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

55 ANEX I:

264

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Summary The wastes collected include, manure vermicompost and composts from, among others, the organic fraction of domestic organic wastes, artichoke sludge, mixing alperujo with sheep and goat manure, mushroom cultivation residues, sewage sludge and pruning residues. These organic wastes have been characterized by determining parameters such as pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, volatile organic matter, ashes content, total C and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy metals and others elements. The potential phytotoxicity of these organic wastes, as well as their possible stimulant effect on plant growth has been also determined by submitting the wastes to germination tests. These assays were performed in Petri dishes in which the effect of the water extracts (1/10 w/v) obtained from the different wastes on seed germination and root and shoot elongation was evaluated. The Study analyse the suitability for agricultural use of the different characterized organic wastes, as well as the suitability of the compost methods used for their treatment. 1. - Introduction Organic wastes are typically by-products of farming, industrial or municipal activities, and are usually called wastes because they are not primary products. They are often negatively viewed as waste products with undesirable features such as odor, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals, pathogens, toxins and other contaminant. However, when organic amendments are used judiciously, they play an important role in improving soil fertility Like crop residues, which contain substantial amounts of plant nutrients, other types of organic wastes, such as those derived from the urban and industrial sectors also have the capacity to contribute to the improvement of soil quality (Cuevas, 2011). The use of organic wastes (possibly treated) of animal, vegetal or even municipal (sewage sludge) origin as soil amendments represent an “added value” from both an economic and ecological point of view. Therefore, different technologies for the stabilization treatment of organic wastes have been developed in the last decades and different types of organic wastes are being used as soil amendments. Lime treatment or high temperature aerobic or anaerobic treatment are very effective in eliminating pathogens. Also, different land application techniques are used to reduce odor and ammonia emission, such as injection into soil. By composting manures and organic residues bulk is reduced, nutrients are concentrated, odor is reduced, pathogens are killed and a stabilized product for storage and transport is obtained. Vermicomposting utilizes earthworms for stabilizing organic materials. Compared to conventional composting, vermicomposting often results in somewhat lower mass reduction, much shorter processing time, higher humus content, less phytotoxicity, retention of more N and usually greater fertilizer value (Lorimor et al., 2001). Fly larvae (Hemetiaillucens) have also been used for converting manure into a more stabilized and useful product. The type of methodology used for improving organic wastes will determine the characteristics of the resulting product, influencing in turn organic waste suitability for being used as soil amendment for agricultural purposes. Organic amendments affect soil properties in numerous and variable ways. These effects can be due to the intrinsic properties of the organic amendment (direct effect) or a consequence of the beneficial effect of the organic amendment on soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Steward et al., 2000; Ros et al., 2003; Tejada et al., 2009). Organic amendments add nutrients plus organic matter, offering many more opportunities for the improvement of

265

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

soil quality and fertility than the sole use of mineral fertilization. The utilization of organic wastes in agriculture depends on several factors, including the characteristics of the waste such as organic matter, nutrients and heavy metal content, energy value, odor generated by the waste, benefits to the agriculture, availability and transportation costs and regulatory considerations. Although the importance of these factors can vary by type of organic waste, the considerations for their use are similar for most organic wastes. It is clear then, that knowledge as exhaustive as possible of the characteristics of the organic wastes is needed in order to accurately establish their suitability for agriculture and how they must be applied to soil for improving crop yields. In the present study, the suitability for agricultural use of different organic wastes is analyzed. 2. - Organic waste collection and characterization 2.1. - Organic waste collection

Since co-utilization of various wastes is a common practice in composting processes to obtain high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes were included in this study. These composts are considered appropriate for use in Spain and all other Mediterranean countries. The report shows the different organic wastes were studied

- Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1) - Table 2. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2) - Table 3. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R3) - Table 4. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R2) - Table 5. Composted sheep manure (R5) - Table 6. Compost from pruning residues (R3) - Table 7. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R4) - Table 8. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R5) - Table 9.Vermicompost of manure (R6) - Table 10.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R7) - Table 11. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R8) - Table 12. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R12) - Table 13. Biochar from forest residues (R13) - Table 14. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from

slaughterhouse industry (R14) The origin and technology used for the organic waste treatment is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Treatment of the collected organic wastes Organicwaste Organicwastetreatment

R1 None R2 Composting R3–R5, R8, R12, R14 Composting R14 Composting R6 Vermicomposting R7 Composting

2.2. Organic waste characterization 2.2.1. Chemical and microbiological characterization

The following parameters were determined in these wastes: pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), volatile organic matter, total C and N, P, K, ammonium, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy

266

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

metals and others elements. Results from these analyses are shown in the Tables 1-14 of the Annex. The methodologies used for these analyses are shown in Table 2. Except for residues R5, R10, and R13 which showed pH values ranging from 9 to 9.6, showed values lower than 6, the rest of organic materials exhibited pH values between 6 and 7.7 which is a suitable pH value for plant growth. The EC values of most of the analyzed organic materials ranged from 1,100 µS/cm to 7000 µS/cm, although higher EC were found in some of them (from 9,000 to 15,000 µS/cm). High salt content in soil is a limiting factor for plant growth.

Table 2. Methodologies used for organic waste analysis

PARAMETER METHOD Humidity Constant weight at 105ºC pH Standard methods Electrical conductivity Standard methods Volatile organic matter Ignition at 650 ºC Ashes Ignition at 650 ºC Sulphur Acid digestion and ICP Total C Elemental analyser Total N content Elemental analyser Total P Acid digestion and ICP Total K Acid digestion and ICP Ammonia Colour measurement in Spectrophotometer Anions Ionic chromatography Macro and micronutrients ICP Heavy metals ICP Escherichia coli Β-D-glucuronidase positive (ISO 16649) Presence of Salmonella/ 25 g Met.-Mic-E.coli-Al (ISO 6579) Water soluble Polyphenols Folin-Ciocalteumethod

Organic C and total N content in the analyzed wastes were very variable ranging from 17 to 56% (dry weight) for C and from 0.3 to 7% for N (with the exception of R13, biochar, with 75% C, and R19, compost tea, with 0.05% N) (Figure 1). The highest values of organic C (dry weight) were found in R13 (75% C) biochar obtained from forest wastes, the fresh alperujo (R17, 55% C) and the stabilized alperujo (R5, 48% C) followed by R1, R2, R3, R8, R12, R10, R18, R11 and R25 (35-43% C) and the lowest values were shown by R3, R7, and R17 (<25% C). As regard N the highest values were shown by, R11 and, R12 (3-4.5% N). Other derived wastes (R12) showed high P content (2.5, 1.6 and 1.3%, respectively) as is usual in this type of residue which contains residual detergents rich in P. Likely, wastes derived from pig slurry (R1). The rest of wastes showed P contents ranging between 0.1% and 0.8%. In turn, R10, R1 and R4, by this order, were the wastes with the highest K contents (5.7; 4.7; 4.3 and 3.8%, respectively), which is characteristic of products containing animal manures. With regard to pathogens, presence of Escherechia coli was detected in fresh pig slurry (R1, 2.1 x 105 UFC) and in the anaerobic sewage sludge (5.2 x 105). This suggests that these treatments are not good enough to sanitize this kind of wastes. Heavy metal content was in all the studied residues below the limit established by the EU for the use of sewage sludges in agriculture (UE directive 86/278 CEE). 2.2.2. Organic matter stability

The stability of the organic matter contained in these wastes was determined by amending an agricultural soil with the different organic wastes at a rate of 3% (w/w) and incubating the amended soil for 60 days at 28 ºC. Soil moisture was maintained at 50-60% of its water holding capacity throughout the incubation period and organic C content was measured at the beginning and end of the incubation period. The organic matter mineralization rate was different depending on the nature of the organic waste and the treatment of the waste. In general terms composts (R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R14, R10, R11,

267

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

R12, R14) as well as vermicompost (R9) showed a more stabilized organic matter with low losses of Corg during the two month incubation period. The high rate of organic matter mineralization shown by the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2), prune debris (R1), are indicative of the immaturity of these commercial compost suggesting that the composting process has not been carried out adequately

268

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

2.2.3. Phytotoxicity Assays

The potential phytotoxicity of the studied wastes was established by seed germination tests. 2ml of a water extract (1/10 w/v, and 1/20, 1/100 or 1/200 for those wastes with very high electrical conductivity) from the organic wastes, and 10 or 15 seeds (depending of the seed size) of different plant species were placed in Petri dishes and the dishes were put in a germination chamber at 28 ºC. All treatments were carried out by quintuplicate. Petri dishes with 2 ml of distilled water instead of OW extract were used as control. After germination, the number of germinated seeds was recorded and the length of the seedling roots and shoots was measured. In a first phase of the assay, seeds of 7 different plant species: cress, ryegrass, lettuce, melon, barley, wheat and maize, were assayed in 9 of these wastes: R5, R6, R7, R8, and R14. Then, given that results demonstrate that lettuce and cress were the most sensitive seeds, these two seeds were selected to be used for the phytotoxicity evaluation of the rest of the collected organic wastes. Germination index (GI) was calculated according to the following equation (Zucconi and De Bertoldi 1987): GI = % GS (LR/LRC); where GI = Germination index in percentage; % GS = Percentage of germinated seed with respect to the control; LR = Average root length in the treated seedling; and LRC = Average root length in the control seedling. Germination index is a widely accepted indicator of potential phytotoxicity for organic amendments. It combines the effect of the studied material on both, seed germination capacity and root elongation. This index was established by Zucconi and De Bertoldi (1087) using Lepidiumsativum for evaluating compost maturity; they reported that GI values lower than 50% indicated phytotoxicity, and composts are considered immature. However, the scientific community has generalized its use for any kind of organic material and with different kind of seeds. It is mentioned that GI values lower than 50% indicate phytotoxicity; IG values between 80 and 50% indicate moderate phytotoxicity and values higher than 100% indicate a bio-stimulant effect. The potential phytotoxicity of the organic materials under study differed depending on the assayed vegetal species, indicating a different sensitivity of the different seeds to salts and other possible phytotoxic compounds present in the organic waste. Table 3 shows the values of germination index (GI) obtained for cress and lettuce with the different organic wastes. No phytotoxic effect of these organic materials was observed on ryegrass, melon, barley, wheat or maize, most of them showing a stimulant effect on root and shoot elongation, suggesting that these residues may enhance the yield of this kind of crops when used at appropriate dose as soil organic amendments

Table 3. Germination index (GI) of cress and lettuce seeds in extracts of the different

organic wastes and electrical conductivity values of the assayed organic wastes

Germin Index Lm (cm)Stem EC (1/5) % Ref

OrganicWaste Cress Lettuce Cress Lettuce dS/m Moisture

1* Freshpigslurry 152.4 170.94 4.65 3.84 6.68 98.83

2 Compost of organic domestic wastes** 14.66 41.1 2.21 7.29 6.44 29.47

3 Compost of Alperujo+sheep and goat manure 135.42 93.24 3.22 5.5 4.00 11.37

4 Compost of sheep+goat manure⁺ 110.26 122.66 3.87 3.73 9.30 39.25

5 Compost of Sheepmanure 50.19 88.33 4.7 5.87 4.76 43.52

6 Compost of Prunedebris 89.49 57.05 3.24 5.53 5.38 28.34

7 Compost of green waste+5% manure 89.49 78.52 3.13 5.28 4.06 40.17

269

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

8 Compost of Prune debris+trichoderma 202.93 192.31 5.07 3.51 0.60 62.7

9 Compost from 40% Alperujo+40% poultry manure+20% prune and straw 19.96 109.09 4.9 3.8 5.34 12.28

10 Vermicompost of sheepmanure 136.43 117.68 4.73 4.21 1.35 62.27

11 Compost of Alperujo+goat manure+ grape debris+olive leaves and prune⁺ 136.92 126.17 4.26 3.95 5.07 7.86

12 Compost from Artichoke industry sludge+artichoke and grape residues 97.02 128.21 5.74 4.83 2.28 55.09

13 Compost of anaerobic Sewage sludge+Prune debris 112.78 147.44 4.83 4.14 6.94 49.36

14 Biochar from forestal residues 104.99 32.63 2.29 1.28 1.10 49.55

15 Compost from 40% Garden prune+60% (pig slurry +slaughterhouse resid.) 34.12 93.24 4.63 5.63 8.71 6.94

Control 100 100 3.48 2.85

**Extract 1/20 for cress ⁺Extract 1/20+dil 1/5 for cress and lettuce

Residues such as fresh pig manure (R1), compost of sheep and goat manure (R4), compost of prune residues inoculated with Trichoderma (R8), vermicompost of sheep manure (R9), compost of alperujo + goat manure + grape debris + olive leaves and prune (R10) and compost from anaerobic sewage sludge+prune debris (R12) showed a stimulant effect on both cress and lettuce growth, whereas the compost from alperujo + sheep and goat manure (R3) and the biochar from forest residues (R13) only showed stimulant effect on cress, and the compost from a mixture composed of 40% Alperujo + 40% poultry manure + 20% (prune straw) (R14), the compost of artichoke industry sludge + artichoke and grape residues (R11), showed stimulant effect only on lettuce growth Residues such as R2, R6, R13, and R25 showed phytotoxicity for both, cress and lettuce seeds.Phytotoxicity found in composts such as the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2), the compost from mushroom cultivation residues (R6), is probably due to the high electrical conductivity exhibited for these wastes and to the lack of maturity of the end compost. It is known that the composting process improves the stability and quality or the composted material eliminating bad odors and phytotoxic compounds but during this process salts are accumulated due to the mass reduction by organic matter mineralization. This parameter (EC) should be taken into consideration for establishing the dose to be added to the soil in order to avoid negative effects on soil and plant. To obtain good quality composts the fermentation and maturation phases of the composting process must be completed, otherwise an immature compost with low degree of organic matter stabilization will be obtained. These results suggests that, in general terms, composting and vermicomposting processes are

efficient techniques for eliminating phytotoxic compounds

Conclusions

As it has been observed the studied organic wastes are suitable products for recycling in soil used for agricultural purposes. They have an important load of organic matter that will contribute to improve soil organic quality and fertility, increasing the pool of organic C in the soil by fixing C in soil colloids thus avoiding C losses. Although the main function of organic wastes in soil is to act as soil improvers, they can also act as fertilizers due to the considerable amount of macro and micronutrients they contain. The chemical characterization of the studied wastes (see Tables in the Annex II) has revealed that nutrient content in wastes is closely related with the nature of the waste, whereas the rate of waste organic matter mineralization and the risk of phytotoxicity derived from the use of the end-product are greatly influenced by other factors. In this sense the composting seems to be one of the most promising and used techniques for waste

treatment in Murcia

The use of organic wastes as alternative to mineral fertilizers will help to reduce natural resources consumption and energy costs, as well as the risks of groundwater contamination derived from inorganic fertilization. At the same time these organic wastes will improve the

270

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

physical and microbiological characteristics of the soils where they are applied. However, due to the fact that organic wastes act as fertilizers of gradual liberation, it is probable that they cannot cover all crop nutrient demand and organic fertilization has to be complemented in parallel with inorganic fertilization, but the reduction of such inorganic fertilization is an important goal. The effects of organic waste addition will be more noticeable after several years of adding the organic amendment to the soil. Co-utilization of various wastes is a matter of paramount importance in waste treatment since it allows the elimination of several wastes at the same time and combines wastes with complementary characteristics in order to give a higher added value to the end product.

271

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

56 ANEX II:

272

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Since the highlighted values are small, you can consider mg/100g, also in other tables Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1)

pH 7.46


Humidity, % 98.83



Organiccarbon, g/100g 36,7 (dryweight)/0,429(freshwaste)

Total nitrogen, g/100g 0.11



Ca, g/100g 0.07

Mg, g/100g 0.02

Na, g/100g 0.02

S, g/100g 0.02

Al, mg/kg 44.79

Fe, mg/kg 28.64

Mn, mg/kg 6.07

B, mg/kg 1.98


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5

Cu mg/kg 12.31

Cr mg/kg <0.5

Ni mg/kg <0.5

Pb mg/kg <0.5

Zn mg/kg 109.51


As <0.5

Be <0.5

Bi <0.5

Co <0.5

Li <0.5

Mo <0.5

Sb <0.5

Se <0.5

Sr <0.5

Ti <0.5

Tl <0.5

V <0.5

Pathogens



273

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 2. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.45


Humidity, % 29.47


Ashes, % 55.66



Total P, g/100g 0.54 0.38

Total K, g/100g 1.04 0.74

Ca, g/100g 8.36 5.90

Mg, g/100g 0.8 0.56

Na, g/100g 0.83 0.59

S, g/100g 0.59 0.42

Al, g/100g 0.99 0.69

Fe, mg/kg 12183.1 8592.74

Mn, mg/kg 189.16 133.42

B, mg/kg 27.68 19.52


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 136.27 96.11

Cr mg/kg 80.01 56.43

Ni mg/kg 36.52 25.76

Pb mg/kg 76.11 53.68

Zn mg/kg 300.75 212.12


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 0.63 0.44

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 11.12 7.84

Mo 1.85 1.30

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 270.3 190.71

Ti 90.68 63.96

Tl 18.48 13.03

V 20.64 14.56

Pathogens



274

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 3. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R3)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.73


Humidity, % 11.37


Ashes, % 27.27



Total P, g/100g 0.17 0.15

Total K, g/100g 1.35 1.19

Ca, g/100g 15.44 13.68

Mg, g/100g 0.98 0.87

Na, g/100g 0.16 0.14

S, g/100g 0.45 0.40

Al, g/100g 2.07 1.83

Fe, mg/kg 13846.9 12272.55

Mn, mg/kg 278.47 246.81

B, mg/kg 38.74 34.33


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.58

Cu mg/kg 80.89 71.69

Cr mg/kg 68.31 60.54

Ni mg/kg 16.87 14.95

Pb mg/kg 30.43 26.97

Zn mg/kg 49.77 44.11


As 1.14 1.01

Be 0.72 0.64

Bi 6.58 5.83

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 20.25 17.95

Mo 1.08 0.96

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 592.47 525.11

Ti 101.79 90.22

Tl 28.63 25.37

V 43.92 38.92


Pathogens



275

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 4. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R4)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.68


Humidity, % 39.25


Ashes, % 52.66



Total P, g/100g 0.53 0.32

Total K, g/100g 3.78 2.30

Ca, g/100g 7.43 4.52

Mg, g/100g 0.91 0.55

Na, g/100g 0.2 0.120

S, g/100g 2.63 1.60

Al, g/100g 0.45 0.28

Fe, mg/kg 17002.58 10329.07

Mn, mg/kg 272.01 165.25

B, mg/kg 44.83 27.23


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 23.66 14.38

Cr mg/kg 16.68 10.13

Ni mg/kg 5.53 3.36

Pb mg/kg 6.09 3.70

Zn mg/kg 74.04 44.98


As <0.5 <0.5

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 3.37 2.05

Li 6.5 3.95

Mo 0.58 0.35

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 195.53 118.78

Ti 76.14 46.25

Tl 63.24 38.42

V 22.64 13.76

Pathogens



276

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 5. Composted sheep manure (R5) Dryweight Wetweight pH 8.95


Humidity, % 43.52


Ashes, % 48.32



Total P, g/100g 0.56 0.32

Total K, g/100g 2.44 1.38

Ca, g/100g 11.37 6.42

Mg, g/100g 1.1 0.67

Na, g/100g 0.35 0.20

S, g/100g 0.53 0.30

Al, g/100g 1.36 0.77

Fe, mg/kg 8193.5 4627.71

Mn, mg/kg 310.85 175.57

B, mg/kg 25.42 14.36


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 80.51 45.47

Cr mg/kg 46.9 26.49

Ni mg/kg 13.16 7.43

Pb mg/kg 15.54 8.78

Zn mg/kg 133.92 75.64


As 1.36 0.77

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 3.74 2.11

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 14.89 8.41

Mo 2.00 1.13

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 359.42 203.00

Ti 101.08 57.09

Tl 28.8 16.32

V 34.33 19.39

Pathogens



277

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 6. Compost from pruning residues (R6)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.51


Humidity, % 28.34


Ashes, % 24.89



Total P, g/100g 0.24 0.17

Total K, g/100g 1.65 1.18

Ca, g/100g 7.44 5.33

Mg, g/100g 2.93 2.10

Na, g/100g 0.29 0.21

S, g/100g 0.47 0.34

Al, g/100g 1.98 1.42

Fe, mg/kg 22767.8 16315.43

Mn, mg/kg 431.53 309.24

B, mg/kg 32.01 22.94


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 170.34 122.07

Cr mg/kg 95.57 68.49

Ni mg/kg 107.04 76.70

Pb mg/kg 59.32 42.51

Zn mg/kg 171.83 123.14


As 10.66 7.64

Be 0.62 0.44

Bi 7.9 5.66

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 16.21 11.62

Mo 1.83 1.31

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 183.35 131.39

Ti 321.16 230.15

Tl 70.28 50.36

V 65.82 47.17

Pathogens



278

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 7. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R7)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.46


Humidity, % 40.17


Ashes, % 33.5



Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.12

Total K, g/100g 1.7 1.01

Ca, g/100g 9.19 5.50

Mg, g/100g 1.36 0.81

Na, g/100g 0.26 0.16

S, g/100g 0.55 0.33

Al, g/100g 1.17 0.70

Fe, mg/kg 8962.1 5362.04

Mn, mg/kg 271.26 162.29

B, mg/kg 45.63 27.30


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 47.46 28.40

Cr mg/kg 73.18 43.79

Ni mg/kg 13.77 8.24

Pb mg/kg 34.67 20.74

Zn mg/kg 96.02 57.45


As 4.06 2.43

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 2.33 1.39

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 15.47 9.25

Mo 1.91 1.15

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 276.44 165.39

Ti 153.33 91.74

Tl 33.11 19.81

V 33.64 20.13

Pathogens



279

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 8. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R8)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.79


Humidity, % 62.7


Ashes, % 23.63



Total P, g/100g 0.09 0.04

Total K, g/100g 0.46 0.17

Ca, g/100g 4.87 1.82

Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.29

Na, g/100g 0.05 0.017

S, g/100g 0.18 0.07

Al, g/100g 0.11 0.04

Fe, mg/kg 1106.47 412.71

Mn, mg/kg 65.54 24.45

B, mg/kg 20.86 7.78


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 9.72 3.63

Cr mg/kg 21.89 8.16

Ni mg/kg 1.61 0.60

Pb mg/kg 1.82 0.68

Zn mg/kg 62.7 23.39


As 0.82 0.31

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 10.88 4.06

Mo <0.5 <0.5

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.08 0.40

Sr 205.09 76.50

Ti 19.69 7.35

Tl 42.79 15.96

V 14.07 5.25

Pathogens



280

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 9.Vermicompost of manure (R9)

Dryweith Wetweith

pH 7.33


Humidity, % 62.27


Ashes, % 52.02



Total P, g/100g 0.51 0.19

Total K, g/100g 0.57 0.22

Ca, g/100g 8.52 3.21

Mg, g/100g 1.37 0.52

Na, g/100g 0.07 0.03

S, g/100g 0.86 0.32

Al, g/100g 1.00 0.38

Fe, mg/kg 6463.38 2438.64

Mn, mg/kg 482.61 182.09

B, mg/kg 42.35 15.98


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 42.83 16.16

Cr mg/kg 50.75 19.15

Ni mg/kg 9.84 3.71

Pb mg/kg 9.94 3.75

Zn mg/kg 135.92 51.28


As 1.97 0.74

Be 0.75 0.28

Bi 6.13 2.31

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 12.06 4.55

Mo 2.24 0.85

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 428.58 161.70

Ti 81.75 30.84

Tl 40.54 15.30

V 51.93 19.59

Pathogens



281

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 10.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R10)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 9.14


Humidity, % 7.86


Ashes, % 35.27



Total P, g/100g 0.39 0.35

Total K, g/100g 4.68 4.31

Ca, g/100g 6.76 6.23

Mg, g/100g 1.19 1.10

Na, g/100g 0.38 0.35

S, g/100g 0.5 0.46

Al, g/100g 0.47 0.44

Fe, mg/kg 2452.29 2259.54

Mn, mg/kg 154.04 141.94

B, mg/kg 62.89 57.94


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 25.13 23.15

Cr mg/kg 17.44 15.79

Ni mg/kg 6.17 5.68

Pb mg/kg 4.81 4.43

Zn mg/kg 72.55 66.84


As 0.76 0.70

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 1.66 1.53

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 5.62 5.18

Mo 0.83 0.77

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 308.7 284.43

Ti 52.35 48.24

Tl 28.73 26.47

V 21.15 19.49


Pathogens



282

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 11. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R11

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.36


Humidity, % 55.09


Ashes, % 26.61



Total P, g/100g 0.58 0.26

Total K, g/100g 1.16 0.52

Ca, g/100g 6.81 3.06

Mg, g/100g 0.73 0.33

Na, g/100g 0.19 0.087

S, g/100g 0.87 0.39

Al, g/100g 0.18 0.08

Fe, mg/kg 3377.04 1516.63

Mn, mg/kg 83.72 37.60

B, mg/kg 54.8 24.65


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5

Cu mg/kg 34.84 15.65

Cr mg/kg 50.95 22.88

Ni mg/kg 14.55 6.53

Pb mg/kg 7.25 3.26

Zn mg/kg 162.82 73.12


As 0.91 0.41

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 1.38 0.62

Li 4.78 2.15

Mo 2.29 1.03

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 1.85 0.83

Sr 332.91 149.51

Ti 45.04 20.23

Tl 42.01 18.86

V 15.32 6.88

Pathogens



283

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 12. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R12)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 6.06


Humidity, % 49.36


Ashes, % 42.53



Total P, g/100g 1.27 0.64

Total K, g/100g 0.66 0.34

Ca, g/100g 7.22 3.66

Mg, g/100g 0.83 0.42

Na, g/100g 0.19 0.094

S, g/100g 2.87 1.45

Al, g/100g 0.67 0.34

Fe, mg/kg 24227.37 12268.74

Mn, mg/kg 120.29 60.92

B, mg/kg 31.36 15,88


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.33

Cu mg/kg 154.54 78.26

Cr mg/kg 44.15 22.36

Ni mg/kg 22.8 11.54

Pb mg/kg 47.08 23.84

Zn mg/kg 411.05 208.16


As 3.13 1.58

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi <0.5 <0.5

Co 3.14 1.59

Li 5.47 2.77

Mo 30.54 15.46

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se 7.76 3.93

Sr 729.83 369.59

Ti 108.95 55.17

Tl 66.4 33.63

V 25.72 13.02

Pathogens



284

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 13. Biochar from forest residues (R13)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 9.53


Humidity, % 49.55


Ashes, % 20.45



Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.09

Total K, g/100g 0.72 0.36

Ca, g/100g 4.92 2.48

Mg, g/100g 0.33 0.17

Na, g/100g 0.02 0.010

S, g/100g 0.07 0.03

Al, g/100g 0.11 0.05

Fe, mg/kg 826.99 417.22

Mn, mg/kg 680.94 343.53

B, mg/kg 21.85 11.02


Metals

Cd mg/kg <0.1

Cu mg/kg 13.45

Cr mg/kg 10.44

Ni mg/kg 11.65

Pb mg/kg 0.94

Zn mg/kg 35.57


As <0.1 <0.1

Be <0.5 6.79

Bi <0.5 5.27

Co 1.74 5.87

Li 3.09 0.47

Mo <0.5 17.95

Sb <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 307.92 <0.5

Ti 25.91 <0.5

Tl 15.54 0.88

V 5.70 1.56

Pathogens



285

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Table 14. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from slaughterhouse industry (R14)

Dryweight Wetweight

pH 7.72


Humidity, % 6.94


Ashes, % 60.35

Organic carbon, Organic carbon, g/100g 27.05 25.18


Total P, g/100g 0.82 0.77

Total K, g/100g 1.6 1.48

Ca, g/100g 9.58 8.92

Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.73

Na, g/100g 0.241 0.225

S, g/100g 0.73 0.68

Al, g/100g 0.60 0.56

Fe, mg/kg 4401.8 4096.31

Mn, mg/kg 299.28 278.51

B, mg/kg 42.07 39.15


Metals

Cd mg/kg 0.15 0.14

Cu mg/kg 64.44 59.97

Cr mg/kg 35.57 33.10

Ni mg/kg 11.08 10.31

Pb mg/kg 16.59 15.44

Zn mg/kg 214.92 200.01


As 1.19 1.11

Be <0.5 <0.5

Bi 3.67 3.41

Co <0.5 <0.5

Li 7.61 7.08

Mo <0.5 <0.5

Sb <0.5 <0.5

Se <0.5 <0.5

Sr 261.85 243.68

Ti 73.75 68.63

Tl 39.92 37.15

V 18.16 16.90

Pathogens



286

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

57 Bibliography

Adani f., Baido d., Calcatera e., Genevini p., The influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-biodrying of municipal solid waste, Bioresource Technology, 2002, 83, 173–178. Bertoldi, M. D., G. Vallini, and A.Pera. 1985. Technological aspects of composting including model-ing and microbiology. In: J.K.R.Gasser, Editor, Composting of Agricultural and Other WastesProc. Seminar Environ. Res. Prog, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York. 27-40 Carnes, R. y Lossin, R. (1970). An investigation of the pH characteristics of compost.Compost Sci. 5. Cuevas C. 2011. Enmiendas Orgánicas en suelos semiáridos, Una estrategia para favorecer ¨sumideros de carbono¨. (Organic amendments in semi-arid soils. A strategy to favour Carbon Sinks¨.) Ph D. Thesis. University of Murcia, Spain.

De Bertoldi M, Vallini G, Pera A, Zucconi F. 1982. Comparison of three windrow compost systems.BioCycle. 23(2):45–50. Finstein, M.S., F.C. Miller, J.A. Hogan, & P.F. Strom. 1987. Analysis of EPA Guidance on Composting Sludge: Part I - Biological Heat Generation and Temperature, BioCycle 28(1):20-26; Part II - Biological Process Control, BioCycle 28(2):42-47; Part III - Oxygen, Moisture, Odor, Pathogens, BioCycle 28(3):38-44; Part IV - Decomposition Rate and Facility Design and Operation, BioCycle 28(4):56-61. Goyal S, Dhull SK, Kapoor KK (2005)Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity.Bioresour Technol. 96: 1584-9 Howard, Albert and Yeshwant D. Wad. The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus.London: Oxford University Press, 1931. Many organic gardeners have read Howard's An Agricultural Testament, but almost none have heard of this book. It is the source of my information about the original Indore composting system Jackel, U, K. Thummes, and P. Kampfer (2005) Thermophilic methane production and oxidation in compost. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 52: 175-184 Lorimor, J., Fulhage, C., Zhang, R., Funk, T., Sheffield, R., Sepphard, C., Newton, G :L : 2001. Manure management strategies/technologies. White paper on Animal Agriculture and the Environnement for National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management.MWPS, Ames, IA, 52p. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental. Estudio de los mercados del compost. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental.Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos, 2008-2015 (PNIR). Informe de Sostenibilidad Ambiental (ISA). 2007 Ross, M., Hernández, T. and García, C. 2003.Soil microbial activity after restoration of a semi-arid soil by organic amendments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 463-469

Stentiford, E.I., 1987. Recent developments in composting. In: de Bertoldi, M., Ferranti, M., L_Hermite, P., Zuicconi, F. (Eds.), Compost, Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier, London, pp. 52–60. Stewart, B.A., Robinson, C.A., Parker, D.B. 2000. Examples and case studies of beneficial reuse of beef cattle byproducts. In : J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (eds) Land application of agricultural, industrial and municipal byproducts, pgs. 387-407. SSSA BookSeries Nº 6, SSSA, Madison, WI Tejada, M., Hernández T., García C. 2009.Soil restoration using composted plant residues: effect on soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 45: 109-117 Wilson G.B., Dalmat, D. (1983). Sewage Sludge Composting in the USA, Bio-Cycle, 24: 20-231 Zucconi, F. & De Bertoldi, M., 1987. Compost specifications for the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste.En: ”Compost: production, quality and use”. Ed. De Bertoldi, M.P. Ferranti, P. L’Hermite, F. Zucconi. Elsevier Applied Science. Publisher.30-50.

287

BIOREM PROJECT

LIFE11 ENV/IT/113

Date post:	22-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	votuyen
View:	219 times
Download:	6 times

· PDF file · 2016-01-072 BIOREM PROJECT LIFE11 ENV/IT/113 Index 1 The recovery of...

Documents