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Bomb Calorimetersand Related Fuel Lab Instrumentation
Bomb Calorimetersand Related Fuel Lab Instrumentation
EnterEnter
Welcome
Founded more
than 100 years ago by
University of Illinois
Professor S.W. Parr,
Parr Instrument
Company has
consistently strived
to provide for its
customers the very
best in product,
service and support.
Quality Bomb Calorimeters for a Century
Welcome to our Centennial catalog. Parr Instrument Company was founded a century ago to produce the calorimeters designed by Professor S.W. Parr.
During the past one-hundred years many talented and dedicated men andwomen have worked to apply the technologies and materials of their day to thefundamental problem of the determination of the heat of combustion of organicmaterials. The present result of those efforts are the calorimeters and acces-
sories described in this catalog. In recent years our objective has beento offer the highest possible level of performance and technology to allof our customers regardless of their budget or anticipated testing load.While we believe we have met that goal and are happy to celebrate acentury of progress, we realize that we are just at the beginning of oursecond century.
There are a number of other things I would like to share with you,which do not lend themselves well to catalog descriptions. We have
invested heavily in modern machine tools and superior productionmanagement methods to ensure that quality products will be made on
reliable schedules to assure prompt delivery of both new instruments andservice parts to our customers. Our goal is to deliver any of the items in thiscatalog within two weeks or less and to ship standard service parts within twodays of the receipt of an order.
Finally, we are investing in a process of continuous improvement for ourexisting calorimeters and to bring significant breakthroughs to our customers.
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Parr Instrument Companyhas designed, installedand operates under a
Quality Assurance Programwhich ensures that all aspectsof the design, materialsselection and procurement,manufacture, testing and certification of its calorimetersand pressure vessels areperformed in accordance withaccepted codes and practices.
ISO 9001Certification
Parr Instrument Company’soverall QualityAssuranceSystem has
been certified to be incompliance with ISO 9001/EN29 001 by TÜV Bayern. ISO 9001 covers the design,production, inspection andservice aspects of Parr’s activ-
Quality Assurance
ities as opposed to the certifi-cation of an individual product.
CSA CertificationWhere appropriate, Parr
calorimeters are manufacturedand certified to theelectrical code established by theCanadian Standards
Association. The CSA logo isshown on the nameplate ofeach CSA certified unit.
CE CertificationWhere appropriate, Parr
Calorimeters will carry the CE mark certifyingcompliance with the E.C. Directives
89/3361/EEC for EMCcompliance and E.C. Directive73/23/EEC for low voltage electrical safety.
W e have arranged this catalog in a manner which will lead you to descriptions and specifications for a wide range of Parr Laboratory Calorimeters.
The catalog itself is divided into four sections:
Chapter1of the catalog contains descriptive informationabout Parr Instrument Company, our business goals and objectives and our calorimetry team. We cover the third party certification and ourcompliance with standard test methods. This includes a description of our current technology, calorimeter selection and standard features.
Chapter2 of the catalog contains a detailed listing of ourcalorimeter products.
Chapter3 of the catalog describes the accessories, fixed and removable bomb accessories, additional styles of combustionbombs, calorimetric thermometers, proximate analyzer, sulfur analyzer,communication accessories and miscellaneous supplies and parts.
Chapter4 of the catalog discusses down stream communica-tions that are a part of a modern solid and liquid fuel testing facility.
Catalog Organization
2 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Introduction
What we have not included in this catalog
is as important to you as what we have shown.
We refer here to the long-established
practices and policies of Parr Instrument
Company that have helped to build our
reputation as a reliable supplier in our
specialized field, such as:
The Catalog is Only the Beginning Delivery
CommunicationA commitment to listento our customers and awillingness to make theadditions or changes in acalorimeter that thecustomer may want or need.
A commitment to prompt anddependable delivery schedulesnot only for catalog items but forcommonly used supplies andservice parts. Typical delivery timefor oxygen bomb calorimeters isone week although some specialscould take longer. Of equal importance over the life of yourcalorimeter is our commitment to maintain commonly usedreplacement and service parts instock for same day shipment.
Professor S.W. Parrdeveloped asimplifiedcalorimeter formeasuring theheating value ofcoal.
Parr introduced anoxygen bombcalorimeter of anew design with abomb made of anacid-resistantalloy.
Parr introduced its first water-jacketed, adiabaticcalorimeter usinghot water injectionfor temperaturecontrol.
Parr intro-duced the first self-sealingoxygencombustionbomb.
1899 1911 1916 1933
100 Years of Leadership and Innovation100 Years of Leadership and Innovation
➥
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Introduction 3
Support
Service
Investment
A technical sales and support staff withan average of over 20 years of experience inthis specialized field. We have “been thereand done that” and we are looking forward tohelping you solve your unique requirements.
An investment in modernmachine tools and superiorproduction management methods enables us to makeavailable not only all of the optionslisted on the following pages, butalso to handle custom orders forone-of-a-kind designs along withregular production orders on aroutine basis.
A commitment to maintain commonly usedreplacement and service parts in stock for sameday shipment.
ResearchA commitment to new materials, manufacturingmethods, research disciplines, and computer advancesto continue our leadership position.
Parr introducedthe first auto-matic jackettemperaturecontrol systemfor an adiabaticcalorimeter.
Parr introducedthe first micro-processor-basedcontroller forhandling all stepsin a calorimetrictest.
Parr introduced twocompletely new, auto-matic, fixed bomb,isoperibolcalorimeters (1271 &1281) with fully auto-matic bomb and waterhandling capabilities.
Parr introduces the new1266 IsoperibolCalorimeter described indetail in this catalog.Parr also introduces the1356 ContinuouslyCorrected Calorimeter.
1962 1979 1980 1982 1992-94 1999
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➥
Bomb CalorimetryCalorimeterSupport Team
4
Bomb calorimetry - a procedure which determines the heat of
combustion or calorific value of materials which are burnedas fuels - is a fundamental test of great significance toanyone concerned with:• Production and/or
utilization of solid andliquid fuels.
• Disposal of combustiblewastes.
• Study of foods and feeds.
Parr offers a complete line ofbomb calorimeters and acces-sories for these measurements;calorimeters which carry aproven reputation for reliabilityand good service as earned bythe Parr Instrument Companyduring one-hundred years ofcontinuous manufacturingexperience in this specializedfield. These calorimetersprovide a wide selection ofequipment for all types ofcalorimetric service, whetherfor routine fuel tests, for preciseresearch measurements, foroccasional calorific tests, or for student instruction.
Uses for Parr calorimetersextend into any chemical,physical of physiological processin which heat generation orburning is an important factor.Principal applications includecalorific measurements for:• Coal and coke, all varieties
and types• Fuel oil, both heavy and light
varieties• Gasoline, all motor fuel and
aviation types jet fuels, allvarieties
• Combustible wastes andrefuse disposal
• Foodstuffs and supplementsfor human nutrition
• Forage crops and supple-ments for animal nutrition
• Building materials• Explosives and heat powders• Rocket fuels and related
propellants• Thermodynamic studies of
combustible materials • Energy balance studies in
ecology
In addition to the abovegeneral uses, Parr Calorimeterscan be used for any of thefollowing standard ASTM andInternational test methods,producing results which meetor exceed the precision spec-ified in each method.
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Calorimetric Design
1CalorimetricDesign
Bomb Calorimetry
W e at Parr are particularly proud of our calorimetry
support team. The three individuals pictured here have a total of 72 years experience in this specialized field.
Jay Albert oversees the developments in our calorimeter line. He joined Parr 15 years ago after receivinghis Ph.D in Analytical Chemistry,specializing in instrumentationand calorimetry. Jay is equallyat home with bits, bytes andflash ROM’s as he is withNewton’s Law of Cooling.
With all the changes thathave taken place in our firstcentury of designing, buildingand servicing calorimeters, onething has not changed—ourcommitment to build the bestpractical calorimeters is asstrong today as it was when our company was founded for that same purpose.
➥
T he unique design features which provide an unprecedenteddegree of automation in the 1271 and 1281 Calorimeterscauses them to differ in certain physical details from the
basic calorimeter designs prescribed in current ASTM, ISO, BS andDIN International Standards. But the basic requirements in each ofthese methods has been carefully reviewed, and extensive testinghas confirmed that the results obtainable with these or any otherParr calorimeter will meet or exceed the repeatability and repro-ducibility limits specified in each of these standard test methods:
ASTM D240-92, Standard Test Method of Hydrocarbon Fuels byBomb Calorimeter
ASTM D1989-97, Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Valueof Coal and Coke by Microprocessor Controlled Isoperibol BombCalorimeter
ASTM D3286-96, Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Valueof Coal and Coke by the Isoperibol Bomb Calorimeter
ASTM D4809-95, Standard Test Method for Heat of combustionof Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (IntermediatePrecision Method)
ASTM D5468-95, Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific andAsh Value of Waste Materials
ASTM D5865-98, Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Valueof Coal and Coke
ASTM E711-87, Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Valueof Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter
ISO 1928-1995 (E), Solid Mineral Fuels-Determination of grosscalorific value by the bomb calorimeter method, and calculationof net calorific value
BS 1016 Part 5,1977, Methods for analysis and Testing of Coaland Coke, Part 5, Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
DIN 51 900, Determination of Calorific Values and Calculation ofHeat Values with the Bomb Calorimeter Procedure withIsothermal Jacket.
5Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Calorimetric Design 5
1CalorimetricDesign
Compliance
Compliance with Standard Test Methods
Cathy Meehan has worked with the calorimetersand with our customers for over 20 years. If you have anoperational problem that Cathycan not troubleshoot by phone,she knows where to turn to forthe assistance she needswhether it is operating procedures, parts or major service.
Tom Tingle is our CalorimetryProduct Manager. Tom hasbeen involved with calorimetryhere at Parr for 36 years. In1997 Tom was chosen to be the recipient of the R.A. GlennAward for his service to theAmerican Society for Testingand Materials Committee D-5on Coal and Coke. This waspresented, “In recognition ofmany years of outstandingservice and active partici-pation...”. If you have methodsor application questions, call Tom.
6 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Calorimetric Design
1CalorimetricDesign
Fixed Bomb & BucketTechnology
Parr Fixed Bomb & Bucket Technology
Parr Model 1281 and 1271 Calorimeters utilizedesigns where the bomb
and bucket are not removedfrom the calorimeter duringroutine operations. This concepthas made it possible to providenew levels of automation of not just the data collection andreporting, but of the entirecalorimetric determination.
Bomb Closure Both the 1281 and 1271
Calorimeters utilize a patentedclosure design which seals andlocks the head into the cylinderwith simple 23˚ twist. In theModel 1271 Calorimeter thebomb closure and opening is accomplished by use of pneumatic controls. In theModel 1281 Calorimeter this quick-closure is performed manually.
Measuring andFilling theCalorimeterBucket
The bomb in the Model 1281 and 1271 Calorimeters issurrounded by a bucketdesigned to provide smoothcirculation and uniform volumetric filling. The bombhead closure action also sealsthe jacket at the same time thebomb is closed. The uniquedesign of this bomb jacketcombination permits rapid and automatic volumetric filling of the “bucket” water for each test.
Oxygen Filling
The oxygen supply isconnected to the fixed bomb so that the oxygen charge isautomatically added to thebomb before the preperiodequilibrium period.
Exhausting theBomb
At the end of the test thegasses in the bomb are auto-matically released while thecalorimeter is being returned to its starting temperature.
Draining theBucket
The hot water in the bucket is automatically drained fromthe bucket at the conclusion of the test and replaced withcooling water to bring thebomb and bucket rapidly backdown to the starting temper-ature for the next test.
Washing theBomb
At the conclusion of the test the inside of the bomb iswashed to remove the productsof combustion from the bomb.These bomb washings can becollected if tests will be run for sulfur, chlorine or otherelements released from theorganic matrix duringcombustion.
The result of the automationof the above steps plus theautomation of the calorimetricmeasurement itself will saveapproximately six minutes ofoperator time per tests whencompared to any removablebomb calorimeter.
The patented Quick-Turn closure can be opened automatically (1271), or manually (1281)
One of the not so obvious advan- tages of the fixed bomb designs is that the bomb is always washed
as soon as the final temperature rise canbe extrapolated. Generally this is within4-5 minutes of the firing of the bomb.This minimizes the time any acidsproduced by the combustion can attackthe inner surfaces of the bomb. We areseeing much better service life of the1131 and 1136 Bombs used in corrosiveservice because of this.
Longer Bomb Life
Materials of Construction
1CalorimetricDesign
Removable Bomb &Bucket Technology
Parr Removable Bomb & Bucket Technology
Removable bombcalorimeters are the moretraditional design most
users recognize. In this designthe oxygen bomb and bucketare removed from thecalorimeter for loading thesample and filling the bucketwith the carefully measuredamount of water which absorbs the energy released in the combustion.
Full Process andData Automation
While these bombs do notfeature the automatic bomb and bucket handling features of the fixed bomb designcalorimeters, the Model 1266and 1356 Calorimeters are fullymicroprocessor controlled andshare a high degree ofautomation of the followingfunctions with the Model 1271and 1281 Calorimeters.• Menu based program
selection.• Sample weights by keyboard
entry or digital transfer.• Temperature measurement
and recording with 0.0001˚ Cresolution.
• Full process control withautomatic establishment of
initial equilibrium, bombfiring and final temperaturerise determination.
• Real time heat leak corrections determined and applied.
• Gross and net heat ofcombustion calculated and reported.
• Thermochemical correctionapplied for acid, fuse, sulfurand spiking.
• Automatic determination andmaintenance of instrumentstandardization.
• Service interval tracking withdetailed diagnostics and selftesting.
• Full data communicationcapabilities.
RecommendedApplications
The removable bombcalorimeter will remain thecalorimeter of choice for userswith one or more of thefollowing applications or preferences:• Low to medium testing
loads which will not justifythe higher cost of more automated systems.
• Student instruction applica-tions with an emphasis on
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Calorimetric Design 7
1108 Bomb
I n 1911 Professor S.W. Parrdeveloped his Alloy Illium Gto resist the hot mixtures of
sulfuric and nitric acid producedin the oxygen combustion ofcoal. This eliminated the needfor gold or platinum liners forthe bombs and made it practical
to do oxygen bomb calorimetryas a routine laboratory test.While we no longer use IlliumG, we use the most corrosionresistant alloys we can find. Forroutine combustions we buildour bombs of Carpenter 20 Cb3Stainless Steel which is richer
in chromium and contains three times as much nickel as Series 300 Stainless Steels.For high chloride service weuse Alloy G-30 which adds cobalt and molybdenum toresist the corrosive effect of the chloride ion.
the basic principals of calorimetry.
• Applications which requirethe high pressure, platinumlined or one of the otherspecial purpose oxygenbombs.
• Combustions which produceunusual amounts of ash orother corrosive residues thatwould damage the automaticdischarge system.
• Users who chose not toperform the additional main-tenance that the fully auto-matic instruments require.
➥
Sample weights can beentered by
• Digital transfer, or• Prompted manual entry.
Corrections for fuse, acid,sulfur and hydrogen can be
• Entered as determined, or• Entered as fixed corrections,
or, • Omitted entirely.
Spiking corrections can beentered
• Automatically for a full range of spiking materials.
Parr 1266, 1271, 1281 and1356 Calorimeters alloperate from a single
master program. The commonaspects of the program ensurethat all of these instruments areequipped with the latestversions of operating, temperature measurement,temperature compensation,thermo-chemical correction,computational and communications software.
The shared capabilities thatthese calorimeters provide are:The operator can
• Select either the conve-tional isoperibol/equilibriumtest method, or the faster isoperibol/ dynamic procedure.
• Set acceptable operating tolerances.
8 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Calorimetric Design
Bomb Calorimeters
Parr is pleased to introducewith this catalog two newoxygen bomb
calorimeters. These are theModel 1266 IsoperibolCalorimeter and the Model 1356
Calorimeter. These calorimetersare updated versions of theearlier 1261 and 1351Calorimeters. In their new config-urations these calorimetersinclude a color liquid crystaldisplay; a menu driven operating
system; three RS232C ports fordirect connection to a printer, an analytical balance, and acomputer; and a fourth gener-ation microcomputer controlsystem.
1CalorimetricDesign
Bomb Calorimeters
Calorimeter Selection
Shared Master Program
In the next chapter you willfind described six differentoxygen bomb calorimeters
which continue Parr’s traditionof offering the widest choice ofinstruments to the world’s fuel testing and research laboratories. The Model 1281and 1271 Calorimeters offer the world’s most automatedcalorimeters with their fixedbomb and bucket designs. The 1266 Calorimeter represents the current devel-
opment of the traditionalremovable bomb and bucketcalorimeter. The 1356Calorimeter utilizes the Parr real time thermal correctioncapabilities to provide aninstrument for rapid testingwith excellent repeatability at a very attractive price. The 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeterprovides safe and reliabletesting at a minimum capitalinvestment.
The choice among these
calorimeters will depend uponthe anticipated work load, anymethod requirements, and theusers personal preferences.
The Parr technical servicegroup is available to assist withthe selection of an appropriatecalorimeter for the plannedapplication and for assistance in the installation and operationof any of these calorimeters. They can be reached at (800)872-7720 or (309)762-7716between 8 A.M. and 5 P.M. C.T.
Expandability Single Station Two Stations Single Station Single Station
9
Calorimeter Comparisons
Gross and net heats of combustion are reported
• With full corrections per ASTM, or
• With full corrections per ISO.• With precision which
meets or exceeds the requirements of all standard test methods.
Standardization can involve• Automatic statistical
calculation, or• A value entered by manual
override.• Performance monitoring.• Automatic information
retrieval.
Operating features include• Password protection of
operating configuration.• Storage of data and oper-
ating configurations in a battery backed-up memory.
• Service interval monitoring and warning.
• Detailed diagnostic self-tests.
10 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Calorimetric Design
1CalorimetricDesign
Methods and Modes Isoperibol Calorimetry—Methods and Modes
IsoperibolCalorimetry
An isoperibol calorimeter isone where the suroundingjacket is maintained at aconstant temperature while thetemperature of the bomb andbucket rise as heat is releasedby the combustion. The Model 1266, 1271 and 1281 Calorimeters are trueisoperibol calorimeters. In these implementations, a waterjacket, maintained at a fixedtemperature, completelysurrounds the combustionbomb and its “bucket”. A microprocessor-basedcontroller monitors both thetemperature of the bucket andthe jacket and performs thenecessary heat leak correctionsthat result from differences inthese two temperatures. These corrections are appliedcontinuously throughout a testrather than as a final correctionbased on pre and post testmeasurements.
ContinuouslyCompensatedIsoperibolCalorimetry
The Parr 1356 Calorimetertakes advantage of the realtime, continuously correctedmethod developed by Parr in its implementation of theisoperibol method. No attemptis made in the Model 1356Calorimeter to establish theconstant jacket temperaturerequired for isoperibolcalorimetry. Instead, thetemperature of the jacket iscontinuously monitored andreal time heat leak correctionsare applied based upon thetemperature difference betweenthe bucket and the actualtemperature of the jacket. Whilethis method is not truly anisoperibol method, its real timecorrection procedure achievesthe same purpose with nearlyequal results. What it can notdo is match the temperatureuniformity of a circulating water jacket.
CompensatedIsoperibolCalorimetry
The Parr 1672 PrecisionThermometer, serving as acontroller for the 1341 or 1425 Calorimeters, uses yetanother approach to emulatethe isoperibol calorimetricmethod. In these calorimetersystems, the heat leak isprecisely measured during the calorimetric pre-period. This evaluation results in anestimate of the effective,average temperature of thecalorimeter surroundings. Thistemperature value is then usedthroughout the test interval toprovide the calorimeter heatleak correction. While not asrobust as either of the othertwo methods outlined above, it harnesses the computingpower of the controller, with no additional hardware costs, to provide heat leak correctioncapability that is almost identical to the approach used when non-electronic thermometry and manualcalorimetric techniques are employed.
For a complete discussion of Precision and Accuracy
T he 1281 Calorimeterprovides all of the timeand labor saving
automation available with thenew technology fixed bombdesign in a single compact,integrated instrument. It isintended for laboratories with moderate to heavy testing loads.
IntegratedDesign
In the 1281 Calorimeter all ofthe principal components: thecombustion bomb, the bucketand jacket, the water handlingsystem and the oxygen fillingsystem are built into a singleconsole which includes thecalorimeter controller and theoperating keyboard. The unit is 18 inches wide, 21 inchesdeep and 16 inches high, with a recessed area at the top for a 1756 Printer.
As with the 1271 Calorimeter,the bomb body and bucket inthe 1281 Model are pre-installedin the calorimeter, but the bomb head with its attachedelectrodes and sample holdermust be removed for loadingthe sample and attaching anauxiliary cotton fuse. Theloaded head is then returned tothe calorimeter and the bomb isclosed with a simple 23-degreeturn of the twistlock closure.
The Model 1281 Isoperibol Calorimeter, Shown with Model 1756 Printer andBuilt-in Calorimeter Controller
➥
The CalorimeterController
An integral, microprocessor-based controller built into the1281 Calorimeter provides thelatest operating controls, dataacquisition, data processing,data reporting and communi-cation capabilities. It features amenu driven programming andoperating system with a bright,backlit liquid crystal display.
The WaterHandling System
A built-in water tank, circu-lating pump and temperaturecontrol system provide internalwater circulation for both fillingthe calorimeter bucket and formaintaining true isoperiboloperating conditions during the test. As with all Parr calorimeters, this is a closedloop system which conserveswater and eliminates theproblems caused by poorquality water supplies. Thecalorimeter bucket holdsapproximately 550mL of waterin which the temperature willrise approximately 8˚ C during a normal test.
1136 Oxygen Bomb
Close-up of the twistlock closure
2BombCalorimeters
1281 Calorimeter
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
Included for the first time is the built-in capability to handle the data generated by the proximate analysis.
Saving the weights and providing thecalculations for the various basis isincluded in the newest calorimetermodels. Please see page 34-36 for details.
Multiple LanguageOptions
P arr Model 1281 can be set to provide the programming options, operating menus, reports and error
messages in the following choice oflanguages:
English French German Czech
The OxygenBomb
The 1136 and 1136CL OxygenBombs are used in the 1281Calorimeter. These are similarto the 1131 and 1131CL Bombsused in the 1271 Calorimeter,but modified with extendedelectrodes to operate in a head-on-top configuration withmanual opening and closing.
13
Proximate Analysis
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➥14 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1281EA 115V 50/60Hz Calorimeter System with 1136 Oxygen Combustion Bomb1281EF 230V 50/60Hz1281CLEA 115V 50/60Hz Calorimeter System with 1136CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb1281CLEF 230V 50/60Hz for Chlorine Service
SUGGESTED OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
1136 Oxygen Combustion Bomb — See pages 6 and 33 for details
Although an 1136 Bomb is furnished with the 1281 Calorimeter, many users will want to have a sparebomb available to ensure continuous operation during routine servicing. This extra bomb can be eitherthe standard 1136 Carpenter 20Cb3 model or an 1136CL Bomb made of a special alloy that offers bestresistance to free chlorine and halogen acids.
A895DD Bomb Head Assembly — See page 30 for details
By purchasing a second head for the 1136 Bomb, the user can prepare the next sample for testingbefore the current test is completed, thereby minimizing turnaround time and obtaining maximumthrough-put from the calorimeter.
1289 Spare Parts Kit — See page 30 for details
Although a 1289 Spare Parts Kit is furnished with the 1281 Calorimeter, users will need to purchaseadditional kits for proper maintenance on the system.
Model No. Description1136 Oxygen Combustion Bomb, Carpenter 201136CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb for chlorine serviceA895DD Head Assembly for 1136 BombA895DDCL Head Assembly for 1136CL Bomb for chlorine service1289 Spare Parts Kit for 1281 Calorimeter System2811 Pellet Press (see page 36 for details)
1281 CALORIMETERA 1281 Calorimeter is furnished with the following parts which are easily interconnected to form acomplete operating system:
• Calorimeter module with a built-in controller, oxygen • Water coolerbomb with its attached water bucket, a surrounding • Oxygen pressure regulatorwater jacket and a water handling system. • Nitrogen pressure regulator
• Printer • Spare parts kit• Bomb wash tank • Accessories for installation
Ordering Guide
2BombCalorimeters
1281 CalorimeterOrdering Guide
IncludedAccessories(See page 30 forDetails)
Each 1281 Calorimeter isfurnished with:
1575 Bomb Wash Tank
1552 Water Cooler
1756 Printer ➥
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The 1271Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter
T he 1271 Calorimeteroffers an unequaled levelof automation with two
unique capabilities:
Fully AutomaticBomb Handling
The bomb is opened and closed automatically bypneumatic drives under microprocessor control. Theoperator simply loads thesample into the bomb head,attaches an auxiliary cottonthread fuse and closes thesafety guard. All operationsthen proceed automatically until the end of the test whenthe calorimeter opens the bomb and releases the safetyguard for the operator to insertthe next sample.
Expandable To ADual System
To best serve laboratorieswith high volume testing loads,the 1271 Calorimeter isdesigned so that it can beexpanded to include twoseparate calorimeter mecha-nisms operating with a singlecontroller, thus providingredundancy as well as addi-tional capacity. Dual operationis accomplished by adding a1272 Calorimeter ExpansionModule to the basic 1271System.
Modular DesignThe calorimeter is built in
modular form with a bomb andjacket module (tower), acontroller, a water system
(bomb rinse tank and watercooler) and a printer as free-standing units. This arrangementprovides flexibility in adaptingthe calorimeter to the laboratoryworkload and space.
The CalorimeterBomb, Jacketand ActuatingMechanism
The tower module containsthe principal operating compo-nents of the calorimeter. It is acompact assembly consisting
The Model 1271 Isoperibol Calorimeter, shown with Model 1756 Printer and Calorimeter Controller
Model Number:1271
Tests Hour:8
Operator Time:0.5 min
Repeatability (%RSD):0.10
Calorimeter Type:Isoperibol
Bomb Type:Fixed Head and Cylinder
Bucket Filling:Automatic
Oxygen Filling:Automatic
Bomb Washing: Automatic
Memory:500 Tests
Balance Connection:Yes
Temperature Resolution:0.0001˚ C
Special Bombs:Halogen Service
Expandability: Yes – two stations
2BombCalorimeters
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters 15
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➥
of the oxygen bomb with itsattached water bucket, atemperature-controlled outerwater jacket, a bomb loadingmechanism and all of thesolenoid valves, connectors and circuitry needed for acalorimetric test. These partsare housed in a case, 12 inches
The 1271 Calorimeter can be run in dual mode with only one controller and printer
wide, 21 inches deep and 27inches high, with easy access toall mechanical components formaintenance and repairs.
The CalorimeterController
This module contains themicroprocessor based circuitrywhich controls the calorimeter,records the data, calculates andstores the test results, andcommunicates with connectedbalances and computers. It hasa backlit liquid crystal displayand a keyboard through whichit issues commands to thecalorimeter. Significantmechanical and electricalprotection for these delicatecomponents is provided bymounting them in this separatechassis, away from the waterand corrosive vapors in thebomb and jacket module.
The WaterHandling System
This component consists of atemperature controlledreservoir with a pump tocirculate water through thejacket surrounding thecalorimeter bucket, therebyisolating the bomb and bucket
from the effects of roomtemperature and maintainingtrue isoperibol operating conditions throughout the test.The temperature within thisjacket is held constant within0.1˚ C. Water is also drawn fromthe temperature controlledreservoir to fill the bucketchamber which surrounds thebomb. This bucket holdsapproximately 400mL of water,compared with 2000mL in amore traditional system. As a result, the temperature rise in a normal test will be approximately 10˚ C instead ofthe 3˚ C rise developed in mostother calorimeters.
A bomb wash tank to supply distilled water to washthe bomb, a cooler to removethe heat obtained from thesample, and a printer toproduce calorimetric reports are furnished with the 1271Calorimeter. The air or gasrequired to open and close the bomb and to pressurize the bomb wash tank is bestsupplied from a tank ofcompressed air or nitrogen. A nitrogen tank pressure regulator for this purpose isfurnished with the calorimeter.
1131 Oxygen Bomb
Included for the first time is the built-in capability to handle the data generated by the proximate
analysis. Saving the weights andproviding the calculations for thevarious basis is included in the newestcalorimeter models. Please see page 34-36 for details.
Multiple LanguageOptions
P arr Model 1271 can be set to provide the programming options, operating menus, reports and error messages
in the following choice of languages:
English French German Czech
16 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
2BombCalorimeters
1271 Calorimeter
Proximate Analysis
➥
Model 1271Ordering Guide
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1271EA 115V 50/60Hz Calorimeter System with 1131 Oxygen Combustion Bomb1271EF 230V 50/60Hz1271CLEA 115V 50/60Hz Calorimeter System with 1131CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb1271CLEF 230V 50/60Hz for Chlorine Service
1272 CALORIMETER EXPANSION MODULEThis is a complete calorimeter module for users who want to increase the capacity of their calorimetricoperation by adding a second, independent combustion system. This operating unit has an 1131 OxygenBomb, water bucket, outer water jacket and bomb loading mechanism. An extra 1131 Oxygen Bomb isfurnished with the 1272 Module, also a separate bomb wash tank, a spare parts kit and all hardwareneeded to connect the module to an existing calorimeter controller and water handling system.
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1272EA 115V 50/60Hz Expansion Module - adds a second combustion system to 12711272EF 230V 50/60Hz1272CLEA 115V 50/60Hz Expansion Module with 2-1131CL Oxygen Combustion Bombs 1272CLEF 230V 50/60Hz for Chlorine Service
Although an 1131 Bomb is furnished with the 1271 Calorimeter, many users will want to have a sparebomb available to ensure continuous operation during routine servicing. This extra bomb can be eitherthe standard 1131 Carpenter 20Cb3 or an 1131CL Bomb made of a special alloy that offers best resistance to free chlorine and halogen acids.
1279 Spare Parts Kit
Although a 1279 Spare Parts Kit is furnished with the 1271 Calorimeter, users will need to purchaseadditional kits for proper maintenance on the system.
Model No. Description1131 Oxygen Combustion Bomb1279 Spare Parts Kit for 1271 or 1272 Calorimeter System2811 Pellet Press (see page 36 for details)1131CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb for Chlorine Service
1271 CALORIMETERA 1271 Calorimeter consists of the following parts which are easily interconnected to form a completeoperating system:• Calorimeter module with a • Calorimeter controller • Oxygen pressure regulator
built-in oxygen bomb with its • Printer • Nitrogen pressure regulatorattached water bucket, an • Water handling system • Spare parts kitouter water jacket and a • Bomb rinse tank • Accessories for installationbomb loading mechanism. • Water cooler
Ordering Guide
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
2BombCalorimeters
1271 CalorimeterOrdering Guide
17
IncludedAccessories(See page 30 forDetails)
Each 1271 Calorimeter isfurnished with:
1575 Bomb Wash Tank
1551 Water Cooler
1756 Printer
➥18 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
The 1266 Isoperibol Calorimeter
the calorimeter and refilledmanually for each test, therebyrequiring more of the operator’stime than the automatic andsemi-automatic models.
All sensors, controls and jacketing in the 1266Calorimeter are built into asingle, compact cabinet toprovide a self-contained operating unit consisting of:• A temperature-controlled
water jacket with a built-incirculating system and anelectric heater.
• An 1108 oxygen bomb withan oval bucket which fits intothe insulating water jacket.
• A built-in semi-automaticsystem for charging thebomb with oxygen.
• A high precision electronicthermometer.
• A keyboard for data entry and operation control.
• Bright, back-lit color liquidcrystal display with menudriven programming and
operating system.• Expanded System on Page 23.
PreciseElectronicThermometry
Temperatures are measuredwith a high precision electronicthermometer using a speciallydesigned thermistor sensorsealed in a stainless steel probewhich is fixed in the calorimetercover. Measurements are takenwith 0.0001˚ C resolution over a20˚ to 40˚ C working range, withall readings shown in Celsius.
Effective ThermalJacketing
Outstanding thermal jack-eting is provided by a circu-lating water system driven by abuilt-in, high capacity pumpwhich maintains a continuousforced flow around the sidesand bottom of the bucketchamber and through the coveras well. The jacket temperature
Model 1266 is a micro-processor controlled,isoperibol oxygen
bomb calorimeter which iswidely used for both routineand occasional calorific tests. It uses the time-tested Parr 1108oxygen bomb and oval bucketin a compact calorimeter,producing reliable results withgood repeatability, but differingfrom the 1271 and 1281 Modelsin that the bomb and bucketboth must be removed from
1266 Isoperibol Calorimeter
Model Number:1266
Tests Hour:4-8 as equipped
Operator Time:6 min
Repeatability (%RSD):0.10
Calorimeter Type:Isoperibol
Bomb Type:Removable bomb and bucket
Bucket Filling:Manual
Oxygen Filling:Semi-Automatic
Bomb Washing:Manual
Memory:500 Tests
Balance Connection:Yes
Temperature Resolution:0.0001˚ C
Special Bombs:Yes
Expandability:Yes
2BombCalorimeters
➥➥Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
installed in the calorimeter. To fill the bomb, the operatorsimply slips the filling hoseconnector onto the bomb inletvalve and pushes a key to startthe filling sequence. Filling thenproceeds automatically at acontrolled rate to a pre-setpressure. Built-in safety provi-sions will prevent an accidentalovercharge, and an errormessage will be shown if thedesired pressure is not attained.
AutomaticStandardization
The 1266 Calorimeter willautomatically generate itsenergy equivalent (EE) valuefrom a series of standardizationtests, calculating a mean valuefrom either (a) all standard-ization tests, or (b) from the last 10 operator designated tests for each bomb/bucketcombination. The user can enter the maximum standarddeviation he will accept and thecalorimeter will advise him if his tests fail to meet this criteria.Energy equivalent values for up to eight bomb/bucket combinations can be stored in the computer.
1266 Calorimeter shown with the lid up
2BombCalorimeters
1266 Calorimeter
Included for the first time is the built-in capability to handle the data generated by the proximate analysis. Saving the
weights and providing the calculations forthe various basis is included in the newestcalorimeter models. Please see page 34-36for details.
Multiple LanguageOptions
Parr Model 1266 can be set to provide the programming options, operating menus, reports and error messages
in the following choice of languages:
English French German Czech
19
is held constant for isoperiboloperation and no water addi-tions or waiting period arerequired at the end of a run. A sealed immersion heater and a built-in cooling coil, bothoperated by the calorimetercontroller, provide precisejacket temperature control.
A ReliableOxygen Bomb
The Parr 1108 Oxygen Bomb furnished with thecalorimeter will safely burnsamples liberating up to 8000calories per charge, usingoxygen charging pressures upto 40 atm. An alternate 1108CLbomb with superior resistanceto chlorine and halogen acids is recommended for testsinvolving waste materials andchlorinated samples.
A Built-InOxygen FillingSystem
To speed and simplify thebomb filling operation, the 1266 Calorimeter has a semi-automatic system for chargingthe bomb with oxygen. Oxygenfrom a 1A commercial cylinderis connected to a micro-processor controlled solenoid
Proximate Analysis
Many UserOptions
Although specific proceduresare recommended, variousoptions are available to the user:• Program parameters can
be adjusted to accommodateunusual sample sizes andprecision requirements.
• The calorimeter can beprogrammed to accom-modate any reagent concentrations selected by the user.
• Calorific values can bereported in any of severalmeasurement units.
• The calorimeter program canbe adjusted to compensatefor the subtle differences inthe way acid correction valuesare handled in ASTM, BS, DINand ISO Methods.
1266 CALORIMETER A 1266 Calorimeter consists of the following parts which are easily installed to provide a complete operating system:• Calorimeter module with built-in calorimeter controller• 1108 Oxygen Bomb• Oval Bucket• Printer• Oxygen pressure regulator• Spare parts kit• Accessories for installation
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1266EA 115V 50/60Hz Isoperibol Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter w/1108 Oxygen Bomb1266EF 230V 50/60Hz1266CLEA 115V 50/60Hz Isoperibol Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter with 1108CL 1266CLEF 230V 50/60Hz Oxygen Bomb for Chlorine Service
SUGGESTED OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
Model No. Description1108 Oxygen Bomb, Extra1108CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb for Chlorine Service, ExtraA391DD Oval Bucket, Extra1563EA Water Handling System (see page 31 for details)1552EA Water Cooler (see page 30 for details)1269 Spare Parts Kit (see page 30 for details)2811 Pellet Press (see page 39 for details)
INCLUDED ACCESSORIES
20 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
• Program controls can bepassword protected.
• A bomb usage tally can bemaintained to notify the userwhen each bomb should beserviced.
Printed ReportsA 1755 Printer is furnished
with each 1266 Calorimeter toproduce a permanent record ofall activity within the calorimeter.
Automatic DataTransfer
The calorimeter is equippedwith an RS232C output for two-way communication withPC’s or other laboratory datasystems. It is also equipped with a Smart Link port forconnection to other devices on this network as described onpages 42 and 43.
CompatibleModular Design
The 1266 Calorimeter is fully compatible with existing1108 Parr Bombs, calorimetercontrollers, closed-circuit waterhandling systems and all ParrSmart Link devices, making iteasy to fit the instrument intoan existing laboratory set-up.Modular design with all electronics assembled in aremovable chassis simplifiesservicing problems. Also, thecalorimeter is programmed sothat it can be connected througha phone modem direct to theParr Instrument Companyfactory computer for troubleshooting or for program parameter up-dates.
2BombCalorimeters
1266 CalorimeterOrdering Guide Ordering Guide
1108 Oxygen Bomb A391DD Oval Bucket 1755 Printer
For Additional Recommended Accessories, See 1266 Expanded System on Page 23.
➥
➥
2BombCalorimeters
1356 Calorimeter
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
Model Number:1356
Tests Hour:4-8 as equipped
Operator Time:6-7 min
Repeatability (%RSD):0.20
Calorimeter Type:Corrected
Bomb Type:Removable Bomb and Bucket
Bucket Filling:Manual
Oxygen Filling:Semi-Automatic
Bomb Washing: Manual
Memory:500 Tests
Balance Connection:Yes
Temperature Resolution:0.0001˚ C
Special Bombs:Yes
2BombCalorimeters
The 1356 Calorimeter
A Moderately Priced, Micro-Processor ControlledOxygen Bomb CalorimeterWithout Jacket TemperatureControl
Outwardly, the 1356Calorimeter appears tobe the same as the 1266
Isoperibol Calorimeter, sinceboth calorimeters are built intothe same housing with thesame keyboard and LCD displaypanel. But, there is oneimportant difference: the 1356Calorimeter does not have atemperature controlled jack-eting system as required forisoperibol calorimetry.
The 1356 Calorimeter isintended for the user whowants a modern calorimeterwith the convenient automaticfeatures provided in the 1266Calorimeter and whoseprecision requirements can bemet with a static systemwithout isoperibol control. Or,for users whose work load issmall or intermittent, making itpreferable to purchase a lessexpensive model. To meet thesecriteria, the temperaturecontrolled water jacket and itsaccessories have been removedfrom the 1266 Calorimeter andreplaced in the 1356 with astatic air jacket around thebucket chamber, comparable tothe arrangement used in the1341 Plain Calorimeter. Thiseliminates all water and waterconnections, resulting in asignificant saving in cost. And,with no permanent externalconnections (except aconnection to an oxygen tank).The 1356 Calorimeter can be set
up and made ready to operatein a few minutes, or it can beset aside when not in use.
GoodRepeatability
To obtain the best precisionwith an uncontrolled jacket, the1356 Calorimeter has a temper-ature monitoring capability builtinto the jacket. This allows thecalorimeter to measure theactual jacket temperature andapply the appropriate heat leakcorrections in real time. Whilenot equal to an isolating waterjacket, the 1356 method offers asignificant improvement overthe traditional static jacket andmakes it possible to obtainreasonable precision withoutthe long pre- and post-periodsnormally required for staticjacket calorimetry. It also makesit possible to use the ParrDynamic Method for rapidtesting.
As with all static jacketcalorimeters, best results willbe obtained when thecalorimeter is operated in alocation where it is not subjectto drafts or fluctuating airtemperature, preferable in atemperature-controlled room. Itmay require more frequentstandardization if the ambienttemperature changes during theday or from day to day. Withthese constrictions undercontrol, standard deviations in aseries or tests with a uniformsample, such as benzoic acid,should not exceed 0.2 percent.The precision obtainable will be
1356 Calorimeter
21
➥
Ordering Guide
2BombCalorimeters
1356 CalorimeterOrdering Guide
22 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
Included for the first time is the built-in capability to handle thedata generated by the Proximate
Analysis. Saving the weights andproviding the calculations for the various basis is included in the newest calorimeter models. Please see pages 34-36 for details.
Multiple LanguageOptions
Parr Model 1356 can be set toprovide the programming options,operating menus, reports and error
messages in the following choice oflanguages:
English French German Czech
more than adequate for mostwaste screening and teachingapplications.
A Self-ContainedOperating Unit
The 1356 Calorimeter is acompact operating unit thatuses the same 1108 oxygenbomb and oval bucketfurnished with the 1266 and1341 models. It also has thesame automatic oxygen fillingsystem and high precision electronic thermometer used inthe 1266 Calorimeter. There is a touch-panel keyboard for dataentry and a color LCD displayfor operator prompts, statusindication, data verification andreport reviews. All steps in thetest procedure are managed by a microprocessor control
system programmed to operatethe calorimeter in either theconventional equilibrium modeor in a faster dynamic mode. Alldata is handled automaticallyby a dedicated microcomputer.
1356 CALORIMETER A 1356 Calorimeter consists of the following parts which are easily installed to provide acomplete operating system. • Calorimeter module with built-in • Printer
calorimeter controller. • Oxygen pressure regulator• 1108 Oxygen Bomb • Spare parts kit• Oval bucket • Accessories for installation
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1356EA 115V 50/60Hz Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter with 1108 Oxygen Bomb1356EF 230V 50/60Hz1356CLEA 115V 50/60Hz As above with 1108CL Oxygen Bomb for Chlorine Service1356CLEF 230V 50/60Hz
SUGGESTED OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES:Model No. Description1108 Oxygen Bomb, extra1108CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb for Chlorine Service, extraA391DD Oval Bucket, extra1563 Water Handling System (see page 31 for details)1552 Water Cooler (see page 31 for details)1359 Spare Parts Kit (see page 30 for details)2811 Pellet Press (see page 36 for details)
INCLUDED ACCESSORIES:
1108 Oxygen Bomb 1755 Printer
Printed Reports
A 1755 Printer is furnishedwith each 1356 Calorimeter toproduce a permanent record of all activity within thecalorimeter.
For Additional Recommended Accessories, See 1266 Expanded System on Page 23.
Proximate Analysis
A391DD Oval Bucket
Expanded Configurations
The 1266 and 1356Calorimeters have beendeveloped as a family of
affordable apparatus which canbe assembled into operatingsystems tailored to meet individual needs without overbuying and without having to purchase a moresophisticated system than theuser requires. An initialpurchase can be limited to thebasic calorimeter with orwithout additional accessories,while still retaining the ability toexpand the system in the futureif the work load should change.
ExpandableCalorimeterSystems
To assist in the selection ofcalorimetric apparatus from anarray of separate items, Parroffers the 1266 and 1356Calorimeters as a System which provides all of theequipment needed for highspeed calorific testing (exceptan analytical balance, oxygentank and common laboratorychemicals). For many userswho are testing only a fewsamples per day, a 1266Calorimeter with a 1755 Printermay be adequate. But byadding a water supply system,an extra oxygen bomb andbucket and a water cooler(Expanded System) it ispossible to handle many moretests with minimal operatoreffort and with a potential forimproved precision as well.Also, the added water handling
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
2BombCalorimeters
1266 & 1356 Expanded Configurations
23
Shown is the 1266 Expanded System
EXPANDED 1266 CALORIMETER SYSTEM The 1266 Calorimeter Expanded System includes the following: 1266 Calorimeter, 1755 Printer, 1563 Water Handling System, (2) 1108 Bombs, (2) A391DD Oval Buckets, 1552 Water Cooler, and a 1269 Spare Parts Kit.
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1266EA System 115V 50/60Hz 1266 Isoperibol Calorimeter Expanded System with 1108 Bombs1266EF System 230V 50/60Hz1266CLEA System 115V 50/60Hz 1266 Isoperibol Calorimeter Expanded System with 1108CL Bombs1266CLEF System 230V 50/60Hz for Chlorine Service
EXPANDED 1356 CALORIMETER SYSTEM The 1356 Calorimeter Expanded System includes the following: 1356 Calorimeter, 1755 Printer, (2) 1108 Bombs, (2) A391DD Oval Buckets, and a 1359 Spare Parts Kit.
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1356EA System 115V 50/60Hz 1356 Calorimeter Expanded System with 1108 Bombs1356EF System 230V 50/60Hz1356CLEA System 115V 50/60Hz 1356 Calorimeter Expanded System with 1108CL Bombs for 1356CLEF System 230V 50/60Hz Chlorine Service
system and water cooler willpermit closed loop operation, independent of running waterand a drain. The 1356 and 1266
Expanded Calorimeter System has an extra 1108 bomb andA3911DD bucket to allow nextsample preparation inadvance.
➥
Model Number:1341
Tests Hour:2
Operator Time:25 min
Repeatability (%RSD):0.30
Calorimeter Type:Static
Bomb Type:Removable Bomb and Bucket
Bucket Filling:Manual
Oxygen Filling:Manual
Bomb Washing:Manual
Temperature Resolution:0.002˚ C
Special Bombs:Yes
2BombCalorimeters
24 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
The 1341 Plain Calorimeter
A Reliable Oxygen BombCalorimeter In A PlainInsulated Jacket forOccasional Calorific Tests
T he 1341 Calorimeter is an improved version of a plain, static jacket, oxygen
bomb calorimeter that has beenmade by Parr for more thaneighty years. It is a reliablecalorimeter that can be used forthe same broad range of solidand liquid combustible samplesas the 1266, 1271, 1281 and 1356models. Its modest cost andsimple design recommend itprimarily for users whose workload does not justify thepurchase of an automatic model.The calorimeter requires nopermanent connections. It canbe set up and ready to operate
in a few minutes and, when notin use, can be easily disas-sembled and stored on a shelf.
ManyApplications
The calorific value of anysolid or liquid material that canbe burned safely in an oxygenbomb can be determined in the1341 Calorimeter. It is also anexcellent instrument forteaching heat measurementtechniques in a student laboratory since it provides allof the instrumentation neededfor such tests, but with eachelement in the system reducedto fundamental forms. Althoughcommonly called a “plain”calorimeter because of itssimple design, technically this
is a static jacket instrumentwhich operates at or near roomtemperature with no provisionfor controlling the jackettemperature. Compensation forany heat loss (or gain) during atest is made by applying acorrection computed from heatleak measurements takenbefore and after each test. As a general rule, about 10 or12 tests can be completed in an 8-hour day, whereas up to 75 tests can be run in the same period in a Parr automatic model.
GoodRepeatability
Good repeatability can beobtained with the 1341Calorimeter provided that thetemperature rise and heat leakcorrections are measured andapplied carefully. Using the 19-35˚ C mercurial thermometersupplied with the instrument,standard deviations in a seriesof tests with a uniform samplesuch as benzoic acid should notexceed 0.3%.
QualityConstruction
There has been nocompromise with quality inselecting components for themoderately priced, 1341Calorimeter. It is equipped withthe same 1108 Oxygen Bombfurnished with the 1266Isoperibol Calorimeter. Analternate 1108CL bomb withsuperior resistance to chlorineand halogen acids is availablefor tests involving waste
1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter with 2901 Ignition Unit
Ordering Guide
materials and chlorinatedsolvents. The molded doublewall jacket provides a simpleyet effective insulating systemthat restricts heat flow betweenthe calorimeter and itssurroundings. Temperature
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
2BombCalorimeters
1341 Plain CalorimeterOrdering Guide
25
➥
1341 PLAIN CALORIMETER The 1341 Calorimeter is furnished with an 1825 Oxygen Filling Connection, six fuelcapsules, fuse wire for 1500 tests and support stands for the bomb head andcalorimeter cover, also a vial of benzoic acid pellets for standardizing the calorimeterand complete operating instructions.
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1341EA 115V 50/60Hz Plain Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter with 1108 Oxygen1341EF 230V 50/60Hz Combustion Bomb 1341CLEA 115V 50/60Hz Plain Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter with 1108CL Oxygen1341CLEF 230V 50/60Hz Combustion Bomb for Chlorine Service
ACCESSORIESThe 2901 Ignition Unit is offered to provide the low voltage electrical current to fire the oxygen bomb. An alternate ignition unit, 2902, is offered for use with calorimetersequipped with the 1672 Calorimetric Thermometer. The 2902 includes provisions forautomatically firing the bomb under the control of the 1672 Thermometer/Controller.
The user must select the appropriate ignition unit for his installation and order it separately.
1672 CALORIMETRIC THERMOMETER CONTROLLERThe 1672 Calorimetric Thermometer/Controller which is described on page 38 of thiscatalog is offered to improve the precision, convenience and speed of operation of the1341 Calorimeter.
SUGGESTED OPTIONAL ACCESSORIESModel No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1672EB 115V 50/60Hz Calorimetric Thermometer without Thermistor1672EE 230V 50/60Hz or RTD probe1168E Thermister Probe 1/8" Dia., 12" Length1180E RTD Probe (Platinum Resistance),
0-600˚ C, 1/8" Dia., 12" Length2901EB 115V 50/60Hz Ignition Unit2901EE 230V 50/60Hz2902EB 115V 50/60Hz Ignition Unit for Use with 1672 Thermometer2902EE 230V 50/60Hz
readings are taken with a 1603Calorimetric Thermometer witha range from 19-35˚ C in .02˚subdivisions. Readings can beestimated to the nearest .002˚using the clip-on reading lensfurnished with the instrument.
SuggestedOptionalAccessories
1108 Oxygen bomb (see page 32 for details)
1603 Calorimetric Thermometer
A391DD Oval Bucket
2901 Ignition Unit(Required - sold separately)
➥
Model Number:1425
Tests Hour:3
Operator Time:10 min
Repeatability (%RSD):0.38
Calorimeter Type:Compensated
Bomb Type:Removable Bomb and Bucket (semi-micro)
Bucket Filling:Manual
Oxygen Filling:Manual
Bomb Washing:Manual
Balance Connection:No
Temperature Resolution:0.0001˚ C
Special Bombs:No
2BombCalorimeters
26 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
The 1425 Semimicro Calorimeter
1425 Calorimeter shown with 2902 Ignition Unit
The 1425 Semimicro Calorimeter is a compact and easily operated, static
jacket, combustion calorimeterdesigned specifically formeasuring the heat ofcombustion of small sampleswhen only limited amounts oftest material are available. Theneed for semimicro operationfrequently arises in marinebiology and other ecologicalstudies where sample sizes arelimited, also for testing heatpowders and pyrotechnicmixtures.
A 22mL OxygenBomb
The 22mL, 1107 OxygenBomb used in the semimicrocalorimeter will handle samplesranging from 25 to 200milligrams, liberating up to1200 calories when burned inoxygen. Outputs up to 2400calories can be accommodatedif the sample is self-oxidizing,provided it is burned in an inertatmosphere and does notproduce considerable gas.Combustions in oxygen mustbe limited to a maximumoutput of 1200 calories.
An EffectiveThermal Jacket
Effective static thermal insulation is provided by usinga silvered glass Dewar as thecalorimeter vessel. This vacuumflask, 75mm inside diameter x130mm deep, holds the 1107bomb in 450 grams of water. It
is supported within a stainlesssteel air can from which it iseasily removed for filling orcleaning.
AutomaticCalculations
The temperaturemeasurement and controlsection of this calorimeterdetermines the initial equi-librium, fires the bomb, recordsthe final temperature, appliesthe appropriate heat leakcorrections for this static jacketcalorimeter and generates a nettemperature rise for the test. It can also accept all thermochemical correctionsthrough the keyboard andreport a gross heat ofcombustion. The controller can be configured to record and store actual temperaturereadings in its memory for later transfer to a computer, forusers who prefer to determinethe net rise in this manner.
1425 SEMIMICRO CALORIMETERThe 1425 Semimicro Calorimeter is furnished with a modified 1672 Precision Thermometer, 1107 OxygenBomb and 2902 Ignition Unit.Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1425EA 115V 50/60Hz Semimicro Calorimeter with 1107 Oxygen Bomb1425EF 230V 50/60Hz
INCLUDED ACCESSORIESModel No. Description1107 Oxygen Bomb1672 Calorimetric Thermometer2902 Ignition Unit
1459 CONVERSION KIT FOR CONVERTING A 1425 TO A 1455
All of the parts needed to convert a 1425 Semimicro Bomb Calorimeter to a 1455 Solution Calorimeterare provided in a 1459 Conversion Kit, consisting of:Qty. Model No. Description1 123C Dewar flask1 A120C Calorimeter cover assembly with bearing tower and no pulley1 A129C Push Rod2 A130C Cell Assembly without cell bottom2 126C Cell bottom, PTFE1 3421 “Tris” Calibration Standard for 1455 Solution Calorimeter, 100g bottle
Ordering Guide
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
2BombCalorimeters
1425 SemimicroOrdering Guide
27
➥
Good Precision
The precision obtainable withthe 1425 Calorimeter will dependprimarily upon the amount ofenergy released by the sample. If the release is less than
Conversion To A Solution CalorimeterThe 1425 Calorimeter can be converted to a solution calorimeter for
measuring enthalpy changes produced by chemical reactions in solution byreplacing the inner parts with solution calorimeter components. Details areprovided in Bulletin 1400
100 calories, the deviation fromthe mean will not exceed 1.0percent of the measured value.With a 400 calorie release, thedeviation will be less than 0.4percent of the mean value.
Included Accessories
Each 1425 Calorimeter isfurnished with:
1107 Semimicro Oxygen bomb
1672 Calorimetric Thermometer
2902 Ignition Unit
28 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Bomb Calorimeters
2BombCalorimeters
Semimicro Conversion 1266 Semimicro Calorimeter
SemimicroConversion
Parr offers a 1267 Conversion Set consisting of a 22mL combustion bomb andaccessories which can be usedin a 1266 Isoperibol Calorimeterfor testing small samples in the25 to 200 milligram range, liber-ating up to 1200 calories. Thisprovides a convenient meansfor using a standard calorimeterfor tests in which the amount of sample is limited, or forprocedures in which it would bedifficult to obtain a measurabletemperature rise in a standardsystem. The need for semimicrooperation frequently arises inmarine biology and otherecological studies wheresample sizes are limited.
Easy ConversionThe conversion to semimicro
operation is made by simplyinstalling an 1107, 22ml semimicro bomb, and a twin-chambered bucket in a 1266Calorimeter, using the sametemperature sensors and automatic controls used formacro operation. Thus, all ofthe advantages of isoperibolcalorimetry with full automationcan be obtained for semimicrooperation without interferingwith the usefulness of thecalorimeter for macro procedures.
The unique twin-chamberedbucket holds the 1107 Bombwith a minimum mass of waterand metal to obtain maximumtemperature sensitivity. The
calorimeter stirrer extends intothe smaller cylinder, to circulatewater around the bomb andthrough the interconnectedchambers, producing rapidtemperature equilibrium in this compact system.
GoodRepeatability
When operating a semimicrosystem in a 1266 Calorimeter,repeatable results can beobtained with standard deviations as small as 0.2% ofthe determined value. But therepeatability will vary indifferent applications,
depending primarily upon theamount of energy released bythe sample, with larger samplesgiving the best results.
AccessoriesThe 1267 Semimicro
Conversion Set consists of a1107 semimicro bomb with awrench and bench socket, atwin-chambered watercontainer, two 208AC Inconelfuel capsules, a card of 45C7and 45C10 nickel alloy fuse wire,a vial of 30 x 0.2 gram benzoicacid pellets for standardizing the calorimeter, and othernecessary accessories.
1267 Conversion Set for adding an 1107 Semimicro Bomb to a 1266 Calorimeter
ORDERING GUIDEModel No. Voltage Description1267 Semimicro Conversion Set for adding an 1107
Semimicro Bomb to a 1266 Calorimeter1268EF 230V 50/60Hz Semimicro Calorimeter1268EA Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter with 1108 Oxygen Bomb
CalorimeterAccessories
Fixed and Removable BombAccessories
1755/1756 PrintersA391DD Oval Bucket1575 Bomb Wash Tank1551/1552 Water Cooler1563 Water Handling System
A Parr 1756 Printer isfurnished with each 1281 and1271 Calorimeter to produce apermanent record of all activitywithin the calorimeter. Theprinter is also used to report thestatus of the calorimeter. It is acompact, dot matrix, 40-columnformat that will accommodateall essential data. This printerrequires no additional benchspace.
A 1755 Printer is furnishedwith each 1266 and 1356Calorimeter. It is housed in aseparate case 8 inches squareand 4 inches high. It includes itsown power supply.
ORDERING GUIDEModel No. Voltage Description1756EA 115V Printer with Power Supply1756EF 230V Printer with Power Supply1755EA 115V Printer with Power Supply1755EF 230V Printer with Power Supply263C Printer Paper264C Ribbon for Printer
A895DD HeadsUsers that wish to have faster
throughput might consider thepurchase of extra heads for theirfixed bomb calorimeters so thatthe next sample can be preparedin advance.
Spare PartsEach spare parts kit contains
the supplies necessary for 5-6complete service cycles. Userscan contact us for the exact itemsand proportions because eachcalorimeter system is different.
A391DDCalorimeterBucket
The A391DD CalorimetricBucket contains the bomb andwater in the 1266, 1341 and 1356 Calorimeters. One ofthese buckets is furnished witheach calorimeter but a sparebomb and bucket will doublethe throughput of any of thesecalorimeters as they permit thenext test to be prepared inadvance.
The 1575 BombWash Tank
Water to wash the interior ofthe bomb at the end of a test isdrawn from a separate tank, notfrom the water handling systemreservoir used to fill the jacket and bucket. A 5-gallon, stainless steel tankis furnished to hold water forthe bomb washing system. Allattachments needed to pres-surize the tank and feed washwater to the bomb are included with the calorimeter. Users whointend to analyze the bombwashings will want to fill thetank with distilled or deionizedwater, otherwise tap water canbe used. The tank is filledthrough a large top opening,with a normal 4-gallon fillingproviding sufficient water forapproximately 150 tests. Thetank is ASME Certified andfitted with a relief valve.
• Conserves water• Eliminates problems caused by
poor quality water supplies• Provides uniform temperature
starting water• Eliminates the need for a drain• Provides a repeatable amount of
water for the bucket
1563 WaterHandling System
For best results with the 1266 Calorimeter, Parr offers the 1563 Water Handling System as aconvenient means for filling thecalorimeter bucket with exactlythe same amount of water atthe same fixed temperature foreach test. The 1563 Systemconsists of a 5 gallon, temperature controlledreservoir with a high capacitypump and an attached 2000mLautomatic glass deliverypipette. It provides a closedcircuit, circulating system inwhich water flows continuouslythrough the delivery pipette andback to the reservoir tomaintain a constant watertemperature in the pipette forrepeatable delivery volumes.Continuous filtration is includedto ensure that the bucket will always be filled with clean water.
The temperature in thereservoir is thermostaticallycontrolled to within +/-0.5˚ C at a setting near 30˚ C. Water inthe bucket that has been usedand warmed in a test is emptiedback into the reservoir at theend of each run. To compensatefor the warmer water, aconnection must be made to anoutside cooling source,preferably a Parr 1552 WaterCooler. Connections areprovided for delivering waterfrom the reservoir to a 1266Calorimeter for jacket
temperature control. Either oneor two calorimeters can beserved from a single 1563System.
ORDERING GUIDEModel No. Voltage Description1563EA 115V 50/60Hz Water Handling System 1563EF 230V 50/60Hz Water Handling System
1563 Water Handling SystemThe 1551 and1552 WaterCoolers
Since the 1281 and 1271Calorimeters operate withclosed loop water systems, awater cooler must be includedto remove the heat produced inthe combustion test. A Parr1551 Water Cooler is furnishedwith the 1271 Calorimeter forthis purpose. It will provide auniform supply of cold water ina temperature range from 5˚ Cto 10˚ C, with sufficient capacityto accommodate two 1271Calorimeters in a dual setup. A similar cooler, No. 1552, witha smaller capacity is furnishedwith the 1281 Calorimeter.
The 1552 Water Cooler isoffered for those users whoplan to use the 1563 WaterHandling System with their1266 or 1356 Calorimeter. Thewater cooler removes from the system the heat produced in the combustion process. The 1552 Water Coolerproduces 6.5 gal/hr of cold water.
Combustion with oxygen in asealed Parr Bomb is a reliableprocedure whose effectivenessstems from its ability to treatanalytical samples quickly andconveniently within a closedsystem without losing any ofthe sample or its combustionproducts. Combustion is rapid,releasing all of the heatobtainable from the sample andoxidizing all sulfur and otherelements in the sample tosoluble forms which are easilyrecovered for chemical analysis.
The 1108 OxygenBomb
The 1108 Bomb is the standard,342mL, general purpose bombused in all Parr 1266, 1356 and1341 Calorimeters, and in the1901 Bomb CombustionApparatus described in Bulletin4700. It will safely burn samplesliberating up to a maximum of8000 calories per charge, usingoxygen charging pressures up to 40atm.
The standard 1108 Bomb ismade of a special columbiumstabilized stainless steelselected for its resistance to themixed nitric and sulfuric acidsproduced in a bombcombustion. This superior alloyis suitable for most combustiontests, yet neither it nor any
other stainless steel will resistthe corrosive atmosphereproduced when burningsamples containing halogencompounds.
The 1108CLChlorine-Resistant Bomb
Parr now offers a chlorine-resistant, 1108CL Bomb, whichis the same as the standard1108 model, but with a headand cylinder made of an alloywith superior corrosion resistance to the free chlorineand halogen acids releasedwhen burning chlorinatedsamples. Users who intend totest waste materials andcombustible halogen solventsare urged to select the 1108CLBomb instead of 1108 for itslonger service life underextremely corrosive conditions.
Parr offers a bomb made ofchlorine resistant material forboth of the fixed headcalorimeters.
The head and cylinder aremade of an alloy with superiorcorrosion resistance to the freechlorine and halogen acidsreleased when burning chlori-nated samples. Users thatintend to test waste materialand combustible solvents areurged to select the CL version.
Special PurposeBombs
Parr offers several specialpurpose oxygen bombs forcalorimetry and analytical applications in sizes from 22 to 2000mL. Two of the mostcommonly used bombs arelisted here. Inquiries for other
applications are welcome.1104 High Strength Bomb.
This is a 240mL, extra heavybomb for combustion tests withsamples that burn with extremeviolence. It will handle samplesthat liberate up to 12,000calories per charge, usingoxygen charging pressures upto 45 atm. This bomb should beused in place of the standardbomb when testing explosives,gun powders and fast-burningpropellants, or when workingwith materials whosecombustion characteristics areunknown or unpredictable.
1105C Platinum LinedBomb. This is a 340mL Bombwith a full platinum lining forapplications requiring acompletely inert combustionchamber for analytical applications. All normallyexposed inner surfaces arecovered with platinum, and theelectrodes, inlet tube and other
metal fittings are made ofplatinum alloyed with 10%iridium for extra strength.Platinum fuel capsules and fusewire are used to complete anall-platinum environment.
Arapid data processing system for collecting,storing, calculating and
reporting the proximateanalysis of coal, coke andrelated fuel samples as requiredin coal mine, coal preparationplant, coal burning utility,commercial inspection andother industrial laboratories.
The proximate analysis of acoal sample is a tediousprocedure involving severalseparate weighings and thehandling of data from severalsources as needed to calculate:• Air-Dry Moisture• Total Moisture• Volatile Matter• Fixed Carbon• Ash
There is no way to avoid theindividual weighings andheatings involved in theseseparate determinations, butthe data entry, data processingand reporting functions can bespeeded and simplified considerably using the convenient microprocessorsystem provided in a Parr 1750 Proximate Analyzer.
A Fully IntegratedData ProcessingSystem
Operating in conjunction witha moisture oven, furnace andanalytical balance already onhand in a user’s laboratory, the1750 Proximate Analyzer will:• Accept and retain all indi-
vidual weighings obtainedduring the series of stepsrequired to determine air-dry
• Organize and store all testdata for up to 100 samples,accepting the data as itbecomes available from adigital balance. Samples canbe weighed and treated inany order with the Analyzeraccepting the data asgenerated, organizing andstoring it in proper sequenceunder operator assignedsample numbers.
• Collect and store sulfurvalues from a 1760 SulfurAnalyzer to be included in aconsolidated laboratoryanalysis report.
• Collect and store sampleweights for calorimetricdeterminations. When a1750 Proximate Analyzer isused with a calorimeter the1750 Analyzer will provide allof the functions of a Balance
Interface. Each weighing willbe shown on an LED displaybefore it is entered intomemory, with the Analyzerprompting the operator toidentify each entry with avalid sample number.Weights can also be enteredfrom a keyboard. TheAnalyzer will collect and hold all sample weights forcalorimetric determinationsuntil requested by thecalorimeter.
• Calculate proximateanalysis values (moisture,volatile matter, fixed carbonand ash) for each sample onany of four reference bases:
• Produce a consolidatedproximate analysis reportfor each valid sample (including calorific value and sulfur) by feeding allcollected reports to any ofthe following:
• Parr 1755/1756, 40-columnprinter or an 80-columncommercial printer.
• Calorimeter with a printer.• Central computer.• Laboratory or personal
computer connected on aParr Smart Link.
• Produce full or partialreports at any time for anindividual sample or for a fullrange of tests. Reports caninclude all supporting rawdata or can be condensed toshow only final values.
Use WithExisting System
The 1750 Analyzer does notrequire a special oven, furnaceor analytical balance. Existingprocedures do not have to bechanged. All drying and ashingoperations are performed in the same oven and furnacenormally used for standardASTM proximate analysisprocedures. The Analyzer can be programmed to communicate with any of the commonly used digitalanalytical balances. Samplescan be weighed and treated inany order with the Analyzeraccepting data from a balanceas generated, organizing andstoring it under operatorassigned sample numbers. The operator can override the
automatic data system at anytime to enter weights manually,if necessary. Weights takenfrom a non-digital trip balanceor scale to determine air-dryloss (ADL) can be enteredmanually, or the ADL value can be calculated and enteredseparately. ADL values can alsobe determined automaticallyusing a 1750A Air-Dry LossInterface connected to a toploading balance. With thisarrangement the 1750 Analyzercan be instructed to obtainADL/total moisture values directfrom the 1750A Interface.
ConvenientKeyboardOperation
With the 1750 Analyzerconnected to a digital analyticalbalance, each weighing will beshown on the LED display onthe Analyzer for confirmationbefore it is entered intomemory. The operator will thenuse the touch panel keyboard toidentify each entry as to the test(moisture, ash, volatile matteror air-dry loss) and the function(tare, gross or final weight) towhich the data applies. TheAnalyzer will also prompt theoperator to identify the datawith a valid sample numberbefore it is entered.
SelectableReports
The user can select from a variety of pre-programmedoptions when obtaining finalreports from the Analyzer.Proximate analysis can be
Air-Dry LossInterface
Air-dry loss determinations areusually made using large (1000 gram)samples on a top-loading balance, often located in a facility outside of thelaboratory where other coal tests areperformed. To facilitate the transfer ofADL test data to the Proximate Analyzer.Parr offers the 1750A Air-Dry LossInterface which can be connecteddirectly to a digital top-loading balanceat the location where ADL weighingsare performed. Tare, gross and finalweights can then be collected automatically in the 1750A Interface and transmitted to the 1750 ProximateAnalyzer over a Smart Link for incorporation into the final proximateanalysis report. Without thisarrangement, ADL weighings must be entered into the Analyzer throughthe keyboard.
The 1750A Interface looks and works exactly like the 1750 ProximateAnalyzer, but it will be instructed togather and transmit only ADL data.Again, the user must specify the makeand model of his balance whenordering the 1750A Interface so that theproper communications protocols andcables can be furnished.
➥ 35
• Model 1750 Proximate Analyzer requires A597E Smart Link Cable
• Model 1750A Air-Dry Loss interface requires A597E2 Smart Link Cable
When the user wishes to install and operate his or heranalytical balance at some distance from the calorimeter, abalance interface is necessary to assign the sample identifi-cation numbers to the weights. When the balance is installednext to a Model 1266, 1271, 1281 or 1356 Calorimeter, thesesample ID numbers are entered directly into the calorimeterusing its keyboard. A balance interface is also required forentering sample weights into earlier Model 1261 and 1351Calorimeters which did not have the multiple RS232C portsand only communicated over the Smart Link Network.
Today the balance interface function is performed by aModel 1750 Proximate Analyzer which collects and storessample weights for the calorimetric determination and air-dried loss determination (see inset on page 35) as well as thetests which make up the proximate analysis.
Data Storage
After each weighing the sample weight will be shown onthe interface display for confirmation before it is entered intomemory. Weights can also be entered from a keyboard. Theinterface will prompt the operator to identify each entry witha valid sample number. Data for up to 100 samples can beentered before information must be withdrawn to makeroom for additional entries. Several options are available tospeed data entry with a minimum number of keystrokes.Battery backup is provided to prevent accidental loss of dataif the power supply is interrupted.
obtained for an individual sample or from a full range oftests. All supporting raw data can be included in the report,or the report can be condensed to show only final values.
Installation AssistanceInstallation and operation of the 1750 Proximate Analyzer
should proceed smoothly with little difficulty using thedetailed instructions furnished with each instrument. But,since each installation is unique, users are urged to call the Parr Instrument Company direct (309-762-7716) for assistance in adapting peripheral devices to a 1750 Proximate Analysis System.
VM CrucibleAn inexpensive, 13mL,nickel-chromium alloycrucible with an insert coverfor determining volatilematter in coal and coke. Willwithstand repeated heating to 1000˚ C without appreciablechange in tare weight, but not recommended for procedures requiring extreme corrosion resistance.Part No. Description3101 VM Crucible with Insert Cover3102 VM Crucible without Cover3103 Insert Cover for VM crucible
Pellet PressThe Parr PelletPress provides aconvenient andinexpensive meansfor compressingpowdered samplesinto pellet or tabletform for oxygenbomb calorimetry.Although manymaterials burn well as a loose powder, others such as benzoic acid must be pelletized for safe and complete combustion.
Pellets produced in the Parr press are cylindrical inshape with flat ends. Punch and die sets are inter-changeable in the same basic press. The 1/2 inch size ismost commonly used for bomb calorimetry. Bulletin 2811provides additional details and listings for the completepress and separate punch and die sets in smaller sizes.Part No. Description2811 Pellet Press, 1/2" Punch & Die2812 Pellet Press, 1/4" Punch & Die2813 Pellet Press, 3/8" Punch & Die2814 Pellet Press, 1/8" Punch & Die2815 Pellet Press, 3.0mm Punch & Die2816 Pellet Press, 4.5mm Punch & Die
Calorimetric ThermometersPrecision grade, mercury-in-glassthermometers, approx. 600mm long,made and tested in accordancewith ASTM E1, furnished with testcertificate and correction chart.Part No. ASTM No. Scale Range Smallest Sub-Div.1603 56C 19-35C 0.02˚1621 116C 19-25C 0.01˚1622 117C 24-30C 0.01˚
Thermometers Reading LensA magnifier that clips onto any 6 to 16mmdiameter stem, making it possible toestimate readings to one-tenth of thesmallest scale division when used on aParr Calorimetric Thermometer.Part No. Description3003 Thermometer Reading Lens
Fuel CapsulesParr 43A- fuel capsules, 2.5cmdia. x 1.Ocm deep, are used in all1104, 1105, 1106, 1108, 1131 & 1136 Oxygen Bombs.
Part No. Description43AS Fuel Capsule, Stainless Steel43A3 Fuel Capsule, Fused Silica43A5 Fuel Capsule, Platinum-Rhodium43A6 Fuel Capsule, Platinum-Rhodium, with Rim217A Fuel Capsule, Heavy (1104) C20
Tape for Volatile CompoundsPart No. Description517A 1-1/2" x 72 yds/roll. 1 roll per Package
Gelatin CapsulesVolatile liquid samples to be burned in an oxygen bomb can be weighed and handled conveniently in these two piece capsules. Size 00 capsules hold 0.9mL.Part No. Description3601 Gelatin Capsules, Size 00, Package of 100
Ni-Cr Alloy, 60", To Be Cut to 1.5" lengths845DD Ignition Thread, Cotton Ball, Use As Auxiliary Fuse
in Oxygen Bombs
Benzoic AcidCalorific standard in powder or pellet form for standardizing all oxygen bomb calorimeters.
Part No. Description3403 Benzoic Acid Power, 30g Bottle3413 Benzoic Acid, 1.0 gram Pellets, Vial of 153414 Benzoic Acid, 0.2 gram Pellets, Bottle of 303415 Benzoic Acid, 1.0 gram Pellets, Bottle of 1003416 Benzoic Acid, 1.0 gram Pellets, Bottle of 5003417 Benzoic Acid, 0.2 gram Pellets, Bottle of 5003418 Benzoic Acid, 0.2 gram Pellets, Bottle of 1000
The1672Calorimetric Thermometer
The 1672 Calorimetric Thermometer is a high precision temperature
measuring system developedprimarily to provide automatictemperature measurements inthe 1341 Plain Calorimeter. Itimproves the precision and
gives some of the convenienceobtainable with 1266 and 1356automatic models. It alsoprovides data logging, compu-tation and communication capabilities that will speed andsimplify the test procedure forany static jacket calorimeter. Itcan be used as well for otherlaboratory applicationsrequiring precise temperaturemeasurements combined withthe additional featuresdescribed below.
A UniqueElectronic Design
The 1672 Thermometeroperates in two ranges: 0-70˚ Cwith a thermistor and 0-600˚ Cwith a platinum resistance(RTD) probe, using a micro-processor to linearize thetemperature signal and provideexcellent resolution and preciserepeatability over each operating range. An automatic,self-calibrating capability fordifferential temperaturemeasurements and otherunique features are included in this electronic design.
CalorimeterFunctions
In addition to measuringtemperatures, the 1672Thermometer will perform anumber of special functionsdesigned specifically for the 1341 Calorimeter. It willdetermine the net temperaturerise, apply all necessary correc-tions and calculate and reportthe heat of combustion in unitsselected by the operator. It willalso accept weights enteredfrom the keyboard.
Data Logging andDisplay
Temperature, operatorprompts and error messagesare shown on a two-line, 40-character display. Data canbe taken at any rate specifiedby the user and transmitted inreal time to a Parr 1755 Printeror to a computer via an RS232Ccommunication port on thethermometer. An alternative isto store data in the instrumentbuffer with a capacity of 1600data points. This data can betransmitted later as a block.
Analog OutputThe thermometer has a 0-10
volt analog output. The zeroand full scale readings can beset at any combination oftemperatures to obtain ananalog signal matched to thefull operating range. Thisfeature is particularly usefulwhen temperatures are plottedon a strip chart and the nettemperature rise is determinedby graphic interpolation.
Specifications
Probe type Thermistor PlatinumThermometer range 0-70˚ C 0-600˚ CResolution 0.0002˚ C 0.002˚ CAbsolute accuracy
without calibration +/- 0. 100˚ C +/- 0.3 +.005T˚ Cwith calibration +/- 0.0500˚ C +/- 0.15 +.002T˚ C
Repeatability,single point +/- 0.002˚ C +/- 0.05˚ C
Linearity, 10˚ C span +/- 0.002˚ C n/aAnalog output 0-10 volts 0-10 voltsCommunications port RS232C RS232CData logging capacity 1600 points 1600 points
ORDERING GUIDEThe 1672 Calorimetric Thermometer must be ordered with either a 1168E or a 1180E Thermistor Probe and 2902 Ignition Unit.
Model No. Voltage Description (Select part no. for voltage required.)1672EB 115V 50/60Hz Calorimetric Thermometer without thermistor1672EE 230V 50/60Hz or RTD probe1168E Thermistor Probe, 0-70˚ C, 1/8" Dia., 12" Length1180E RTD Probe (platinum resistance),
0-600˚ C, 1/8" Dia., 12" Length2902EB 115V 50/60Hz Ignition Unit for use with a 16722902EE 230V 50/60Hz Thermometer
T he 1760 Sulfur Analyzer provides a rapid, reliable
system for determiningsulfur in solid and liquidfuels, combustiblewastes and other mate-rials following thecalorific value test. It is amoderately priced analyzer forlaboratories where sulfur deter-minations are run on an inter-mittent basis, and wherereliable results with goodrepeatability are required.
The sulfur determination ismade using the calorimetricsample, no additional sample orweighing is required. Theoperator transfers the bombwashings to the Analyzer andcan obtain a value in fiveminutes for sulfur values
ranging from 0.1 – 5%. Fullcommunication capabilities areavailable for transferring sulfurand total acid values to acalorimeter or computer.
Long RecognizedProcedure
ASTM standard methods fordetermining sulfur in solid andliquid fuels are based upon the
ORDERING GUIDEModel No. Voltage Description1760 115V/230V Sulfur Analyzer complete with
50/60Hz accessories1722 Smart Link Board1723 RS232C Printer Output BoardA597E Smart Link Cable, 25 feetA963E Cable Used for 1723-1755
analysis of the bomb washings. The 1760Sulfur Analyzer replaces the gravimetricdetermination of sulfate with a micro-processor controlled titration of solublesulfates. The end point is determined by anion selective electrode.
Comparison TestsTests show the 1760 Sulfur Analyzer can
determine sulfur values within a repeata-bility interval approximately one – half thatallowed by current ASTM/ISO methods.
The 1745 Computer Interface
The 1745 Computer Interface
T he 1745 ComputerInterface is a generalpurpose module used to
connect a personal computerwith RS232C communicationscapability onto the Smart Linknetwork. It contains all of thememory and communications
protocols needed to translatethe computer request for datato the Smart Link, receive andacknowledge receipt of the data.Access to Smart Link intrumentscan be done through theinterface using the Parr 1746Coal Lab Software program (seepage 44). Details of the interfacecommand set and the structureof the ASCII files are provided inthe Instruction Manual furnishedwith the 1745 Interface.
The 1747ComputerInterface
The 1747 Computer Interfaceis designed to connect any PC
compatible computer onto the Smart LinkNetwork and use the Parr 1746 Coal LabSoftware program. Users writing their ownprogram should purchase the 1745 generalpurpose interface. The 1747 Interfaceconsists of a single circuit board to beinstalled in the expansion slot in any PCcompatible computer. It is furnished with acompiled version of the 1746 Program andperforms the same functions for the MS-DOS system that the 1745, general purposeinterface provides.
40 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Accuracy and Precision
Precision and Accuracy
Precision
Precision is defined as theagreement between thenumerical value of two or moremeasurements that have beenmade in an identical fashion.There are several methods forreporting the precision ofresults.
The deviation from the meanis a common method fordescribing precision. Thespread or range of a set of data(the numerical differencebetween the highest and lowestresult) is also a measure ofprecision. Still another is thestandard deviation. It is oftenconvenient to indicate theprecision relative to the meanvalue in terms of percentages.
AccuracyThe term accuracy denotes
the nearness of a measurementto its accepted value and isexpressed in terms of error.This error can be expressedeither as an absolute quantityor as a percentage relative tothe accepted value. Accuracyinvolves a comparison withrespect to a true or acceptedvalue. In contrast, precisioncompares a result with othermeasurements made in thesame way. The accepted valuemay itself be subject to considerable uncertainty. As a result, it is sometimes
difficult to arrive at a realisticestimate for the error for certain measurements.
Repeatability,Reproducibilityand Bias
ASTM uses three terms toaccount for the variation in testresults for a given test method.
RepeatabilityRepeatability is defined as
the smallest variation occurringwith replicated values on thesame material obtained underreasonably similar conditions,usually within a single laboratory. This value is often stated as the differencebetween successive results.Clearly this is the same as precision.
BiasBias refers to the difference
between a population mean ofthe measurements or testresults and an acceptedreference or true value. Clearlythis is the same as accuracy.
ReproducibilityThe largest variation in
test results or measurementsoccurs with values obtained, for example, in different laboratories, which will involvedifferent units of the specifiedequipment, and different operators. This measure is
referred to as reproducibility.This value is often stated as thedifference between two singleand independent resultsobtained by different operatorsworking in different laboratorieson identical test material.
ASTM refers to this as analternate measure of precision.However, this quantity isdependent upon both theinherent precision (repeata-bility) of a test method as wellas the accuracy (bias) of bothmeasuring instruments. Thereproducibility may also beinfluenced by factors such assampling of the test material.As a result, reproducibility canbe considered a hybrid term.
In general, the reproducibilitywill be related to precision andaccuracy, assuming they’reboth normally distributed andexpressed as a standard deviation, as follows:
Reproducibility = square root
([precision] 2 + [accuracy] 2)
This relationship assumesthere are no other factors, suchas sampling related factors,influencing the intra-laboratorymeasurements or results.
Communications
Direct Link ConnectionsSmart Link NetworkSmart Link DevicesCoal Lab Software
4Communic-ations
42 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Communications
4Communi-cations
AutomatedData Handling
➥
Automated Data Handling
T here are two ways in which laboratory devices can be connected to
permit the transfer of data and results between test instruments and to laboratorycomputers. These are the directconnection of the devices andthe use of a local area network.Parr offers the user instrumentsdesigned and equipped to work in either of these configurations.
DirectConnection
The simplest connectionmethod is the direct connectionof the devices using theindustry standard RS-232C dataport. Parr 1266, 1271, 1281 and1356 Calorimeters are equippedwith three of these connections;one for an attached printer; onefor a connection to an analyticalbalance used for inputtingsample weights, and one forconnecting to a laboratorycomputer for reporting results.Most users will prefer toconnect their instrumentsdirectly if they are operating asingle computer with theirbalance and PC type computerlocated in close proximity of the calorimeter.
Smart LinkNetwork
A second more versatileconnection method involves the use of a local area network(LAN). A local area networkoffers the following advantages
1281, 1271, 1266, 1356Calorimeter
Analytical Balance
Printer
Any RS232C Computer
Direct Connectionover the simpler directconnection method:
• An unlimited number ofdevices can be interconnected.
• A broader range of data canbe shared.
• A wider variety of instru-ments can be interconnected.
• Devices need not be locatedin close proximity to each other.
Parr developed and equipped its products tooperate on a LAN called the“Smart Link” twenty years ago.The devices designed for useon or which can be adapted tocommunicate over the SmartLink are listed on page 43.Users will want to considerinstalling this network if theirrequirements include one ormore of the following characteristics:
• The use of more than onecalorimeter in the laboratory.
• The use of one analyticalbalance to weigh samples formore than one calorimeter.
• The use of a separatebalance to weigh samples forproximate analysis.
• The need to connect aseparate air dried loss balance.
• The need to connect sulfurreporting instruments.
• The need to report to morethan one computer.
“Smart Link” devices aredesigned around the IEEE 422protocol allowing data transmission over distances to up to 1000 meters.
RS23
2C
RS23
2C
RS23
2C
4Communi-cations
Smart Link Devices
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Communications
Parr Smart LinkDevices
Currently the following devices areavailable for incorporation in SmartLink networks:
• All 1281, 1271, 1261, 1266, 1351 and1356 Calorimeters can receive sampleweights and sulfur correction values,compute and send calorimetric values and test data.
• 1750 Proximate Analyzer can collectsample weights. It can also collect weightsand compute moisture, volatile matter,fixed carbon and ash, combining these with sulfur and calorimetric data to report a complete analysis for coal samples.
• 1750A Air-Dry Loss Interface can recordADL weights from a digital balance andsend them to a 1750 Proximate Analyzer for incorporation into a proximate analysis report.
• 1760 Sulfur Analyzer can receivesample weights from a calorimeter orcontroller and send sulfur and acid valuesto a calorimeter.
• 1742 Sulfur Interface can receive sulfurvalues from a Leco 32 or 132 SulfurAnalyzer and send them to a calorimeter.
• 1745 Computer Interface can poll all ofthe devices on a Smart Link, receive storedresults and transfer them to any computerattached via an RS232C port.
• 1747 Computer Interface Board fits into the expansion slot on a PC andperforms the same functions as the 1745 Computer Interface.
1750A ADL Interface
Air Dry Balance
1760 Sulfur Analyzer
1742 Sulfur Interface
Leco Sulfur
1745 ComputerInterface
1281, 1271, 1266, 1356Calorimeter
1755 Printer
1750 Proximate Analyzer
Analytical Balance
1747 PC Board
PC
Any RS232CComputer
Smart Link Network—Coal Lab
43
➥
➥4Communi-cations
Coal Lab Software
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Communications
Coal Lab Software
Three Hardware/Software Options
Parr offers three approachesfor transferring calorimetric andrelated data and results to apersonal, laboratory or centralcomputer. The simplest of theseutilizes the direct connectionbetween the RS232C port on thecalorimeter and the corre-sponding communications porton a PC to transfer the data intoa standard commercial filestructure for archiving reportgeneration and analysis. Themore elaborate option uses theSmart Link to access multipleinstruments over a singlecommunications line. The SmartLink based program is offered intwo versions; one independentof hardware type other than therequired RS232C connectionport and one designed specifi-cally for internal integration into PC based hardware.
Direct ConnectionSoftware
The 1748 Software Programreceives the data transmitted by the calorimeter and places itinto a flat ASCII file on disc inthe PC. The program isWindows based and is equippedwith an easy to use graphicaluser interface. The test reportdata can be accessed by SampleID number from the PC andhandled in one of two ways. The test report data can bedisplayed on the screen, forquick review, or saved to a disc file for archiving or incorporation into a database.
Smart Link BasedSoftware
The 1746 Coal Lab Softwareprogram has been designed toprovide access to all devicesconnected to a Smart LinkNetwork from a computerterminal. It is not necessary tointerrupt testing or even visitthe laboratory to collect dataand results using this networkand program.
There are essentially twoparts in the 1746 Program whichare well integrated and proceedautomatically. In the first phasethe operator initiates a requestfor data to be transferred fromone or more of the test instruments to the computer.This data is then collected andfiled in the computer file. Theoperator can choose to transfera single test, a range of tests, orall available tests, drawing froma single instrument or from anycombination of instruments heselects. The response to suchrequests is a rapid block transferof the requested data. The operation requires only a shorttime, leaving the computer freefor other tasks during a greater
portion of the day.In the second or reporting
phase many options areavailable to the user through theoperating menu. Results can bedisplayed for on-screen reviewor on a printout. These can beeither final results only or finalresults with raw data. Reportscan be selected for a singlesample or for a range ofsamples, and formatted toinclude any combination of tests or bases. The program will check for duplicate samplenumbers.
The program files are builtusing a standard datamanagement applicationprogram (dBase). This permitsthe reliable handling andarchiving of the full range ofboth raw data and test results.An included report generatorfunction permits the user tocustomize his or her reports asdesired. It also permits the rapidexpansion of the program toinclude statistical analysis,billing and word processingcapabilities. Reporting andarchiving functions can beexpanded, stripped down ormodified as needed.
ORDERING GUIDEModel No. Description1745 Computer Interface for connecting a personal or lab
computer onto a Smart Link via RS232C protocol1746 Parr Coal Lab Software Program1747 Smart Link Connection Board for PC compatible computer
(includes 1746 Software Program)1748 Direct Connection Software for use with 1266, 1271, 1281
and 1356 Calorimeters and PC’s
44
The PARR Warranty
Parr Instrument Company (Parr) combustion bombs, calorimeters, andassociated products are designed and manufactured only for use by orunder the direct supervision of trained professionals in accordance with
specifications and instructions for use supplied with the products. For thatreason, Parr sells only to professional users or distributors to such users. Parrproduces precision equipment and associated products which are notintended for general commercial use.
Exclusive WarrantyTo the extent allowed by law, the express and limited warranties herein
are the sole warranties. Any implied warranties are expressly excluded,including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
Express WarrantiesSubject to the above Conditions, Parr expressly warrants that its products:Are as described in the applicable Parr sales literature, or as specified in
Parr shipping documents.Will function as described in corresponding Parr sales bulletins, or for
specifically engineered assemblies, as stated in the sales proposal andpurchase agreement.
Will remain free from defects in materials and workmanship for one yearfrom date of delivery of the product to the original purchaser/user. Note thatthere is no guarantee of a service life of one year after delivery.
Limitations On The Parr WarrantyAs to the original purchaser/user and to the distributors to such users, Parr
limits its liability for claims other than personal injury as follows: Replacement or repair. With respect to express warranties herein, Parr’s
only obligation is to replace or repair any parts, assemblies or products notconforming to the warranties provided herein.
Disclaimer of consequential damages. In no event shall Parr be liablefor consequential commercial damages, including but not limited to: damagesfor loss of use, damages for lost profits, and damages for resulting harm toproperty other than the Parr product and its component parts.
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeters — Warranty 45
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