Date post: | 16-May-2015 |
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Health & Medicine |
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Do you know him?
Steve Irwin
“The Crocodile Hunter”
Stingray Barb
Bites
Epidemiology
1% of ED visits80-90% are from dogs5-15% are from cats
Human Deaths from Animal Attacks
Humans – 200,000Snake – 60,000Crocodile– 1000Tiger – 800-1600Lion –60-200Leopard—30-125Hippopotamus 200-300
Any guesses about the animal?
It’s a Human Bite
Human Bites
Open Mouth
Microbiology80% S. aureusMouth AnaerobesGroup A β-hemolytic StrepEikenella
Dog/Cat Bites
Cat Bite
Pit Bull Bite
Dog Bite 4.7 million bits annually 750,000 visits 66% of bites are not reported 59 per 10,000 incidence 250 per 10,000 in India
96% percent of rabies cases
Chhabra M. Humna rabies in Delhi, Indian Journal of Peds, 2004; 71;217-220CDC, US, 2001. MMWR 2003;52:605-610
Cat Bites
400,000 bits annuallyMostly female catsMostly female victims
Smith Treating Mammalian bite wounds, J Clinical Pharm , 2000; 25:85-99
Microbiology
Pasteurella multocida –60%S. aureusCynocatophagiaAnaerobesThe average dog has 64 different bacterial
isolates in mouth
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Most poisonous snakes have the following characteristics:
Large fangs Vertical slits for pupils, much like those of a cat A heat-sensitive pit between the eye and the nostril
on each side of the head A variety of differently shaped blotches on a
background of pink, yellow, olive, tan, gray, or brown skin
The triangular head is larger than the neck
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Severity of Snakebite
The location of the bite (fatty tissue absorbs the venom more slowly than muscle tissue)
Whether disease-causing organisms are in the venom
The size and weight of the victim The general health and condition of the victim How much physical activity the victim engaged in
immediately following the bite (physical activity helps spread venom)
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Signs and Symptoms of Snakebite
Two distinct fang marks about half an inch apart at the bite site, which may or may not bleed (in some cases there may be only one fang mark)
Immediate and severe burning pain and swelling around the fang marks, usually within 5 minutes but sometimes taking as long as 4 hours to develop (swelling may affect the entire arm or leg)
Purplish discoloration and blood-filled blisters around the bite, usually within 2 to 10 hours
Numbness around the bite
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First Aid Care for Snakebite
Regardless of the type of snakebite, neverCut the skin, which can cause infectionUse suction of any kindUse a tourniquet, which can result in loss of
a limbApply ice, which causes more rapid
absorption of the venomUse electric shock, which can cause severe
injury
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First Aid Care for Snakebite
Instead, do the following:1. Treat a nonpoisonous snakebite as you would any minor wound; clean with soap and
water, cover with a dry sterile dressing, and seek medical advice.2. For pit viper bite, move the victim away from the snake (they will bite more than once,
and can strike half their body length). Keep the victim calm and quiet; if possible, the victim should not walk. Clean the bite with soap and water, then splint the affected extremity. Seek medical attention immediately; antivenim is available only in hospitals (partly because of its short shelf life) and must be administered within 4 hours.
3. For coral snake bite, gently wash the bite with soap and water and wrap the entire extremity with several elastic bandages, exerting moderate pressure to slow the spread of venom. Use overlapping turns to keep the pressure from the bandage firm, beginning at the end of the limb farthest from the heart; gently stretch the bandage as you wrap. Use figure-eight turns around the knee or elbow. When you have finished, the bandage should be firm, but you should be able to slip your finger under the bandage. Leave the toes or fingers exposed so you can check for any kind of discoloration, which would indicate that the bandage is wrapped too tightly; the victim should also stay alert for numbness or tingling in the fingers or toes, which also indicate that the bandage is too tight. Seek medical attention immediately: an effective antivenin is available.
Marine Bites
Shark, fish, eelVibrio(cirrhotics)Aeromonas(GNR)
Evaluation
Provoked or unprovoked?Penicillin allergyTetanus status Evaluate for injury below the skin
Treatment
Aggressive debridement and wound lavage
Closure of lacerations within 24 hoursMay avoid antibiotics in superficial dermis
non-extremity wounds(scalp)All hand bites get prophylactic antibioticsABX may be warranted in immuno-
compromised hosts
Antibiotic Selection
Amoxicillin/ClavulanateAzithromycinCipro
Rabies Prophylaxis
Live captured animal is bestNeed the headKeep it in the frig until it can be analyzedUnprovoked aggression Lack of fear of humansDaylight attacks
Bees/Wasps
Bumble beePaper wasp
Honey bee Yellow jacket
Bee Stings
Local edemaPrednisone—for local edemaH1 blockade –for urticariaEpinephrine-laryngeal edema
Flea Bites
Tick Line Up
Prophylaxis
Routine use of antibiotics or serologic testing after tic bite
Remove attached tic ASAPTreatment with ticks attached longer than
48 hours (C-III)
Who to Treat
All Patients with ECM(A-I)All patients who develop a rash or high
fever (>100F) within 30 days of bite (A-II)Erlichiciosis or Babesiosis
All patients with positive ELISA(A-1)
Spiders
Spiders-Brown Recluse
Brown Recluse Bite
Harmless
Daddy Long Legs
House Spider
Black widow• Found in every state in
US
• Usually warmer climates
• Highly venomous
• Have them bring in the spider
Yellow Sac• Bites feel like bee sting• Serum Sickness• Eschar not always present
Scabies
Treatment
Permethrin (A)Launder clothing and sheetsLaunder the kids, spouseZoloft may be necessary
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Insect Bites and Stings
Signs and Symptoms include: A mark from the bite or sting Pain or tenderness at and surrounding the bite or sting Redness at and surrounding the bite or sting Swelling around the bite or sting A venom sac, stinger, tentacle, or other remnant of the insect at
the bite or sting
Medical help is necessary if: Itching lasts longer than 2 days. Signs of infection develop. Signs of an allergic reaction develop. The insect is poisonous, most often black widow or
brown recluse spiders (which can be fatal).
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First Aid for Bites and Stings
1. If the stinger is still present, remove it by gently scraping against it with the edge of your fingernail.
2. Wash the area around the bite or sting gently with a soap solution3. Remove any jewelry or other constricting objects as soon as possible—
ideally, before any swelling begins.4. Lower the site of the bite or sting slightly below the level of the victim’s
heart.5. Apply a cold compress to the site of an insect bite or scorpion sting to
relieve pain and swelling6. Apply a paste of baking soda and water to relieve the pain of bee sting7. Observe the victim carefully for at least 30 minutes to determine whether
he or she is developing the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction 8. Keep the victim calm, limit physical activity, and keep the victim
warm; arrange for transport as soon as possible
Thank you