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Assessing the possibility of incorporating Japanese
small-scale logging systems into forest
operations in Kenya Birundu Abednego Osindi*1, Yasushi Suzuki2, Jun’ichi Gotou2, Hirotaka Nagai2, Yoshifumi
Hayata2, Shin Yamasaki3, Toshihiko Yamasaki3
1Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan2Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan3Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Centre, Kami 782-0078, Japan
07/09/2016FORMEC 2016 – From Theory to Practice: Challenges for Forest Engineering September 4 – 7, 2016, Warsaw, Poland
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Contents
07/09/2016
Part 1:Introduction
Part 2:Feasibility of small-scale mechanized logging in KenyaConclusions and recommendations
Source: https://thumb1.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/98072/427528480/stock-photo-kenya-flag-combined-with-japan-flag-427528480.jpg
307/09/2016
44 million•80% dependency on forestry for energy
127 million•Alternative sources of energy Source: National Geographic
http://prepperscore.nationalgeographic.com/media/images/ddp-population.png
7 %•Kenyan Constitution- 10%
67 %•Global requirement of 10 % (CBD COP 9)
KENYA JAPAN
Source: Green Eternityhttp://www.greenternity.com/assets/OAK.png
Forests- integral role in daily lifeNeed for conservation and management
Part 1: Introduction
Both countries exhibit forms of forest and forest product utilization
Need to investigate the comparative advantage of Japan
407/09/2016
Part 2: Feasibility of mechanized logging in KenyaIntroduction
Source: Takimoto and Yovi (2003)
Manual tree harvesting in Kenya; chain saw felling and transportation by human labourCost and productivity comparison
Assessing the feasibility of small-scale mechanized logging in Kenya
507/09/2016
Research Methodology
Small-scale logging sites:1) Mr. Okamoto private
forest (October 2015)2) Kochi Prefectural Forest
Technology Centre (May 2016)
Mini-forwarder
Data ObtainedTime study of work elementsLog parametersMachinery and labor hourly costsManual logging productivity
Equations derived to calculate productivity and costs of manual and mini-forwarder logging systems
07/09/2016 6
Mini-forwarder set up in the field
Rigging up
Rigging down
Carriage Winch
Forwarding
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Move Empty (carrier)
Lateral Pulling (hook)
Hooking
Lateral Loading
Move Loaded
Offloading
Maneuver
Forwarding
Finished?
FellingDelimbing
Bucking
Rigging Down
Rigging Up
Storage
NO YES
Mini-Forwarder
Harvesting Cycle
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807/09/2016
Site 1
Site 2
0 100 200 300 400 500
Move EmptyLateral EmptyHookingLateral LoadedMove LoadedOffloadingManeuverOthers
Average cycle time (s)
Site
s
I. Average cycle times Results and discussion
Site 1= Mr. Okamoto forests(17 cycles recorded)Site 2=Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Center (3 cycles recorded)
Main line logging
Lateral logging
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Definition FormulaParameter Values
a b
T1 Move Empty Time (s) a1x1+b1 0.2046 18.298
T2 Lateral Empty Time (s) a2x2b
2 1.0975 1.37
T3 Lateral Loaded Time (s) a3x2b
3 0.4314 1.9362
T4 Move Loaded Time (s) a4x1+b4 0.2168 39.092
Tc Constant Logging Time(s) 69.6 - -
Tf Total Forwarding Time (s) a5x3+b5 3.9967 942
Definition of elements in the regression equations
Four regression equations (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were obtained to determine how distance of the main line and lateral movements affects the total cycle times and productivity.
Total time per logging cycle (s), Tlg=T1+T2+T3+T4+Tc
X=Distance
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0 10 20 30 40 50 600.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5 Vhi1Vav1Vlo1Vhi2Vav2Vlo2Vhi3Vav3Vlo3
Main Logging Distance, x1 (m)
Prod
uctiv
ity (m
3/cr
ew h
our)
Vhi, Vav, Vlo=ranges of mini-forwarder volumes1,2 and 3=0m, 10m, 20m, lateral logging distances, x2, respectively
0 50 100 150 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Productivity (m3/man-day): DifficultProductivity (m3/man-day): MediumProductivity (m3/man-day): Easy
Distance (m)
Prdu
ctivi
ty (m
3/pe
rson
-day
)Source: Umeda et. al (1982)
II. Effect of logging distance on productivity
Regression equations of the field data were obtained and combined with other formula to calculate the productivity of mini-forwarder logging.
Mini-forwarder logging productivity Manual logging productivity
Productivity, P=3600xV/TV=Log VolumeT=Total logging time (s)
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0 2 4 6 8 100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mini-forwarder Manual
Labor Cost (USD/ Person-hour)
Tota
l Res
ulta
nt C
ost
(USD
/m3)
Intersection Point
At current Kenyan labor cost of 0.6 USD/person-hour, resultant costs for manual and mini-forwarder are 14.8 USD/m3 and 36.5 USD/m3 Resultant cost= cost incurred per operation
A. Relationship between labor cost and resultant cost
III. Operational efficiency of mechanized and manual Logging
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z (resultant cost)= x/y
At a labor cost of 5.8 USD/person-hour, resultant cost for both systems is equal at 51.3 USD/m3
In both labor cost values, mini-forwarder productivity (0.52 m3/crew hour) is higher than that of manual logging (0.14 m3/crew hour)
0 10 20 30 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
ManualMini-for-warderSeries5Series7Series9Series11Series13Hourly cost x (USD/crew-hour)
Prod
uctiv
ity y
(m3 /c
rew
-hou
r) z = 51.3
z = 40 USD/m3 z = 10 z = 20
z = 80
A
B
B. Relationship between costs and productivity
1307/09/2016
III. Effect of Kenyan economic growth on labor costs
Kenya was the 3rd fastest growing economy in the world in 2015 Among top 10 middle-income countries in AfricaOutcome= increased wages, thus higher labor costs
Source: Kenya Vision 2030
Source: Robinson J. (2015).
Kenya
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Conclusions and recommendations
07/09/2016
Manual logging is still the most feasible logging method in Kenya, but as the economy grows, it will be favorable to adopt small-scale mechanized logging such as mini-forwarders in its forestry.
There should be further studies to propose possible adjustments that can be made to such logging systems before they are introduced into Kenyan forestry.
Source: Mr. Katagiri (Okayama Prefecture Forest Centre)
1507/09/2016
Thank You
Asante sana
07/09/2016 16
Model BY1202 (Dump)Price (JPY) 2,106,000Weight (t) 870
Maximum Payload (kgW) 1200
Dimensions
Length (mm) 2120Width (mm) 1275Height (mm) 2110Track Contact Length (mm) 1075Track Tread (mm) 910Ground Clearance (mm) 165Loading Deck Height (mm) 520
Bed Inner Size Length 1810Width 735
Engine
Model Kubota Z482
TypeVertical 4 Cycle liquid cooled
dieselHP 9.2 kW (12.5PS)/3600rpm
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Gears
Running
Speed
Forward
1 km/h 1.622 km/h 2.693 km/h 4.264 km/h 6.56
Reverse
1 km/h 1.5
2 km/h 2.5Minimum Rotation
Diameter m 1.65Gradeability Degrees 25
Winch
Line Pull Speed of
the Drum
Front
1 m/sec 0.332 m/sec 0.673 m/sec 1.04
Back
1 m/sec 0.312 m/sec 0.62
Pulling Force kN (kgf) 2.9 (300)Drum Capacity of Wire Rope m 8@8mm