Boscastle Conservation Area Appraisal€¦ · NeutralAreas 37 GeneralCondition 38 UpperTown 38...

Boscastle Conservation Area Appraisal

Endorsed

August 2007

dummyContents

11 Introduction

1The purpose of a Conservation Area Appraisal

1Scope and structure

1General identity and character

1Date of designation

1The Conservation Area within the wider settlement

22 Planning Context

2National

2Regional

2Local

33 Location and setting

3Geology

44 Designations

55 Historic and topographic development

5Prehistory

5Medieval

5Sixteenth century

6Seventeenth century

6Eighteenth century

6Early Nineteenth century

7Later Nineteenth century

8Twentieth century

96 Archaeological potential

107 Present settlement character

10Topography and settlement form


11Standing historic fabric

12Streetscape and views

168 Character Areas

16Understanding Character

16Bridge

16Historic Development

19Activity and use

20Architecture and historic qualities

21Key Buildings

25Local details

26Local and traditional building materials

27Public realm

28Greenery and green space

28Loss, intrusion and damage

29Neutral Areas

29General condition

29Quaytown


32Activity & Use

32Architecture and historic qualitites

32Key Buildings

35Local Details


36Public Realm




37Neutral Areas

38General Condition

38Upper Town


41Activity and use


42Key buildings

44Local details


47Public realm



53Neutral areas

53General condition

53Forrabury Churchtown

53Historic development

55Activity and use


55Key Buildings

57Local details


57Public realm



58Neutral areas

58General condition


58New Road and Forrabury Hill

58Historic development

59Activity and use


60Key buildings

61Local details


62Public Realm



63Neutral areas

63General condition

649 Problems and pressures

6710 Recommendations

7011 Opportunities

721 Sources


1 Introduction

The purpose of a ConservationArea Appraisal

The purpose of this conservation areaappraisal is to clearly define the specialinterest, character and appearance of theconservation area, and to suggest anypossible amendments to its boundary. Theappraisal should then inform developmentcontrol decisions and policies and act as afoundation for further work on designguidance and enhancement schemes.

Scope and structure

This appraisal describes and analyses thecharacter of the Boscastle conservationarea and the immediately surroundinghistoric environment. The appraisal will lookat the historic and topographicaldevelopment of the settlement, analyse itspresent character and identify distinctcharacter areas. These areas will then befurther analysed, problems and pressuresidentified and recommendations made forits future management. More detailedadvice on the management of theconservation area can be found in theBoscastle Conservation AreaManagementPlan which is designed to stand alongsidethis appraisal.

General identity and character

Today Boscastle is a thriving touristdestination the large number of visitorsattracted by its dramatic natural setting andcharming historic buildings. The town’scomplex history as a castle site, medievalmarket, seventeenth century centre fortrade and fishing, eighteenth andnineteenth century industrial port anddestination for artists and writers has

contributed to its present unique character.The high survival of historic buildings datingfrom these various and varying phasesadds to the town’s character and interest.

Date of designation

The village and harbour area wasdesignated a conservation area in 1970, inaccordance with North Cornwall DistrictCouncil’s policy document for the area, itwas further extended in 1980.

The Conservation Area within thewider settlement

The present conservation area boundaryincludes the majority of the historicsettlement including the medieval strip fieldsystem to the west and the fields borderingthe river valleys of the Valency and Jordanto the east. It does not include the westernside of the settlement either side of thecoastal road to Tintagel. This part of thetown is mainly a late twentieth centurydevelopment, but does include some latenineteenth and early twentieth centuryelements.

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2 Planning Context

National

In 1967 the concept of protecting areas ofspecial merit, rather than individualbuildings was first brought under legislativecontrol with the passing of the CivilAmenities Act. Whilst listed buildings areassessed nationally with lists drawn up bythe government on advice from EnglishHeritage conservation areas are designatedby local authorities. The current Actgoverning the designation of ‘areas ofspecial architectural or historic interest, thecharacter or appearance of which it isdesirable to preserve or enhance’ is thePlanning (Listed Buildings andConservation Areas) Act 1990. Under thisAct local planning authorities are requiredto designate conservation areas, to keepthem under review and if appropriate todesignate further areas. Designationremains the principal means by which localauthorities can apply conservation policiesto a particular area.

Regional

Broad polices relating to the protection andenhancement of the natural and builtenvironment are currently contained in theCornwall Structure Plan (2004). The policyemphasis is that development shouldrespect and consolidate local character. In2008 the Structure Plan will be replaced aspart of the statutory Development Plan bythe South West Regional Spatial Strategy.The contained policy approach in respectof the built and natural environment will bemaintained in accordance with nationalguidance.

Local

The adopted North Cornwall District LocalPlan (1999) contains detailed policesrelating to listed buildings and conservationareas. For this reason, anyone consideringmaking an application for consent fordevelopment or demolition within aconservation area or which would affect alisted building should consult the LocalPlan. The document is available forinspection at the Council’s offices andonline at www.ncdc.gov.uk . Pre-applicationadvice can also be sought from theCouncil’s Conservation and DevelopmentControl Officers.

The Planning and Compulsory PurchaseAct 2004 introduced changes to theplanning system that will result in the NorthCornwall District Local Plan replacementby a Local Development Framework. Aportfolio of Development Plan Documentswill set out the spatial planning strategy forNorth Cornwall and provided detaileddevelopment control policies includinglocally distinct polices relating to listedbuildings and conservation areas. Alldocuments prepared as part of the NorthCornwall Local Development Framework,including the Local Development Schemewhich sets the timescale for DevelopmentPlan Document preparation and adoptioncan be viewed at www.ncdc.gov.uk .

The saved polices of the North CornwallDistrict Local Plan will remain part of thestatutory development plan until replacedby adopted Development Plan Documents.

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3 Location and setting

Amore detailed description of the location,topographical setting and historic landscapecharacter can be found in the CornwallCounty Council Historic EnvironmentService report ‘Boscastle, CornwallCharacterisation and recording in theaftermath of the August 2004 floods’. Belowis a brief summary

Boscastle lies on the north coast ofCornwall between Tintagel to the south andCrackington Haven to the north. It issituated 9km north of Camelford, its nearestcommercial centre. Approximately 7km tothe south-east runs the A39, the mainarterial road through north Cornwall. Thetown lies within the parishes of ForraburyandMinster, and the area of North CornwallDistrict Council.

The historic town sits within three rivervalleys. The most northerly, the valley ofthe River Valency, rises in the east andruns almost due west. At the eastern endof the settlement the river flows throughnarrow riverside meadows enclosed bysteep slopes covered with scrub and smalltrees. As the river travels westwards itwidens and the trees give way tospectacular rock outcrops and roughground covered with heather and bracken.The drowned seaward end of the valleyforms a sheltered natural harbour. Earlysettlements formed around the harbour(Quaytown) and at the bridging point(Bridge) where the Valency joins the RiverJordan.

The River Jordan and the smaller ButtsWater rise in the south before joining intoone. The land between the two rivers formsa low lying ridge where the early castle,market and upper town were sited. Thesurrounding land is much higher and

formed by enclosedmedieval field systems,apart from the land to the west where anunenclosed medieval stripfield system,Forrabury Stitches still survives.

By the sea to the west is a narrow coastalplateau above spectacularly steep cliffs.Either side of the dog-leg harbour are rockyoutcrops. The northern entrance to theharbour is formed by Penally Point astriking landmark and to the south byWillapark headland.

Geology

The underlying geology is mainly foldedslates and sandstones of the Crackingtonformation. Seams of quartz or ‘spar’ occur,particularly on Penally Point.

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4 Designations

Scheduled MonumentsThere are two scheduledmonuments – thecastle site and a cross by the churchyardof St Symphorian’s

Picture 4.1 The medieval cross to the south of thechurchyard is a scheduled monument.

Historic BuildingsThere are 81 grade II listed buildings andstructures in Boscastle, and 2 grade II*buildings – the harbour and StSymphorian’s church.

Historic Area DesignationsThe majority of the historic settlement lieswithin a conservation area

Other Designations(All policy numbers refer to North CornwallLocal Plan adopted April 1999)

The whole settlement lies within and Areaof Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) –(ENV1)

The whole area is within the Heritage Coast

The northern slopes of the Valency Valley,the land around the harbour and the coastalrough ground are designated Special Areasof Conservation (SAC) – (ENV4) and a Siteof Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) –(ENV5)

The coastline and fields to the west andnorth east of the settlement are an Area ofGreat Scientific Value (AGSV) – (ENV5)

The medieval strip field system to the westof the settlement is an Area of GreatHistoric Value (AGHV) – (ENV14/15)

The cores of the upper town, Bridge andForrabury church are designated HistoricSettlements – (ENV14)

Much of the land surrounding the northernhalf of the settlement is a Cornwall NatureConservation Site (CNC Site) – (ENV5)

There are 11 Tree Preservation Orders(TPOs) all within the upper town area

The South West Coastal Path (NationalTrail) enters the settlement along eitherside of the harbour and crosses the RiverValency at the Lower Bridge – (SAF7)

The coastal land, Forrabury Common, theValency River valley up to the bridge andthe land on the northern side of the rivervalley beyond Penally House is all ownedby the National Trust.

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5 Historic and topographic development

An excellent and highly detailed history ofBoscastle appears in the Cornwall CountyCouncil Historic Environment Service report‘Boscastle, Cornwall Characterisation andrecording in the aftermath of the August2004 floods’. Below is a brief summary

Prehistory

The earliest development in the areacentres on the Iron Age fort on Willaparkheadland to the west of Boscastle harbour.Other early development included a numberof rounds in the surrounding countryside.There is no evidence of Roman occupation,but the sheltered harbour and location neara possible Roman land route make thispossible. Many surrounding place namesincorporate ‘tre’ meaning a small farmestate indicating occupation in thepost-Roman period.

Medieval

The first recorded development was in 1086in the Domesday Book. Talcar Manor wasrecorded (which covered roughly the samearea as the ecclesiastical parish of Minster)and included around eight dispersedholdings owned by Robert, Count ofMortain.

The manor was taken over by the Normannoble Bottreaux who built a castle on amounded site between the Jordan andTreforda valleys probably before 1150.From Bottreaux castle comes the nameBoscastle. In 1204 William be Boterell wasgranted the right to hold a weekly marketin the Manor of Tolcarne and from thisdevelopment stems the origins of the urbansettlement. There then developed a classic'planted' town, similar to Helston andTregony, with a main axial street running

uphill from a castle site lined by houseswith burgage lots. The original market placewas possibly adjacent to the castle site, atthe northern end of Fore Street, but by thelater medieval period it lay across ForeStreet further up the slope, and continuedon this site until the early nineteenthcentury. As the success of the market grewthe town continued to develop south alongHigh Street. It was taxed as a borough andby the early fourteenth century there wereat least 200 inhabitants.

The settlement straddled the boundariesof two parishes Minster and Forrabury, bothof which had early foundations andchurches rebuilt in the medieval period. StMerteriana at Minster to the east of themarket settlement became the parishchurch for Boscastle and St Symphorianthe parish church for Forrabury. Bothchurches, whilst situated close to themarket settlement, were separate from theemerging urban core and in the latefourteenth century a chapel of ease, StJames, was established on the northwestern side of the market site. There wasan early mill but its site is uncertain. Inaddition to the settlement around themarket it seems highly likely that adevelopment grew up in this period aroundthe natural harbour at the mouth of theValency River.

Sixteenth century

Although contemporary references werenot favourable and refer to a poor markettown, this was probably only in contrast tolarger urban centres such as Bodmin andTruro. A significant number of late medievaland sixteenth century town houses, whichstill survive in the market settlement area,attest to the town's continuing prosperity.

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The manor was bought by John Hender in1575 and he went on to build a markethouse and amanor house in the south-eastcorner of the castle site. In addition todevelopment in the market area in thesixteenth century there was the first definitereference to the port at Boscastle withmention of the quay in the 1540s, whichwas subsequently rebuilt in 1584. At thistime Boscastle was one of the few portsand trading places on the north coast ofCornwall.

Seventeenth century

During this period the development of thearea around the harbour and along the rivervalley began in earnest as it became thefocus of industrial and commercial activity.In addition to the seaborne trade, fishingvessels were first recorded at Boscastleduring the early seventeenth century. Thebare cliffs surrounding the quaydiscouraged building but fish cellars, acommercial pottery and stores were sitedon the gentler slops on both sides of theriver to the east. By 1680 the first referenceto the Bridge at Boscastle was recordedand at around this time, or possibly earlier,a number of houses were built on the siteof the present day Valency Row.Significantly much of the development,especially the houses, were a distance fromthe river to avoid flooding.

Eighteenth century

By the mid-eighteenth century there weretwo distinct developed communities - theupper town, and the harbour developmentreferred to as Bottreaux Castle Key (quay)onMartyn's map of 1748. During this periodthe quay-centred activity increased anddiversified as Boscastle became animportant centre for fishing, imports andexports. Such was the increased usage

that by the mid eighteenth century the quayrequired repair. Salt was imported fromBristol for the growing local pilchardindustry, along with to coal and othermerchandise, which was then distributedto Boscastle's large hinterland, whichstretched as far afield as Launceston. Inaddition to the thriving import industry slatewas exported from the nearby Delabolequarry. This increase in industry inevitablyaffected the physical development of thesettlement with fish cellars, warehouses, asmithy and a limekiln all built on the landbehind the harbour and around Bridge.Trade directories from the late eighteenthcentury also mention a public house, theSun Dial and a number of shops. In parallelto the development of the harbour andBridge areas as centres for commerce andtrade, the upper town continued to expandwith the building of a number of sizeablemerchants’ houses. Development beyondthe original main street occurred withhouses built to the north west of the castlesite and along the road running east- westsouth of the market. In addition somedevelopment occurred towards the end ofthe eighteenth century on the land to thesouth of St Symphorian's at Forrabury.

Early Nineteenth century

During the early nineteenth century theupper town continued to be the mainresidential centre of Boscastle havingaround sixty houses. Although the weeklymarket ended in the 1810s it was replacedby a growing number of retail premises andminor service trades. Physically the areacontinued to expand along Dunn Street andthe upper end of the High Street.Nonconformism reached Boscastle at thebeginning of the century when a Methodistchapel was built in Fore Street, andsubsequently replaced in 1825. This wasfollowed by a Wesleyan Methodist chapel

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in Dunn Street in 1837 and the town's firstpurpose built school in 1844 on Fore Street.A boom in the maritime and commercialindustries during this period resulted infurther developments around the harbourand bridge. The export industry continuedto expand with increased quantities of slateandmanganese from local mines sent fromthe harbour. Similarly the number of goodsimported increased hugely to include coal,agricultural manure, timber, limestone,consumer goods and groceries for bothlocal use and more distant markets.Carriers regularly took goods toLaunceston, Callington and Plymouth. Themain impact on the form of the settlementfrom the export trade was the need forbetter roads and in 1825 all the roadsurfaces were macadamised. The importtrade impacted further on the developmentof the town with a number of largewarehouses, coal stores and stabling builtin the Quaytown and Bridge area. Themainexpansion took place on the northern sideof the bridge along the Bude Road in theform of warehousing, stores, shops andmerchant housing. Further industrialdevelopment took place on the southernside of bridge where two limekilns and amill were located. In order to police theharbour activities and to prevent smugglinga coastguard watch house was built in theearly nineteenth century along withaccommodation for the crew.

The rivalry between the twomajor merchanthouses in Boscastle during the first half ofthe nineteenth century further affected thedevelopment of the settlement. WilliamSloggatt of Rosevear and Sloggattconstructed a new road to the north of theValency Valley linking the harbour to thenorthern routes out of Boscastle and in1836 built the prominent Penally House atthe eastern end of his new road. During thesame period Thomas Rickard Avery bought

the full ownership of Boscastle manor andconstructed New Road improving theaccess to the harbour from the south andwest. He lived more modestly at ValencyHouse, a remodelled seventeenth centuryhouse to the north of the bridge.

Later Nineteenth century

During the first half of the nineteenthcentury growth was gradual andexponential, whereas during the latter halfof the century the form of the town adaptedin response to a series of events. The firstof these occurred from the mid-nineteenthcentury as seaborne trade began todecline. Much of the slate from Delabolewas now sent from Port Gaverne, but thisloss was offset in part by the export of ironore, china clay and china stone. However,by the 1880s commercial activity was farless diverse resulting in the abandonmentof the former lime kilns, malthouse, pilchardcellars and manganese mill. The onlysignificant surviving industrial presence wasthe large mill close to the bridge. By 1893the railway reached nearby Camelford andthis effectively ended all seaborne trade.The warehouses continued to operate -storing dry goods for wholesale – but for afar more local market. Fishing was also indecline following the end of the pilchardindustry, but small seal, lobster and crabfisheries were still operating.

As the seaborne industries went intodecline the nascent tourist industry beganto grow. By the late eighteenth century thepicturesque and romantic setting of thetown had already begun to attract visitorsand these numbers were increased in theearly nineteenth century by the growinginterest in the legend of King Arthur. Thetown was visited and painted by a numberof artists including Turner who sketchedthe harbour. By the 1840s a visitors' season

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was already established with visitorsarriving by omnibus from Plymouth via theSaltash ferry. The arrival of the railway,whilst having a disastrous effect on theseaborne industries, greatly stimulated thetourist industry. The Wellington Hotel wascreated from a former inn andmany houseswere let as lodgings or converted intoboarding houses. Throughout the secondhalf of the nineteenth century Boscastle’sreputation as a resort grew through itsinclusion in the increasing number ofvisitors’ handbooks, and ever largernumbers of tourists came to the town.

Development in the upper town included aBible Christian chapel built in the HighStreet in 1857, a Silvanus Trevail school inFore Street in 1879 and a mission chapelin 1900. In 1885, following the death ofAvery, the estate was purchased by HenryPige-Leschallas a businessman fromSurrey. Apart from five large villas builtalong New Road, the main developmentsin late nineteenth century Boscastle tookthe form of civic and urban improvementsincluding the construction of lower bridge,a sewage system and oil street lighting.The villas effectively joined the upper townto Bridge and Quaytown uniting for the firsttime the historic core elements of thesettlement.

Twentieth century

Because the decline of local industry andfishing had overlapped with thedevelopment of the tourist industry manyof the industrial buildings such as thewarehouses, stables, cart sheds and storeswere gradually converted into lodgings,tourist shops and cafes. As a resultQuaytown and Bridge continued to retainmuch of their former character. Up until themid-twentieth century Boscastle developedlittle apart from some inter-war housing on

land between the upper town and Forraburychurchtown, and the area to the southknown as Paradise. In 1946 the manorestate was broken up and the propertiessold to individuals. A large proportion of thebuildings were converted for tourist basedpurposes and the character of Boscastleas a tourist destination was established.Following the Second World War a largeexpansion took place to west of the townalong the coast road to Tintagel. Some infillalso took place within the historic coreincluding buildings on the old market placeand a visitors’ car park on the Bude Road.In the 1950s the harbour area andsurrounding coastline was bought by theNational Trust, and during the 1960s a roadwidening scheme led to the replacementof the historic bridge.

Throughout its history the town has sufferedfrom floods, the most recent in August 2004causing extensive damage to the historicfabric in the Quaytown and Bridge areas.

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6 Archaeological potential

There are two nationally recognisedarchaeological sites of importance inBoscastle the two scheduled monumentsof the castle site and the cross in StSymphorian’s churchyard. However thelong and many layered evolution of thesettlement gives the whole area developedup to the early twentieth century potentialfor standing or buried archaeologicalfeatures. The earliest centres ofdevelopment – the areas aroundQuaytown,Bridge, Upper Town and St Symphorian’s– are of particular archaeological interestand sensitivity. In these areas the depositsare likely to provide valuable informationon the settlement’s early form anddevelopment and the urban archaeologicalremains are likely to be more complex.

Picture 6.1 The castle site is a scheduledmonument.

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7 Present settlement character

Topography and settlement form

Boscastle’s dramatic natural setting greatlyinfluenced the formation of the town andcontinues to inform its moderndevelopment. Its natural features have bothencouraged development and impeded it,resulting in a settlement comprising manyseparate elements. The sheltered harbourencouraged early development whichcontinued along the Valency River valleyon the lower slopes, high enough to avoidflood damage from the river but low enoughto be sheltered. The steep slopes of the hillbetween the Valency River and TrefordaWater discouraged development, and formsa wooded spur between the developmentalong Penally Hill and Old Road.

Picture 7.1 The steep wooded slopes to the southof Valency River have discouraged development.

The ridge of land formed by TrefordaWaterand the River Jordan to the west providedless challenging land for development,whilst still commanding prestigious viewsfor a castle site. As a consequence this welldrained hill was extensively developed bythe end of the medieval period. The flatterland to the west, apart from the church anda small associated development, remained

largely undeveloped until the twentiethcentury – possibly because the fieldsprovided valuable agricultural land.

Engineering advances in the nineteenthand twentieth centuries have done muchto unite the discrete elements of the UpperTown and Bridge areas with villas alongNew Road and the steeper slopes of OldRoad. More recent building on the fields tothe south of Forrabury has united themedieval church town to Upper Town.

Picture 7.2 Engineering advances in the nineteenthcentury allowed for development on steep land,such as New Road, that previously would not havebeen considered.

However, despite increased possibilitiesfor development, including the pressurefrom tourism, advanced buildingtechniques, and the decreased value ofagricultural land, the development ofBoscastle is still limited by its topography.Such is the sensitivity of much of thesurrounding land for its history, scientificinterest or for its importance for natureconservation that it is protected anddevelopment discouraged or prohibited.

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As a result Boscastle still retains largeareas of undeveloped land close to itshistoric core and the settlement has to betravelled through in order to appreciate itsseparate elements.

Standing historic fabric

For such a relatively small settlement thereis a surprisingly wide range of historicbuildings. Sadly there are no standingremains of the castle but an unusually (forCornwall) high number of buildings fromthe sixteenth century still survive. One ofthe most striking early buildings is theharbour wall, and within Upper Town thereare a number of houses incorporatingsixteenth century elements. These buildingsare two-stories high with fairly narrowfrontages echoing the pattern of themedieval burgage plot layout - they haveslatestone and cob walls, rag slate roofs,irregular window arrangements and largestone chimney stacks. Seventeenth centuryhouses survive in the Upper Town and theBridge area.

Picture 7.3 Early slatestone chimneys with slate dripstones.

There are a large number ofindustrial/fishing buildings, which have beenconverted into dwellings and buildingsassociated with the tourist industry - theseare a mix of two storey structures and largewarehouses. The lower status buildings aremainly constructed from slate rubblestone,most are painted or rendered, have simpleflat fronted facades without ornament andrag slate roofs. Some were originally builtwith the accommodation on the first floorabove flood level. The tall warehouses arebuilt from slatestone with rag slate roofs,and most were adapted around the mid tolate nineteenth century into domesticaccommodation with applied decorativefeatures such as doorcases, brick windowsurrounds and large sash windows.

In addition to the vernacular buildings thereare a number of polite town houses datingfrom the eighteenth century with

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symmetrical facades, sash windows andsome with doorcases and classicaldetailing.

There are a number of Victorian andEdwardian town houses and villas. Someare incorporated within the earlier streetpatterns, distinguishable from their earlierneighbours by their wider facades, tallerrooflines and brick dressings. Others arebuilt on previously undeveloped sites suchas the prominent row of slatestone villaswith red brick dressing along New Road.

There are no historic civil buildings extant,but two chapels survive (one now convertedinto a house), the old mission room (nowthe village hall) and two schools (one nowused as a hall). Apart from the post officethe commercial heart of the settlement hasnow moved down the hill to the harbourarea, but a number of historic shopfrontsare still preserved despite the conversionof the buildings into houses.

The tendency to convert existing buildingshas ensured a good survival of historicfabric, the only major losses being theupper bridge, Harbour Lights (lost duringthe 2005 flood) and the chapel on DunnStreet.

Streetscape and views

The streetscape in the Bridge area aroundthe eastern end of Valency Row, HollowellHouse and the Riverside Hotel is very tightand enclosed with the buildings, some ofwhich are three stories tall, built straightonto the street. The pattern then loosensaround the Cobweb Inn car park and overthe bridge, where many of the buildings aredetached and do not address the road orare set back from it.

Picture 7.4 The streetscape in the centre of theBridge area is quite tight but loosens out either endtowards the car park and over the bridge itself.

Around the harbour there is no formalstreetscape reflecting the former workingnature of the buildings sited for practicalrather than aesthetic reasons. They arepositioned at differing distances from thewater and with varying orientations.

Picture 7.5 The piecemeal and irregulardevelopment of the Harbour area reflects itsindustrial origins where buildings were sited andconstructed for practical rather than aestheticreasons.

Along Old Road, apart from the open landopposite Belmont and Polqueens villas,there is a good sense of enclosure formedby the buildings on the eastern side andthe high bank crowned with villas to thewest. The sense of an urban street has

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been increased by the modern villas on theeastern side of the road. Previously therewould have been a rural gap betweenBridge and Upper Town with the mill in thevalley adding to the pastoral feel.

Along Dunn Street, Fore Street and HighStreet the medieval and post medievalstreet line has been preserved. These aretightly packed streets with the majority ofbuildings fronting directly onto the street orjust a short distance back. The sense ofenclosure is diminished slightly at theeastern end of Dunn Street where thecommunity hall only fills part of the site toallow for parking. The historic open spaceof the market ground at the southern endof Fore Street has been infilled, but thebuildings are set back from the street.

Paradise Road and Gunpool Lane, despitesome modern infill, still retain their historiccharacter of semi-rural lanes with sporadicdevelopment.

New Road is enclosed to the east by thesteep banks of the hillside and to the westthe low positioning of the buildings givesan open feel with the hillside beyond clearlyvisible.

Forrabury Hill, despite development inrecent years, still has a very rural feel withthe lane enclosed by old slatestone wallsovergrown with vegetation.

ViewsIn addition to the street level views in theBridge area, such as the intimate viewalong Valency Row and the sweep ofPengelley Hill, there are views into andacross the area from New Road and thePrivate Path. As a result the roofscapesand rear elevations form part of many ofthe vistas. One of the major views is fromthe road bridge looking down towards theharbour .

Picture 7.6 Views to the Bridge area and theValency Valley beyond from New Road.

The spectacular view of the harbour walland harbour mouth has inspired artistsincluding J M W Turner, Sir ThomasDyke-Acland andWilliam Daniell who wereinspired by its sublime characteristics. It isthe same view that appears on much of thepromotional literature for Boscastle andencourages such high visitor numbers. Thewhole of the river valley from Bridge to thesea is highly picturesque with its rows ofcottages and former working buildingsnestling on the cliffs either side of the river.Like Bridge this area is highly visible withroofscapes and rear elevations much inevidence.

Striking vistas of the river can also be seenfrom New Road and Old Road.

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Picture 7.7 Views over the River Jordan Valley fromOld Road.

River and sea views, however, are not theonly views of note in the settlement. Fromthe castle site there are dramatic viewseast to the steeply sloped woodland andwest to the churchtown emerging abovethe trees.

Picture 7.8 Dramatic views down the Jordan RiverValley from the castle site.

There are charming urban vistas lookingalong Fore Street and High Street wherethe streets are fringed with houses steppingupwards in a jumble of hipped and gabledslate roofs.

Picture 7.9 The vista down High Street to the hillsidebeyond is fringed by stepped roofs of the houses.

There are intriguing glimpses along DunnStreet where the street curves out of view.From the upper end of the town there areviews out over the roof tops clinging to theside of the hills interspersed with trees.

Another important vista is from Forraburychurchyard looking out over Forraburystitches towards the folly on the cliffs edgeat Willapark with the sea beyond. FromMount Pleasant there are views overmedieval Upper Town and the river valley.

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Picture 7.10 View of the folly at Willapark fromForrabury Stitches.

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8 Character Areas

Understanding Character

In addition to the broad elements ofsettlement character identified in theprevious chapter Boscastle can be dividedinto five distinct character areas. Thesewere first identified in the Cornwall CountyCouncil Historic Environment Service report‘Boscastle, Cornwall Characterisation andrecording in the aftermath of the August2004 floods’. They are :

BridgeQuaytownUpper TownForrabury ChurchtownNew Road and Forrabury Hill

These character areas are differentiatedfrom each other by their varied historicorigins, functions and resultant urbantopography, by the processes of changewhich have affected each subsequentlyand the extent to which these elements andprocesses are evident in the currenttownscape.

The special interest of each character areawill be defined in order to asses its valueor significance both as an individual areaand as part of the settlement as a whole.This understanding can then form the basisfor maintaining and enhancing Boscastlein the future – to ensure that its specialcharacter is sustained and enhanced.

Bridge

Statement of Significance

Bridge is an area of great historic interestand natural beauty. The dynamic mix ofcommercial and industrial buildings, early

cottages, good quality houses and historicstreetscapes is set in a picturesque rivervalley. The degree of survival of the historicstreet plan and buildings is unusual inCornwall.

Historic Development

The first recorded development in theBridge area dates from theseventeenth century. This includes thefirst reference to a commercial pottery(probably near Valency Row) in the1660s, Boscastle bridge itself in 1680and some of the buildings alongValency Row. The site for this row ofhouses could originally haveaddressed the approach to an earlierriver crossing further downstream(Kirkham). There would have been anumber of small stores andoutbuildings in the area including partof the structure behind the ClovellyClothing Company.

By the eighteenth century thesettlement now recorded officially asBridge on Martyn’s map of 1748included, in addition to Valency Row,the mill house adjacent to the presentOld Mill (which was presumably builton the site of an eighteenth centurymill), a house on Old Road (whichcould possibly date from theseventeenth century and waseventually converted into theWellington Hotel) and a number ofbuildings belonging to the merchantJohn Avery including four houses, twowarehouses and a smithy called theisland (probably the building nowcalled Island Studio). Avery lived in ahouse called Parminsters which wasprobably either Valency House (which

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dates from the mid-seventeenthcentury or the Old Manor House builtaround the same time). During thissame period one of the houses inValency Row was operating as abrewhouse.

Picture 8.1 Valency House dates from the early tomid seventeenth century and was possibly the homeof the successful local merchant John Avery.

During the early nineteenth centuryBridge was an important focus forcommercial activity. In addition to theexisting businesses there was an innalong Valency Row (now known as theOld Ship, converted back into a houseat the time of the Great War), and anumber of enterprises belonging to themerchant Robert Robinson Langfordincluding a drapers, chandlers andwarehouses. These were located inHollowell House, the warehouse nowconverted into the Riverside Hotel anda row of warehouses New Stores onthe site of the Bridge Walk shops.Another businesses man, WilliamSlogatt made a significant impact onthe area during this period with thebuilding of the Private Path or GreenCut connecting the northern side of thesettlement to the harbour. In additionhe built Penally House in 1836, thelarge warehouse now known as the

Cobweb Inn and a number of storesand coal sheds. Before 1840 the rowof cottages known as Marine Terracewas built on Old Road to house thecoastguards and around this time theOld Manor House and Valency Housewere remodelled. At the eastern endof the settlement south east of PenallyHouse there was a smithy. During the1850s Thomas Avery, son of John,bought the title to the Manor, andextended the Joiners Arms on OldRoad and converted it into a hotel, theWellington. His estate offices andstores were on the site of the modernday Clovelly Clothing. By the latenineteenth century the largewarehouses Cobweb, Bridge Houseand Ward’s stores were the principalcommercial operations, the mill wasrebuilt incorporating two water wheels,a tower was added to the frontage oftheWellington and a rocket house wasbuilt to the west of Valency Row tohouse horse drawn rocket-firingequipment.

Picture 8.2 Old Ship on Valency Row dates fromthe seventeenth century and was part of thedevelopment that occurred in that area following thebuilding of the new quay.

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Picture 8.3 William Slogatt’s Private Path stillconnects the northern side of the village to theharbour and is now a footpath maintained by theNational Trust.

Picture 8.4 Penally House built by the successfulbusinessman William Slogatt in 1836 as his familyhome.

Picture 8.5 The whitewashed stone building behindthe Clovelly Clothing Company could date from theseventeenth or eighteenth century and form part ofthe former estate office which stood on this site.

Picture 8.6 The prominent tower was added to thefaçade of theWellington Hotel in the late nineteenthcentury.

During the early twentieth centurymany of the former commercial andindustrial buildings were converted tocater for the growing tourist industry.A former stables to the west of ValencyRow, the Wellington Hotel stables andthe old oil house and brewhouse onValency Row became houses. Themajor warehouses were converted -Cobweb Warehouse became a publichouse in 1946 and Hollowell Housebecame a shop and then flats.Langford’s warehouse was already

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converted into a pair of houses by themid nineteenth century. The ManorHouse became a hotel in the late1920s with the land oppositedeveloped into a tea lawn and tenniscourts, and both Valency and PenallyHouses were converted into guesthouses. In the early twentieth centurythere was a candle manufactoryoperating opposite the Manor Housewhich could have dated from an earlierperiod. In 1923 the Bridge Streetgarage was built on the site of (andpossibly incorporating a former coalstore) Post the Second World War theisland studios and the old mill and millhouse became retail outlets. Duringthe 1960s the road was widened whichresulted in the demolition of NewStores, the warehouses directly in frontand a cottage on the southern side ofthe bridge. The bridge itself was rebuiltafter severe flooding in the late 1950s/early 1960s. In the 1970s a row ofshops, Bridge Walk, was built on thesite of New Stores. Other late twentiethcentury developments include theprovision of a large car park on theland opposite the Cobweb Inn and anumber of detached houses along theBude Road.

Picture 8.7 Originally an agricultural buildingSunnyside was converted into domestic use in theearly nineteenth century and is now run as a guesthouse.

Picture 8.8 The former Wellington Hotel stableswere converted into a house in the early twentiethcentury.

Activity and use

Historically this area has been an importantjunction between the historic Upper Town,the harbour and the route out of the townto the north. There has certainly been abridge on this site since 1748 and the areawould previously have been a fording place.Bridge is still a major centre of vehicularand pedestrian activity with the majority ofvisitors to Boscastle crossing the bridgeand parking in the Cobweb car park, beforewalking down to the harbour. The area’s

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industrial and commercial past can still bediscerned in the mills, large warehousesand stores now converted into various usesconnected with the tourist industry. Thehistoric wealth of the area, reflected in thedomestic architecture can still beappreciated in Valency House, the OldManor House and Penally House. Theutilitarian nature of the industrial buildingsand the need for ease of access hasresulted in the majority of buildings directlyfronting the main routes, but the curiouspositioning of Valency Row could reflect aroute to an earlier crossing point. Bridgetoday is a busy hub of commercial andresidential activity and still to some extentreflects its historic form.

Architecture and historic qualities

There is a remarkable survival of historicbuildings in this area and as a result thebuilt environment encompasses a widerange of styles and types. The buildingtypes can be roughly categorised as simpletwo storey cottages, larger detachedhouses, small utilitarian sheds and stores,large three storey warehouses and the twomills.

The architectural style is mainly the localvernacular, built on a larger scale for thewarehouses. However, there is appliedclassical detailing to some of the largerhouses - Valency House, The Old ManorHouse and Penally House and the use ofgothic detailing as an eye-catcher onValency and Venn Cottage.

Picture 8.9 The doorcase of the Old Manor HouseRestaurant has a pediment supported by flutedpilasters.

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Picture 8.10 The nineteenth century gothic windowson Venn Cottage have decorative intersectingtracery.

Many of the commercial premises wereconverted from original domestic orindustrial buildings and incorporate muchearlier fabric within their structures includingthe commanding Wellington Hotel. Thisbuilding, following its various phases ofdevelopment includes Victorian Gothicdetailing such as the crenellated tower aswell as genuinemedieval elements possiblysalvaged from St James Chapel and theformer manor house in Upper Town.

Key Buildings

Houses of note

Penally House – (grade II) Built forWilliam Sloggatt in 1836 this renderedand stuccoed house has a rag slatehipped roof, a symmetrical threewindow façade, rusticated quoins, a

central Ionic porch and original sashwindows.Old Manor House Restaurant – (gradeII) Mid eighteenth century house partlyremodelled in the early nineteenthcentury. The stone rubble walls arerendered and at some point the ragslate roof was covered in bitumen. Thethree bay façade has a centraldoorway with a nineteenth centurypedimented doorcase, early nineteenthcentury sixteen pane sash windowson the ground floor, and replacementsash windows on the first floor.

Picture 8.11 TheOldManor House Restaurant datesfrom the mid-eighteenth century and was probablybuilt as a house for one of Boscastle’s wealthymerchants.

Valency House – (grade II) Early tomid seventeenth century houseremodelled in the mid nineteenthcentury. Rendered and painted rubblestone walls with a rag slate roof andfour half dormers with raking roofs.The front door is right of centre withan early nineteenth century doorcasewith pilasters, frieze and cornice. Thewindows are all early nineteenthcentury twelve pane sashes.Marine Terrace – (grade II) A row ofstone rubble two storey cottages withrag slate roofs, some of which are

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bitumen covered. The cottages havedistinctive pairs of slanting half doorsand many have original sliding sashwindows.

Picture 8.12 Marine Terrace – a pleasing row ofslatestone cottages many with original horizontalsliding sash windows.

Other listed houses include –

Venn Cottage, Penally Court, 5Valency Row, Robin Cottage, ValencyRow, The Old Ship Valency Row,Frogapits, Old Road, House to thewest of Old Manor Restaurant – alllisted grade II

Picture 8.13 The irregular window patterns andprojecting stone rubble stack indicate Frogapitsdates from the eighteenth century.

Picture 8.14 Dating from the eighteenth century thisbuilding has a slate hung façade and could oncehave extended further on the right hand side.

Other houses of note include –

The Brew House, Valency Row –possibly dating from the eighteenthcentury this house was originally thebrewhouse for the adjoining Ship Inn.

Picture 8.15 The Brewhouse on Valency Rowprobably dates from the eighteenth century and wasformerly the brewhouse for the adjoining Ship Inn.

Cobble, Valency Row – possiblyeighteenth century with a laternineteenth century façade, this househas unpainted slatestone walls withbrick window arches.Millstream Cottage, Valency Row – atwo storey building with possibly

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seventeenth or eighteenth centuryorigins.1b, Valency Row – a two storey housewith probable seventeenth centuryorigins.The Old Oil House, Valency Row – aformer nineteenth century oil store,now converted into a house.

Converted agricultural buildings -

Sunny Side – a slatestone rubblebuilding with a hipped rag slate roof,this former store or barn dates fromthe mid nineteenth century.Valency – originally part of a group ofbuildings including a stable and coachhouse for the Manor House. ItsGothic-style detailing could have beenintended as an eye-catcher, as are thewindows on Venn Cottage.

Picture 8.16 The gothic-style window on Valency,Penally Hill was deliberately designed to catch theeye of passing travellers.

Picture 8.17 Like Valency further down the hill thedecorative windows of Venn cottage weredeliberately designed to enliven the streetscape.

Historic Warehouses -

The Cobweb Inn – (grade II) Almostsquare in plan this three storey slatestone rubble building with an atticdates from the eighteenth century andwas converted into an inn in 1945.

Picture 8.18 Although a public house since themid-twentieth century the eighteenth century originsof the Cobweb Inn as a warehouse are clearlydiscernible.

Riverside Hotel – (grade II) This earlynineteenth century slatestone rubblewarehouse with brick dressings wasconverted into a pair of houses in themid-nineteenth century

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Picture 8.19 Originally an early nineteenth centurywarehouse this slatestone building with a cantedwestern end was converted into a pair of houses inthe mid-nineteenth century.

Hollowell House – An early nineteenthcentury two storey L shapedconstruction with an attic. The buildinghas slatestone walls and a rag slatehipped roof. By the late nineteenthcentury the building had beenconverted into a house and is now inmultiple occupancy.

Picture 8.20 The tall plain walls of Hollowell Houseare typical of former warehouses in the area.

Other key listed buildings -

The Wellington Hotel – (grade II)Originally a coaching house (withpossible seventeenth centurysurvivals) but largely rebuilt in 1853.

This imposing slatestone stone rubbleconstruction is the tallest building inBoscastle rising to five stories on itswestern elevation. The main elevationhas a distinctive castellated toweradded in the late nineteenth century.The Old Mill – (grade II) The millhouseis eighteenth century and the presentmill appears to date from the midnineteenth century, but most probablyreplaced a seventeenth centurystructure. The building has slatestonewalls and one of its originalwaterwheels is still in situ.

Picture 8.21 The waterwheel - still in situ on themid-nineteenth century façade of the Old Mill.

Island Studio – (grade II) This lateeighteenth century rendered stonerubble building could originally havebeen a mill built in relation to a leatwhich would explain its unusualpositioning at an angle to the road andthe Valency River.

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Picture 8.22 Island Studio could originally have beena mill building.

Other unlisted buildings of note –

The coal store on Penally Hill,Boscastle Pottery, the former garage,the house behind Clovelly Clothing andthe former stables to the WellingtonHotel.

Picture 8.23 The slate roof and wooden uprights ofthe linhay-style former coal store on Penally Hill stillsurvives, now converted into garaging.

Local details

Many of the buildings in this area, becausethey were converted from former uses,have interesting plans and irregularelevations – such as the L shaped

Hollowell House, the older rear elevationto the Wellington Hotel and the variedroofline of Valency Row.

Picture 8.24 The irregular plan of Hollow Housebears witness to its former incarnation as awarehouse.

The cottages along Marine Terrace haveentrances divided in two to form pairs ofnarrow slanting doors.

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Picture 8.25 Two entrances are formed by settingthe doors at an angle on Marine Terrace.

Most of the roofs are hipped and are amixture of close mitred and ridge tiled.Chimneys are usually of brick, but anumber have been rendered. There are afew modern dormer windows with gableends, but traditional half dormers withraking roofs can be found on ValencyHouse similar to a dormer that used to existon the western elevation of HollowellHouse.

Most of the buildings have regularfenestration patterns and there is a goodsurvival of original windows. MarineTerrace, Island Studio and the house to thewest of the Old Manor House havehorizontal sliding sashes and impressivevertical sash windows still survive on theWellington Hotel, the Riverside Hotel andthe Old Manor House.

Picture 8.26 Nineteenth century six over six panesliding sash widows on the façade of the RiversideHotel.

Local and traditional buildingmaterials

Most of the buildings in this area have slatestone rubble walls. On the warehousesthese walls remain exposed, but on manyof the houses the walls are rendered orcolour washed – sometimes only on theprincipal elevation eg The Old ManorHouse. Many of the window surrounds areslatestone, but some of the nineteenthcentury conversions such as theWellingtonHotel and the Riverside Hotel have bricksurrounds.

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Picture 8.27 5, Valency Row a nineteenth centuryhouse stands adjacent to Robin Cottage, whichdates from the eighteenth century – both havepainted rubblestone walls typical of the area.

The vast majority of roofs are rag slate andgive the area a great sense ofhomogeneity, particularly when viewed fromabove.

Most of the slate hanging in the area ismodern, but blends into the surroundingswhere natural local materials are used.

Public realm

There is a good survival of historicstreetscapes in this area with Valency Rowof particular interest. Its unusual site,possibly in relation to an earlier rivercrossing, has resulted in the streetbecoming a back lane and as aconsequence its historic street surfacing ofwater-worn cobbles and edge set slatesstill survive.

Picture 8.28 Historic street surfacing along ValencyRow of water-worn cobbles and edge bedded slate.

One of the major features of the area is theriverside revetment walling. This mainlytakes the form of vertically set slatestone,some areas of which were badly damagedduring the 2004 flood.

Picture 8.29 The revetment walling to the west ofthe bridge was badly damaged during the 2004 floodand has been rebuilt to incorporating new floodprevention features.

Many of the original garden walls ofslatestone with granite or spar copings andgranite gate posts were lost during theflood, but are currently in the processes ofbeing reinstated. Some of the walls are ofsimple rubblestone construction whilst

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others, such as the garden wall to SunnySide have the distinctive ‘kersey-way’ or‘Jack-over-Jill’ formation.

Picture 8.30 Granite gatepost at the western end ofthe Private Path.

Picture 8.31 Slatestone rubble wall on the northernside of Penally Hill bordering a granite drinkingtrough set within a granite well house with ashlarround headed arch.

Picture 8.32 Slatestone laid in vertical courses formsthe boundary walls to Penally House.

Greenery and green space

The predominance of industrial buildingssited to address the road for ease of accesshas resulted in few areas of forecourts andfront gardens. However there is asignificant area of green open space in frontof the western end of Valency Row (thearea was traditionally the garden to ValencyHouse), and areas of informal grass eitherside of the river. There are small frontgardens along Marine Row, in front ofIsland Studio and the detached housesalong Bude Road are set in their owngrounds. However, the gardens oppositethe Old Manor House and the land to theeast known as Lower Manor Meadows arenow the Cobweb car park.

Although the landscaping at the heart ofthe area appears quite hard it isimmediately surrounded by a greenhinterland of hillsides covered in scrub,bracken and gorse and themeadows of theriver valley.

Loss, intrusion and damage

Flood Damage -

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The area was particularly badly hit by the2004 flood. The following historic buildingswere destroyed – the rear outshut to IslandStudio and Clovelly Clothing, and damagewas sustained to many of the other historicbuildings in the area which are listed in theCornwall County Council HistoricEnvironment Service report ‘Boscastle,Cornwall Characterisation and recording inthe aftermath of the August 2004 floods’,pages 7-8. Other historic areas which wereaffected include the riverbank revetmentwalls, the cobbled surfacing along ValencyRow, the lawn in front of Valency Houseand the meadows above the car park.Detailed recommendations for the salvage,repair and reinstatement of historic featuresare given in the CCC report.

Historic losses in the area include - thebridge and New Stores lost to roadwidening and the Lower Manor Meadowsused for fetes and fairs now the car park.The car park, whilst an important touristfacility, is at present very utilitariandetracting from the surrounding historiclandscape and presenting a poor firstimpression to visitors.

The street furniture, signage and lighting isat present very utilitarian and does notreflect the high quality of the surroundingbuilt environment and natural setting.

There is generally a good survival ofhistoric windows, but there are a numberof replacement windows of inappropriatematerials and design.

There is a very high survival of original ragslate roofs which form an important part ofthe town’s character and are highly visible.As a consequence the use of different roofmaterials, ridge tiles where the edges wereoriginally mitred or the further insertion ofroof lights should be discouraged.

Picture 8.33 The original rag slate roofs in this partof the village are highly visible and form an importantpart of its character.

Some of the modern detached housing andcommercial buildings along Bude Roadhave not respected the surrounding historicbuildings and natural setting in terms oftheir site, design, materials and scale.

Neutral Areas

Area to the west of Old Manor House.

General condition

Following repair after the flood damagemost buildings in this area are now in agood state of repair and there are nobuildings at risk.

Quaytown

Statement of significance –

Quaytown is set within one of the moststriking coastal landscapes in the countyand has a most notable survival of historicbuildings with almost no fundamentalalteration to the building stock since 1900.The lack of modern infill has helped topreserve the historic working character ofthe area.

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There are no early records referring tothe harbour at Boscastle, but it seemslikely there was a settlement thereprior to the first written reference to afisherman from Boscastle in 1438. Bythe sixteenth century the harbour wasa port and trading place where limewas imported and slate exported. In1584 the quay was rebuilt withdimensions that match its presentform. During the seventeenth centurythe area around the harbour becamea focus for industrial activity includingcellars (or palaces) for the newlydeveloped capitalised fishing industry.

Picture 8.34 The sixteenth century quay built fromvertically coursed slatestone.

By themid eighteenth century the quayhad been improved and repaired andwas receiving salt from Bristol forBoscastle’s pilchard industry. At thistime Penally Terrace and BridgeCellars were constructed as purposebuilt fish cellars. In addition to salt, coaland other merchandise were importedand Delabole slate exported. Duringthis period the fish cellars were joinedby a limekiln (probably on the southbank of the river opposite the modernyouth hostel) and a public house, the

Sun Dial (possibly the building nowknown as Highwater). There wouldalso have been a number ofwarehouses and houses including onecalled the Palace (probably on a sitebehind the Youth Hostel) and thehouse now called Harbour Cottage.

Picture 8.35 Penally Terrace - despite theirconversion to domestic use the original form ofthese fish cellars of open sheds on the ground floorwith net lofts above supported by stone rubble piersis still legible.

Picture 8.36 This pair of listed cottages are knownas Highwater and Highwater Cottage. The left handcottage possibly dates from the late eighteenthcentury and could be the former Sun Dial Inn, whilstthe adjoining cottage dates from the mid nineteenthcentury.

Much construction took place in theearly nineteenth century as the port

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enjoyed increasing trade. In additionto the export of slate, manganese wasexported and a manganese mill wasbuilt (now converted into two housesGaviotas/Seagulls). Coal andlimestone continued to be importedand a further limekiln was built to theeast of Bridge cellars. The road to theharbour was macadamised in 1825for ease of access and furtherwarehouses built to house theincreasing number of imported goods- one of these Foxe’s Cellars was firstrecorded in 1830. Increasing numbersof people lived in the harbour area andduring the 1820s part of PenallyCellars was converted into residentialuse. Following his purchase of themanor of Boscastle in 1844 ThomasAvery carried out changes to the formof the harbour and built a shipyard(adjacent to the house now calledHighwater)). Walter White a librarianfrom the Royal Society observed aftera visit in 1855 to the harbour area - ‘oneach side the space is occupied bywarehouses, workshops, shipyards,timber yards, and all the appliances ofa busy trading port’. Coastguards wereemployed to police the coast and awatch house was built on Penally Pointin the mid nineteenth century and aboat house (on land adjacent to theyouth hostel). In the 1870s Fox’sCellars were remodelled to store chinaclay and salt, and then altered againto become a malthouse in the 1880s.The area became increasingly popularas a tourist destination and by the1840s already had a definite visitorseason. In 1854 Boscastle wasadvertised in the press for the walksfrom the harbour, and a bathing poolwas established and later improved inthe 1890s.

During the late nineteenth century thecharacter of the area changed as thecommercial activity became lessdiverse. Shipbuilding ceased, thelimekilns and malt house closed, andthe manganese mill and pilchardcellars became stores. The coming ofthe railway to Camelford in 1893effectively put an end to the seabornetrade. Crab and lobster fishingcontinued and rock-cut tanks wereformed on the southern side of theharbour. Following the sale of themanor to Henry Pige-Leschallas in1886 a new bridge was built lowerdown the river and Palace stables builtto provide transport for carrying goodsfrom the harbour. Fox’s Cellars wasconverted into four sizeable housesand Bridge Cellars which had beenused as a salt store became the townhall in 1909.Up until the Second World WarQuayside, despite the decline inseaborne trade, retained much of itsindustrial character with a range ofassociated buildings – stables,piggeries, cartsheds and stores stillsurviving. In 1946 the manor estatewas finally broken up and this led to aperiod of change. Many of the historicstructures were converted intoresidential and service buildings forthe tourist industry. The Old StoreHouse became a garage in the 1940sand was converted into a house in thelater twentieth century as was the oldmanganese mill and the OldCarpenter’s Shop. The formerblacksmiths became an art and craftsshop and then the National Trust shop.Palace Stables was converted into ayouth hostel by the National Trust inthe 1960s, and the adjacent building,a former piggery became a shop in1957. Bridge Cellars was converted

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from the town hall into the ApolloCinema and then subsequently into arestaurant and a number of othertourist uses. In the 1950s the NationalTrust acquired the harbour area andmuch of the surrounding coastline. In1962 the present breakwater was built.

Picture 8.37 The late nineteenth century PalaceStables was converted into a youth hostel by theNational Trust in the 1960s.

Activity & Use

The historic working nature of the harbourhas had a profound affect on its presentform. Many of the buildings have beenconverted from previous structures directlyor indirectly connected with the fishing andimport industries, and the open areas ofland associated with these structures havealso been preserved due to acommendable lack of infill. Although a fewfishing boats still remain in the harbour theprevailing activity in the area is now thetourist industry. All the non domesticbuildings have tourist related uses andmany of the houses are holiday lets or bedand breakfast accommodation. Even in thewinter months there is a steady flow ofvisitors walking beside the river to theharbour and coastline beyond.

Picture 8.38 The great variety of building forms inthe harbour area reflects their multiplicity of formeruses including warehouses, mill, agriculturalbuildings and stores.

Architecture and historic qualitites

Due to the organic nature of the settlementwith so many buildings converted todifferent uses over the years there is verylittle of what can be termed politearchitecture. Bourne Stream and HarbourView are the only two surviving buildingsspecifically constructed as houses, andeven Harbour View has been altered overthe years. When Harbour Terrace andPenally Terrace were converted intodomestic accommodation they were givenfacades with regular window openings, butthe majority of buildings present charminginformal facades. The variety of formeruses has a resulted in great diversity ofmass and scale with buildings ranging fromsingle to three stories, and manyincorporating structures of different heights.

Key Buildings

Former fish cellars –

Penally Terrace – (grade II) Theserendered and painted stone rubblestructures are built on three sides withan open courtyard. Originally theyprobably had open sheds on the

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ground floor and net lofts above. Theywere converted into domesticaccommodation in the early to midnineteenth century.

Picture 8.39 Penally Terrace - by the late nineteenthcentury the range on the left hand side had beenconverted to provide accommodation for thefishermen with the range on the right remaining inindustrial use.

Bridge Cellars – Originally a complexwith a salt store as the eastern endand two parallel long narrow rangesextending to the west. The buildingshave been converted and extendedover the years and are now in a varietyof commercial uses including theMuseum of Witchcraft and a gift shop.Despite the alterations the overall formof the buildings and its original functionis still recognisable.

Major industrial structures –

The Quay and Harbour – (grade II*)The harbour pier, quay and walls onthe south west of the harbour all datefrom 1584. The pier is constructedfrom vertically coursed slatestonerubble, partly rebuilt on the easternside.The limekiln – (grade II) A lateeighteenth century construction ofrubble and calcareous spar. The kiln

was built into a sloping bank in orderto facilitate the top loading of lime andculm.

Picture 8.40 Although disused since the latenineteenth century the late eighteenth centurylimekiln on the northern side of the river stillsurvives.

Harbour Terrace – The original Foxe’sCellars that were recorded in 1830 onthis site were probably rebuilt later inthe nineteenth century to form a largewarehouse. Its early conversion todomestic use in the late nineteenthcentury has resulted in a terrace offour houses with sash windowsunderneath brick arches set within theimposing coursed slatestone façade.

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Picture 8.41 Despite the insertion of domestic sashwindows in the late nineteenth century the largescale of Harbour Terrace hints at its formerincarnation as a warehouse.

Gaviotas/Seagulls – This building,originally a manganese mill, wasconverted several times before itbecame domestic accommodationtowards the end of the twentiethcentury. Inevitably the structure hasaltered greatly but its slatestone walls(now painted) and low level form stillremain. Recently a shop has beenopened at the western end of theground floor.

Picture 8.42 Originally a manganese mill thisbuilding has now been converted into houses anda shop. The raking dormers are a traditional localsolution to lighting the upper floor.

Youth Hostel – Originally PalaceStables this building was converted bythe National Trust in 1962 probablyincorporating much of the original latenineteenth century fabric.

Other listed buildings –

Cottages to north of Harbour Cottage– (grade II) possibly the original SunDial InnHarbour Cottage – (grade II) aneighteenth century converted net loftand cellarHarbour View – (grade II) a midnineteenth century house.

Picture 8.43 Harbour View – dating from the midnineteenth century this building was home to thelocal carpenter Mr Pearn in the early twentiethcentury whose business was located immediatelyto the east. It later became a boarding house in themid twentieth century.

Other unlisted buildings of note –

The Blacksmiths Shop, The Shippen,The Old Carpenter’s Shop and the OldStorehouse.

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Picture 8.44 This mid nineteenth century structurewas originally built as a blacksmith’s shop and iscurrently used by the National Trust as a gift shop.

Picture 8.45 The Shippen, as its name suggests,was originally a cow shippen with adjacent stableand pigsty.

Picture 8.46 The former carpenter’s workshop andOld Store House (used at one time to house therocket lifesaving apparatus) are now both houses.

Local Details

The majority of buildings are vernacular –many converted from their original use –and as a result have irregular plans androoflines. Despite the conversion of all theindustrial buildings to domestic and touristrelated uses elements of their originalfunction can still be discerned. There aretwo distinctive courtyard arrangementsassociated with the pilchard industry still tobe found at Penally Terrace and BridgeCellars. Large block-like structures such asHarbour Terrace and the Youth Hostel beartestament to their former uses. The slatehung first floor of Harbour Cottage and therear elevation of Penally Terrace are bothsurviving elements of the former net lofts.Former small stores are easily identifiableby their single storey form.

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Picture 8.47 The slatestone first floor of HarbourCottage on the left hand side was originally usedas a net loft with a cellar below. The right handrange was added in the early 1950s.

In addition to the differing heights andmasses of the buildings their roofconstructions are a mixture of hipped andgabled, close mitred and ridge tiled, andincorporate both gabled and rakingdormers. The majority of historic windowsare vertically hung sashes, but casementwindows can be found along PenallyTerrace.


The majority of walls are slatestone, someof which are rubblestone and othersbrought to course. Early photographssuggest that the majority of buildings werebare stone, but a number havesubsequently been painted and rendered.The predominance of stone walls and therag slate roofs give the area an overallhomogeneity, but there is great variety inthe details. The windows have a mixture ofslate and timber lintels and brick arches.The majority of buildings have brickchimneys, except for the Youth Hostelwhich has slatestone stacks.

Public Realm

The river and harbour revetment walls area major feature of the area. They areformed from vertically set slate with largerslatestone and spar at the base. The stonediffers in size and texture throughoutindicating different phases of building andrepair.

Picture 8.48 Vertically set slatestone revetment wallson the southern side of the river opposite thelimekiln.

There are few areas of historic surfacingthe majority of paths being tarmac.However, the slip in front of the YouthHostel is of vertically set slatestonesurfaced with edge-set stones.

Many of the buildings in this area haveunbounded plots but there are a few gardenwalls. These are a mixture of slatestonewith spar copings and Cornish hedgeswhere the slatestone wall is capped byvegetation.


Due to the working nature of the area mostof the buildings were traditionallyaccompanied by spaces where varioustasks associated with the buildings werecarried out, the majority of which stillremain. In some cases, such as the former

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fish cellars these spaces remain areas ofhard standing, but for many others, suchas the former net loft (Harbour Cottage)and the Shippen the working yards are nowgardens.

The overall impression of the area is ruralas the buildings are mainly dispersed, setin an irregular pattern backing onto thevalley sides. Everywhere nature permeatesthe built environment with houses nestlinginto the slopes, accessed by informaltracks. In only a few places is thesettlement more than one house deep.

Picture 8.49 Nature is a key component in thecharacter of this area – with buildings irregularlydispersed along the valley sides.


Flood damage -

This was one of the worst affected areasduring the 2004 flood. Harbour Lights agrade II building was entirely destroyed,and damage was sustained to many of theother historic buildings in the area whichare listed in the Cornwall County CouncilHistoric Environment Service report‘Boscastle, Cornwall Characterisation andrecording in the aftermath of the August2004 floods’, pages 7-8. Other historicareas which were affected include theriverbank revetment walls and the lower

bridge which lost its parapets. Detailedrecommendations for the salvage, repairand reinstatement of historic features aregiven in the CCC report.

Picture 8.50 The lower bridge – severely damagedin the 2004 flood may have to be entirely rebuilt aspart the flood prevention scheme.

Apart from the historic loss of suchstructures as The Palace, the limekiln onthe southern side of the river and theshipyard, Quaytown represents a quiteremarkable survival of historic fabric andlack of modern development.

In the main there is a good survival ofhistoric windows, but there are a fewmodern replacements in prominentlocations. The majority of roofs aretraditional rag slate, but again the fewexceptions in modern slate are very visible.Such is the exceptional character of thearea due to the high survival of historicbuildings, the lack of modern development,its stunning natural setting and its highdegree of visibility that small extensionswhich could normally be absorbed withinthe built environment sound a jarring note.

Neutral Areas

At present, following the flooding, there isa gap site to the east of the Old Store.Harbour Lights and the store to the east of

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the limekiln are still to be rebuilt. To thewest of the witchcraft museum is aninformal area currently being used for carparking and to store building materials.

General Condition

Following repair after the flood damagemost buildings in this area are now in agood state of repair and there are nobuildings at risk. A number of buildings arein the process of being rebuilt and theYouth Hostel and part of Bridge Cellars stillawait repair.

Upper Town

Upper Town represents the medieval heartof Boscastle and its later extensions.Historically this was the site of the castleand market, but is now a mainly residentialarea with an attractive mix of historichousing, including an unusually highsurvival of sixteenth and seventeenthcentury domestic buildings.


The settlement developed aroundBottreaux Castle (which probablydates from before 1150), at thenorthern end of a spur of land betweenthe Jordan and Treforda Valleys. Amarket was granted in 1204 and thesettlement subsequently developedalong the road (Fore Street) leadinguphill from the castle to the south. It ispossible the first market site wasadjacent to the castle but by at leastthe late fourteenth century a marketsite was established across the axisof Fore Street further up the slope. Bythe late fourteenth century a chapel of

ease, St James’, was built on the northwestern side of the market site.By the sixteenth and seventeenthcentury the success of the market andthe growing importance of the harbourbelow resulted in a substantial numberof merchants houses being built alongFore Street and High Street. In 1611John Hender built a manor house inthe south-east corner of the marketsite and by 1623 there was asubstantial two storey market housewith a corn store on the first floor andmeat stalls below. This buildingsurvived until the early nineteenthcentury. By 1701 there was also a rowof six almshouses. One of thesixteenth century houses is now calledKiddlywink, a reference to its previousincarnation as a drinkingestablishment.

Picture 8.51 Built on High Street during the earlyseventeenth century the Napoleon Inn was renamedto celebrate Wellington’s victory.

During the eighteenth century as themarket continued to flourish and theharbour based industries continued togrow further town houses were addedto the already thriving Upper Town.

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Picture 8.52 Rosewarren was built in the earlyeighteenth century and has stone rubble and cobwalls. The irregular positioning of its windows andthe use of wooden lintels are clues to its earlyorigins.

By the early nineteenth century UpperTown was still the main residentialarea in Boscastle. In 1820 acontemporary writer described it ashaving around sixty houses in an‘irregular street’ Despite theabandonment of the weekly market inaround 1810 and the poor condition ofSt James’ Chapel and the ManorHouse the rest of Upper Towncontinued to flourish. There were stilltwo yearly fairs and many of the tradesoriginally based at the market wereincorporated into former residentialbuildings. During this period a smithy,tailors, shoemaker, pubs and a numberof small retailers were all operating outof Upper Town. The boundaries of theformer medieval settlement alsoexpanded with further building takingplace along Dunn Street and the upperend of High Street. It was also duringthis period that Jordan Mill was built atthe confluence of Treforda Water andthe River Jordan. During the 1820stwo wealthy merchants Thomas PopeRosevear and Richard Benoke builtlarge villas on the high ground at the

southern end of the town. Rosevearbuilt Barn Park and the adjoininghouse and Benoke built the villaParadise. During the nineteenthcentury a number of institutionalbuildings were built in Upper Town aMethodist chapel on Fore Street in1800 which was subsequently rebuiltin 1825, a Wesleyan Methodist(Ebenezer) Chapel on Dunn Street in1837 and in 1857 a Bible Christian(Siloam) Chapel on High Street. In1844 a school was built on Fore Streetjoined by a further school designed bySilvanus Trevail in 1879. One of thepublic houses was renamed theNapoleon Inn during this periodpossibly in 1852 when the WellingtonInn in the Bridge area was renamed.

Picture 8.53 Paradise built by the merchant RichardBenoke in the 1820s.

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Picture 8.54 The Methodist Chapel on Fore Streetbuilt in 1825, with the tower added in 1904. Thecream bricks form a striking contrast with the darkslatestone.

During the 1840s the fabric of UpperTown was somewhat disturbed withthe building of the southern end ofNew Road which passed through thesouth western corner of the old marketplace. Because at this time so muchdevelopment was occurring in theQuaytown and Bridge areas thepressure for development was takenoff Upper Town. As a result many ofthe late medieval and early moderndomestic properties that could havebeen demolished to make way for newdevelopment were preserved.In 1900 a Mission Chapel was built onthe corner of Fore Street and GunpoolLane and at around this time plots fromthe old market place began to be sold.Early development on this site includedthe villa Lundy View and a new shopand hotel, Bottreaux Stores. Althoughthe burgeoning tourist industry wasmainly based in the valley there werea number of houses in the Upper Townused for accommodation includingPillar House in Dunn Street.Development in Upper Town in the firsthalf of the twentieth century was basedmainly in the Paradise area and the

land to the north of Gunpool Lane. Awar memorial was also built in thisperiod at the foot of Fore Street at thejunction with Dunn Street. In 1946 themanor estate was sold and broken upwhich resulted in further developmentincluding the area between Paradiseand Doctor’s Hill and the southern endof Old Road. Piecemeal developmenthas occurred in recent years within thehistoric core including the furtherinfilling of the market site with a healthcentre and detached houses andbungalows, and the building of acommunity centre on the old EbenezerChapel site.

Picture 8.55 The Mission Chapel on the corner ofGunpool Lane built in 1900 is now the village hall.

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Picture 8.56 Pillar House on Dunn Street was oneof the first buildings in Upper Town to be used fortourist accommodation.

Activity and use

Despite its ancient castle site, picturesquesetting and wealth of historic buildings(there are over forty listed buildings incomparison to ten at Tintagel – not countingthe churchyard tombs) most of the touriststo Boscastle remain in the Bridge andQuaytown area. However Upper Town doesserve the many visitors who are staying inthe town with its bed and breakfastaccommodation, pub and restaurant. Otherenterprises include the garage, post officeand hairdresser continuing the area’s earlyrole as a commercial centre. Upper Townremains the centre for local institutionsincluding the school and Methodist Chapelwhich still operate from their originalbuildings, the village hall sited within theold Mission Chapel and the new health andcommunity centres. Upper Town is stillprimarily a residential area with cottagesand houses spanning every period from thesixteenth century to the present day.


The wide historical range of buildings in theUpper Town area has resulted in a wealthof different styles and details. There are

low two storey sixteenth and seventeenthcentury cottages with large slatestonechimney stacks, irregular window openings(including tiny one pane windows), onestorey outshuts and extensions. TheGeorgian and Victorian builders continuedthis tradition of cottage building, but withregular window openings and brick chimneystacks, and also built large three storeytown houses with plain symmetricalfacades.

As most buildings were domestic andrelatively small scale architectural detailingis on the whole kept to a minimum.However the Methodist Church representsan eclectic mix of Gothic and Classicalforms, and the two large villas, Paradiseand Barn Park both have classical detailing.The influence of Classical architecture canbe found charmingly incorporated into themore modest façades of St Hugh’s – whichhas a cornice with a central pediment, andPillar House – whose first floor is supportedby two wooden Tuscan columns.

Picture 8.57 The majority of buildings in the UpperTown area are small scale and domestic.

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Picture 8.58 Tuscan wooden columns outside PillarHouse.

Although no longer in use, historicalshopfronts can still be found on the formerButcher’s Shop, Sharrocks Cottage and StHugh’s.

Picture 8.59 The former butcher’s shop on ForeStreet has retained its nineteenth century shop front.

Picture 8.60 A nineteenth century extension on thefront of a seventeenth century building. The originalshops timber lintel is still in place but the shopwindow has been partially blocked.

Picture 8.61 St Hugh’s, Dunn Street – originally builtin the seventeenth century the façade wasremodelled in the nineteenth century including thebow shop windows.

Themajority of houses, especially on DunnStreet, Fore Street and High Street directlyaddress the street, although the buildingson the eastern side of Fore Street havefront gardens (possibly where the originalmarket place stood).

Key buildings

Sixteenth and seventeenth century –

The Glen, Linhay and Kiddlywink, No.4, Sharrocks, Smugglers, Tinkers

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Cottage, Wren Cottage and Hill Street,The Old Post House – all in ForeStreet

Picture 8.62 Smugglers, Fore Street – the left handrange dates from the late sixteenth or earlyseventeenth century, whereas the range on the rightdates from the eighteenth century.

Corner Cottage, The Napoleon Inn,Homeleigh and the Cottage, MisterCottage – in High Street

Picture 8.63 The Cottage, High Street has aningenious door surround constructed from slabs ofslate held together by metal brackets.

All the above are listed grade II

Eighteenth century –

Pillar House, St Hugh, Ingledene andMartindale, The Nook – in Dunn StreetElm Cottage, May Cottage, HarwoodCottage, House adjoining Fairfield,Moss Rose, Rosewarren – in ForeStreet

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Picture 8.64 May Cottage dates from the eighteenthcentury, its panelled door and ground floor sashwindows are nineteenth century, and the casementwindows in the raking dormers date from the latenineteenth century.

Heigh Ho, Rose Cottage, Round TreeCottage, Trevian House, Hilldene,Hilldene Cottage – in High StreetThe Cottage, Mount Pleasant

All the above are listed grade II

Nineteenth Century –

Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, ForeStreet, Paradise House, Barn Park andTargon, Orchard House, SharrocksCottage, Gunpool Lane - all listedgrade IIOther unlisted buildings of interestinclude the Silvanus Trevail school,the old Mission Church (the villagehall), the SiloamChapel (now a house)and Jordan Mill.

Picture 8.65 The slatestone school with granitedressings was designed by Silvanus Trevail.

Picture 8.66 Jordan Mill was built in the earlynineteenth century at the confluence of TrefordaWater and the River Jordan.

Local details

Most buildings are two storeys with a fewthree storey buildings and buildings withan attic. The roofs are a mixture of hippedand gabled, with some houses having gableends addressing the street (particularlystriking is the row of houses aboveLinhay).Some roofs incorporate traditionalhalf dormers with raking roofs such asHomeleigh andMay Cottage, and there area number of modern roof lights anddormers with gables.

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Picture 8.67 A traditional half dormer with a rakingroof and slate cheeks. The impact of this charminghistoric feature is diminished by the modernguttering.

Picture 8.68 Half dormer widows with raking roofson Homeleigh – one has a casement window andthe other a horizontal sliding sash. The upper floorwindow on the adjoining The Cottage has a hoodmould. At one point Homeleigh was run as a publichouse.

There is a good survival of historic windowswhich include a mixture of sliding andvertical sashes, and casements. In additionthere are some early one pane windowsand the decorative oculus and roundarched windows on the Methodist Church.

Picture 8.69 Dunn Street – the character of this areais greatly enhanced by the survival of its historicwindows – here there is a mix of nineteenth andearly twentieth century sashes with only a fewmodern replacements.

Picture 8.70 A three light greenstone window on thefaçade of the early eighteenth century Round TreeCottage.

There are examples of slatehanging someof which is historic and the use of slateslabs as simple door canopies.

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Picture 8.71 Historic slatehanging.

Picture 8.72 Simple slabs of slate supported by ironbrackets are used to form door canopies.


Most buildings have slatestone walls whichare mainly rubble in the earlier buildingsand coursed on the Victorian facades.

Picture 8.73 Norwood House, Dunn Street is atypical late nineteenth/early twentieth century housein Boscastle with its coursed slatestone walls, brickwindow and door surrounds, and sash windows.

The walls are a mixture of untreated,painted and rendered, most untreated wallsbelonging to the later buildings.

Picture 8.74 The slatestone walls on Moss Rosewhich date from the early eighteenth century havebeen painted.

The roofs are predominantly rag slate withearly slatestone chimneys and later brickand rendered stacks.

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Picture 8.75 This chimney is unusually constructedfrom granite. However, the use of slate to form itspot would once have been common amongst theearly buildings.

Picture 8.76 This slatestone chimney has beenpartially rendered, but its slate drip moulds are stilldiscernible.

Windows are surrounded by timber andstone lintels on the earlier houses, anddressed slatestone arches and red orcream brick arches on the later structures.

Picture 8.77 Timber lintels can be found in both earlyand later cottages in Upper Town.

Public realm

Upper Town has the most interestingsurviving historic street surfacing inBoscastle. Running down either side ofFore Street, High Street and the southernend of Dunn Street are cobbled gullies -where the gullies are particularly deepaccess to the bordering properties is bysimple slate or granite slabs.

Picture 8.78 Cobbled gully on Dunn Street.

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Picture 8.79 Slabs of slate bridge the cobbled gulliesat the foot of Fore Street.

Picture 8.80 A granite slab provides access to theschool on Fore Street.

Throughout the area there are slatestonegarden walls capped by granite, lumps ofspar or edge-bedded slatestone.

Picture 8.81 A slatestone wall laid in vertical anddiagonal courses along Paradise.

Picture 8.82 Slatestone garden walls on Dunn Streetlaid in the traditional ‘kersey way’ formation.

Picture 8.83 Lumps of spar are frequently used ascoping stones and can be found throughout thevillage.

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The majority of walls are low, but in placesalong High Street they reach full height.Gate piers are a mixture of brick, graniteposts and slatestone. Slatestone and slateare also used to form flights of steps in thearea connecting the streets on differentlevels, and giving access to back gardens.Many of the doorsteps are formed fromslabs of slate.

Picture 8.84 A granite gate post, now being usedas a barrier across the cobbled gully.

Picture 8.85 Slate and slatestone steps on DunnStreet.

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Picture 8.86 Slate steps leading from Old Road toNew Road above.

Picture 8.87 Slate doorstep on Dunn Street.

At Paradise, Targon and the houseadjacent to Barn Park the original railingsstill survive. Along Gunpool Lane there isa large mid nineteenth century granitedrinking trough incorporating sixteenthcentury material possibly from thedemolished chapel of St James.

Picture 8.88 Historic iron railings outside Targon.

Picture 8.89 Granite drinking trough on GunpoolLane – possibly incorporating material from themedieval St James’ Chapel.

On the whole street marking is kept to aminimum helping to preserve the informalcharacter of the streets.

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Picture 8.90 The lack of road markings helps toretain the character of country lanes within thesettlement.


The southern parts of Dunn Street, ForeStreet and High Street represent areas ofquite hard landscaping with many of theproperties built straight onto the road.

Picture 8.91 The landscaping along Dunn Street isquite hard as many of the buildings immediatelyaddress the street, however, some of the housesdo have small front gardens.

This is softened somewhat at the foot ofFore Street where the houses on theeastern side have front gardens and thewar memorial stands in a little garden ofremembrance.

Picture 8.92 The war memorial at the foot of ForeStreet.

In contrast Butts Lane, Gunpool Lane,Mount Pleasant and Paradise have a morerural country lane feel with more dispersedbuilding, hedges and open areas of land.Barn Park Road and the southern end ofNew Road where it becomes the B3266despite open areas of green space havean urban feel due to the treatment of theroads.

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Picture 8.93 Paradise has the character of a countrylane.

The castle site represents a significant areaof open green space with striking viewsover the Jordan Valley and across toForrabury. However although there ispublic access along a grass track from ForeStreet it is poorly signed and the site itselfis only sketchily interpreted.


On the whole this area has an excellentsurvival rate of historic buildings.Historically a few structures have been lostincluding St James’ Chapel, the MarketHouse and the Manor House, and morerecently the Ebenezer Chapel and themarket place. However the medieval streetpattern, castle site andmany early buildingsstill survive.

The main reasons for loss of character inthe area have been replacement windowsand doors, roof lights and dormers, porchesand other small extensions. In the mainhowever there is a good survival of originalwindows and most of the original rag slateroofs are still in situ.

Picture 8.94 If the original windows, doors anddatestone had survived this former chapel couldhave retained much more of its historic integrity.

There is little sense of the original marketsite with only the name Fairfield to indicateits former use.

The development of new houses to thewest of the garage site is at present veryraw with its high earth bank and boundarywall.

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Picture 8.95 The raw banks below the newdevelopment at the foot of Doctors Hill.

Neutral areas

The small green at the junction betweenHigh Street and Mount Pleasant has anunresolved air. The bench is poorlydesigned and sited and sits amongst ascattering of signs.

Picture 8.96 The arrangement of street furniture andsigns on the small green at the junction betweenMount Pleasant and the High Street could be betterdesigned.

The entrance to the community centre hasan unfinished quality.

Picture 8.97 At present the entrance to thecommunity centre has an unfinished feel. Byrebuilding the wall to the west of the entrance thehistoric street line could be reinstated and a senseof enclosure returned.

General condition

Buildings in this area are generally in agood state of repair and there are nobuildings at risk.

Forrabury Churchtown

Historically this was a small churchtownsettlement with a farm, rectory, smallholdings and cottages grouped around thechurch. In recent years the area hasbecome quite highly developed, but thesurvival of many of its historic buildings andits stunning site on the edge of ForraburyCommon has helped to preserve itscharacter.

Historic development

Forrabury is smaller than the otherparishes in the area, and it is possibleit was formed from part of it neighboursTrevalga and Minster. The nameForrabury could be derived from aword meaning ‘outwork’ referring tothe late prehistoric promontory fort onthe headland to the north of thechurch. The church was first built

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during the Norman period and wouldhave been part of a small settlement.To the north of the church at sometime between the tenth and thethirteenth century a strip field systemwas laid out. By the later twelfthcentury the church was granted in partto Hartland Abbey by its then patronsthe Bottreaux family who owned themanor of Boscastle.During the fifteenth and sixteenthcentury the church, St Symphorian’swas rebuilt in parts and a south porchadded. The fields to the north of thechurch remained unenclosed becauseat some point they were bought by avariety of different owners from UpperTown and used as burgage plots.

Picture 8.98 The predominantly fifteenth centurychurch of St Symphorian.

Picture 8.99 The unenclosed fields to the north ofthe church known as Forrabury Stitches.

By the eighteenth century the generalform of the settlement comprising thechurch and a scattering of houses wasprobably remarkably similar to itsoriginal medieval layout. In around1760 the church tower was largelyrebuilt.By 1843 Forrabury was composed ofthe church and eight other propertiesincluding a parsonage to the southwest of the church, a row of cottagesand a small holding opposite thechurch, and three small cottages onPotters Lane. Between 1866-7 thechurch was comprehensively restoredby JP St Aubyn. By 1884 the oldparsonage had been demolished anda new rectory built just to the east witha stable block fronting the road.Adjacent to the stables was a pair ofattached villas. Three further cottageswere built along Potters Lane, possiblyto accommodate workers from thenearby quarry.By the early twentieth centuryForrabury had not developed anyfurther until a new large detached villa,Forrabury House, was built probablyin the late Edwardian period, oppositethe church between the small holdingand the cottage row. Following the sale

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and break up of the manor estate in1946 development took place to thesouth along Potters Lane. This wasdescribed in a 1930 Council for thePreservation of Rural England (CPRE)report – ‘Near the church and facingthe sea are three modern bungalowsof a very different character from thesturdy church tower’. In recent yearsfurther development has taken placeto the west of the former rectory,including a new rectory, and the fieldsto the south are covered in an estateof new housing.

Picture 8.100 View of Forrabury Churchtown withSt Symphorian’s in the background, the Edwardianvilla just below and a row of Victorian cottages onthe road to the right. This view illustrates the highdegree of modern infill that has occurred in the area.

Activity and use

This is one of the quieter parts of Boscastlebeing largely residential with no commercialpremises. Some of its former churchtowncharacter remains as it is still a centre forreligious activity, and although the southernfields have been lost to development thereis still farmland to the north and west. Thetown’s evolution into a tourist centre hasimpacted on this small community - the oldrectory now incorporates Westerings self

catering accommodation, and variousvisitors walking the cliff path take a detourto visit the church.


As most of the new development in thisarea has occurred beyond the historic core,rather than in the form of infill the basiclayout of the former churchtown is stillreadable Although the church was theraison d’etre for the settlement the historicbuildings do not address it, but instead arebuilt for shelter with their backs to the roadin the lea of the hillside looking out over theformer fields that slope away to the south.The buildings are a mix of polite villas andvernacular agriculture related structures.

Picture 8.101 The buildings below the churchpresent their rear facades to the prevailing wind.

Key Buildings

St Symphorian’s - A simple slatestoneconstruction incorporating parts of theoriginal Norman church in the southwall of the nave and possibly in thesouth transept. The window tracery isearly English and the two stage towerrebuilt in the eighteenth century ishighly visible throughout the area andfrom Upper Town across the valley.The churchyard contains a number of

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listed tombs including those to localbusinessmen Thomas Rosevear andJames Benoke.

Picture 8.102 Although the tower of St Symphorianhas a fifteenth century plinth and was rebuilt c1760it has the character of a much earlier structureperhaps echoing the original Norman structure.

Westerings (the old Rectory) – asubstantial villa with wide eaves,stucco walls and large sash windows.This house stands behind a high slatewall with an adjoining slatestone stableblock.Forrabury House – This lateEdwardian slatestone house haspainted quoins and window surroundsand large cream brick chimneys. Alater development from the old rectorythis house has a garage rather than astable block addressing the road andforming part of its boundary wall.

Picture 8.103 Forrabury House – a fine lateEdwardian villa adds gravitas to the area in front ofthe church.

Valency Cottage – an early nineteenthcentury farm building with paintedslatestone walls presenting a rear wallwithout fenestration to the road. SunnyBank was probably of similarconstruction, but now has a modernrear extension.

Picture 8.104 The original construction ofSunnybank is visible behind the flat roof modernextension.

Briar Cottage – another formeragricultural worker’s cottage. Thishouse with its large chimney stack andsmall irregular window openings coulddate from the eighteenth century.

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Picture 8.105 Briar Cottage is one of the oldestsurviving domestic buildings in the area and datesfrom the eighteenth century.

Local details

The larger villas have hipped roofs whereasthe roofs of the vernacular buildings aregabled. The vernacular buildings tend notto have windows facing the road whereasthe polite structures have sash windows –six over six in the old rectory and in thelater villas six over two. On the whole thereis not much in the way of architecturaldetailing although the pair of villas andMelbourne Cottage have crested ridge tiles.The cottages are far simpler than similarbuildings in the Upper Town area indicatinga more utilitarian approach to design.

Picture 8.106 Decorative terracotta crested ridgetiles and finial on Melbourne Cottage.


The majority of walls are slatestone and inthe main painted, although the old rectoryis rendered. The roofs are rag slate andmost of the chimneys are brick. Thechimney at Briar is rendered and could beslatestone underneath.

Picture 8.107 A typical vernacular building inForrabury with slatestone walls, and a rag slate roof.

Public realm

There are original slate gutters outsidesome of the buildings opposite the church,but in the main the roads are plain tarmac.The streets have an informal rural characterespecially beside the church where thefields are bounded by hedges and grassytracks lead from the settlement to thechurch. Fortunately road markings are keptto a minimum helping to preserve the ruralcharacter. The boundary walls of thebuildings opposite the church, a mixture ofslatestone and spar, give a sense ofenclosure. The churchyard is bounded byslatestone walls with wrought iron gates

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Picture 8.108 The slatestone walls with spar copingsopposite the church.

Picture 8.109 The wrought iron gates of thechurchyard are in need of some repair.


The area has a vast green backdrop in theform of the churchyard and fields beyondwhich stretch to the sea. The buildingsthemselves are widely spaced and setwithin their own gardens giving an opensemi rural aspect which contrasts with thedensely developed new estates to thesouth. Along the road below the churchthere are a number of mature trees.


Remarkably little has altered to the builtenvironment in this area since thebeginning of the twentieth century otherthan the extension to Sunny Bank and thetwo new houses on the corner of PottersLane. However, the new housing to thesouth has meant that part of thesettlement’s rural context has been lost.Such is the proximity of the newdevelopments it is now quite difficult to readthe original group when looking from thesouth. Similarly looking out from thechurchyard the original view rapidly mergesinto a more suburban prospect.

Many of the houses still have their originalwindows, but some have modernreplacements. There is a good survival oforiginal slate roofs.

Neutral areas

There is an informal parking area in frontof the church.

General condition

The buildings are generally in goodcondition and there are no buildings at risk.

New Road and Forrabury Hill

This area represents good quality housingbuilt to take advantage of the new accessroute and spectacular views, and stillretains much of its historic character.

Historic development

Forrabury Hill was one of the earlyroads in the settlement linking thechurch of St Symphorian with OldRoad leading to the harbour settlementbelow and the medieval Upper Town.The only building in the area was on

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the corner of Potters Lane, where by1804 there was probably a smallholding. By the 1840s, however, therewere no buildings on this site. At thispoint the New Road did not exist andwas simply part of the hillside belowForrabury Common. There washowever a small structure towards thefoot of the hillside on the site whereValley View was subsequently built.In 1844 work began on New Roadfinanced by Thomas Avery (followinghis acquisition of full ownership of theBoscastle Manor estate) to improveaccess to the harbour from the southand west by bypassing the steep andnarrow route through Upper Town. Thenew road was built into the hillsiderequiring extensive engineering work.To begin with the road was simply anaccess route with no building otherthan the late eighteenth/earlynineteenth century structure at the footof the hill.By 1884 there were a pair of cottages(High Bank Cottage and Dunfarley)and a detached house (Lynwood) justsouth of the junction between OldRoad and NewRoad. There was a pairof cottages (Penagar and theChestnuts) to the east of New Roadabove Dunn Street and some smallinformal outbuildings on the other sideof the road. On the northern side ofForrabury Hill there was a quarryalready referred to as an old quarry,and associated building, and on thesouthern side of the hill at the junctionwith New Road a large detached villa,Melbourne House.

Picture 8.110 The former quarry site on ForraburyHill.

After Henry Pige-Leschallas boughtthe Boscastle Manor estate in 1886work began on a series of seven villas(Valley View, Lewarne, Meachard,Glenfinart, Penrowan, Belmont andPolquenns) along the eastern side ofNew Road and the refurbishment ofLynwood. By 1907 the only furtherdevelopment was the demolition of thequarry building and the building of asmallholding on the junction betweenPotters Lane and Forrabury Hill.The only modern development in thearea has been two houses on thewestern side of New Road just belowthe junction with Forrabury Hill, adetached house on the old quarry site,a house to the west of the quarry, anda detached house in the grounds ofMelbourne House.

Activity and use

The area in the main still retains its originalfunctions. New Road is primarily a busyaccess route and residential area.Forrabury Hill by contrast is a very quietresidential corner of Boscastle and one ofthe access roads to the church.

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Topography has impacted on thedevelopment of the area with very littlebuilding taking place on the steep slopesuntil Victorian engineering advancesallowed for the building of New Road andthe construction of the villas on the hillside.The steepness of the hillside to the west ofNew Road continues to limit developmentin this direction.


Apart from the odd small cottage or storethis area remained undeveloped until theVictorian period due to the aforementionedchallenges of the site. However once theexpertise was acquired, the area becamepopular for development due to the strikingviews across the River Jordan valley.Development in this area took the form ofdomestic buildings built to take bestadvantage of the exceptional prospect.Apart from the two Cottages (Chestnutsand Penagar) and the smallholding onForrabury Hill the building design has littleto do with the local vernacular. The NewRoad villas are built as a group in their owneclectic style and Melbourne House is atypical mid-nineteenth century villa. Eventhe smallholding has Edwardian townhouse detailing such as the stained glasswindow, crested ridge tiles and terracottafinial.

Picture 8.111 Oriel windows take advantage of thespectacular views along New Road.

Key buildings

Valley View – (grade II) Dated 1887and extended in the early twentiethcentury this house appears to take itsaesthetic reference from the newlyrefurbished Wellington Hotel, ratherthan the other buildings in the area.The tall slatestone walls with redbrickdressings are given addedmonumentality by the addition of anoctagonal corner turret built shortlyafter the tower was added to theWellington. Other features include atwo-storey porch hung with terracottatiles.

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Picture 8.112 One of the most prominent buildingsin Boscastle, Valley View is a triumph ofengineering.

Picture 8.113 The octagonal tower was added toValley View to provide evenmore spectacular views.

Melbourne House – A sizeablerubblestone building with a stuccofaçade. This house is set on a veryprominent site at the junction betweenForrabury Hill and New Road. Itsstucco eastern façade has two storey

canted bay windows, decorativequoins, plat bands and a cast-ironbalcony, positioned to take advantageof the views.

Picture 8.114 Due to its size and prominent locationMelbourne House plays a key role in thesurrounding townscape.

Local details

The New Road villas have a style of theirown based, as mentioned above, on therefurbishedWellington Hotel. They are builtinto the side of the hill with the secondstorey at road level. From New Road theyappear to be solid bungalows in theScottish tradition, but from Old Road thetrue monumentality of their design,including deep battered stone bases, isapparent. The slatestone walls have brickand terracotta dressings, canted baywindows and large vertical sash windows.

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Picture 8.115 Terracotta decorative tiles on one ofthe New Road villas.

Picture 8.116 The villas on New Road haveslatestone walls and brick dressings.

Apart from the smallholding all the otherhouses are villas. They have a mixture ofhipped and gable roofs, and most of thewindows are sashes.


All the houses have slatestone walls andrag slate roofs, and Melbourne House isthe only house to have painted walls.

As most of the houses post date the arrivalof the railway, in addition to the localmaterials they incorporate the newlyavailable red brick and terracotta ware.

Public Realm

Walls are a striking feature in this area. OnForrabury Hill there area some early slatestone walls around the old quarry area,

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some of which are in the traditional‘kersey-way’ or ‘Jack-over-Jill’ formation.The hillside to the west of New Road hasretaining walls of vertically coursedslatestone. The villas on the western sideof the road and Melbourne House haveslatestone boundary walls with lumps ofspar as copings.


The main area of greenery is the steephillside to the west of New Road. ForraburyHill, since the closure of the quarry hasreverted to a country lane with hedges andtrees above the stone walls. Most of thehouses are set within their own plots, butapart from the lawns of Melbourne House,the gardens are below the street level.

Picture 8.117 Forrabury Hill has the character of acountry lane.


Apart from the three new detached houseson Forrabury Hill there has been no furtherdevelopment in the area. In the main thereis a good survival of original features,although there are a few replacementwindows. Although New Road is the mainaccess route to the harbour the historicbuildings do not appear to have sufferedas a consequence.

Neutral areas

Forrabury Hill has been the focus of recentdevelopment. However, any further buildingcould seriously compromise its characteras a rural lane.

General condition

Buildings in this area are in good conditionand there are no buildings at risk.

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9 Problems and pressures

Boscastle has an impressive survival ofhistoric buildings, structures and streetpatterns all of which greatly contributetowards its character and which, in additionto its remarkable natural setting, attractsso many visitors. However, like allcommunities Boscastle faces a number ofproblems and pressures which, if notaddressed, could erode its specialcharacter.

Problems and pressures are as follows :-

Replacement windows - specificallyon non-listed, but historic buildings inprominent or sensitive locationsCommercial signage that is overscale,and of unsuitable materials, colour anddesignExtensions that are overscale orinappropriately designed – includingporches and garagesGarden and boundary wallsdemolished for ‘off street’ parking

Picture 9.1 Historic garden walls – such as theseoutside Marine Terrace – should be preserved andnot demolished to provide off street parking.

Dominant and poorly sited overheadcablesStreet lighting that is inappropriate toits surroundings in terms of design,scale and positioning.

Picture 9.2 The utilitarian street lighting at the footof New Road takes no account of its sensitivenatural location and sounds a jarring urban note.

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Picture 9.3 The design and scale of this street lightare totally out of sympathy with its sensitive historiclocation.

Modern dormers and roof lights inhistoric and highly visible buildings.The potential for overuse of modernslate hangingPoorly designed signs in the publicrealm and signage clutter

Picture 9.4 An over abundance of signage and streetfurniture give the corner of Old Road and New Roada very cluttered appearance.

A number of important trees were lostduring the floodThe lower bridge needs to be repairedfollowing flood damageThere are a number of buildings stillto be repaired or rebuilt following theflood

Picture 9.5 Post flood rebuilding and repairs are stillbeing carried out in the Harbour area.

The historic river revetments could beunder threat from proposed flooddefence schemesThe conservation area boundary atpresent does not include somehistorically important areas of the town

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There are some significant historicbuildings and structures which are notlistedThe town has undergone a great dealof development in recent years, whichon the whole has not affected thehistoric core. However, too muchfurther development could compromisethe overall character of the town.

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10 Recommendations

Windows in buildings in sensitive andhighly visible locations should be oftraditional materials and design.Historic windows should be repairedwhere possible or replaced to matchoriginals

Picture 10.1 Historic windows greatly add to thequality and historical integrity of buildings.

Commercial signage should reflect inits scale, materials, colour and sitingthe sensitive nature of its surroundinghistoric environment. Fluorescent,plastic or perspex signs should beavoidedExtensions and garages should be ofappropriate scale and their designshould reflect the characteristics andquality of the surrounding historicenvironmentConsideration should be given toserving an Article 4 Direction to controlthe demolition of walls and hedges,especially for the creation of hardstandingsOverhead cables should beappropriately sited in order to impactless on the surrounding historic andnatural environment.

Street lighting should be designed toreflect the character of itssurroundings. Boscastle is a smallsettlement and does not require thelevel of street lighting appropriate fora major through route. The design ofthe lighting should be sympathetic tothe different character areas andshould be sensitively sited.Boscastle has an admirable survivalof original rag slate roofs whichcontributes greatly to the town'scharacter. In order to preserve thisasset, and taking into account the highvisibility of the roofscape, the insertionof further dormer windows, rooflightsand the replacement of rag slatecoverings should be limited.There are a growing number ofbuildings throughout the town thathave been slate hung. Althoughhistoric slate hanging does exist inBoscastle it should be avoided onbuildings where it did not previouslyexist.Reassess the current signage toensure any redundant or over-scalesigns are removed. New signageshould be restricted to the minimumnecessary, of good quality materialsand design, and should be sitedsympathetically.Efforts should be made to replace thetrees lost during the flood and a fullsurvey of the existing trees andornamental landscapes should beundertaken to ensure their contributionto the townscape on both private andpublic land is recognised and protectedwhere necessary.The lower bridge is a listed buildingthat was partially destroyed during theflood. Ideally the bridge should be

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restored but if this is not possible dueto flood prevention requirements a welldesigned good quality modernreplacement should be consideredrather than a pastiche.Any buildings still to be repaired ofreplaced following the flood damageshould follow the recommendationslisted in the Cornwall County CouncilHistoric Environment Service report‘Boscastle, Cornwall Characterisationand recording in the aftermath of theAugust 2004 floods’.Any further flood prevention measuresshould respect the narrow,stone-revetted vertical walled river asa key element of Bridge andQuaytown’s character.Consideration should be given toextending the conservation areaboundary to include Paradise Farm,Windrush and Barn Park to thesouth-east and the older cottagesalong Potters Lane including BriarCottage.There are a number of historicbuildings, some have parts dating tothe seventeenth century, which whilstnot listed, could be included in a LocalList.

Picture 10.2 Features such as this slatestone drainon Old Road should be recorded on a local list tohelp ensure their preservation.

Further development on the outskirtsof Boscastle and within the historiccore should be avoided or limited inextent and, where necessary, fullyintegrated into the historic topographyand settlement form. New buildingsshould be sited with reference to theirsurroundings, either to causeminimumimpact on the surrounding landscapeor to reflect existing historic streetpatterns, and be of appropriate design,materials and scale.Such is the diverse nature of Boscastlethat each character area should beconsidered separately when newworks are proposed. Street lighting orsignage that is appropriate forQuaytown would not necessarily bethe best solution for Upper Town.There should be an avoidance of ‘one

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hit’ solutions such as ‘heritage’ patternstreet furniture.

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11 Opportunities

In addition to protecting the specialcharacter of Boscastle by addressing itscurrent problems and pressures,consideration should be given to aprogramme of regeneration measures. Inthis way the town’s particular character,based on its setting and the distinction anddiversity of its historic environment, can befurther enhanced and protected. This willensure that the quality of Boscastle ispreserved and it remains a popular placeto live and visit.

Shopfronts. There should be aco-ordinated policy for the conversion,restoration, retention and/or re-use ofshops and shopfronts. They should beof a design and materials that reflectthe overall quality of the area withoutbeing a pastiche of traditional styles.New shopfronts could use traditionallocal shopfronts as a source ofinspiration.Street surfacing. Surface treatmentscould better reflect the individualcharacter of the different characterareas. For instance a less formalapproach could be considered for theQuaytown area such as sealed gravelrather than tarmac. Road markings insensitive areas such as Upper Townshould be kept to a minimum.The main car park. The Cobweb carpark currently has a temporary surfacetreatment following the flood damage.As it is many visitors’ first impressionof the town and is sited in such asensitive natural and historic locationit is important that its design andlandscaping should be of the highestquality.

Picture 11.1 A sensitive landscaping scheme couldmake the main car park opposite the Cobweb Inna far more attractive environment - in keeping withits delightful landscape setting - whilst also givinga good first impression to visitors arriving in thevillage.

The castle site and the industrial quayarea. At present many visitors toBoscastle are unaware of the castlesite, and those who do visit it areprovided with very little information.The castle site should be betterinterpreted and better signed from theBridge and Quaytown areas. Theharbour area should be interpreted andpresented in such a way as toemphasise its historic and industrialimportance. Interpreting these keysites would enable Boscastle toreassert its historic quality andsignificance, which have becomesomewhat subsumed by itsmetamorphosis into a seaside resort.

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Picture 11.2 At present the ‘No dogs’ sign is ofgreater prominence than the sign indicating the siteof the castle.

Picture 11.3 Better interpretation is required at thecastle site in order to encourage visitors.

If the above extension to theconservation area were approvedthere could be a scheme to enhancethe junction between Doctors Hill andNew Road. At present the whole ofDoctors Hill and Barn Park Road is

treated as amajor road with over-scalelighting and utilitarian street furniture.An enhancement scheme couldinclude an attractive bus shelter andmore human scale street lighting. Thehighways throughout the historic townshould be designed as streets in whichpeople move, live and work, ratherthan simply as roads for vehicle traffic.This could be achieved throughsympathetic street lighting, surfacetreatments and by keeping roadmarkings to a minimum.

Picture 11.4 Consideration should be given to anenhancement scheme for Doctors Hill and itsinclusion in the conservation area.

The green on the high street. Thisgreen has traditionally been an openspace in a high quality historicstreetscape. At present however itdoes not add to the character of thearea and has an unresolved, neglectedfeel. It should be re-landscaped withreference to the surrounding historicenvironment, and its constituent parts(bench, signs) more thoughtfully sited.

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1 Sources

Published sourcesCornwall County Council Historic Environment Service, 2005, Boscastle, CornwallCharacterisation and recording in the aftermath of the August 2004 floods

Strategic, policy and programme documentsNorth Cornwall District Local Plan 1999

Historic mapsTithe Map (1843)

Ordnance Survey 1st edn 1:2500 (1884)

Ordnance Survey 2nd edn 1:2500 (1907)

Cornwall County Council Historic Environment RecordSites, Monuments and Buildings Record

1994 Historic Landscape Characterisation

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