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Blood Groups and Geography
Professeur Jacques Chiaroni
Anthropologie, Droit, Ethique et Santé
Biology of Blood Groups
RESEARCH FIELD
Biology of Blood Groups 350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Biology of Blood Groups
Transfusion Impacts
350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Biology of Blood Groups
Transfusion Impacts
Functional Impacts
350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Biology of Blood Groups
Transfusion Impacts
Functional Impacts
Geographic
Distribution
350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Biology of Blood Groups
Transfusion Impacts
Functional Impacts
Geographic
Distribution
Migrations
No blood donation
Culture
350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Anthropology of
Blood donation
Biology of Blood Groups
Transfusion Impacts
Functional Impacts
Geographic
Distribution
WHY ?
Migrations
No blood donation
Culture
350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Anthropology of
Blood donation
Biology of Blood Groups
Transfusion Impacts
Functional Impacts
Geographic
Distribution
WHY ?
Migrations
No blood donation
Culture
Other Genetic Markers study
Multidisciplinary approach
Evolutionary Forces Actions :
• Natural and Cultural Selection
• Pre historic migrations
• Genetic Drift
Ancient DNA : AMH & Archaic
350 Antigens
36 Systems
RESEARCH FIELD
Anthropology of
Blood donation
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
Man – Environment Interactions
1.Infectious Diseases Susceptibility
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
Man – Environment Interactions
1.Infectious Diseases Susceptibility
ABO
•Plague : O < A/B
•Smallpox : A/O < B
•Cholera : A/O < B
•Area with Plague + Smallpox + Cholera B↗ (India – China)
•Syphilis : O > A/B
•E.coli O157 – Norovirus : O < A/B
•Helicobacter pylori : O (Leb) < A/B
B
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
Man – Environment Interactions
2. However it is the ability to survive malaria which is the most power strength
Epidemiological Studies Overlap of some Hbpathy with current / ancient endemic malaria area Advantage for HTZ
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
Man – Environment Interactions
2. However it is the ability to survive malaria which is the most power strength
Malaria
Hemoglobinopathies
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
Man – Environment Interactions
2. However it is the ability to survive malaria which is the most power strength
Concerning Blood groups The attempts to fit by the target (Red Blood Cell) Creating an outer barrier : making the receptors less “receptive” ABO (O) Glycophorines (MNS) Africa : lack of GPB, SEA : lack of GPC (Gerbich -, Melanesia) Bande 3 (Diego) SEA : Less expression (SEAO) CR1 molecules (Knops) Africa : KN*7/KN*7 (Sl(a-)) specific case of Duffy - P.vivax interactions
Malaria
Hemoglobinopathies
Epidemiological Studies Overlap of some Hbpathy with current / ancient endemic malaria area Advantage for HTZ
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
The history of the settlement also has its say !
Geographic Distribution of the Blood Groups Antigens
The history of the settlement also has its say !
Examples :
• ABO and DIEGO systems and peopling of America
• RH system and the origin and expansion of modern Human
• DUFFY system and Plasmodium vivax
ABO and DIEGO systems and peopling of America
A
B
O
ABO in America
Finding
B has not passed the Bering Strait
A has not passed the Rio Grande
O reached Terra Del Fuego
Why ?
In North Am : A/O only are present
In South Am : 100% of native Americans are O
Hypotheses
Selection
Settlement History (Founder Effect)
Selection ?
A
B
O
Selection ?
Presence of malaria in C and S America
O protects against severe forms
A/O arrived in North Am and went to le South
A/O meet malaria and A didn’t pass the Rio Grande
A
B
O
A/O
O
Malaria area
Selection ?
Presence of malaria in C and S America
O protects against severe forms
A/O arrived in North Am and went to le South
A/O meet malaria and A didn’t pass the Rio Grande
Why O is not exclusive in malaria area ?
O under balanced selection
Positive for some pathologies
Negative for other (susceptibility for HR, UGD…)
A
B
O
A/O
O
Malaria area
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
C
Q
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
Diego Blood Group
Dib : in all populations
Dia : in America (some exceptions) / Central Asia (Mongols)
C
Q
Dia
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
Diego Blood Group
Dib : in all populations
Dia : in America (some exceptions) / Central Asia (Mongols)
Co migration
C with A
C
Q
Dia
A
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
Diego Blood Group
Dib : in all populations
Dia : in America (some exceptions) / Central Asia (Mongols)
Co migration
C with A
Q / Dia with O
C
Q
Dia
O
A
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
Diego Blood Group
Dib : in all populations
Dia : in America (some exceptions) / Central Asia (Mongols)
Co migration Peopling > Selection
C with A
Q / Dia with O
C
Q
Dia
O
A
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
Diego Blood Group
Dib : in all populations
Dia : in America (some exceptions) / Central Asia (Mongols)
Co migration Peopling > Selection
C with A
Q / Dia with O
In summary
In North America : O / Q / Dia and A / C
In South America : O / Q / Dia
C
Q
Dia
O
A
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Y Chromosome / mtDNA
2 Y-Haplogroupes : C and Q
Signal of Initial Colonization of Central Asia and America
Diego Blood Group
Dib : in all populations
Dia : in America (some exceptions) / Central Asia (Mongols)
Co migration Peopling > Selection
C with A
Q / Dia with O
In summary
In North America : O / Q / Dia and A / C
In South America : O / Q / Dia
C
Q
Dia
which scenario ?
O
A
Y tree
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
T.Goebel, SCIENCE VOL 319 14 MARCH 2008
Monte Verde
14 675
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
T.Goebel, SCIENCE VOL 319 14 MARCH 2008
Monte Verde
14 675
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Beringian glacial
refugee
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
15 000 YEARS : Opening the Pacific gate
1° migration in virgin territory : fast (600 years) and distant (Monte Verde)
Tacking with it : O / Dia / Q
T.Goebel, SCIENCE VOL 319 14 MARCH 2008
Monte Verde
14 675
Q / O / Dia
Q / O / Dia
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Beringian glacial
refugee
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
15 000 YEARS : Opening the Pacific gate
1° migration in virgin territory : fast (600 years) and distant (Monte Verde)
Tacking with it : O / Dia / Q
12 500 YEARS : Opening the Inland corridor
2° migration in occupied territory : restricted to North America
Tacking with it : C / A / without Dia
T.Goebel, SCIENCE VOL 319 14 MARCH 2008
Monte Verde
14 675
Q / O / Dia
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Beringian glacial
refugee
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
15 000 YEARS : Opening the Pacific gate
1° migration in virgin territory : fast (600 years) and distant (Monte Verde)
Tacking with it : O / Dia / Q
12 500 YEARS : Opening the Inland corridor
2° migration in occupied territory : restricted to North America
Tacking with it : C / A / without Dia
5 000 YEARS (?) : circumpolar migration
3° migration specific C clades / without Dia
T.Goebel, SCIENCE VOL 319 14 MARCH 2008
Monte Verde
14 675
Q / O / Dia
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Beringian glacial
refugee
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
15 000 YEARS : Opening the Pacific gate
1° migration in virgin territory : fast (600 years) and distant (Monte Verde)
Tacking with it : O / Dia / Q
12 500 YEARS : Opening the Inland corridor
2° migration in occupied territory : restricted to North America
Tacking with it : C / A / without Dia
5 000 YEARS (?) : circumpolar migration
3° migration specific C clades / without Dia
T.Goebel, SCIENCE VOL 319 14 MARCH 2008
Monte Verde
14 675
Q / O / Dia
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Q / O / Dia
C / A
Beringian glacial
refugee
3 WAVES
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
15 000 YEARS : Opening the Pacific gate
1° migration in virgin territory : fast (600 years) and distant (Monte Verde)
Tacking with it : O / Dia / Q
12 500 YEARS : Opening the Inland corridor
2° migration in occupied territory : restricted to North America
Tacking with it : C / A / without Dia
5 000 YEARS (?) : circumpolar migration
3° migration specific C clades / without Dia
Linguistic : 3 families of languages
3 WAVES
Settlement History (Founder Effect) ?
Paleo climatologic data
• LGM (20/30 KYA), Pacific gate (15KYA), Inland corridor (12,5KYA)
20/30 000 YEARS : Initial migration from Siberia
• During the LGM
• With ALL the Genetic Markers
15 000 YEARS : Opening the Pacific gate
1° migration in virgin territory : fast (600 years) and distant (Monte Verde)
Tacking with it : O / Dia / Q
12 500 YEARS : Opening the Inland corridor
2° migration in occupied territory : restricted to North America
Tacking with it : C / A / without Dia
5 000 YEARS (?) : circumpolar migration
3° migration specific C clades / without Dia
All dispersal events • had their source around Beringia • Involved elements of the same gene pool sampled
at different times
Linguistic : 3 families of languages
3 WAVES
Diego secrets
Origin : Central Asia (Mongolia)
Origin : Central Asia (Mongolia) East Expansion : Bering (20KYA) South America (15KYA) Asiatic origin of native america people
Origin : Central Asia (Mongolia) East Expansion : Bering (20KYA) South America (15KYA) Asiatic origin of native america people
• South America : structuration : First farmers (Dia) / Hunter – Gatherer (No Dia) social rules • North America : structuration : Amerind (Dia) / Na-Dene - Eskimo (No Dia)
Origin : Central Asia (Mongolia) East Expansion : Bering (20KYA) South America (15KYA) Asiatic origin of native america people
• South America : structuration : First farmers (Dia) / Hunter – Gatherer (No Dia) social rules • North America : structuration : Amerind (Dia) / Na-Dene - Eskimo (No Dia)
Origin : Central Asia (Mongolia) East Expansion : Bering (20KYA) South America (15KYA) Asiatic origin of native america people
• South America : structuration : First farmers (Dia) / Hunter – Gatherer (No Dia) social rules • North America : structuration : Amerind (Dia) / Na-Dene - Eskimo (No Dia)
West Expansion :
• Eurasia : Co migration Dia / Hg C
Origin : Central Asia (Mongolia) East Expansion : Bering (20KYA) South America (15KYA) asiatic origin of native america people
• South America : structuration : First farmers (Dia) / Hunter – Gatherer (No Dia) social rules • North America : structuration : Amerind (Dia) / Na-Dene - Eskimo (No Dia)
West Expansion :
• Eurasia : Co migration Dia / Hg C expansion signal of • Altaic language, • steppe people since (III) and Mongols (XIII)
RH system and the origin and expansion of modern Human
• D Ce
• D cE
• D ce
• D CE
• d Ce
• d cE
• d ce
• d CE
High Diversity • > 50 Antigens • Lot of variants (alleles) RHD/RHCE
• D Ce
• D cE
• D ce
• D CE
• d Ce
• d cE
• d ce
• d CE
Why R0 is so frequent in Africa ?
High Diversity • > 50 Antigens • Lot of variants (alleles) RHD/RHCE
Why hightest diversity is in Africa ?
Multiregional Out Of Africa
Origin of modern human theories
1.5MA
Multiregional Out Of Africa
Evidences for the Out of Africa model
• Evidences from paleo-anthropology and archeology
• Earliest hominin fossils (4-7 MYA) are found in Africa
• The earliest anatomically modern human fossils are found in Africa 200 KYA
• The oldest tools are found in Africa
• Evidences from the genetic of present day populations : Phylogeny + Diversity level
Origin of modern human theories
1.5MA
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : PHYLOGENY
Phylogeny
• Recent clades derived from ancient clades
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : PHYLOGENY
Phylogeny
• Recent clades derived from ancient clades
Results consistent with OOA model
• The deepest clades are in Africa
• Only a part of the most recent phylogeny spread after OOA
• Non African GD is included in African GD
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : PHYLOGENY
Phylogeny
• Recent clades derived from ancient clades
Results consistent with OOA model
• The deepest clades are in Africa
• Only a part of the most recent phylogeny spread after OOA
• Non African GD is included in African GD
Blood groups do not escape the rule
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : PHYLOGENY
Phylogeny
• Recent clades derived from ancient clades
Results consistent with OOA model
• The deepest clades are in Africa
• Only a part of the most recent phylogeny spread after OOA
• Non African GD is included in African GD
Blood groups do not escape the rule
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : PHYLOGENY
• RHD Phylogeny (Flegel)
Phylogeny
• Recent clades derived from ancient clades
Results consistent with OOA model
• The deepest clades are in Africa
• Only a part of the most recent phylogeny spread after OOA
• Non African GD is included in African GD
Blood groups do not escape the rule
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : PHYLOGENY
• RHD Phylogeny (Flegel) • Haplotypes Phylogeny (Carrit)
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic Diversity level : Accumulation of diversity requires Time More a population is diverse, More ancient it is High diversity = ancient population The highest genetic diversity is in Africa The diversity decline with the distance from Africa
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic Diversity level : Accumulation of diversity requires Time More a population is diverse, More ancient it is The highest genetic diversity is in Africa The diversity decline with the distance from Africa
107 POP 36 000 SAMP
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic Diversity level : Accumulation of diversity requires Time More a population is diverse, More ancient it is The highest genetic diversity is in Africa The diversity decline with the distance from Africa
107 POP 36 000 SAMP
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : GENETIC DIVERSITY
This is suggesting • An African origin of AMH and the OOA model • An initial settlement process by serial founder effects • TIMEX consistent with paleo anthropological data
Genetic Diversity level : Accumulation of diversity requires Time More a population is diverse, More ancient it is The highest genetic diversity is in Africa The diversity decline with the distance from Africa
107 POP 36 000 SAMP
Evidence from the genetic of present day populations : GENETIC DIVERSITY
Blood groups do not escape the rule • 150 samples (101 Dogons, 46 Fulani) • On 8 RhD negative / 3 molecular backgrounds • 10 different alleles RHD • 11 different alleles RHCE • 35% of people carry a variant vs few % in Europe
This is suggesting • An African origin of AMH and the OOA model • An initial settlement process by serial founder effects • TIMEX consistent with paleo anthropological data
DUFFY system and Plasmodium vivax
FY*A
FY*B
FY*O
FY*A
FY*B
FY*O
• Most prevalent of the 3 alleles in modern human populations • Highest in Asia (90/95%) (reduction of P. vivax infection) • 30-50% in Europe • Present in southern Africa, • Absent in Equatorial Africa
FY*A
FY*B
FY*O
• Most prevalent of the 3 alleles in modern human populations • Highest in Asia (90/95%) (reduction of P. vivax infection) • 30-50% in Europe • Present in southern Africa, • Absent in Equatorial Africa
• Ancestral form • DARC in great apes carry FY*B and NO FY*A / *0 • Available archaic hominin genomes (Denisovan, Neanderthal) carry FY*B and NO FY*A /*0 • 50/70% in Europe • Present in southern Africa • Absent in Equatorial Africa
FY*A
FY*B
FY*O
• Most prevalent of the 3 alleles in modern human populations • Highest in Asia (90/95%) (reduction of P. vivax infection) • 30-50% in Europe • Present in southern Africa, • Absent in Equatorial Africa
• Ancestral form • DARC in great apes carry FY*B and NO FY*A / *0 • Available archaic hominin genomes (Denisovan, Neanderthal) carry FY*B and NO FY*A /*0 • 50/70% in Europe • Present in southern Africa • Absent in Equatorial Africa
• Mutation in Erythroid Promoter Region of DARC, occurring on a FY*B background • NO protein on erythrocytes • Near fixation in sub-Saharan Africa 99% • Nearly absent in Asia and Europe P. vivax interactions • Geographic overlapping with less P. vivax area • DARC, Receptor for P. vivax • “Total” protection for homozygous individuals, partial for heterozygous individuals
FY*A
FY*B
FY*O
• Most prevalent of the 3 alleles in modern human populations • Highest in Asia (90/95%) (reduction of P. vivax infection) • 30-50% in Europe • Present in southern Africa, • Absent in Equatorial Africa
• Ancestral form • DARC in great apes carry FY*B and NO FY*A / *0 • Available archaic hominin genomes (Denisovan, Neanderthal) carry FY*B and NO FY*A /*0 • 50/70% in Europe • Present in southern Africa • Absent in Equatorial Africa
• Mutation in Erythroid Promoter Region of DARC, occurring on a FY*B background • NO protein on erythrocytes • Near fixation in sub-Saharan Africa 99% • Nearly absent in Asia and Europe Hypothesis concerning that fixation : P. vivax interactions • Geographic overlapping with less P. vivax area • DARC, Receptor for P. vivax • “Total” protection for homozygous individuals
FY*0
Classical hypothesis concerning this fixation in equatorial Africa
FY*0 arose in central and west African populations (Bantu and Pygmies)
Under selective pressure, it reaches fixation in equatorial Africa
It expanded to East and South Africa with Bantu expansion (3 000 – 1 500 BC)
When FY*0 fixed, P.vivax disappeared lacking host
Persistence of micro endemic P.vivax in Equatorial East Africa where FY*A is present in Afro-asiatic population (Back to Africa)
FY*0
Classical hypothesis concerning this fixation in equatorial Africa
FY*0 arose in central and west African populations (Bantu and Pygmies)
Under selective pressure, it reaches fixation in equatorial Africa
It expanded to East and South Africa with Bantu expansion (3 000 – 1 500 BC)
When FY*0 fixed, P.vivax disappeared lacking host
Persistence of micro endemic P.vivax in Equatorial East Africa where FY*A is present in Afro-asiatic population (Back to Africa)
FY*0
Classical hypothesis concerning this fixation in equatorial Africa
FY*0 arose in central and west African populations (Bantu and Pygmies)
Under selective pressure, it reaches fixation in equatorial Africa
It expanded to East and South Africa with Bantu expansion (3 000 – 1 500 BC)
When FY*0 fixed, P.vivax disappeared lacking host
Persistence of micro endemic P.vivax in Equatorial East Africa where FY*A is present in Afro-asiatic population (Back to Africa)
Classical hypothesis concerning this fixation in equatorial Africa
FY*0 arose in central and west African populations (Bantu and Pygmies)
Under selective pressure, it reaches fixation in equatorial Africa
It expanded to East and South Africa with Bantu expansion (3 000 – 1 500 BC)
When FY*0 fixed, P.vivax disappeared lacking host
Persistence of micro endemic P.vivax in Equatorial East Africa where FY*A is present in Afro-asiatic population (Back to Africa)
FY*0
Is FY*O fixation in Equatorial Africa due to selection ?
Is FY*O fixation in Equatorial Africa due to selection ?
Kimberly F et al, 2016. Sequencing data from • over 1,000 individuals in 21 human populations • ancient human • great ape genomes
YES
FY*0 have reached fixation due to selection With high selection coefficient (0.05) Similar to other loci under strong selection (other malaria resistance alleles) Selection acting over this locus from ancient times FY*0 arose : • Before or during the PYGMIES / BANTU split 50-65KYA • After the initial Out-Of-Africa expansion (70 KYA)
Is FY*O fixation in Equatorial Africa due to selection ?
FY*0 have reached fixation due to selection With high selection coefficient (0.05) Similar to other loci under strong selection (other malaria resistance alleles) Selection acting over this locus from ancient times FY*0 arose : • Before or during the PYGMIES / BANTU split 50-65KYA • After the initial Out-Of-Africa expansion (70 KYA)
Kimberly F et al, 2016. Sequencing data from • over 1,000 individuals in 21 human populations • ancient human • great ape genomes
YES
Is FY*O fixation in Equatorial Africa due to selection ?
FY*0 have reached fixation due to selection With high selection coefficient (0.05) Similar to other loci under strong selection (other malaria resistance alleles) Selection acting over this locus from ancient times FY*0 arose : • Around 60 KYA after FY*B (ancestral) and FY*A • Before or during the PYGMIES / BANTU split 50-60KYA • After the initial Out-Of-Africa expansion (70 KYA)
Kimberly F et al, 2016. Sequencing data from • over 1,000 individuals in 21 human populations • ancient human • great ape genomes
YES
Some problems
Some problems
High selection coefficient not consistent with severity of P. vivax which is currently much lower than that observed for P. falciparum
Some problems
High selection coefficient not consistent with severity of P. vivax which is currently much lower than that observed for P. falciparum
P. vivax was able to evolve to overcome the protective effect of FY*O
Woldearegai et al, 2013. Plasmodium vivax malaria in Duffy-negative individuals from Ethiopia.
Ryan JR et al, 2006. Evidence for transmission of Plasmodium vivax among a duffy antigen negative population in Western Kenya.
Menard D et al, 2010. Plasmodium vivax clinical malaria is commonly observed in Duffy-negative Malagasy people.
Wurtz N et al, 2011. Vivax malaria in Mauritania includes infection of a Duffy-negative individual.
Cavasini CE et al, 2007. Plasmodium vivax infection among Duffy antigen-negative individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region: an exception?
Pasvol G, 2007. Eroding the resistance of Duffy negativity to invasion by Plasmodium vivax? In Brazil
Some problems
High selection coefficient not consistent with severity of P. vivax which is currently much lower than that observed for P. falciparum
P. vivax was able to evolve to overcome the protective effect of FY*O
Relative quick adaptation
Since the first contact between African slaves carrying FY*0 and South American P.vivax endemy
Woldearegai et al, 2013. Plasmodium vivax malaria in Duffy-negative individuals from Ethiopia.
Ryan JR et al, 2006. Evidence for transmission of Plasmodium vivax among a duffy antigen negative population in Western Kenya.
Menard D et al, 2010. Plasmodium vivax clinical malaria is commonly observed in Duffy-negative Malagasy people.
Wurtz N et al, 2011. Vivax malaria in Mauritania includes infection of a Duffy-negative individual.
Cavasini CE et al, 2007. Plasmodium vivax infection among Duffy antigen-negative individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region: an exception?
Pasvol G, 2007. Eroding the resistance of Duffy negativity to invasion by Plasmodium vivax? In Brazil
Some remaining questions
Some remaining questions
Considering that P.vivax is the factor of selection in Africa
Considering that the contact FY*0 and P.vivax could date back to 60 KYA (T MRCA FY*0)
Considering that P.vivax was able to adapt VERY RAPIDLY in South America
Considering that P.vivax is the factor of selection in Africa
Considering that the contact FY*0 and P.vivax could date back to 60 KYA (T MRCA FY*0)
Considering that P.vivax was able to adapt VERY RAPIDLY in South America
Why did he not adapted Africa ?
Was P.vivax the selective pressure for the FY*O in Equatorial Africa ?
Some remaining questions
P. vivax disappeared or never been in Africa ?
MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE MIGRATIONS Example : Blood Transfusion Impacts of biological and cultural diversity of population on : Transfusion practices for recipients : Complex cases exploration in IH, Molecular Biology use Reagents selected by geographic origin of recipients (panels, antibodies, primers) Transfusion practices for donors : anthropological approach for blood donation in minorities detection of variants according the geographic origin of the donors rare donors panels