Biotechnology

What Is Biotechnology? Using scientific methods with organisms to

produce new products or new forms of organisms

Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

What Is Biotechnology? GMO- genetically modified organisms. GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. With both, the natural genetic material of

the organism has been altered. Roots in bread making, wine brewing,

cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding

What Is Biotechnology? Manipulation of genes is called genetic

engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or

more genes from a location in one organism and either Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in

different combinations

What is the career outlook in biotechnology? Biotech in 1998

1,300 companies in the US 2/3 have less than 135 employees 140,000 jobs

Jobs will continue to increase exponentially Jobs are available to high school graduates

through PhD’s

What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology? Multidisciplinary- involving a number of

disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome

Science Life sciences Physical sciences Social sciences

What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology? Mathematics Applied sciences

Computer applications Engineering Agriculture

What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development Ancient biotechnology- early history as

related to food and shelter; Includes domestication

Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine

Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

What Are the Areas of Biotechnology? Organismic biotechnology- uses intact

organisms; Does not alter genetic material Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic

makeup to achieve specific goals Transgenic organism- an organism with

artificially altered genetic material

What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology? Medicine

Human Veterinary Biopharming

Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Anton van

Leeuwenhoek Discovered cells

Bacteria Protists Red blood

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Gregor Johan Mendel Discovered genetics

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Walter Sutton Discovered

Chromosomes

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovered how

genes are transmitted through chromosomes

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Ernst Ruska Invented the electron

microscope

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Sir Alexander

Fleming Discovered penicillin

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Rosalind Elsie

Franklin Research led to the

discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? James Watson and

Francis Crick Discovered DNA

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Mary-Claire King Mapped human genes

for research of cancer treatments

What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Ian Wilmut Created the first true

clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly

What Is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology- study of molecules in

cells Metabolism- processes by which organisms

use nutrients Anabolism- building tissues from smaller

materials Catabolism- breaking down materials into

smaller components

What Is a Cell? Cell- a discrete unit

of life Unicellular organism-

organism of one cell Multicellular

organism- organism of many cells

Prokaryote- cells that lack specific nucleus

Eukaryote- cells with well-defined nucleus

What Is a Cell? Cells are building blocks:

Tissue- collection of cells with specific functions

Organs- collections of tissues with specific functions

Organ systems- collections of organs with specific functions

What Are the Structures in Molecular Genetics? Molecular genetics- study of genes and

how they are expressed Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that

contains heredity information and promotes protein synthesis

Gene- basic unit of heredity on a chromosome

DNA- molecule in a chromosome that codes genetic information

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)? Transcription- process of RNA production

by DNA DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes

DNA information

What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?

Kinds of RNA: mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information

that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein molecule during translation

rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into proteins

tRNA- molecules that decode sequence information in and mRNA

snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with to promote formation of mRNA

What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms? Genetic engineering- artificially changing

the genetic information in the cells of organisms

Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified

GMO- a genetically modified organism GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used? Agriculture Horticulture Forestry Environment Food Quality

How Do We Create Transgenic Organisms? Donor cell- cell that provides DNA Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA Protocol- procedure for a scientific process Three methods used in gene transfer

Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun Direct gene transfer- enzymes

How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work?

1. Extract DNA from donor

2. Cut DNA into fragments

3. Sort DNA fragments

4. Recombine DNA fragments

5. Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA

6. Grow transformed (recipient) cells

What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?

Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals

Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety

What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?

Plant breeding methods; Line breeding- breeding successive

generations of plants among themselves Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different

varieties or species Hybridization- breeding individuals from

two distinctly different varieties Selection

Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered? Resist pests Resist herbicides Improved product quality Pharmaceuticals Industrial products

What Is AI? Artificial insemination- the

transfer of collected semen to a recipient female

Semen is collected from males of desired quality

Semen is graded and stored

What Is AI? Female must be in estrus for

conception Hormone injections may be used

to synchronize estrus Semen is placed in the cervix near

the horns of the uterus

What Is a Test Tube Baby? In vitro fertilization- fertilization of

collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube Semen is collected from males of

desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish

or test tube

What Is Gender Reversal? Gender reversal- changing the sex

of an animal Very young animals receive

hormone treatments Most common among selected fish

species

What Is Gender Preselection? Gender preselection- choosing the sex

of offspring Sperm sorted before conception Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome

differences X chromosomes produce female

offspring Y chromosomes produce male offspring

What Is Embryo Transfer? Embryo transfer- removing

fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient Surgical and nonsurgical methods

are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can

produce more offspring

What Is Multiple Ovulation? Multiple ovulation- promoting

increased release of ova during estrus Hormone injections administered prior

to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are

removed and placed in recipients

What Is Cloning? Clone- new organism that has been

produced asexually from a single parent

Genotype is identical to parent Cells or tissues are cultured

How Are Hormones Used in Animal Production?

Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a response in another part of the body Released by endocrine glands into blood

system Hormones are identified, functions

determined, and isolated Used to increase growth and production rates bST- promotes milk production in cows pST- promotes lean meat production in swine

What Is Bioremediation? Bioremediation- using biological

processes to solve environmental problems

Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials

Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

How Can Bioremediation Be Used? Oil spills Wastewater treatment Heavy metal removal Chemical degradation

What Is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation- process of

plants being used to solve pollution problems Plants absorb and break down

pollutants Used with heavy metals, pesticides,

explosives, and leachate

What Is Composting? Composting- a process that promotes

biological decomposition of organic matter

Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting

In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting

What Are Bioethics? Ethics- knowing right from wrong,

and then doing the right idea Bio- living organisms Bioethics- knowing right from wrong

with living organisms, and then doing the right idea

http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.Home/biotechethics.htm

Creating Bioethics Arguments Read this article from the school

website http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.Home/dwnld/Ethics.in.Biotech.pdf

After you read this article prepare ethical arguments with at least 5 Scientific and Factual claims to support your Premise and Conclusion

Ethical Arguments Create an ethical argument for or

against the following topics Human Cloning Gender Reversal on Livestock Gender Reversal on Humans Genetic Engineering of Plants Genetic Engineering of Humans

Creating a Premise “Human cloning is immoral.” Now you must find Scientific and

Factual Claims to support your Premise

After you have at least 5 Claims, you may conclude, “Therefore, human cloning is immoral.”

You do not have to be for or against any of the topics, it’s your choice!