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Briefing Book 2012 M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y

Fall EditionSeptember 2012

© 2012, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fall EditionSeptember 2012

MIT Briefing Book

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Telephone Number 617.253.1000TTY 617.258.9344Website http://web.mit.edu/

TheBriefingBookisresearchedandwrittenbyavarietyofMITfacultyandstaff,inparticularthemembersoftheOfficeoftheProvostInstitutionalResearchgroup,OfficeofthePresident,OfficeofSponsoredPrograms,StudentFinancialServices,andtheMITWashingtonOffice.

Executive EditorsClaudeR.Canizares,VicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvost [email protected],Director,MITWashingtonOffice [email protected]

EditorsShirleyWong [email protected],towhomallquestionsshouldbedirected [email protected]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307

Cover Art: “Building10,”byBrianKeegan

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ChairmanoftheCorporationJohnReed

PresidentL.RafaelReif

ProvostChrisA.Kaiser

ChancellorW.EricL.Grimson

ExecutiveVicePresidentandTreasurerIsraelRuiz

VicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvostClaudeR.Canizares

Dean,SchoolofArchitectureandPlanningAdèleNaudéSantos

Dean,SchoolofEngineeringIanA.Waitz

Dean,SchoolofHumanities,Arts,andSocialSciencesDeborahK.Fitzgerald

Dean,SchoolofScienceMarcA.Kastner

Dean,SloanSchoolofManagementDavidC.Schmittlein

Director,LincolnLaboratoryEricD.Evans

AssociateProvostPhilipS.Khoury

AssociateProvostMartinA.Schmidt

AssociateProvostforFacultyEquityWesleyL.Harris

AssociateProvostforFacultyEquityBarbaraLiskov

DirectorofLibrariesAnnJ.Wolpert

DeanforGraduateEducationChristineOrtiz

DeanforUndergraduateEducationDanielE.Hastings

DeanforStudentLifeChris Colombo

VicePresidentandSecretaryoftheCorporationKirkD.Kolenbrander

VicePresidentforResourceDevelopmentJeffreyL.Newton

VicePresidentandGeneralCounselR.GregoryMorgan

VicePresidentforFinanceMichaelW.Howard

VicePresidentforHumanResourcesAlisonAlden

MIT Senior Leadership

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MIT Washington Office TheMITWashingtonOfficewasestablishedin1991aspartoftheOfficeofthePresident.ThemissionoftheMITWashingtonOfficeistorepresenttheInstituteinWashingtonasoneofthenation’spremieracademicinstitutions.TheroleoftheWashingtonOfficehasalsoevolvedovertimetoincludearoleineducatingMIT’sstudentsinthescienceandtechnologypolicy-makingprocess.

StaffDirectorWilliamB.Bonvillian

AssistantDirectorPhilipH.Lippel

SeniorPolicyAdvisorAmandaArnold

Address MITWashingtonOffice820FirstStreet,NE,Suite610Washington,DC20002

Telephone Number202.789.1828

Fax Number202.789.1830

Website http://dc.mit.edu/

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Contents

Section 1: MIT Facts and History 7 EconomicInformation 9 TechnologyLicensingOffice 9 People 9 Students 10 UndergraduateStudents 11 GraduateStudents 12 Degrees 13 Alumni 13 PostdoctoralAppointments 14 FacultyandStaff 15 AwardsandHonorsofCurrent FacultyandStaff 16 AwardsHighlights 17 FieldsofStudy 18 ResearchLaboratories,Centers,andPrograms 19 AcademicandResearchAffiliations 20 EducationHighlights 23 ResearchHighlights 26

Section 2: Campus Research 33 ResearchSupport 34 BroadInstituteofMITandHarvard 36 AmericanReinvestmentandRecoveryAct 37 CampusResearchSponsors 38 DepartmentofDefense 40 DepartmentofEnergy 42 DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices 44 NASA 46 NationalScienceFoundation 48 OtherFederalAgencies 50 NonprofitOrganizations 52

Section 3: Lincoln Laboratory 55 ResearchExpenditures 57 AuthorizedFunding 57 EconomicImpact 58 AirandMissileDefenseTechnology 59 CommunicationSystemsandCyberSecurity 60 Intelligence,Surveillance,andReconnaissance SystemsandTechnology 61 SpaceControl 62

AdvancedTechnology 63 TacticalSystems 64 HomelandProtection 65 LincolnLaboratoryTechnicalStaff 66 TestFacilitiesandFieldSites 67

Section 4: MIT and Industry 69 InnovationEcosystem 70 BenefitstotheNationalEconomy 71 SelectedCurrentProjects 72 CampusResearchFundedbyIndustry 73 ServicetoIndustry 74 StrategicPartnerships 75

Section 5: Global Engagement 77 MIT-Singapore 79 MITGreaterChinaInitiative 79 MIT-IndiaInitiative 80 OtherGlobalInitiatives 81 OpenCourseWare 82 InternationalScholars 83 InternationalStudents 84 InternationalStudyOpportunities 87 InternationalAlumni 88 InternationalEntrepreneurs 89 MITInternationalScienceand TechnologyInitiatives 90 CampusResearchSponsoredby InternationalOrganizations 92

Section 6: Undergraduate Financial Aid 95 PrinciplesofMITUndergraduateFinancialAid 96 WhoPaysforanMITUndergraduateEducation 97 FormsofUndergraduateFinancialAid 98 SourcesofUndergraduateFinancialAid 99

Section 7: Service to Local, National, and World Communities 101 PublicServiceCenter 103 KeyPrograms 104 SelectedRecentProjects 105

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EconomicInformation 9TechnologyLicensingOffice 9People 9Students 10UndergraduateStudents 11GraduateStudents 12Degrees 13Alumni 13PostdoctoralAppointments 14FacultyandStaff 15AwardsandHonorsofCurrentFacultyandStaff 16AwardsHighlights 17FieldsofStudy 18ResearchLaboratories,Centers,andPrograms 19AcademicandResearchAffiliations 20EducationHighlights 23ResearchHighlights 26

1 MIT Facts and History

8 MIT Briefing Book

nologiesforartificiallimbs,andthemagneticcorememorythatenabledthedevelopmentofdigitalcomputers.Excitingareasofresearchandeducationtodayincludeneuroscienceandthestudyofthebrainandmind,bioengineering,energy,theenvi-ronmentandsustainabledevelopment,informa-tionsciencesandtechnology,newmedia,financialtechnology,andentrepreneurship.

Universityresearchisoneofthemainspringsofgrowthinaneconomythatisincreasinglydefinedbytechnology.AstudyreleasedinFebruary2009bytheKauffmanFoundationestimatesthatMITgraduateshadfounded25,800activecompanies.Thesefirmsemployedabout3.3millionpeople,andgeneratedannualworldsalesof$2trillion,ortheequivalentoftheeleventh-largesteconomyintheworld.

MIThasforgededucationalandresearchcollabora-tionswithuniversities,governments,andcompa-niesthroughouttheworld,anddrawsitsfacultyandstudentsfromeverycorneroftheglobe.Theresultisavigorousmixofpeople,ideas,andprogramsdedicatedtoenhancingtheworld’swell-being.

MIT Facts and History TheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyisoneoftheworld’spreeminentresearchuniversities,dedicatedtoadvancingknowledgeandeducatingstudentsinscience,technology,andotherareasofscholarshipthatwillbestservethenationandtheworld.Itisknownforrigorousacademicprograms,cutting-edgeresearch,adiversecampuscommu-nity,anditslong-standingcommitmenttoworkingwiththepublicandprivatesectorstobringnewknowledgetobearontheworld’sgreatchallenges.

WilliamBartonRogers,theInstitute’sfoundingpres-ident,believedthateducationshouldbebothbroadanduseful,enablingstudentstoparticipatein“thehumanecultureofthecommunity”andtodiscoverandapplyknowledgeforthebenefitofsociety.Hisemphasison“learningbydoing,”oncombiningliberalandprofessionaleducation,andonthevalueofusefulknowledgecontinuestobeattheheartofMIT’seducationalmission.

MIT’scommitmenttoinnovationhasledtoahostofscientificbreakthroughsandtechnologicaladvances.AchievementsoftheInstitute’sfacultyandgraduateshaveincludedthefirstchemicalsynthesisofpenicillinandvitaminA,thedevelop-mentofinertialguidancesystems,moderntech-

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MIT Facts and History

MIT Briefing Book

TotalMITexpendituresgrew6.1percentfromfiscalyear2011(FY2011)to2012.Researchexpendituresgrew3.1percentoncampusand5.1percentatLincolnLaboratory.

TotalMITexpendituresinFY2012 $2.7billion

Payroll,includingLincolnLaboratory andSMART(FY2012) $1.1billion

ResearchExpenditures(MITFY2012)Cambridgecampus $681millionLincolnLaboratory* $847millionSMART* $29millionTotal $1.56 billion

*TotalsdonotincluderesearchperformedbycampuslaboratoriesforLincolnLaboratoryandSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTech-nology(SMART).

TheTechnologyLicensingOffice(TLO)managesthepatentingandlicensingprocessforMITandMITLincolnLaboratory.TheTLOaimstobenefitthepublicbymovingresultsofMITresearchintosocietaluseviatechnologylicensing.

TechnologyLicensingOfficeStatisticsforFY2012Totalnumberofinventiondisclosures 694NumberofU.S.newutilitypatent

applicationsfiled 198NumberofU.S.patentsissued 199Numberoflicensesgranted(notincluding

trademarksandend-usesoftware) 81Numberofoptionsgranted(notincluding

optionsaspartofresearchagreements) 26Numberofsoftwareend-uselicensesgranted 32Numberofcompaniesstarted(venture

capitalizedand/orwithaminimumof $500Kofotherfunding) 16

Economic Information

People In2011–2012,MIT-affiliatedemployees,students,andalumniinMassachusettsamountedtoapproxi-mately46,000people.

Employees 14,127 Cambridgecampus 10,775 LincolnLaboratory 3,352Students 10,894AlumniinMassachusetts 21,000+

Technology Licensing Office

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Students The Institute’sfall2011studentbodyof10,894ishighlydiverse.Studentscomefromall50states,theDistrictofColumbia,threeterritoriesanddepen-dencies,and115foreigncountries.U.S.minoritygroupsconstitute50percentofundergraduatesand20percentofgraduatestudents.TheInstitute’s2,909internationalstudentsmakeup10percentoftheundergraduatepopulationand38percentofthegraduatepopulation.Seepages84-86for more informationaboutinternationalstudents.

Student Profile, 2011–2012Undergraduate 4,384 (40%)Graduate 6,510 (60%)Total 10,894

Infall2011,44percentofMIT’sfirst-yearstudents(whoreportedtheirclassstanding)werefirstintheirhighschoolclass;90percentrankedinthetopfivepercent.

Student Ethnicity, 2011–2012* Undergraduate GraduateAsianAmerican 1,055 760HispanicorLatino 649 303AfricanAmerican 302 124AmericanIndianor

AlaskanNative 25 15NativeHawaiianor

otherPacificIslander 1 0Twoormoreraces 146 115Total 2,178 (50%) 1,317 (20%)

StudentswhoidentifiedatleastinpartasaU.S.minoritygrouptotaled3,495.

*DataisforU.S.citizensandpermanentresidents.Thesefiguresmaynotpreciselyreflectthepopulationbecausetheyareself-reported,andnotallstudentschoosetoidentifyanethnicityorrace.One-hundredseventeenundergraduatesand535graduatestu-dentschosenottoidentifyanethnicityorrace.

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Engineering Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences

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Undergraduate Students StudentsfirstenrolledatMITin1865.Twenty-sevenstudentsenrolledasundergraduatestudentsthatfirstyear.In2012,therewere4,384undergraduatestudents.

Undergraduate Students, 2011–2012Citizenship CountU.S.citizen 3,650U.S.permanentresident 282International 452Total 4,384

School Undergraduates

ArchitectureandPlanning 59

Engineering 2,019

Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 120

Management 106

Science 918

Undesignated* 1,162

Total 4,384

Undergraduate Students by School, 2011–2012

2,421

1,963

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

Male

Female

NumberofStudents

Undergraduate Students by Gender, 2011–2012

*Undesignatedcomprisesfreshmanwhodonotenrollinamajorandundesignatedsophmores.


Graduate Students Graduatestudentshaveoutnumberedundergradu-atestudentsatMITsince1980.Infall2011,theycomprised60percentofthestudentpopulationwith6,510students—2,778master’sstudents(includes152non-matriculating)and3,732doctoralstudents.

Graduate Students, 2011–2012Citizenship CountU.S.citizen 3,757U.S.permanentresident 296International 2,457Total 6,510

School Master’s* Doctoral Total

ArchitectureandPlanning 409 192 601

Engineering 1,071 1,747 2,818

Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 22 269 291

Management 1,108 125 1,233

Science 7 1,076 1,083

Whitaker 9 323 332

Total 2,626 3,732 6,358

*Excludesnon-matriculatingstudents

Graduate Students by School, 2011–2012

1,851

927

2,603

1,129

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

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Doctorate Master'sandEngineer Bachelor's

DegreesIn2011–2012,MITawarded3,206degrees:

Bachelor’sdegrees 1,011Master’sdegrees 1,605Engineer’sdegrees 17Doctoraldegrees 573

Halfof2011–2012graduatesfromMITdoctoralprogramswhorespondedtotheannualDoctoralStudentExitSurveyplannedtostayinMassachu-settsaftercompletingtheirstudies.NearlytwelvepercentofthoseearningdegreesindicatedtheyattendedhighschoolinMassachusetts—aroughgaugeofwhoamongdegreerecipientswerenativetothestate.

MIT’s126,684alumniareconnectedtotheInsti-tutethroughgraduating-classevents,departmentalorganizations,andover47clubsintheU.S.and42abroad.Morethan12,000volunteersoffertheirtime,financialsupport,andserviceoncommitteesandontheMITCorporation,theInstitute’sboardoftrustees.MITgraduatesholdleadershippositionsinindustriesandorganizationsaroundtheworld.Over21,000alumniresideinMassachusetts,andabout85percentofMIT’salumniliveintheU.S.

Alumni

School Bachelor’sMaster’s and

Engineer Doctorate Total

ArchitectureandPlanning 22 203 29 254

Engineering 612 696 288 1,596

Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 59 16 55 130

Management 36 665 16 717

Science 282 28 158 468

Whitaker 14 27 41

Total 1,011 1,622 573 3,206

Degrees Awarded by School, 2011–2012


Postdoctoral Appointments

China20%

Korea9%

India8%

Germany8%Canada

7%Israel4%

Spain4%

France4%

Italy4%

Japan3%

AllOthers29%

Country of Citizenship of International Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows

*Twoormoreracesmakesuplessthanonepercentofthepostdoctoralassociateandfellowpopulation.

International63%

URM2%

Asian3%

White15%

Unknown17%

Ethnicity of PostdoctoralAssociates and Fellows

AsofOctober31,2011,MIThosts1,375postdoc-toralassociatesandfellows—374femalesand1,001males.Theseindividualsworkwithfacultyinaca-demicdepartments,laboratories,andcenters.

U.S. Citizen and Permanent Resident Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows, October 2011Ethnicity CountHispanicorLatino 23AfricanAmerican 5AmericanIndianorAlaskanNative 1 Total underrepresented minorities (URM) 29White 200Asian 46Twoormoreraces 1Unknown 229Total 505

International Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows CountryofCitizenship Count Percent China 179 20Korea 78 9India 71 8Germany 66 8Canada 62 7Israel 36 4Spain 35 4France 32 4Italy 32 4Japan 24 3AllOthers 255 29Total 870

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MIT Briefing Book

India9%

UnitedKingdom

8%

Canada7%

China6%

Germany5%

Greece5%

Italy4%

France4%

Israel3%

Poland3%

Russia3%

SouthKorea3%

Spain3%

Allothers37%

Country of Origin of Internationally Born Faculty

Faculty and StaffMITemploysapproximately10,775personsoncampus.Inadditiontothefaculty,thereareresearch,library,andadministrativestaff,andmanyotherswho,directlyorindirectly,supporttheteachingandresearchgoalsoftheInstitute.

Faculty and Staff, 2011–2012Faculty 1,018Otheracademicandinstructionalstaff 883Researchstaffandresearchscientists

(includespostdoctoralpositions) 3,008Administrativestaff 2,328Supportstaff 1,478Servicestaff 795Medicalclinicalstaff 98Affiliatedfaculty,scientists,andscholars 1,167Total campus faculty and staff 10,775

Approximately500graduatestudentsserveasteachingassistantsorinstructors,and2,450graduatestudentsserveasresearchassistants.

MITLincolnLaboratoryemploysabout3,350people,primarilyatHanscomAirForceBaseinLexington,Massachusetts.

FacultyProfile Count PercentProfessors 647 63Associateprofessors 210 21Assistantprofessors 161 16Total 1,018

Male 801 79Female 217 21

Seventy-sevenpercentoffacultyaretenured.Facultymaybeappointedequallytotwodepartments.Fortyfacultymembershavedualappointments.

FacultybySchool CountArchitectureandPlanning 76Engineering 372Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 164Science 273Management 112Whitakerandother 21

Sixty-threepercentofthefacultyareinscienceandengineeringfields.

Eighteenpercentoffacultyaremembersofaminoritygroup;6.2percentaremembersofanunderrepresentedminority.Somefacultymembersidentifyaspartofmultiplegroups.

FacultyMinorityGroup Female MaleAsian 31 99HispanicorLatino 4 30AfricanAmerican 9 25AmericanIndianorAlaskanNative 1 2

Internationalfacultyrecruitedthroughinterna-tionalsearchesfortenure-trackpositionsremainintheU.S.toteachthenextgenerationofAmericancancerresearchers,physicists,biomedicalengi-neers,businessleaders,andcomputerscientists.

Fortypercentofcurrentfacultyareinternationallyborn.


Awards and Honors of Current Faculty and StaffNinecurrentfacultymembersatMIThavereceivedtheNobelPrize:H.RobertHorvitz NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine(shared)WolfgangKetterle NobelPrizeinPhysics(shared)RobertC.Merton SverigesRiksbankPrizeinEconomicSciencesinMemoryofAlfredNobel(shared)RichardR.Schrock NobelPrizeinChemistry(shared)PhillipA.Sharp NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine(shared)SusanSolomon NobelPeacePrize(co-chairofWorkingGroupOnerecognizedunder IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),shared)SamuelC.C.Ting NobelPrizeinPhysics(shared)SusumuTonegawa NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineFrankWilczek NobelPrizeinPhysics(shared)

Belowisaselectionofothernotableawardsandhonors.Recipients Award Name and Agency 145 AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesMember 92 AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceFellow 14 AmericanPhilosophicalSocietyMember 74 AmericanPhysicalSocietyFellow 17 AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersFellow 23 AssociationforComputingMachineryFellow 3 DiracMedal,AbdusSalamInternationalCentreforTheoreticalPhysics 6 FulbrightScholar,CouncilforInternationalExchangeofScholars 7 GairdnerAward,GairdnerFoundation 69 GuggenheimFellow,JohnSimonGuggenheimMemorialFoundation 16 HowardHughesMedicalInstituteInvestigator 25 HumboldtResearchAward,AlexandervonHumboldtFoundation 54 InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Fellow 33 InstituteofMedicineMember,NationalAcademies 1 JapanPrize,ScienceandTechnologyFoundationofJapan 4 JohnBatesClarkMedal,AmericanEconomicAssociation 2 KavliPrize,NorwegianAcademyofScienceandLetters 19 MacArthurFellow,JohnD.andCatherineT.MacArthurFoundation 2 MillenniumTechnologyPrize,MillenniumPrizeFoundation 65 NationalAcademyofEngineeringMember,NationalAcademies 77 NationalAcademyofSciencesMember,NationalAcademies 10 NationalMedalofScience,NationalScience&TechnologyMedalsFoundation 1 NationalMedalofTechnologyandInnovation,NationalScience&TechnologyMedalsFoundation 32 PresidentialEarlyCareerAwardsforScientistsandEngineers,ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident 3 PulitzerPrize,PulitzerBoard 2 RolfNevanlinnaPrize,InternationalMathematicalUnion 5 RoyalAcademyofEngineeringFellow 3 A.M.TuringAward,AssociationforComputingMachinery 1 VonHippelAward,MaterialsResearchSociety 3 AlanT.WatermanAward,NationalScienceFoundation

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MIT Briefing Book

Mildred Dresselhaus, Ann Graybiel, and Jane Luu2012 Kavli Prizes MildredDresselhaus,AnnGraybielandJaneLuuareamongsevenpioneeringscientistsworldwidenamedas2012recipientsoftheKavliPrizes.Theseprizesrecognizescientistsfortheirseminaladvancesinastrophysics,nanoscience,andneuroscienceandincludeacashawardof$1millionineachfield.The2012laureateswereselectedfortheirfundamentalcontributionstoourunderstandingoftheoutersolarsystem;thedifferencesinmaterialpropertiesatthenanoscaleandatlargerscales;andhowthebrainreceivesandrespondstosen-sationssuchassight,sound,andtouch.

Kavliawardwinners,fromleft,MildredDresselhaus,AnnGraybiel,andJaneLuuPhotos (L to R): Dominick Reuter; Kent Dayton; Kavli Foundation

Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Timothy K. Lu, Parag A. Pathak, Pawan Sinha, and Jesse Thaler2012 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and EngineersFivemembersofthefacultyare2012recipientsofPresidentialEarlyCareerAwardforScientistsandEngi-neers(PECASE),thehighesthonorbestowedbytheU.S.governmentonscienceandengineeringprofession-alsintheearlystagesoftheirindependentresearchcareers.TheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicywithintheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentcoordinatestheawards,whichwereestablishedbyPresidentBillClinton in 1996.PabloJarillo-Herrero,TimothyK.Lu’03,MEng’03,PhD’08,ParagA.Pathak,PawanSinhaSM’92,PhD’95,andJesseThalerareamong96honored.Currently,30facultymembersandtwostaffmembersarerecipientsofthePECASEaward,includingthe2012recipients.

AmyFinkelsteinPhoto: Ed Quinn

Amy Finkelstein2012 John Bates Clark MedalMITeconomistAmyFinkelstein,aleaderinstudyinghealthinsur-ancemarkets,isthe2012recipientoftheprestigiousJohnBatesClarkMedal,anannualawardgivenbytheAmericanEconomicAssociation(AEA).TheClarkMedalisgiventoaneconomistundertheageof40“whoisjudgedtohavemadethemostsignificantcontributiontoeco-nomicthoughtandknowledge,”accordingtotheAEA.

Award Highlights


MITsupportsalargevarietyoffieldsofstudy,fromscienceandengineeringtothearts.MIT’sfiveacademicschoolsareorganizedintodepartmentsandotherdegree-grantingprograms.Inaddition,severalprograms,laboratories,andcenterscrosstraditionalboundariesandencouragecreativethoughtandresearch.

School of Architecture and Planning ArchitectureMediaArtsandSciencesUrbanStudiesandPlanningCenterforRealEstate

School of EngineeringAeronauticsandAstronauticsBiologicalEngineeringChemicalEngineeringCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceEngineeringSystemsMaterialsScienceandEngineeringMechanicalEngineeringNuclearScienceandEngineering

School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences AnthropologyComparativeMediaStudiesEconomicsForeignLanguagesandLiteraturesHistoryHumanitiesLinguisticsandPhilosophyLiteratureMusicandTheatreArtsPoliticalScienceScience,Technology,andSocietyWritingandHumanisticStudies

Sloan School of Management Management

School of Science BiologyBrainandCognitiveSciencesChemistryEarth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencesMathematicsPhysics

Interdisciplinary Educational ProgramsAmericanStudiesAncientandMedievalStudiesComputationforDesignandOptimizationComputationalandSystemsBiologyComputerScienceandMolecularBiologyHarvard-MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand

TechnologyLeadersforGlobalOperationsMicrobiologyOperationsResearchPsychologyPolymerScienceandTechnologyMIT-WoodsHoleJointPrograminOceanography

andAppliedOceanScienceandEngineeringSystemDesignandManagementTechnologyandPolicyTransportationWomen’sandGenderStudies

Fields of Study

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MIT Briefing Book

Inadditiontoteachingandconductingresearchwithintheirdepartments,faculty,students,andstaffworkinlaboratories,centers,andprograms.

Someoftheseinclude:

CenterforArchaeologicalMaterialsCenterforBiomedicalEngineeringCenterforCollectiveIntelligenceCenterforComputationalEngineeringCenterforComputationalResearchinEconomics andManagementScienceCenterforEnergyandEnvironmentalPolicy ResearchCenterforEnvironmentalHealthSciencesCenterforFutureCivicMediaCenterforGlobalChangeScienceCenterforGynepathologyResearchCenterforInternationalStudiesCenterforMaterialsScienceandEngineeringCenterforRealEstateCenterforTransportationandLogisticsComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence LaboratoryDeshpandeCenterforTechnologicalInnovationDivisionofComparativeMedicineFrancisBitterMagnetLaboratoryHaystackObservatoryInstituteforMedicalEngineeringandScienceInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologiesInstituteforWorkandEmploymentResearchJointProgramontheScienceandPolicyofGlobal ChangeKnightScienceJournalismProgramDavidH.KochInstituteforIntegrativeCancer ResearchLaboratoryforFinancialEngineeringLaboratoryforInformationandDecisionSystems

Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs

LaboratoryforManufacturingandProductivityLaboratoryforNuclearScienceLeanAdvancementInitiativeLegatumCenterforDevelopmentand EntrepreneurshipLincolnLaboratoryMartinTrustCenterforMITEntrepreneurshipMaterialsProcessingCenterMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearchMediaLaboratoryMicrosystemsTechnologyLaboratoriesMITCatalystClinicalResearchCenterMITCenterforArt,Science,andTechnologyMITCenterforDigitalBusinessMITEnergyInitiativeMITKavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpace ResearchMITPortugalProgramMITProfessionalEducationMITPrograminArt,CultureandTechnologyMITSeaGrantCollegeProgramNuclearReactorLaboratoryOperationsResearchCenterPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryPlasmaScienceandFusionCenterResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsSimonsCenterfortheSocialBrainSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchand TechnologySociotechnicalSystemsResearchCenter


Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardTheBroadInstituteofMITandHarvardseekstotransformmedicinebyempoweringcreativeandenergeticscientistsofalldisciplinesfromacrosstheMIT,Harvard,andtheHarvard-affiliatedhospitalcommunitiestoworktogethertoaddresseventhemostdifficultchallengesinbiomedicalresearch.Seepage36formoreinformation.

Charles Stark Draper LaboratoryFoundedasMIT’sInstrumentationLaboratory,DraperLaboratoryseparatedfromMITin1973tobecomeanindependentnot-for-profitresearchandeducationalorganization.MITandDraperLaboratorystillcollaborateinareassuchasguidance,navigationandcontrol,complexreliablesystems,autonomoussystems,informationanddecisionsystems,andbio-medicalandchemicalsystems.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute HowardHughesMedicalInstitute(HHMI)isascien-tificandphilanthropicorganizationthatconductsbiomedicalresearchincollaborationwithuniversi-ties,academicmedicalcenters,hospitals,andotherresearchinstitutionsthroughoutthecountry.SixteenHHMIinvestigatorsholdfacultyappointments.

Idaho National Laboratory UnderthepurviewoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy,theIdahoNationalLaboratoryincludestheNationalUniversityConsortium(NUC)—fiveleadingresearchuniversitiesfromaroundthenationwhosenuclearresearchandengineeringexpertiseareofcriticalimportancetothefutureofthenation’snuclearindustry.MITleadstheNUCteaminsupportofnuclearresearchandrelatededucationprograms.TheNUCconsistsofMIT,OregonStateUniversity,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,OhioStateUniversity,andUniversityofNewMexico.

Magellan ProjectTheMagellanProjectisafive-universitypartnershipthatconstructedandnowoperatestwo6.5meteropticaltelescopesattheLasCampanasObserva-toryinChile.Thetelescopesallowresearcherstoobserveplanetsorbitingstarsinsolarsystemsbeyondourownandtoexplorethefirstgalaxiesthatformedneartheedgeoftheobservableuniverse.CollaboratingwithMITontheMagellanProjectareCarnegieInstituteofWashington,HarvardUniversity,UniversityofArizona,andUniversityofMichigan.

Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center TheMassachusettsGreenHighPerformanceComputingCenter(MGHPCC)isacollaborationoffiveofthestate’smostresearch-intensiveuniver-sities—MIT,UniversityofMassachusetts,BostonUniversity,NortheasternUniversity,andHarvardUniversity—theCommonwealthofMassachusetts,CISCO,andEMC.TheMGHPCCfacility,projectedtobecompletedtheendof2012,willbeadatacenterdedicatedtothegrowingresearchcomputingneedsthatsupportbreakthroughsinscience.

MIT-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and EngineeringTheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution(WHOI)isthelargestindependentoceanographicinstitu-tionintheworld.MITandWHOIofferjointdoctoraldegreesinoceanographyanddoctoral,profes-sional,andmaster’sdegreesinoceanographicengineering.

Academic and Research Affiliations

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MIT Briefing Book

Naval Construction and EngineeringThegraduateprograminNavalConstructionandEngineering(Course2N)isintendedforactivedutyofficersintheU.S.Navy,U.S.CoastGuard,andforeignnavieswhohavebeendesignatedforspecializationinthedesign,construction,andrepairofnavalships.ThecurriculumpreparesNavy,CoastGuard,andforeignofficersforcareersinshipdesignandconstructionandissponsoredbyCommander,NavalSeaSystemsCommand.Besidesprovidingtheofficersacomprehensiveeducationinnavalengi-neering,weemphasizetheirfuturerolesasadvo-catesforinnovationinshipdesignandacquisition.

Northeast Radio Observatory CorporationTheNortheastRadioObservatoryCorporation(NEROC)isanonprofitconsortiumofeducationalandresearchinstitutionsthatwasformedin1967toplananadvancedradioandradarresearchfacilityintheNortheast.NEROCpresentlyconsistsofnineeducationalandresearchinstitutions,theseareMIT,BostonUniversity,BrandeisUniversity,DartmouthCollege,HarvardUniversity,Harvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,UniversityofMassachu-setts,UniversityofNewHampshire,andWellesleyCollege.

Ragon InstituteThePhillipT.andSusanM.RagonInstitutewasestablishedatMIT,MassachusettsGeneralHospital,andHarvardinFebruary2009.TheRagonInstitutebringsscientistsandclinicianstogetherwithengi-neersusingthelatesttechnologiesinaninterdis-ciplinaryefforttobetterunderstandhowthebodyfightsinfectionsandultimatelytoapplythatunder-standingagainstawiderangeofinfectiousdiseasesandcancers.TheinitialfocusoftheinstituteistheneedforaneffectivevaccineagainstAIDS.

Reserve Officer Training Corps ProgramsMilitarytraininghasexistedatMITsincestudentsfirstarrivedin1865.In1917,MITestablishedthenation’sfirstArmyReserveOfficerTrainingCorps(ROTC)unit.Today,AirForce,Army,andNavalROTCunitsarebasedatMIT.Theseprogramsenablestudentstobecomecommissionedmilitaryofficersupongraduation.Morethan12,000officershavebeencommissionedfromMIT,andmorethan150haveachievedtherankofgeneraloradmiral.

Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology CentreTheSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology(SMART)CentreisamajorresearchenterpriseestablishedbyMITinpartnershipwiththeNationalResearchFoundationofSingapore.TheSMARTCentreservesasanintellectualhubforresearchinteractionsbetweenMITandSingaporeatthefrontiersofscienceandtechnology.Seepage79formoreinformationaboutSMARTandpage44foradescriptionofaselectedSMARTproject.

Synthetic Biology Engineering Research CenterTheSyntheticBiologyEngineeringResearchCenter(SynBERC)isamulti-institutionresearchefforttolaythefoundationfortheemergingfieldofsyntheticbiology.InadditiontoMIT,participatinguniversitiesareUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,HarvardUniversity,StandfordUniversity,andPrairieViewA&MUniver-sity.SynBERC’sfoundationalresearchwillbemoti-vatedbypressingbiotechnologyapplications.Syn-BERCworkwillalsoexaminetheethical,economic,andbiosecurityimplicationsofsyntheticbiologyandassesstheeffectsofintellectualpropertyandsecu-rityregimesonthedevelopmentofthefield.


Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchWhiteheadInstituteisanonprofit,independentresearchinstitutionwho’sresearchexcellenceisnurturedbythecollaborativespiritofitsfacultyandthecreativityanddedicationofitsgraduatestudentsandpostdoctoralscientists.Whitehead’sprimaryfocusisbasicscience,withanemphasisonmolecularandcellbiology,geneticsandgenomics,anddevelopmentalbiology.WhiteheadisaffiliatedwithMITthroughitsmembers,whoholdfacultypositionsatMIT.Asmallnumberofjuniorinvestiga-torsalsoholdpositionsatWhiteheadInstituteaspartoftheWhiteheadFellowsprogram.

Cross-Registration at Other Institutions MIThascross-registrationarrangementswithseveralareaschools.Attheundergraduatelevel,studentsmaycross-registeratHarvardUniversity,WellesleyCollege,MassachusettsCollegeofArtandDesign,andtheSchooloftheMuseumofFineArts.Atthegraduatelevel,qualifiedstudentsmayenrollincoursesatHarvardUniversity,WellesleyCollege,BostonUniversity,BrandeisUniversity,andTuftsUniversity.

Academic and Research Affiliations (continued)

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Education Highlights MIThaslongmaintainedthatprofessionalcompe-tenceisbestfosteredbycouplingteachingwithresearchandbyfocusingeducationonpracticalproblems.Thishands-onapproachhasmadeMITaconsistentleaderinoutsidesurveysofthenation’sbestcolleges.MITwasthefirstuniversityinthecountrytooffercurriculumsinarchitecture(1865),electricalengineering(1882),sanitaryengineering(1889),navalarchitectureandmarineengineering(1895),aeronauticalengineering(1914),meteorology(1928),nuclearphysics(1935),andartificialintel-ligence(1960s).Morethan4,000MITgraduatesareprofessorsatcollegesanduniversitiesaroundtheworld.MITfacultyhavewrittensomeofthebest-sellingtextbooksofalltime,suchas EconomicsbyPaulA.SamuelsonandCalculus and Analytic Geom-etry byGeorgeThomas.ThefollowingaresomenotableMITteachingmilestonessince1969,whenhumans,includingMITalumnusBuzzAldrin,firstlandedonthemoon.

1969 MITlaunchestheUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP),thefirstofitskind.Theprogram,whichenablesundergraduatestoworkdirectlywithfacultyonprofessionalresearch,subsequentlyiscopiedinuniversitiesthroughouttheworld.About2,400MITstudentsparticipateinUROPannually.

1970TheHarvard-MITPrograminHealthSciencesandTechnologyisestablishedtofocusadvancesinscienceandtechnologyonhumanhealthandtotrainphysicianswithastrongbaseinengineeringandscience.

1971MITholdsitsfirstIndependentActivitiesPeriod(IAP),aJanuaryprogramthatemphasizescreativityandflexibilityinteachingandlearning.

1977MITorganizesthePrograminScience,Tech-nology,andSocietytoexploreandteachcoursesonthesocialcontextandconsequencesofscienceandtechnology—oneofthefirstprogramsofitskindintheU.S.

1981 MITlaunchesProjectAthena,a$70millionprogramtoexploretheuseofcomputersineduca-tion.DigitalEquipmentCorporationandIBMeachcontribute$25millionincomputerequipment.

1981TheMITSloanSchoolofManagementlaunchesitsManagementofTechnologyprogram,theworld’sfirstmaster’sprogramtofocusonthestrategicmanagementoftechnologyandinnova-tion.

1983–1990MITlanguageandcomputersciencefacultyjoinintheAthenaLanguageLearningProjecttodevelopinteractivevideosthatimmersestudentsinthelanguageandcharacterofothercultures.Theworkpioneersanewgenerationoflanguagelearningtools.

1984MITestablishestheMediaLaboratory,bringingtogetherpioneeringeducationalprogramsincomputermusic,film,graphics,holography,lasers,andothermediatechnologies.

1991MITestablishestheMacVicarFacultyFellowsProgram,namedinhonorofthelateMargaretA.MacVicar,torecognizeoutstandingcontributionstoteaching.MacVicar,aprofessorofphysics,hadconceivedof,designed,andlaunchedUROP(see1969,above).

1992MITlaunchestheLaboratoryforAdvancedTechnologyintheHumanitiestoextenditspioneeringworkincomputer-andvideo-assistedlanguagelearningtootherdisciplines.ItsfirstventurewasatextandperformancemultimediaarchiveforstudiesofShakespeare’splays.

1993Inrecognitionoftheincreasingimportanceofmolecularandcellbiology,MITbecomesthefirstcollegeinthenationtoaddbiologytoitsunder-graduaterequirement.

1995MIT’sPoliticalScienceDepartmentestablishestheWashingtonSummerInternshipProgramtoprovideundergraduatestheopportunitytoapplytheirscientificandtechnicaltrainingtopublicpolicyissues.


1998MITteamsupwithSingapore’stwoleadingresearchuniversitiestocreateaglobalmodelforlong-distanceengineeringeducationandresearch.Thislarge-scaleexperiment,thefirsttrulyglobalcollaborationingraduateengineeringeducationandresearch,isamodelfortoday’sdistanceeducation.

1999TheUniversityofCambridgeandMITestab-lishtheCambridge-MITInstitute,whoseprogramsincludestudentandfacultyexchanges,aninte-gratedresearchprogram,professionalpracticeeducation,andanationalcompetitivenessnetworkinBritain.

1999MITestablishestheSocietyofPresidentialFellowstohonorthemostoutstandingstudentsworldwideenteringtheInstitute’sgraduateprograms.Withgiftsprovidedbyleaddonors,presi-dentialfellowsareawardedfellowshipsthatfundfirstyeartuitionandlivingexpenses.

2000MITFacultyapprovetheCommunicationRequirement(CR),whichwentintoeffectfortheClassof2005.TheCRintegratessubstantialinstruc-tionandpracticeinwritingandspeakingintoallfouryearsandacrossallpartsofMIT’sunder-graduateprogram.Studentsparticipateregularlyinactivitiesdesignedtodevelopbothgeneralandtechnicalcommunicationskills.

2001StudioPhysicsisintroducedtoteachfreshmanphysics.Incorporatingahighlycollaborative,hands-onenvironmentthatusesnetworkedlaptopsanddesktopexperiments,thenewcurriculumletsstudentsworkdirectlywithcomplicatedandunfa-miliarconceptsastheirprofessorsintroducethem.

2001MITlaunchesOpenCourseWare,aprogramthatmakesmaterialsfornearlyallofitscoursesfreelyavailableonthewebandservesasamodelforsharingknowledgetobenefitallhumankind.

2001MITestablishesWebLab,amicroelectronicsteachinglaboratorythatallowsstudentstointeractremotelyontheWebwithtransistorsandothermicroelectronicsdevicesanywhereandatanytime.

2001MIT’sEarthSystemInitiativelaunchesTerra-scope,afreshmancourseinwhichstudentsworkinteamstosolvecomplexearthsciencesproblems.Bringingtogetherphysics,mathematics,chemistry,biology,management,andcommunications,thecoursehasenabledstudentstodevisestrategiesforpreservingtropicalrainforests,understandthecostsandthebenefitsofoildrillingintheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge,andplanamissiontoMars.

2002Togiveengineeringstudentstheopportunitytodeveloptheskillsthey’llneedtobeleadersintheworkplace,MITintroducestheUndergraduatePrac-ticeOpportunitiesProgram(UPOP).Theprograminvolvesacorporatetrainingworkshop,jobseminarstaughtbyalumni,anda10-weeksummerinternship.

2003MITLibrariesintroduceDSpace,adigitalrepositorythatgathers,stores,andpreservestheintellectualoutputofMIT’sfacultyandresearchstaff,andmakesitfreelyavailabletoresearchinstitutionsworldwide.Withinayearofitslaunch,DSpacematerialhadbeendownloadedmorethan8,000times,andmorethan100organizationshadadoptedthesystemfortheirownuse.

2003 MIT’sPrograminComputationalandSystems Biology(CSBi),anInstitute-wideprogramlinkingbiology,engineering,andcomputerscienceinasystemsbiologyapproachtothestudyofcell-to-cellsignaling,tissueformation,andcancer,beginsacceptingstudentsforanewPh.D.programthatwillgivethemthetoolsfortreatingbiologicalenti-tiesascomplexlivingsystems.

2005Combiningcoursesfromengineering,mathe-matics,andmanagement,MITlaunchesitsmaster’sprograminComputationforDesignandOptimiza-tion,oneofthefirstcurriculumsinthecountrytofocusonthecomputationalmodelinganddesignofcomplexengineeredsystems.Theprogrampreparesengineersforthechallengesofmakingsystemsrangingfromcomputationalbiologytoairlineschedulingtotelecommunicationsdesignandoperationsrunwithmaximumeffectivenessandefficiency.

Education Highlights (continued)

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2006MITcreatestheCampaignforStudents,afundraisingeffortdedicatedtoenhancingtheeducationalexperienceatMITthroughcreatingscholarshipsandfellowships,andsupportingmulti-disciplinaryeducationandstudentlife.

2007MITmakesmaterialfromvirtuallyallMITcoursesavailableonlineforfreeonOpenCourseWare.Thepublicationmarksthebeginningofaworldwidemovementtowardopeneducationthatnowinvolvesmorethan160universitiesand5,000courses.

2009MITlaunchestheBernardM.Gordon-MITEngineeringLeadershipProgram.Throughinteractionwithindustryleaders,faculty,andfellowstudents,theprogramaimstohelpundergraduateengineeringstudentsdeveloptheskills,tools,andcharactertheywillneedasfutureengineeringleaders.

2009MITintroducesaminorinenergystudies,opentoallundergraduates.Thenewminor,unlikemostenergyconcentrationsavailableatotherinstitutions,andunlikeanyotherconcentrationatMIT,isdesignedtobeinherentlycross-disciplinary,encompassingallofMIT’sfiveschools.Itcanbecombinedwithanymajorsubject.Theminoraimstoallowstudentstodevelopexpertiseanddepthintheirmajordisciplines,butthencomplementthatwiththebreadthofunderstandingofferedbytheenergyminor.

2010 MITintroducestheflexibleengineeringdegreeforundergraduates.Thedegree,thefirstofitskind,allowsstudentstocomplementadeepdisciplinarycorewithanadditionalsubjectconcen-tration.Theadditionalconcentrationcanbebroadandinterdisciplinaryinnature(energy,transpor-tation,ortheenvironment),orfocusedonareasthatcanbeappliedtomultiplefields(roboticsandcontrols,computationalengineering,orengi-neeringmanagement).

2011MITannouncesMITx,anonlinelearninginitia-tivethatwillofferaportfoliooffreeMITcoursesthroughanonlineinteractivelearningplatform.Theinstituteexpectstheplatformtoenhancetheeducationalexperienceofitson-campusstudentsandserveasahostforavirtualcommu-nityofmillionsoflearnersaroundtheworld.TheMITxprototypecourse—6.002xor“CircuitsandElectronics”—debutsinMarch2012withalmost155,000peopleregisteringforthecourse.

2012MITandHarvardUniversityannounceedX,atransformationalnewpartnershipinonlineeducation.ThroughedX,thetwoinstitutionswillcollaboratetoenhancecampus-basedteachingandlearningandbuildaglobalcommunityofonlinelearners.Anopen-sourcetechnologyplatformwilldeliveronlinecoursesthatmovebeyondthestandardmodelofonlineeducationthatreliesonwatchingvideocontentandwillofferaninteractiveexperienceforstudents.TheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleylaterjoinsedX.ThethreeinstitutionsofferthefirstedXcoursesinfall2012.

2012LincolnLaboratorydebutsanewoutreachprogram—atwo-weeksummerresidentialprogramforhigh-schoolstudents.Theprogram,LincolnLaboratoryRadarIntroductionforStudentEngi-neers,focusesonradartechnology.Theproject-basedcurriculumisbasedonapopularclassofferedduringMIT’sIndependentActivityPeriodandtaughtbyLaboratorytechnicalstaff.WhiletheinstructorsadaptedtheIAPcoursetosuithigh-schoolstudents,theyretainedthechallengingnatureoftheoriginalclass.Thegoaloftheprogramisthatstudentstakeawaynotonlyanunder-standingofradarsystemsbutalsotherealizationthatengineeringisaboutproblem-solvingandapplyingknowledgeininnovativeways.


Research Highlights ThefollowingareselectedresearchachievementsofMITfacultyandstaffoverthelastfourdecades.

1969 IoannisV.Yannasbeginstodevelopartificialskin—amaterialusedsuccessfullytotreatburnvictims.

1970 DavidBaltimorereportsthediscoveryofreversetranscriptase,anenzymethatcatalyzestheconversionofRNAtoDNA.Theadvance,whichledtoaNobelPrizeforBaltimorein1975,providedanewmeansforstudyingthestructureandfunctionofgenes.

1973 JeromeFriedmanandHenryKendall,withStanfordcolleagueRichardTaylor,completeaseriesofexperimentsconfirmingthetheorythatprotonsandneutronsaremadeupofminuteparticlescalledquarks.Thethreereceivethe1990NobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheirwork.

1974 SamuelC.C.Ting,UlrichBecker,andMinChendiscoverthe“J”particle.Thediscovery,whichearnsTingthe1976NobelPrizeinPhysics,pointstotheexistenceofoneofthesixpostulatedtypesofquarks.

1975–1977BarbaraLiskovandherstudentsdesigntheCLUprogramminglanguage,anobject-orientedlanguagethathelpsformtheunderpinningsforlanguageslikeJavaandC++.Asaresultofthisworkandotheraccomplishments,LiskovlaterwinstheTuringAward,consideredtheNobelPrizeincomputing.

1975–1982 JoelMosesdevelopsthefirstextensivecomputerizedprogram(MACSYMA)abletomanipu-latealgebraicquantitiesandperformsymbolicintegrationanddifferentiation.

1976 H.GobindKhoranaandhisresearchteamcompletechemicalsynthesisofthefirsthuman-manufacturedgenefullyfunctionalinalivingcell.Theculminationof12yearsofwork,itestablishesthefoundationforthebiotechnologyindustry.Khoranawonthe1968NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicineforothergeneticswork.

1977 PhillipSharpdiscoversthesplitgenestructureofhigherorganisms,changingtheviewofhowgenesaroseduringevolution.Forthiswork,Sharpsharedthe1993NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicine.

1977 RonaldRivest,AdiShamir,andLeonardAdlemaninventthefirstworkablepublickeycryp-tographicsystem.Thenewcode,whichisbasedontheuseofverylargeprimenumbers,allowssecretcommunicationbetweenanypairofusers.Stillunbroken,thecodeisinwidespreadusetoday.

1979 RobertWeinbergreportsisolatingandiden-tifyingthefirsthumanoncogene—analteredgenethatcausestheuncontrolledcellgrowththatleadstocancer.

1981 AlanGuthpublishesthefirstsatisfactorymodeloftheuniverse’sdevelopmentinthefirst10–32secondsaftertheBigBang.

1982 AlanDavisondiscoversanewclassoftechne-tiumcompoundsthatleadstothedevelopmentofthefirstdiagnostictechnetiumdrugforimagingthehumanheart.

1985 SusumuTonegawadescribesthestructureofthegeneforthereceptors—“anchormolecules”—onthewhitebloodcellscalledTlymphocytes,theimmunesystem’smastercells.In1987,TonegawareceivestheNobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicineforsimilarworkontheimmunesystem’sBcells.

1986 H.RobertHorvitzidentifiesthefirsttwogenesfoundtoberesponsiblefortheprocessofcelldeath,whichiscriticalbothfornormalbodydevel-opmentandforprotectionagainstautoimmunediseases,cancer,andotherdisorders.Goingontomakemanymorepioneeringdiscoveriesaboutthegeneticsofcelldeath,Horvitzsharesthe2002NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicineforhiswork.

1988 SallieChisholmandassociatesreportthediscoveryofaformofoceanplanktonthatmaybethemostabundantsinglespeciesonearth.

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1990 JuliusRebek,Jr.andassociatescreatethefirstself-replicatingsyntheticmolecule.

1990 Buildingonthediscoveryofthemetath-esis—theprocessofcuttingcarbon-carbondoublebondsinhalfandconstructingnewones—RichardSchrockdevisesacatalystthatgreatlyspeedsupthereaction,consumeslessenergy,andproduceslesswaste.Aprocessbasedonhisdiscoveryisnowinwidespreaduseforefficientandmoreenviron-mentallyfriendlyproductionofimportantpharma-ceuticals,fuels,syntheticfibers,andmanyotherproducts.Schrocksharesthe2005NobelPrizeinChemistryforhisbreakthrough.

1991 ClevelandheartdoctorsbeginclinicaltrialsofalasercathetersystemformicrosurgeryonthearteriesthatislargelytheworkofMichaelFeldandhisMITassociates.

1993 H.RobertHorvitz,togetherwithscientistsatMassachusettsGeneralHospital,discoveranassociationbetweenagenemutationandtheinheritedformofamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(LouGehrig’sdisease).

1993 DavidHousmanjoinscolleaguesatotherinstitutionsinannouncingasuccessfulendtothelongsearchforthegeneticdefectlinkedwithHuntington’sdisease.

1993 AlexanderRichandpostdoctoralfellowShuguangZhangreportthediscoveryofasmallproteinfragmentthatspontaneouslyformsintomembranes.Thisresearchwillleadtoadvancesindrugdevelopment,biomedicalresearch,andtheunderstandingofAlzheimer’sandotherdiseases.

1994 MITengineersdeveloparobotthatcan“learn”exercisesfromaphysicaltherapist,guideapatientthroughthem,and—forthefirsttime—recordbiomedicaldataonthepatient’sconditionandprogress.

1995 ScientistsattheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchandMITcreateamapofthehumangenomeandbeginthefinalphaseoftheHumanGenomeProject.Thispowerfulmapcontainsmorethan15,000distinctmarkersandcoversvirtuallyallofthehumangenome.

1996 AgroupofscientistsatMIT’sCenterforLearningandMemory,ledbyMatthewWilsonandNobellaureateSusumuTonegawa,usenewgeneticandmultiple-cellmonitoringtechnologiestodemonstratehowanimalsformmemoryaboutnewenvironments.

1997 MITphysicistscreatethefirstatomlaser,adevicethatisanalogoustoanopticallaserbutemitsatomsinsteadoflight.Theresultingbeamcanbefocusedtoapinpointormadetotravellongdistanceswithminimalspreading.

1998 MITbiologists,ledbyLeonardGuarente,identifyamechanismofaginginyeastcellsthatsuggestsresearchersmayonedaybeabletointer-venein,andpossiblyinhibit,theagingprocessincertainhumancells.

1998 AninterdisciplinaryteamofMITresearchers,ledbyYoelFinkandEdwinL.Thomas,inventthe“perfectmirror,”whichoffersradicalnewwaysofdirectingandmanipulatinglight.Potentialappli-cationsrangefromaflexiblelightguidethatcanilluminatespecificinternalorgansduringsurgerytonewdevicesforopticalcommunications.

1999 MichaelCima,RobertLanger,andgraduatestudentJohnSantinireportthefirstmicrochipthatcanstoreandreleasechemicalsondemand.Amongitspotentialapplicationsisa“pharmacy”thatcouldbeswallowedorimplantedundertheskinandprogrammedtodeliverprecisedrugdosagesatspecifictimes.


MITFactsandHistory

1999 AlexanderRichleadsateamofresearchersinthediscoverythatleft-handedDNA(alsoknownasZ-DNA)iscriticalforthecreationofimportantbrainchemicals.HavingfirstproducedZ-DNAsyntheti-callyin1979,Richsucceedsinidentifyingitinnaturein1981.HealsodiscoversitsfirstbiologicalroleandreceivestheNationalMedalofScienceforthispioneeringworkin1995.

2000 ScientistsattheWhiteheadInstitute/MITCenterforGenomeResearchandtheircollaboratorsannouncethecompletionoftheHumanGenomeProject.Providingaboutathirdofallthesequencesassembled,theCenterwasthesinglelargestcontributortothisinternationalenterprise.

2000 Researchersdevelopadevicethatusesultrasoundtoextractanumberofimportantmoleculesnoninvasivelyandpainlesslythroughtheskin.Theyexpectthatthefirstapplicationwillbeaportabledevicefornoninvasiveglucosemoni-toringfordiabetics.

2000 ResearchersfromtheMITSloanSchoolofManagementlaunchtheSocialandEconomicExplo-rationsofInformationTechnology(SeeIT)Project,thefirstempiricalstudyoftheeffectsofinformationtechnology(IT)onorganizationalandworkprac-tices.ExaminingIT’srelationshiptochangesinthesemodels,SeeITprovidespracticaldataforunder-standingandevaluatingIT’sbusinessandeconomiceffects,whichwillenableustotakefulladvantageofitsopportunitiesandbettercontrolitsrisks.

2001 Inasteptowardcreatingenergyfromsunlightasplantsdo,DanielNoceraandateamofresearchersinventacompoundthat,withthehelpofacatalystandenergyfromlight,produceshydrogen.

2002 MITresearcherscreatethefirstacrobaticroboticbird—asmall,highlyagilehelicopterformilitaryuseinmountainandurbancombat.

2002–2005 ScientistsatMIT,theWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearch,andtheBroadInstitutecompletethegenomesofthemouse,thedog,andfourstrainsofphytoplankton,photosyn-theticorganismsthatarecriticalfortheregulationofatmosphericcarbondioxide.Theyalsoidentifythegenesrequiredtocreateazebrafishembryo.Incollaborationwithscientistsfromotherinstitutions,theymapthegenomesofchimpanzees,humans’closestgeneticrelative,andthesmallestknownvertebrate,thepufferfish.

2003 MITscientistscoolasodiumgastothe lowesttemperatureeverrecorded—ahalf-a-billionthofadegreeaboveabsolutezero.Studyingtheseultra-lowtemperaturegaseswillprovide valuableinsightsintothebasicphysicsofmatter;andbyfacilitatingthedevelopmentofbetter atomicclocksandsensorsforgravityandrotation,theyalsocouldleadtovastimprovementsin precisionmeasurements.

2004 MIT’sLevitatedDipoleExperiment,acollabo-rationamongscientistsatMITandColumbia,gener-atesastrongdipolemagneticfieldthatenablesthemtoexperimentwithplasmafusion,thesourceofenergythatpowersthesunandstars,withthegoalofproducingitonEarth.Becausethehydrogenthatfuelsplasmafusionispracticallylimitlessandtheenergyitproducesiscleananddoesn’tcontributetoglobalwarming,fusionpowerwillbeofenormousbenefittohumankindandtoearthsystemsingeneral.

2004AteamledbyneuroscientistMarkBearilluminatesthemolecularmechanismsunderlyingFragileXSyndromeandshowsthatitmightbepossibletodevelopdrugsthattreatthesymptomsofthisleadingknowninheritedcauseofmentalretardation,whoseeffectsrangefrommildlearningdisabilitiestosevereautism.

Research Highlights(continued)

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2004 ShuguangZhang,MarcA.Baldo,andrecentgraduatePatrickKiley,firstfigureouthowtostabi-lizespinachproteins—which,likeallplants,produceenergywhenexposedtolight—sotheycansurvivewithoutwaterandsalt.Then,theydeviseawaytoattachthemtoapieceofglasscoatedwithathinlayerofgold.Theresultingspinach-basedsolarcell,theworld’sfirstsolid-statephotosyntheticsolarcell,hasthepotentialtopowerlaptopsandcellphoneswithsunlight.

2005 MITphysicists,ledbyNobellaureateWolfgangKetterle,createanewtypeofmatter,agasofatomsthatshowshigh-temperaturesuperfluidity.

2005 VladimirBulovicandTimSwagerdeveloplasingsensorsbasedonasemiconductingpolymerthatisabletodetectthepresenceofTNTvaporsubpartsperbillionconcentrations.

2006 MITlaunchestheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI)toaddressworldenergyproblems.LedbyErnestJ.MonizandRobertC.Armstrong,MITEIcoordinatesenergyresearch,education,campusenergymanage-ment,andoutreachactivitiesacrosstheInstitute.

2007 RudolfJaenisch,oftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearch,conductsthefirstproof-of-principleexperimentofthetherapeuticpotentialofinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPScells),usingiPScellsreprogrammedfrommouseskincellstocureamousemodelofhumansickle-cellanemia.JaenischwouldthenuseasimilarapproachtotreatamodelofParkinson’sdiseaseinrats.

2007MarinSoljacicandhiscolleaguesdevelopanewformofwirelesspowertransmissiontheycallWITricity.Itisbasedonastronglycoupledmagneticresonanceandcanbeusedtotransferpoweroverdistancesofafewmeterswithhighefficiency.Thetechniquecouldbeusedcommerciallytowirelesslypowerlaptops,cellphones,andotherdevices.

2007 DavidH.Koch’62,SM’63givesMIT$100milliontocreatetheDavidH.KochInstituteforInte-grativeCancerResearch.TheKochInstituteopensin2011.Itbringstogethermoleculargeneticists,cellbiologists,andengineersinauniquemulti-disci-plinaryapproachtocancerresearch.

2007TimJamisondiscoversthatcascadesofepoxide-openingreactionsthatwerelongthoughttobeimpossiblecanveryrapidlyassembletheRedTidemarinetoxinswhentheyareinducedbywater.SuchprocessesmaybeemulatinghowthesetoxinsaremadeinnatureandmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofwhatcausesdevastatingRedTidephenomena.Thesemethodsalsoopenupanenvironmentallygreensynthesisofnewclassesofcomplexhighlybiologicallyactivecompounds.

2007MITmathematiciansformpartofagroupof18mathematiciansfromtheU.S.andEuropethatmapsoneofthethemostcomplicatedstructureseverstudied:theexceptionalLiegroupE8.The“answer”tothecalculation,ifwritten,wouldcoveranareathesizeofManhattan.Theresultingatlashasapplica-tionsinthefieldsofstringtheoryandgeometry.

2008 MrigankaSur’slaboratorydiscoversthatastrocytes,star-shapedcellsinthebrainthatareasnumerousasneurons,formthebasisforfunctioningbrainimaging.Usingultrahigh-resolutionimagingintheintactbrain,theydemonstratethatastrocytesregulatebloodflowtoactivebrainregionsbylinkingneuronstobraincapillaries.

2008 AteamledbyMarcA.Baldodesignsasolarconcentratorthatfocuseslightattheedgesofasolarpowercell.Thetechnologycanincreasetheeffi-ciencyofsolarpanelsbyupto50percent,substan-tiallyreducingthecostofgeneratingsolarelectricity.


Research Highlights(continued)2008 DanielNoceracreatesachemicalcatalystthathurdlesoneoftheobstaclestowidespreaduseofsolarpower—thedifficultyofstoringenergyfromthesun.Thecatalyst,whichischeapandeasytomake,usestheenergyfromsunlighttoseparatethehydrogenandoxygenmoleculesinwater.Thehydrogencanthenbeburned,orusedtopoweranelectricfuelcell.

2009 AteamofMITresearchersledbyAngelaBelcherreportsthatitisabletogeneticallyengineervirusestoproduceboththepositivelyandnega-tivelychargedendsofalithium-ionbattery.Thebatteryhasthesameenergycapacityasthosebeingconsideredforuseinhybridcars,butisproducedusingacheaper,lessenvironmentallyhazardousprocess.MITPresidentSusanHockfieldpresentsaprototypebatterytoPresidentBarackObamaatapressbriefingattheWhiteHouse.

2009ResearchersatMIT’sPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryshowforthefirsttimethatmultiple,interactinggeneticriskfactorsmayinflu-encetheseverityofautismsymptoms.Thefindingcouldleadtotherapiesanddiagnostictoolsthattargettheinteractinggenes.

2009 GerbrandCederandgraduatestudentByoungwooKangdevelopanewwaytomanufac-turethematerialusedinlithiumionbatteriesthatallowsultrafastcharginganddischarging.Thenewmethodcreatesasurfacestructurethatallowslithiumionstomoverapidlyaroundtheoutsideofthebattery.Batteriesbuiltusingthenewmethodcouldtakeseconds,ratherthanthenowstandardhours,tocharge.

2009Asneuroscienceprogressesrapidlytowardanunderstandingofbasicmechanismsofneuralandsynapsefunction,MITneuroscientistsarediscov-eringthemechanismsunderlyingbraindisordersanddiseases.Li-HueiTsai’slaboratorydescribesmechanismsthatunderlieAlzheimer’sdiseaseandproposethatinhibitionofhistonedeacetylasesistherapeuticfordegenerativedisordersoflearningandmemory.HerlaboratoryalsodiscoversthemechanismsofactionofthegeneDisrupted-in-Schizophrenia1anddemonstrateswhydrugssuchaslithiumareeffectiveincertaininstancesofschizophrenia.Thisresearchopensuppathwaystodiscoveringnovelclassesofdrugsfordevastatingneuropsychiatricconditions.

2010 Anewapproachtodesalinationisbeingdevel-opedbyresearchersatMITandinKoreathatcouldleadtosmall,portabledesalinationunitsthatcouldbepoweredbysolarcellsorbatteriesandcoulddeliverenoughfreshwatertosupplytheneedsofafamilyorsmallvillage.Asanaddedbonus,thesystemwouldremovemanycontaminants,viruses,andbacteriaatthesametime.

2010 YangShao-Horn,withsomeofherstudents,andvisitingprofessorHubertGasteiger,reportsthatlithium-oxygen(alsoknownaslithium-air)batterieswithelectrodeswithgoldorplatinumasacatalysthaveahigherefficiencythansimplecarbonelec-trodes.Lithium-airbatteriesarelighterthantheconventionallithium-ionbatteries.

2010AteamatMediaLab,includingRameshRaskar,visitingprofessorManuelOliveira,studentVitorPamplona,andpostdoctoralresearchassociateAnkitMohan,createanewsystemtodetermineaprescriptionforeyeglasses.Initssimplestform,thetestcanbecarriedoutusingasmall,plasticdeviceclippedontothefrontofacellphone’sscreen.

31


MIT Briefing Book

2010MITreleasesThe Future of Natural Gas report. Thetwo-yearstudy,managedbytheMITEnergyInitiative,examinesthescaleofU.S.naturalgasreservesandthepotentialofthisfueltoreducegreenhouse-gasemissions.Whilethereportemphasizesthegreatpotentialfornaturalgasasatransitionalfueltohelpcurbgreenhousegasesanddependenceonoil,italsostressesthatitisimpor-tantasamatterofnationalpolicynottofavoranyonefuelorenergysourceinawaythatputsothersatadisadvantage.

2010MichaelStranoandhisteamofgraduatestudentsandresearcherscreateasetofself-assemblingmoleculesthatcanturnsunlightintoelectricity;themoleculescanberepeatedlybrokendownandreassembledquickly,justbyaddingorremovinganadditionalsolution.

2011ElazerEdelman,HSTgraduatestudentJosephFranses,andformerMITpostdoctoralfellowsAaronBakerandVipulChitaliashowthatcellsliningbloodvesselssecretemoleculesthatsuppresstumorgrowthandpreventcancercellsfrominvadingothertissues,afindingthatcouldleadtoanewcancertreatment.

2011TheAlphaMagneticSpectrometer(AMS)—aninstrumentdesignedtousetheuniqueenvironmentofspacetosearchforantimatteranddarkmatterandtomeasurecosmicrays—isdeliveredtotheInter-nationalSpaceStation.TheAMSexperiment,ledbySamuelC.C.Ting,isdesignedtostudyhigh-energyparticles;suchstudycouldleadtonewtheoriesabouttheformationandevolutionoftheuniverse.

2011Ateam,includingKarenGleason,VladimirBulović,andgraduatestudentMilesBarr,developsmaterialsthatmakeitpossibletoproducephoto-voltaiccellsonpaperorfabric,nearlyassimplyasprintingadocument.Thetechniquerepresentsamajordeparturefromthesystemstypicallyusedtocreatesolarcells,whichrequireexposingthesubstratestopotentiallydamagingconditions,eitherintheformofliquidsorhightemperatures.

2011Bycombiningaphysicalinterfacewithcomputer-visionalgorithms,researchersinMIT’sDepartmentofBrainandCognitiveSciencescreateasimple,portableimagingsystemthatcanachieveresolutionspreviouslypossibleonlywithlargeandexpensivelabequipment.Thedevicecouldallowmanufacturerstoinspectproductstoolargetofitunderamicroscopeandcouldalsohaveapplica-tionsinmedicine,forensics,andbiometrics.More-over,becausethedesignusesmultiplecameras,itcanproduce3-Dmodelsofanobject,whichcanbemanipulatedonacomputerscreenforexaminationfrommultipleangles.

2011Researchers,ledbyDanielNocera,haveproducedan“artificialleaf”—asiliconsolarcellwithdifferentcatalyticmaterialsbondedontoitstwosides.Theartificialleafcanturntheenergyofsunlightdirectlyintoachemicalfuelthatcanbestoredandusedlaterasanenergysource.

2011LincolnLaboratoryresearchers,ledbytech-nicalstaffmemberGregoryCharvat,buildanewradartechnologysystemthatcanseethroughwallsupto60feetaway,creatinganinstantaneouspictureoftheactivityontheotherside.Thesystemalsocreatesareal-timevideoofmovementbehindthewallattherateof10.8framespersecond.

2012NASA’sGravityRecoveryAndInteriorLabo-ratory(GRAIL)twinspacecraftsuccessfullyenterslunarorbit.Bypreciselymeasuringchangesindistancebetweenthetwinorbitingspacecraft,scientistswillconstructadetailedgravitationalmodelofthemoonthatwillbeusedtoanswerfundamentalquestionsaboutthemoon’sevolutionanditsinternalcomposition.GRAIL’sprincipal investigatorisMariaZuber.

2012Researchers,includingJeffreyGrossman,discoverthatbuildingcubesortowersofsolarcells—toextendthecellsupwardinthree-dimen-sionalconfigurations—generatestwoto20timesthepowerproducedbyfixedflatpanelswiththesamebasearea.

32

2012Researchers,ledbyIanHunter,haveengi-neeredadevicethatdeliversatiny,high-pressurejetofmedicinethroughtheskinwithouttheuseofahypodermicneedle.Thedevicecanbeprogrammedtodeliverarangeofdosestovariousdepths—animprovementoversimilarjet-injectionsystemsthatarenowcommerciallyavailable.

Research Highlights(continued)

2012AclinicaltrialofanAlzheimer’sdiseasetreat-mentdevelopedatMITfindsthatthenutrientcocktailcanimprovememoryinpatientswithearlyAlzheimer’s.RichardWurtmaninventedthesupple-mentmixture,knownasSouvenaid,whichappearstostimulategrowthofnewsynapses.

33

ResearchSupport 34BroadInstituteofMITandHarvard 36AmericanReinvestmentandRecoveryAct 37CampusResearchSponsors 38 DepartmentofDefense 40 DepartmentofEnergy 42 DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices 44 NASA 46 NationalScienceFoundation 48 OtherFederalAgencies 50 NonprofitOrganizations 52

2 Campus Research


MIThashistoricallyviewedteachingandresearchasinseparablepartsofitsacademicmission.Therefore,theInstituterecognizesitsobligationtoencouragefacultytopursueresearchactivitiesthatholdthegreatestpromiseforintellectualadvance-ment.MITmaintainsoneofthemostvigorousprogramsofresearchofanyuniversityandconductsbasicandappliedresearchprincipallyattwoMas-sachusettslocations,theMITcampusinCambridgeandMITLincolnLaboratory,afederallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcenter(FFRDC)inLexing-ton.

MITpioneeredthefederal/universityresearchrelationship,startinginWorldWarII.Initiallycalleduponbythefederalgovernmenttoservethena-tionalwareffort,thatrelationshiphascontinued

intothepresentday,helpingMITfulfillitsoriginalmissionofservingthenationandtheworld.Allfederalresearchoncampusisawardedcompeti-tively,basedonthescientificandtechnicalmeritoftheproposals.InFY2012,therewere2,540 activeawardsand460membersofresearchconsortiums.

Researchactivitiesrangefromindividualprojectstolarge-scale,collaborative,andsometimesin-ternationalendeavors.Peer-reviewedresearchaccomplishmentsformabasisforreviewingthequalificationsofprospectivefacultyappointeesandforevaluationsrelatedtopromotionandtenuredecisions.

Research Support

MIT Research Expenditures1940–2012

Theredlinerepresentsanadjustmentforinflation,usingtheConsumerPriceIndexforallUrbanConsumers(CPI-U)asthedeflatorwithfiscalyear2012asthebase.

SMART:Singapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology

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LincolnLabsFederal

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BroadNonFederal

BroadFederal

CampusNonFederal

CampusFederal

TotalResearchC$

Sputnik1957

ProjectMAC1963

DraperLabdivested

1973

CancerCenter1974

Whitehead1982

FacultyEarlyRetirement

1997

BroadInstitute

2004 - 2010

ARRAFunding

2010

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TheInstituteprovidesthefacultywiththeinfrastruc-tureandsupportnecessarytoconductresearch,muchofitthroughcontracts,grants,andotherarrangementswithgovernment,industry,andfoun-dations.TheOfficeofSponsoredProgramsprovidescentralsupportrelatedtotheadministrationofsponsoredresearchprograms,anditassistsfaculty,otherprincipalinvestigators,andtheirlocaladmin-istratorsinmanagingandidentifyingresourcesforindividualsponsoredprojects.Inaddition,aResearchCouncil—whichischairedbytheVicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvostandcomposedoftheheadsofallmajorresearchlaboratoriesandcentersthatreporttotheVicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvost—addressesresearchpolicyandadministrationissues.

TheResourceDevelopmentOfficeisavailabletoworkwithfacultytogenerateproposalsforfounda-tionorotherprivatesupport.

TheInstituteseesprofoundmeritinapolicyofopenresearchandfreeinterchangeofinformationamongscholars.Atthesametime,MITiscommittedtoactingresponsiblyandethicallyinallitsresearchactivities.Asaresult,MIThaspoliciesrelatedtothesuitabilityofresearchprojects,researchconduct,sourcesofsupport,useofhumansubjects,spon-soredprograms,relationswithintelligenceagencies,theacquisitionofartandartifacts,thedispositionofequipment,andcollaborationswithresearch-orientedindustrialorganizations.ThesepoliciesarespelledoutonthePoliciesandProcedureswebsiteandontheOfficeofSponsoredProgramswebsite.

DAPER:DepartmentofAthletics,PhysicalEducationandRecreationDSL:DivisionofStudentLife

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FacultyCountRe

searchExpen

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FiscalYear

CampusFederal CampusNonFederal Constant$ FacultyexcludingDAPER&DSL

Campus Research Expenditures and FacultyExcluding Broad and Defense Labs

1940–2012


Broad Institute of Harvard and MITThe BroadInstituteisfoundedontwoprinciples—thatthisgenerationhasahistoricopportunityandresponsibilitytotransformmedicine,andthattofulfillthismission,weneednewkindsofresearchinstitutionswithadeeplycollaborativespiritacrossdisciplinesandorganizations.Operatingundertheseprinciples,theBroadInstituteiscommittedtomeetingthemostcriticalchallengesinbiologyandmedicine.

Broadscientistspursueawidevarietyofprojectsthatcutacrossscientificdisciplinesandinstitu-tions.Collectively,theseprojectsaimto:assembleacompletepictureofthemolecularcomponentsoflife;definethebiologicalcircuitsthatunderliecellularresponses;uncoverthemolecularbasisof

majorinheriteddiseases;unearthallthemutationsthatunderliedifferentcancertypes;discoverthemolecularbasisofmajorinfectiousdiseases;andtransformtheprocessoftherapeuticdiscoveryanddevelopment.

MITadministeredBroadInstituteresearchexpen-dituresduringFY2004–FY2010.TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009.Thechartbe-lowdisplaysBroadInstituteresearchexpendituresfundedthroughMIT.FiveMITfacultymembersarecurrentlycoremembersoftheBroadInstitute.Theirresearchexpendituresarenotreflectedinthecampusresearchexpenditurestotalsfoundintherestofthissection.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

HealthandHumanServices 46,344,769 71,220,070 78,238,123 87,315,284 112,958,244 138,935,579 7,637,672

NationalScienceFoundation 1,304,105 1,809,782 1,416,267 2,107,756 1,022,548 990,917 (772)

Allotherfederal 33,683 464,691 1,912,009 1,377,190 919,377 1,113,471 79,716

Industry 514,186 3,200,233 5,944,244 11,242,651 6,935,104 13,656,981 680,132

Nonprofitorganizations 425,355 1,432,595 2,694,886 7,683,458 19,370,397 23,376,207 3,792,875

MITinternal (3,317,186) 4,516,525 143,822 549,160 341,683 74,792 0

Total 45,304,913 82,643,895 90,349,350 110,275,500 141,547,351 178,147,946 12,189,623

Constantdollars† 55,401,735 98,109,832 103,322,554 122,930,748 152,153,320 188,859,674 12,798,706

Broad Institute Research Expenditures by Sponsor (in U.S. dollars)*Fiscal Years 2004–2010

*TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009andnolongerreceivesfundingthroughMIT.†ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.

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MIT and the American Recovery and Reinvestment ActThefollowingareaselectionofsomeofthevariousresearchprojectsatMITsupportedbyARRA:

ARPA-E: Energy Storage for the Nation’s Energy GridWithanearly$7millionfive-yeargrantfromthenewlyformedARPA-E(AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy),agroupledbyDonaldSadowayisdevelopinganinnovativesolutiontotheproblemofstoringhugeamountsofenergyaspartofthenation’senergygrid—aliquidmetalbattery.Thefirstofitskind,theall-liquidbatteryisdesignedtouselow-cost,abundantmoltenmetals.ARPA-Epredictstheliquidbatterytechnology“couldrevo-lutionizethewayelectricityisusedandproducedonthegrid,enablinground-the-clockpowerfromAmerica’swindandsolarpowerresources,increasingthestabilityofthegrid,andmakingblackoutsathingofthepast.”

Neutrino Physics at MITNewfindingsfromphysicistsatMITmayforcescientiststorethinktheStandardModel,thetheorythatservesasthefoundationofparticlephysics.ScientistsledbyJanetConradatMIT’sNeutrinoandDarkMatterGrouphaveobservedunexpectedbehaviorinneutrinos,tinyparticlesgeneratedbynuclearreactionsinthesun.Theseunexpectedbe-haviorssuggesttherearemoretypesofneutrinosthanthethreespecifiedintheStandardModel.Toinvestigatetheseobservations,thegroupisdesign-ingastate-of-the-art100-tonliquidargonchamberdetectiondeviceincollaborationwiththeFermiNationalAccelerationLaboratory.Thedetectorisscheduledtobeginoperatingin2013.

The2009economicstimuluspackage,theAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA)providedsupportforsciencefundingatatimewhenuniversi-tiesnationwidewerefacingfundingcutbacksandfinancialconcernsduetotherecession.Overall,ARRAprovided$22billioninone-timeresearchanddevelopment(R&D)fundingforfiscalyears2009and2010,inadditiontoregularlyappropriatedfunds.Thisfundingwasincludedinthelegislationtohelpfulfillitspurposeof“reinvestment”;sinceR&Dsup-portisdirectlyrelatedtothenation’sinnovationcapacityandthereforeitslongertermeconomicstrength,theCongressallocatedapproximatelytwopercentofthetotalfundinginthelegislationtoR&D.

Inmostcases,ARRAR&Dfundingwasappliedtowardexistingresearchproposalsthathadreceivedhighratingswithinagenciesbuthadnotbeenawardedduetofundinglimitations.Insomecases,however,ARRAfundingwasappliedtowardnewinitiatives.ForexampleattheDepartmentofEnergy,ARRAincludedtheinitialfunding($400million)forthenewAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy(ARPA-E)andfullfive-yearfundingforadditionalEnergyFrontierResearchCenters(EFRCs).MIThasreceivedseveralARPA-Eawards,andhousestwoEFRCs,oneofwhichisfundedthroughARRA.

ARRA awards at MIT

OriginalsourceoffundingNumber of awards

Obligatedamount

(inU.S.dollars)DepartmentofEnergy 23 53,534,812

HealthandHumanServices/NationalInstitutesofHealth

91 63,054,451

NationalScienceFoundation 62 30,824,929

NASA 3 885,212

Allotheragencies 7 2,644,100

MIT’stotalARRAexpendituresthroughfiscalyearendingJune30,2012total$117,810,486.

ForthequarterApril1,2012–June30,2012, MIT reportedthat275.74jobswerecreatedorretainedwithARRAfunding.


2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Federal 350,897,272 376,476,261 374,103,793 382,784,774 373,603,371

Non-federal 120,857,180 107,672,988 110,675,892 114,361,780 114,389,201

Total 471,754,452 484,149,249 484,779,685 497,146,554 487,992,571

Constantdollars* 589,510,002 592,048,558 575,501,115 568,531,503 543,994,740

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Federal 369,008,780 381,459,466 430,154,479 469,520,579 472,582,743

Non-federal 132,487,316 158,595,887 184,216,417 191,304,692 208,496,567

Total 501,496,096 540,055,353 614,370,896 660,825,271 681,079,310


Thetablesandchartsforcampusresearchexpendi-turesbelow,andonthefollowingpages,showtheamountMITexpendedbyfiscalyear(July1–June30).ThesefiguresdonotincludeexpendituresforMITLincolnLaboratory.InformationforLincolnLab-oratorybeginsonpage55.Expendituresfundedby

Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars) Fiscal Years 2003–2012

Campus Research Sponsorsindustrialsponsorsareshownonpage73intheMITandIndustrysection.Federalresearchexpendituresincludeallprimarycontractsandgrants,includingsub-awardsfromotherorganizationswherethefed-eralgovernmentistheoriginalfundingsource.

*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.

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Campus Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor

Primary Sponsor2012

(in U.S. Dollars)Percentage

of Total DepartmentofDefense 117,457,789 17%DepartmentofEnergy 90,940,035 13%HealthandHumanServices 133,687,332 20%NASA 30,203,575 4%NationalScienceFoundation 81,487,208 12%Allotherfederal 18,806,804 3% Total Federal 472,582,743 69%Industry 109,744,829 16%Foundationsandothernonprofits 48,373,460 7%State,local,andforeigngovernments 38,272,515 6%MITinternal 12,105,763 2% Total Non-Federal 208,496,567 31%Grand Total 681,079,310

Campus Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor

DepartmentofDefense18%

DepartmentofEnergy14%

HealthandHumanServices20%

NASA8%

NationalScience

Foundation12%

AllOtherFederal3%

Industry15%


4%

State,Local,andForeignGovernments

3%

MITInternal3%

FY2003

DepartmentofDefense

17%

DepartmentofEnergy13%

HealthandHumanServices20%NASA

4%

NationalScience

Foundation12%

AllOtherFederal3%

Industry16%


7%

State,Local,andForeignGovernments

6%

MITInternal2%

FY2012


The Angstrom ProjectComputerchips’clockshavestoppedgettingfaster,makingitdifficulttomaintaintheregulardoublingofcomputerpowerthatwenowtakeforgranted.Tokeepup,chipmakershavebeengivingchipsmore“cores,”orprocessingunits;butdistribut-ingcomputationsacrossthesemultiplecoresisacomplexproblem.

InAugust2010,theDepartmentofDefense’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyan-nouncedthatitwasdividingalmost$80millionamongfourresearchteamsaspartofa“ubiquitoushigh-performancecomputing”initiative.Threeofthoseteamsareledbycommercialchipmanufac-turers.ThefourthisledbyMIT’sComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,andwillcon-centrateonthedevelopmentofmulticoresystems.

TheMIT-ledAngstromteamwillrethinkcomputingandcreateafundamentallynewcomputingarchi-tecturetomeetthechallengesofextreme-scalecomputing.Onecomponentofthisgoalistocreatemoreefficientchannelsofcommunicationamongthemultiplecores.Apersonalcomputertodaymayhavebetween4and8cores.Angstromresearchershopetoenablecommunicationbetweenhundredsoreventhousandsofcores.Theyarealsoworkingtodevelopaself-awareoperatingsystemthatwouldcommunicatewiththiscomplexnetworkofcores.Themulticoreoperatingsystemwouldconstantlymonitoreachofthecores,andwouldjudgehowtobestdistributetasksamongthem.

Nanoparticle Vaccine DeliveryOneofthebarrierstodevelopingvaccinesfordis-easeslikeHIV,malaria,andhepatitisB,wherevac-cinescontainingtheviruswouldbetoodangerousordifficulttomake,ishowtoprovokeastrongim-muneresponse.Currentvaccinesthatdonotuseakilledoralteredvirusdothisbydeliveringsyntheticversionsofproteinsproducedbythevirus.Thesevaccines,whilesafer,donotprovokeastrongimmuneresponse.AnanoparticledevelopedbyDarrellIrvine,maysolvethisproblem.Theparticleisaseriesofconcentricfattydropletscalledlipo-somes.Irvinehopesthatencasingtheproteinsinthisvirus-likepackagingcouldpromoteastrongerimmuneresponse.Existingliposomepackagingshavefailedbecauseliposomeshavepoorstabil-ityinbloodandbodilyfluids.Irvine’sconcentricspheresapproachcreatesaparticlethatislesslikelytobreakdowntooquicklyfollowinginjection.However,oncethenanoparticlesareabsorbedbythecell,theydegradequickly,releasingthevaccineandprovokinganimmuneresponse.

IrvineisnowcollaboratingwithscientistsattheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearchtotestthenanoparticles’abilitytodeliveranexperimentalmalariavaccineinmice.HisworkissponsoredbytheDepartmentofDefense,aswellastheNationalInstitutesofHealth,andtheGatesFoundation.

Department of Defense Selected Current Projects

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Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)

ResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence

LaboratoryInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologiesMicrosystemsTechnologyLaboratoriesMechanicalEngineeringAeronauticsandAstronauticsPlasmaScienceandFusionCenterLaboratoryforInformationandDecisionSystemsMediaLaboratoryMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearch

Infall2011,theDepartmentofDefensefundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith343researchassistantshipsand72fellowships.

Twenty-sixcurrentfacultyandstaffhavereceivedtheOfficeofNavalResearchYoungInvestigatorProgramAward.

Department of Defense Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012


2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 87,369,845 97,528,094 106,890,338 107,753,196 117,457,789


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Improved Nuclear EnergyMITiscommittedtomakingnuclearpowersaferandmoreefficient.MITisapartnerintheDepart-mentofEnergyfundedNuclearEnergyInnovationHubknownastheConsortiumforAdvancedSimula-tionofLightWaterReactors(CASL).TheHubisledbyOakRidgeNationalLaboratory,andinadditiontoMIT,includespartnersfromuniversities,industry,andothernationallabs.Itisararecollaborationamongveteranresearchersandtechnologyapplica-tiongroupstoachieveimprovedenergysources,inthiscaseputtingthepowerofmoderncomputingintoamulti-scalerepresentationofnuclearplants.

CASLaimstoprovidestate-of-the-artsimulationmodelsoftheimportantphysicsthatgovernthebehaviorofnuclearpowerreactors.Inparticular,CASLaimstoimprovethereliabilityofnuclearplantoperationbyenablingbetterpredictionofmaterialsfailureslimitsandsafetymarginsintheplants.Thesimulationtoolswillenableplantstoavoidsomeofthelimitingfactorsintheoperationofplants.Thisincludesmaterialsphenomena,suchascorrosionintheradiationenvironment,andthermalhydraulicphenomena,suchasdepositionofcrudonfuelelements,therebylimitingheattransferconditionsfromthefueltothecoolantunderrealisticcondi-tionsofplantchemistry.Suchimprovedmodelswillaidthedesignoffuturereactorswithenhancedsafetyandeconomics.

Department of Energy Selected Current ProjectsDetecting Cosmic RaysAlthoughphysicistsunderstandalotaboutthecompositionofconventionalatomicmatter,thesefamiliarmaterialsrepresentonlyasmallpartoftheuniverse’stotalmassandenergy,aboutfourpercent.Thecompositionoftheother96percentisamystery.Nowateamofresearchersfrom56institutionsisworkingtosolvethismysterywithaninstrumentthatmeasurescosmicrays,chargedparticlesinspace,beforetheyreactwiththeEarth’satmosphere.Onitsfinalmission,theSpaceShuttleEndeavordeliveredtheinstrument,theAlphaMagneticSpectrometer(AMS)totheInternationalSpaceStation—transformingthestationintoahigh-energyphysicslaboratorywithaccesstothemostpowerfulacceleratorintheuniverse,theuniverseitself.TheAMSwillsearchforprimordialantimatter,theidentityofdarkmatter,andtheoriginofcosmicrays.TheprincipalinvestigatoroftheAMSexperi-mentisNobelLaureateandSamuelC.C.Ting,wholedthedesign,construction,andcommissioningofAMSwithhisElectromagneticInteractionsGroupattheMITLaboratoryforNuclearScience.

TheAMSatatestfacilityPhoto Credit: Michele Famiglietti AMS-02 Collaboration

TheoriginalagreementtodeveloptheAMSexperi-mentfortheInternationalSpaceStationwassignedbytheDepartmentofEnergyandNASA.TheAMSisexpectedtooperateforthelifetimeoftheInterna-tionalSpaceStation.

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PlasmaScienceandFusionCenterLaboratoryforNuclearScienceMaterialsProcessingCenterResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsNuclearScienceandEngineeringMechanicalEngineeringChemicalEngineeringMaterialsScienceandEngineeringNuclearReactorLaboratoryCenterforGlobalChangeScience

Infall2011,theDepartmentofEnergyfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith215researchassistantshipsand18fellowships.

SeventeencurrentfacultyhavereceivedtheDepartmentofEnergyOutstandingJuniorInvestigatorawardorEarlyCareerResearchProgramAward.

Department of Energy Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 65,610,631 65,773,294 73,273,733 89,562,126 90,940,035


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Invisibility Cloaking Devices ResearchersattheSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology(SMART)Centrehavecreatedadevicethatcanrenderanobjectthesizeofapeppercorninvisible.Theteam’s“cloaking”device,whichhidesanobjectfromviewinordinaryvisiblelight,isuniqueamongpreviousattemptsatinvisibility.Otherexistingcloakingdeviceshideonlymicroscopicobjects,donotaffectlightfromthefullvisiblespectrum,oruserareordifficulttomanufacturematerials.The“shields”usedinthisexperimentweremadefromcalcitecrystal,acomponentofwhich,calcite,occursnaturallyinseashells.Theteamplacedametalwedge2mminheightonamirrorcoveredinalayerofcalcitecrys-tal.Shieldsofcalcitecrystalwithoppositecrystalorientationsweregluedtogetherandsuspendedoverthewedge.Whenviewedfromacertainangle,thewedge“disappears,”andisundetectable.TheresearchteamwasledbyGeorgeBarbastathis,postdoctoralfellowsBaileZhangandYuanLuo,andresearcherXiaogangLiu,andtheresearchwasfundedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthandSin-gapore’sNationalResearchFoundation.

Convergence: A New Era of Cancer ResearchOnOctober9,2007,MITannouncedthelaunchofamajornewinitiativeincancerresearch,supportedbya$100milliongiftfromMITalumnusDavidH.Koch.TheDavidH.KochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearch,whichopenedinMarch2011,addressedoneofthemostpressingchallengestohumanhealth:theultimateeradicationofcancer,startingwithrealimprovementsindetection,treat-ment,andprevention. TheKochInstitutestrivestofosteraneweraofcancerresearchbasedonconvergence,whichistheprincipleofmergingdistincttechnologies,devices,anddisciplinesintoaunifiedwholethatcreatesahostofnewpathwaysandopportunities.ThepromiseoftheconvergenceapproachisoutlinedinanMITWhitePaperreleasedinJanuary2011by12membersoftheMITfaculty.“TheThirdRevolution:TheConvergenceofLifeScience,PhysicalScience,andEngineering”outlinesthisnewapproachtolifesciencesthatwillenableadvancesintranslationalmedicineandthefutureofpersonalizedmedicine.

TheKochInstitutebringstogethermorethan40laboratoriesandmorethan650researchersfromthefieldsofengineering,physical,andlifesciences,includingcancerbiologists,genomescientists,chemists,engineers,andcomputerscientists.Thesescientistswillpressthefrontlineofcancerresearch.Areasofresearchincludedevelopingnanotechnol-ogy-basedcancerdrugs;improvingdetectionandmonitoring;exploringthemolecularandcellularbasisofmetastasis;advancingpersonalizedmedi-cinethroughanalysisofcancerpathwayanddrugresistance;andengineeringtheimmunesystemtofightcancer.

Department of Health and Human Services Selected Current Projects

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KochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearchBiologyChemistryBiologicalEngineeringHarvard/MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand

TechnologyCenterforEnvironmentalHealthSciencesPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearchComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence

LaboratoryResearchLaboratoryofElectronics

Infall2011,theDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,includingtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),fundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgrad-uatestudentswith173researchassistantshipsand137fellowships.

SevencurrentfacultyhavereceivedtheNIHDirector’sPioneerAward.TherecipientsareEmeryBrown,ArupChakraborty,AvivRegev,LeonaSamson,AliceTing,AlexandervanOudenaarden,andMehmetFatihYanik.

Health and Human Services (HHS) Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)* Fiscal Years 2008–2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 113,348,419 116,960,155 136,923,238 152,664,013 133,687,332

BroadInstituteresearch 112,958,244 138,935,579 7,637,672 0 0

Total HHS 226,306,663 255,895,734 144,560,910 152,664,013 133,687,332

Constantdollars† 243,263,543 271,282,303 151,784,228 157,136,882 133,687,332

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*TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009andnolongerreceivesfundingthroughMIT.ThechartabovedisplaysbothcampusresearchexpendituresandBroadInstituteresearchexpendituresfundedthroughMIT.†ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.


Detecting Ancient Radio WavesAstronomersatMIT’sHaystackObservatoryarebuildingaradioarraytelescopeintheAustralianOutbackthatisordersofmagnitudesmoresensi-tivethananyotherexistinginstrument.Thetele-scope,theMurchisonWidefieldArray(MWA),shouldhelptoanswerquestionsaboutapoorlyunderstoodperiodoftheuniverse’sformationcalledtheEpochofReionization(EOR).AftertheBigBang,butbeforetheformationofstars,therewasnolightintheuniverse.Duringthistime,grav-itycausedhydrogenandheliumparticlestoformclouds.Theenergyfromthiscondensationignitedtheclouds,creatingthefirststars,andwiththem,light.Itisnearlyimpossibletodetectthisearlylight,soastronomershopetolearnmoreaboutthebirthofthestarsbydetectingancientradiowaves.

TheMWAisuniqueinitsconstruction.Itwillconsistof8,000antennasspreadacross1.5kmofaradio-silentareaoftheAustralianOutback.Thetelescopewillhavenomovingparts.Instead,itwillusesophisticatedcomputationtotransformthehugeamountofdataitcollectsintoimagesofthesky.ThisdigitalapproachgivestheMWAanexpan-sivefieldofview,andallowsastronomerstofocusonaparticularareaintheskywithouthavingtophysicallypointthetelescope.

InadditiontostudyingancientremnantsoftheEOR,theMWAwillalsostudyoursunandthesurround-ingheliospheretoimproveourunderstandingofhowspaceweatheraffectstheearth.TheMWAisaninternationalcollaborationledbyMITHaystackObservatory.ItissupportedbyNASA,aswellasotherfederalsourcesandinstitutionalpartnerswithintheU.S.,Australia,andIndia.

Probing the Violent UniverseTheChandraX-rayobservatory,launchedinJuly1999,isoneofNASA’smajorastronomicalsatel-lites.X-raysmarkthemostenergeticphenomenaintheuniverseincludingblackholes,highlyactivestars,supernovaeandtheirremnants,quasars,andthetenmilliondegreegasthatpermeatesclustersofgalaxies.ChandracarriesbyfarthebestX-raytelescopeeverbuilt,onecapableofmakingimagesatX-raywavelengthsthatarecomparabletothosemadebythebestground-basedopticaltelescopesinvisiblelight.MIT’sKavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearchbuilttwoofthefourscientificinstrumentsthatrecordtheradiationfocusedbythetelescope.AgreatmajorityoftheobservationsperformedwithChandrauseoneorbothoftheseinstruments,whichweredevelopedovermorethanadecadeusingtechnologicaladvancesmadebothoncampusandatMITLincolnLaboratory.Thespe-cialized,X-raysensitivecharge-coupleddevicesandtheperiodic,submicronstructuresatthecoresoftheseinstrumentsremainuniqueintheworld.Theyprovideastronomerswithordersofmagnitudeim-provementsinimagingandspectroscopicsensitivity.MIT’sownresearcherscontinuetouseChandratoprobetheviolentuniverseandalsoparticipateintheChandraX-rayCenter,whichoperatestheobser-vatoryfromCambridge,Massachusetts.

NASASelected Current Projects

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KavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearchEarth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencesAeronauticsandAstronauticsEarthSystemInitiativeHaystackObservatoryCenterforGlobalChangeScienceResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsHarvard/MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand

TechnologyMechanicalEngineeringInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologies

Infall2011,NASAfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith67researchassistantshipsand10fellowships.

NASA Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 25,479,571 27,358,036 30,629,006 28,079,693 30,203,575


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Solar-Power BreakthroughResearchersledbyDanielNocerahavecreatedwhattheycallan“artificialleaf”—adevicethatcanturnenergyfromthesunintoastorablefuelsource.Theartificialleaftakestheformofawirelesssolarcellthatsplitswatermoleculesintohydrogenandoxy-gengases,whichcanthenbestoredforlateruse.Thecellismadeofasiliconsolarcellwithadiffer-entcatalyticmaterialbondedtoeachside.Whenitisplacedinwaterandexposedtosunlight,onesidegeneratesH2bubbles,andtheothersidegeneratesO2 bubbles.

Theartificialleafisuniqueamongexistingsolar-poweredwater-splittingsystems,whichusecor-rosiveorrarematerials.Thedeviceismadeentirelyofinexpensive,abundantmaterialssuchassilicon,cobalt,andnickel.Itneedsonlysunlightandwateratroomtemperaturetooperate.Nocerahopesthatthesepropertieswillleadtoanenergysystemthatissafeandcheapenoughtobewidelyadoptedinhomesaroundtheworld,includinginareaswithoutreliableaccesstoelectricity.

Theteamiscurrentlyworkingonthenextstepincreatingacommerciallyviabledevice—collectingandstoringthegasesproducedbythecatalysts.

Mind-Machine Interface MITresearchersatanewmulti-institutionresearchcenterhopetomakeroboticsystemsthataretrulyintegratedwiththebody’snervoussystem.TheNationalScienceFoundationEngineeringResearchCenterforSensorimotorNeuralEngineeringwaslaunchedwithan$18.5milliongrantfromtheNa-tionalScienceFoundation.Itsmissionisto“developinnovativewaystoconnectadeepmathematicalunderstandingofhowbiologicalsystemsacquireandprocessinformationwiththedesignofeffec-tivedevicesthatinteractseamlesslywithhumanbeings.”ResearchersfromMITandtheUniversityof

Washington,amongothers,willdevelopnewtech-nologiesforamputees,andpeoplewithspinalcordinjuries,cerebralpalsy,stroke,Parkinson’sdisease,andage-relatedneurologicaldisorders.ScientistsatMITandpartnerinstitutionswillworktoperformmathematicalanalysisofthebody’sneuralsignals;designandtestimplantedandwearableprostheticdevices;andbuildnewroboticsystems.

Printable Solar Cells Inconventionalsolarcells,thecostsoftheinactivecomponents—thesubstrate(usuallyglass)thatsup-portstheactivephotovoltaicmaterial,thestruc-turestosupportthatsubstrate,andtheinstallationcosts—aretypicallygreaterthanthecostoftheac-tivecomponentsofthecellsthemselves,sometimestwiceasmuch.Researchershavecomeupwithamethodofprintingsolarcellsdirectlyontopaper—amethodthatmaygreatlydecreasethecostandin-creasetheversatilityofsolarpower.Thetechniquerepresentsamajordeparturefromthesystemsusedtocreatemostsolarcells,whichrequireexposingthesubstratestopotentiallydamagingconditions,eitherintheformofliquidsorhightemperatures.Thenewprintingprocessusesvapors,notliquids,andtemperatureslessthan120degreesCelsius.Theseconditionsmakeitpossibletouseordinaryuntreatedpaper,cloth,orplasticasthesubstrateonwhichthesolarcellscanbeprinted.Theresilientsolarcellsstillfunctionevenwhenfoldedintoapaperairplane.ResearchersalsoprintedasolarcellonasheetofPETplastic(athinnerversionofthematerialusedforsodabottles)andthenfoldedandunfoldedit1,000times,withnosignificantlossofperformance.Bycontrast,acommerciallyproducedsolarcellonthesamematerialfailedafterasinglefolding.TheworkwassupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationandtheEni-MITAllianceSolarFrontiersProgram.

National Science Foundation Selected Current Projects

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ComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence Laboratory

Earth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencesResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsBiologicalEngineeringKavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearchMathematicsHaystackObservatoryChemistryMechanicalEngineeringCenterforMaterialsScienceandEngineering

Infall2011,theNationalScienceFoundationfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith289researchassistantshipsand279fellowships.

TheNationalScienceFoundationhasawardedFacultyEarlyCareerDevelopment(CAREER)Awardsto133currentfacultyandstaffmembers.

National Science Foundation Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 63,950,370 60,394,853 69,801,369 74,859,339 81,487,208


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Other Federal Agencies Selected Current ProjectSafer SkiesIn thelast10yearsalone,over110smallplaneshavebeeninvolvedinmidaircollisions,andthou-sandsmorehavereportedclosecalls.Inanefforttoreducethenumberofcollisions,theFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)hasmandatedthatby2020,allcommercialaircraft—andsmallaircraftflyingnearmostairports—mustbeequippedwithanewtrackingsystemthatbroadcastsGPSdata.Inanticipationofthedeadline,theFAAhaschargedMITwithleadinganinvestigationofthesystem’slimitsandcapacities.InOctober2011,atthe30thDigitalAvionicsSystemsConferenceinSeattle,MITresearcherspresentedanearlyresultofthatinvestigation,anewalgorithmthatusesdatafromthetrackingsystemtopredictandpreventcollisionsbetweensmallaircraft.

Themainchallengeindesigningacollision-detec-tionalgorithmislimitingfalsealarms.Ifawarningsystemusingthealgorithmgoesofftooeasily,thenpilotsmayignoreit,orturnthesystemoff.Atthesametime,itneedstohaveroomforerror.WhileGPSismoreaccuratethanradartracking,it’snotperfect;norarethecommunicationschannelsthatplaneswouldusetoexchangelocationinformation.Moreover,anypredictionofaplane’sfutureposi-tioncanbethrownoffbyunexpectedchangesoftrajectory.Muchoftheworkonthenewalgorithmthusinvolvesoptimizingthetrade-offbetweener-rortoleranceandfalsealarms.Researchershopetobeginlivetestingofthealgorithmsoon.

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Someoftheleadingotherfederalagenciesprovidingfundinginclude:FederalAviationAdministration,Intelli-genceAdvancedResearchProjectsActivity,DepartmentofTransportation,DepartmentofCommerce,Depart-mentofHomelandSecurity,andEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.


AeronauticsandAstronauticsCenterforTransportationandLogisticsComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence

LaboratorySeaGrantCollegeProgramCenterforGlobalChangeScienceEarth,AtmosphericandPlanetarySciencesCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsSloanSchoolofManagementMaterialsProcessingCenter

Infall2011,otherfederalagenciesfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith44researchassistantshipsand8fellowships.

Other Federal Agencies Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012

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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 13,249,945 13,445,035 12,636,795 16,602,212 18,806,804




Nonprofit OrganizationsSelected Current Projects

Protein linked to memory and learning may lead to novel Alzheimer’s treatmentsFindingsfromthePicowerInstituteforLearningandMemorymayleadtonewdrugsforAlzheimer’sdiseaseandotherdebilitatingneurologicaldiseases.Sirtuin1,anenzymeassociatedwithResveratrol,acompoundfoundinredwine,isknowntoslowtheagingprocess.Inthebrain,itdoesthisbyshieldingneuronsfromdamage.AteamofresearchersleadbyLi-HueiTsai,foundthatitalsoincreasessynap-ticplasticity,theabilitytostrengthenorweakenneuralconnectionsinresponsetonewinformation.Thismeansthat,inadditiontopreventingdamage,Sirtuin1actuallypromotesnewlearningandmem-ory.ResearchershopetousethisfindingtocreateSirtuin1-basedtreatmentsforneurodegenerativediseases.TheresearchissupportedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth,aswellastheSimonsFounda-tion,theSwissNationalScienceFoundation,andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitute.

Synthetic Vocal CordsIn1997,theactressandsingerJulieAndrewslosthersingingvoicefollowingsurgerytoremovenon-cancerouslesionsfromhervocalcords.ShewenttoStevenZeitels,aprofessoroflaryngealsurgeryatHarvardMedicalSchool,forhelp.Zeitelswasalreadystartingtodevelopanewtypeofmaterialthatcouldbeimplantedintoscarredvocalcordstorestoretheirnormalfunction.In2002,heenlistedthehelpofMIT’sRobertLanger,anexpertinde-velopingpolymersforbiomedicalapplications.TheteamledbyLangerandZeitelshasnowdevelopedapolymergelthattheyhopetostarttestinginasmallclinicaltrial.Thegel,whichmimicskeytraitsofhu-manvocalcords,couldhelpmillionsofpeoplewithvoicedisorders—notjustsingerssuchasAndrewsandStevenTyler,anotherpatientofZeitels’.Theteamhopesthatthepolymerwillbenefitthosewithvoicesstrainedfromoveruse,childrenwhosecordsarescarredfromintubationduringsurgery,andvictimsoflaryngealcancer.TheprojectisfundedbytheInstituteofLaryngologyandVoiceRestora-tion,whichconsistsofpatientswhosemissionistosupportandfundresearchandeducationintreatingandrestoringvoice.

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MasdarInstituteofScienceandTechnologyMechanicalEngineeringEconomicsMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearchBrainandCognitiveSciencesMIT-SingaporeUniversityofTechnologyandDesign

CollaborationCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringMITEnergyInitiativeEarthSystemInitiativeKochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearch

Nonprofit Organizations (in U.S. Dollars)Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures*

Fiscal Years 2008–2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 28,324,003 37,161,950 46,846,106 44,436,470 48,373,460

BroadInstituteresearch 19,370,397 23,376,207 3,792,875 0 0

Total Nonprofit 47,694,400 60,538,156 50,638,981 44,436,470 48,373,460


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3 Lincoln Laboratory

ResearchExpenditures 57AuthorizedFunding 57EconomicImpact 58AirandMissileDefenseTechnology 59CommunicationSystemsandCyberSecurity 60Intelligence,Surveillance,andReconnaissance

SystemsandTechnology 61SpaceControl 62AdvancedTechnology 63TacticalSystems 64HomelandProtection 65LincolnLaboratoryTechnicalStaff 66TestFacilitiesandFieldSites 67


Lincoln LaboratoryMITLincolnLaboratoryisafederallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcenter(FFRDC)oper-atedbytheInstituteundercontractwiththeDepartmentofDefense.TheLaboratory’scorecompetenciesareinsensors,informationextrac-tion(signalprocessingandembeddedcomputing),communications,integratedsensing,anddeci-sionsupport,allsupportedbyastrongprograminadvancedelectronicstechnology.

Sinceitsestablishmentin1951,MITLincolnLabo-ratory’smissionhasbeentoapplytechnologytoproblemsofnationalsecurity.TheLaboratory’stechnologydevelopmentisfocusedonitsprimarymissionareas—spacecontrol;airandmissiledefensetechnology;communicationsystemsandcybersecurity;intelligence,surveillance,andrecon-naissancesystemsandtechnology;advancedtech-nologies;tacticalsystems;andhomelandprotection.Inaddition,LincolnLaboratoryundertakesgovern-ment-sponsored,nondefenseprojectsinareassuchasairtrafficcontrolandweathersurveillance.

TwooftheLaboratory’sprincipaltechnicalobjec-tivesare(1)thedevelopmentofcomponentsandsystemsforexperiments,engineeringmeasure-ments,andtestsunderfieldoperatingconditionsand(2)thedisseminationofinformationtothegov-ernment,academia,andindustry.Programactivitiesextendfromfundamentalinvestigationsthroughthedesignprocess,andfinallytofielddemonstrationsofprototypesystems.Emphasisisplacedontransi-tioningsystemsandtechnologytoindustry.

*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.

DARPA:DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyDHS:DepartmentofHomelandSecurityDoD:DepartmentofDefenseFAA:FederalAviationAdministrationMDA:MissileDefenseAgencyNASA:NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationNOAA:NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationOSD:OfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense

MITLincolnLaboratoryalsoemphasizesmeetingthegovernment’sFFRDCgoalsofmaintaininglong-termcompetency,retaininghigh-qualitystaff,providingindependentperspectiveoncriticalissues,sustainingstrategicsponsorrelationships,anddevelopingtechnologyforbothlong-terminter-estsandshort-term,high-priorityneeds.

Air Force36%

Army7%

DARPA4%

MDA6%

Navy3%

OSD3%

Other DoD17%

DHS, FAA, NOAA, NASA

10%

Other Government

Agencies14%

Authorized Funding by Sponsor FY2011*TotalAuthorizedFunding=$870.0million

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*ResearchexpendituredataarefortheMITfiscalyear,July1–June30.

†LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.

589.6 613.6661.0

795.2 785.7

39.262.0

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572.0 569.6622.2

662.3714.0

39.8 40.956.1

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DepartmentofDefense OtherPrograms

Authorized FundingFiscal Years 2007–2011†

Research ExpendituresMIT Fiscal Years 2007–2011*


Goods and Services (including subcontracts) Expenditures Fiscal Year 2011* (in $millions)

Type AmountLargebusiness 202.6Smallbusiness 123.9Woman-ownedsmallbusiness 78.7Smalldisadvantagedbusiness 20.5Veteran-ownedsmallbusiness 9.1Total 434.8

TopSevenStatesMassachusetts 209.2California 44.6NewHampshire 26.4Texas 19.5NewYork 19.0Virginia 11.2Colorado 10.9

OtherNewEnglandStatesRhodeIsland 4.2Connecticut 3.0Vermont 0.2Maine 0.04

Lincoln Laboratory’s Economic ImpactLincolnLaboratoryhasgeneratedandsupportedarangeofnationalbusinessandindustrialactivi-ties.ThechartsbelowshowtheLaboratory’seco-nomicimpactbybusinesscategoryandstate.InFY2011,theLaboratoryissuedsubcontractswithavaluethatexceeded$434million;NewEnglandstatesaretheprimarybeneficiariesoftheoutsideprocurementprogram.


LargeBusiness46.6%

SmallBusiness28.5%

Woman-ownedSmallBusiness

18.1%

SmallDisadvantaged

Business4.7%

Veteran-ownedSmallBusiness

2.1%

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Air and Missile Defense Technology IntheAirandMissileDefenseTechnologymission,LincolnLaboratorydevelopsandassessesintegratedsystemsfordefenseagainstballisticmissiles,cruisemissiles,andairvehiclesintactical,regional,andhomelanddefenseapplications.Activitiesincludetheinvestigationofsystemarchitectures,develop-mentofadvancedsensoranddecisionsupporttechnologies,developmentofflight-testhardware,

extensivefieldmeasurementsanddataanalysis,andtheverificationandassessmentofdeployedsystemcapabilities.Astrongemphasisisonrapidlyprototypingsensorandsystemconceptsandalgo-rithms,andontransferringresultingtechnologiestogovernmentcontractorsresponsiblefordevelopingoperationalsystems.

Air and Missile Defense TechnologyDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding

Fiscal Years 2007–2011*


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Communication Systems and Cyber Security Communications SystemsLincolnLaboratoryisworkingtoenhanceandpro-tectthecapabilitiesofthenation’sglobaldefensenetworks.Emphasisisplacedonsynthesizingsystemarchitectures,developingcomponenttech-nologies,buildinganddemonstratingend-to-endsystemprototypes,andthentransferringthistech-nologytoindustryfordeploymentinoperationalsystems.Currenteffortsspanallnetworklayers(fromphysicaltoapplication),withprimaryfocusesonradio-frequencymilitarysatellitecommunica-tions,net-centricoperations,free-spacelasercom-munications,line-of-sightnetworking,andhumanlanguagetechnology.

Cyber SecurityLincolnLaboratoryconductsresearch,develop-ment,evaluation,anddeploymentofprototypecomponentsandsystemsdesignedtoimprove

thesecurityofcomputernetworks,hosts,andapplications.Aparticularfocusistheintersec-tionbetweentheLaboratory’straditionalmissionareasandthecyberdomain.Effortsincludecyberanalysis;creationanddemonstrationofrobustarchitecturesthatcanoperatethroughcyberattacks;developmentofprototypesthatdemon-stratethepracticalityandvalueofnewtechniquesforcryptography,cybersensing,automatedthreatanalysis,anti-tampersystems,andmaliciouscodedetection;demonstrationsoftheimpactofcyberontraditionaltacticalsystems;quantitative,repeat-ableevaluationoftheseprototypes;and,whereappropriate,deploymentofprototypetechnologytonational-levelexercisesandoperations.TheLaboratorydevelopsanddeployscontrolandtraffic-generationsoftwareformanyoftheDepartmentofDefense’slargestcyberranges.


Communication Systems and Cyber SecurityDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding


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Toexpandintelligence,surveillance,andreconnaissance(ISR)capabilities,LincolnLaboratoryconductsresearchanddevelopmentinadvancedsensing,signalandimageprocessing,automatictargetclassification,decisionsupportsystems,andhigh-performancecomputing.Byleveragingthesedisciplines,theLaboratoryproducesnovelISRsystemconceptsforbothsurfaceandunderseasurveillanceapplications.SensortechnologyforISRincludespassiveand

activeelectro-opticalsystems,surfacesurveillanceradar,radio-frequencygeolocation,andunderseaacousticsurveillance.Increasingly,theworkextendsfromsensorsandsensorplatformstoincludetheprocessing,exploitation,anddisseminationarchitecturesthatconnectsensorstooperationalusers.PrototypeISRsystemsdevelopedfromsuccessfulconceptsarethentransitionedtoindustryandtheusercommunity.

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Systems and Technology

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Systems and TechnologyDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding


45.8

71.7 70.5 69.8

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*TheISRSystemsandTechnologymissionareawasinstitutedin2008.LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.


Space Control TheSpaceControlmissiondevelopstechnologythatenablesthenation’sspacesurveillancesystemtomeetthechallengesofspacesituationalawareness.TheLaboratoryworkswithsystemstodetect,track,andidentifyman-madesatellites;performssatellitemissionandpayloadassessment;andinvestigatestechnologytoimprovemonitoringofthespace

environment,includingspaceweatherandatmo-sphericandionosphericeffects.Thetechnologyemphasisistheapplicationofnewcomponentsandalgorithmstoenablesensorswithgreatlyenhancedcapabilitiesandtosupportthedevelopmentofnet-centricprocessingsystemsforthenation’sSpaceSurveillanceNetwork.

Space ControlDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding


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Advanced Technology ResearchanddevelopmentintheAdvancedTechnologymissionfocusontheinventionofnewdevices,theirpracticalrealization,andtheirinte-grationintosubsystems.Althoughmanydevicescontinuetobebasedonsolid-stateelectronicorelectro-opticaltechnologies,recentworkishighlymultidisciplinary,andcurrentdevicesincreasinglyexploitbiotechnologyandinnovativechemistry.Thebroadscopeofworkincludesthedevelopmentofuniquehigh-performancedetectorsandfocal

planes,three-dimensional(3-D)integratedcircuits,biological-andchemical-agentsensors,diodelasersandphotonicdevicesusingcompoundsemiconduc-torsandsilicon-basedtechnologies,microelectro-mechanicaldevices,radio-frequency(RF)compo-nents,uniquelasersincludinghigh-powerfiberandcryogeniclasers,andquantumlogicinbothsuper-conductingandtrapped-ionforms.

Advanced TechnologyDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding


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Tactical SystemsIntheTacticalSystemsmission,LincolnLaboratoryassiststheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)inimprov-ingtheacquisitionandemploymentofvarioustacticalairandcounterterroristsystemsbyhelpingtheU.S.militaryunderstandtheoperationalutilityandlimitationsofadvancedtechnologies.Activi-tiesfocusonacombinationofsystemsanalysistoassesstechnologyimpactinoperationallyrelevant

scenarios,rapiddevelopmentandinstrumentationofprototypeU.S.andthreatsystems,anddetailed,realistic,instrumentedtesting.AtightcouplingbetweentheLaboratory’seffortsandtheDoDsponsorsandwarfightersinvolvedintheseeffortsensuresthattheseanalysesandprototypesystemsarerelevantandbeneficialtothewarfighter.

Tactical SystemsDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding


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Homeland Protection TheHomelandProtectionmissionsupportsthenation’ssecuritybyinnovatingtechnologyandarchitecturestohelppreventterroristattackswithintheUnitedStates,toreducethevulnerabilityofthenationtoterrorism,tominimizethedamagefromterroristattacks,andtofacilitaterecoveryfromeitherman-madeornaturaldisasters.ThebroadsponsorshipforthismissionareaspanstheDepart-mentofDefense,theDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,andotherfederal,state,andlocalentities.

Recenteffortsincludearchitecturestudiesforthedefenseofciviliansandfacilitiesagainstbiologicalattacks,developmentoftheEnhancedRegionalSituationAwarenesssystemfortheNationalCapitalRegion,theassessmentoftechnologiesforborderandmaritimesecurity,andthedevelopmentofarchitecturesandsystemsfordisasterresponse.

Homeland ProtectionDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding


*TheHomelandProtectionmissionareawasinstitutedin2008.LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.

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Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff LincolnLaboratoryemploys1,670technicalstaff,392technicalsupportpersonnel,1,067supportpersonnel,and584subcontractors.Almostthree-quartersofthetechnicalstaffhaveadvanceddegrees,with41percentholdingdoctorates.Professionaldevelopmentopportunitiesandchal-lengingcross-disciplinaryprojectsareresponsiblefortheLaboratory’sabilitytoretainhighlyqualified,creativestaff.

LincolnLaboratoryrecruitsatmorethan60ofthenation’stoptechnicaluniversities,with65to75percentofnewhirescomingdirectlyfromuniver-sities.LincolnLaboratoryaugmentsitscampusrecruitingbydevelopinglong-termrelationshipswithresearchfacultyandpromotingfellowshipandsummerinternshipprograms.

Technical Staff Profile

Degrees Held by Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff

Academic Disciplines of Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff

Doctorate41%

Master's32%

Bachelor's23%

NoDegree4%

ElectricalEngineering

37%

Physics17%

Computer Engineering,Biology,

Chemistry,Meteorology,MaterialsScience15%

Computer Science11%

Mathematics9%

MechanicalEngineering

6%

Aerospace/Astronautics

5%

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Test Facilities and Field Sites Hanscom Field Flight and Antenna Test FacilityTheLaboratoryoperatesthemainhangarontheHanscomAirForceBaseflightline.This~93,000-sq-ftbuildingaccommodatestheLaboratoryFlightTestFacilityandacomplexofstate-of-the-artantennatestchambers.TheFlightFacilityhousesseveralLin-colnLaboratory–operatedaircraftusedforrapidpro-totypingofairbornesensorsandcommunications.

Millstone Hill Field Site, Westford, MassachusettsMIToperatesradioastronomyandatmosphericresearchfacilitiesatMillstoneHill,anMIT-owned,1,100-acreresearchfacilityinWestford,Massachu-setts.LincolnLaboratoryoccupiesasubsetofthefacilitieswhoseprimaryactivitiesinvolvetrackingandidentificationofspaceobjects.

Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein, Marshall IslandsLincolnLaboratoryservesasthescientificadvisortotheReaganTestSiteattheU.S.ArmyKwajaleinAtollinstallationlocatedabout2,500milesWSWofHawaii.Twentystaffmembersworkatthissite,servingtwo-tothree-yeartoursofduty.Thesite’sradarsandopticalandtelemetrysensorssupportballisticmissiledefensetestingandspacesurveil-lance.Theradarsystemsprovidetestfacilitiesforradartechnologydevelopmentandforthedevelop-mentofballisticmissiledefensetechniques.

HanscomFieldFlightandAntennaTestFacility

MillstoneHillFieldSite,Westford,Massachusetts

ReaganTestSite,Kwajalein,MarshallIslands

Other Sites PacificMissileRangeFacility,Kauai,HawaiiExperimentalTestSite,Socorro,NewMexico

68

69

InnovationEcosystem 70BenefitstotheNationalEconomy 71SelectedCurrentProjects 72CampusResearchFundedbyIndustry 73ServicetoIndustry 74StrategicPartnerships 75

4 MIT and Industry


MIT and Industry Innovation Ecosystem MITisbuiltonafoundationofinnovationandentrepreneurship.Sinceitscreationin1861bytheMassachusettsStateLegislature,MIThasbeenchargedwiththe“developmentandpracticalap-plicationofscienceinconnectionwitharts,agricul-ture,manufactures,andcommerce.”TheInstitute’smotto,mensetmanus—mindandhand—codifiesitscontinuingcommitmenttoservingsocietythroughthepracticalapplicationofuniversityresearch.

Aninstitutionalculturewithadynamicrelation-shiptoindustrialinnovationhasgrownontopofthisfoundation.Thecomponentsofthisecosystemofinnovationencompasseducation,businessconnections,andthecommercializationofuniver-sityresearch.MIT’sinnovationmodelencouragesmembersofitsresearchcommunity—itsstudents,researchers,faculty,staff,andalumni—toreachbeyondMIT’scampus.Thesuccessofthismodelisoutlinedina2009KauffmanFoundationreportEntrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT.1 The report estimatesthatlivingMITgraduateshavefoundedabout25,800activecompanies,employing3.3millionpeopleandgeneratingestimatedannualworldrevenuesof$2trillion.

MIT’sinnovationecosystemissustainedbythedeepunderstandingofscienceandengineeringinstilledinitsstudentsandisenhancedbyseveralInstituteinitiatives.Asamplingoftheseinitiativesaredescribedbelow.

Technology Licensing OfficeFordecades,MIT’sTechnologyLicensingOffice(TLO)hashelpedMITfacultyandresearcherswithpatenting,licensing,andstartingfirmsthatbuildupontechnologydevelopedatMIT.Seepage9forselectedTLOstatisticsforFY2012.

Industrial Liaison ProgramMIThaslongheldthatbreakthroughresearchhingesonopen,consultativedialogue.PartoftheOfficeofCorporateRelations,theIndustrialLiaisonProgram(ILP)wasestablishedin1948.TheILPisthelargestconduitbetweencorporationsandMIT.Morethan190companiespartnerwiththeprogramtoimprovetheiraccesstoMITandadvancetheirresearchagendas.

Deshpande Center for Technological InnovationTheDeshpandeCenterisaproof-of-conceptgroupthatdependsonthefinancialandprofessionalsupportofsuccessfulalumni,entrepreneurs,andinvestorstoprovidefundingforinnovativeresearchandgiveguidancetohelpitreachthemarketplace.TheDeshpandeCenterhasunderwrittenmorethan90projects,26ofwhichhavespunoutintocommercialventures.

Innovation PrizesAnumberofprizesatMITspurstudentsandfacultytoexploredifficultproblems.OneexampleistheMIT$100KEntrepreneurshipCompetition,astudent-run,year-longeducationalexperiencethatencouragesstudentsandresearcherstoactontheirtalent,ideas,andenergytoproducetomor-row’sleadingfirms.Overtheyears,thecompetitionhashelpedlaunchmorethan130companiesthathavegeneratedover2,500jobsandreceived$770millioninventurecapitalfunding.

1Roberts,EdwardB.,andCharlesEesley.Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT.TheKauffmanFoundation,2009.(http://www.kauffman.org/research-and-policy/mit-entrepreneurs.aspx)

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Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship TheMartinTrustCenterforMITEntrepreneurshipiscommittedtofosteringanddevelopingMIT’sentrepreneurialactivitiesandinterestsinthreeprimaryareas:educationandresearch,alliance,andcommunity.TheCentereducatesandnurturesstudentsfromacrosstheInstitutewhoareinter-estedinlearningtheskillstodesign,launch,andgrowinnovation-basedventures.TheCenterfacilitatesbusinessandtechnologypartnershipsbycombiningbreakthroughacademicresearchwithpractical,provenexperience.ThepeopleoftheCentercultivateandnourishathrivingnetworkthatunifiesacademic,government,andindustryleadersaroundthevisionofentrepreneurialsuccess.

MIT Energy InitiativeTheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI) isanInstitute-wideinitiativedesignedtohelptransformtheglobalenergysystemtomeettheneedsofthefutureandtohelpbuildabridgetothatfuturebyimprovingtoday’senergysystems.Throughitsresearchprogram,MITEIaddressesacriticallinkintheenergyinnovationchain—thepairingofMIT’sworld-classresearchteamswiththebestinindustrywhowillberesponsibleformovingtheproductsofthiscollaborationintotheenergymarketplace.Seepage78formoreinformation.

Venture Mentoring ServiceTheMITVentureMentoringService(VMS)connectsmembersoftheMITcommunitywithadvisoryresourcestoincreasesuccessfuloutcomesandacceleratethecommercializationofuniversityinnovations.TheMITVMSharnessestheknowl-edgeandexperienceofvolunteeralumniandotherbusinessleaderstohelpprospectiveentrepreneursintheuniversitycommunitybringtheirideasandinventionstomarket.

Benefits to the National Economy In2009,theKauffmanFoundationreleasedastudyonMIT’sentrepreneurialimpactonthenation’seconomy.ThestudyfoundthatthefivestatesgainingthemostjobsfromcompaniesstartedbyMITalumniwereMassachusetts,withjustunder1millionjobs;California,with526,000jobs;NewYork,with231,000jobs;Texas,with184,000jobs;andVirginia,with136,000jobs.

Nearly60percentofcompaniesfoundedbyMITalumniarelocatedoutsidetheNortheast.ThesecompanieshavealargepresenceintheSanFran-ciscoBayarea(SiliconValley),southernCalifornia,theWashington-Baltimore-Philadelphiabelt,thePacificNorthwest,theChicagoarea,southernFlorida,DallasandHouston,andtheindustrialcitiesofOhio,Michigan,andPennsylvania.Thestudyalsonotedthat“animportantsubsetoftheMITalumnicompaniesisinsoftware,electronics(includinginstruments,semiconductors,andcomputers),andbiotech.Thesefirmsarethecuttingedgeofwhatwethinkofashightechnologyand,corre-spondingly,aremorelikelytobeplanningfutureexpansionthancompaniesinotherindustries.Theyexportahigherpercentageoftheirproducts,holdoneormorepatents,andspendmoreoftheirrevenuesonresearchanddevelopment.”

ThestudyalsofoundthatMITactsasamagnetforforeignentrepreneurs.Itstatesthat“halfofthosecompaniescreatedby‘imported’entrepreneurs,2,340firms,areheadquarteredintheUnitedStates,generatingtheirprincipalrevenue($16bil-lion)andemployment(101,500people)benefitshere.”Seepage89formoreinformationoninter-nationalentrepreneurs.


IndustrySelected Current Projects Micro-Ants ResearchersatMIT,incollaborationwithresearchersatBostonUniversityandinGermany,havecreatedanewsystemthatusesmicroscopicmagneticbeadssuspendedinliquidtomoveobjectsinsidemicrofluidicchips.Thebeads,whicharemadeofpolymerswithspecksofmagneticmaterialsuspendedinthem,havebeendubbed“micro-ants”fortheirabilitytotransportobjectsmuchlargerthanthemselves.Whentheyareplacedinarotatingmagneticfield,thebeadsspontaneouslyformshortchainsandspin,creatingacurrentthatcantransportsurroundingparticlesasmuchas100timeslargerthanthebeads.Thenewmethodcouldprovideasimpler,less-expen-sivealternativetocurrentmicrofluidicdevices,atechnologyinvolvingtheprecisecontroloftinyamountsofliquidsflowingthroughmicroscopicchannelsonachipinordertocarryoutchemicalorbiologicalanalysisoftinysamples.Theworkmayalsohelpscientistbetterunderstandthehumanbody.Themicro-antsfunctionsimilarlytocilia,whicharetinyhair-likefilamentsthatlineorganslikethetracheaandtheintestines.Likethemicro-ants,ciliaworkinunisontocreatecurrentsthatsweepalongcells,nutrients,andotherparticles.TheworkwasledbyAlfredoAlexander-KatzandwasfundedbygrantsfromDuPontandgrantsfromtheGermanGovernment.

Closing in on Bionic Speed Robotshavethepotentialtogowhereitistoohot,toocold,tooremote,toosmall,ortoodangerousforpeopletoperformanynumberoftasks,fromrepairingwaterleakstostitchingbloodvesselstogether.MITresearchers,ledbySidneyYip,haveproposedatheorythatmighteliminateanobstacletoachievingthesegoals—thelimitedspeedandcontrolofthe“artificialmuscles”thatmaketheserobotsmove.Today,engineersconstructroboticmusclesfrompolymersthatcarryanelectroniccur-rent,whicharetriggeredbyactivatingwavescalled“solitons.”Proposingamodelthatexplainshowthesewaveswork,XiLin,apostdoctoralassociateinYip’slab,hasdevelopedanunderstandingwhichwillpermitengineerstodesignlighter,muchmoreflexiblepolymers.Abletotransmitthewavemuchmorequickly,theycanmaketherobotmusclesmove1,000timesfasterthanthoseofhumans.ThisworkwassupportedbyHondaR&DCo.Ltd.,andDARPA.

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MITEnergyInitiativeChemicalEngineeringComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence

LaboratoryMediaLaboratory SloanSchoolofManagementMechanicalEngineeringKochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearchSociotechnicalSystemsResearchCenterAeronauticsandAstronauticsResearchLaboratoryofElectronics

Industry Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)* Fiscal Years 2008–2012

MITisaleaderinconductingresearchsponsoredbyindustry.Approximately200industrialsponsorssupportedresearchprojectsontheMITcampusinFY2012,withnearly$110millioninexpenditures.Companiesoftenjointogetherinthesecollabora-tionstosupportmulti-disciplinaryresearchpro-gramsinawiderangeoffields.

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Campusresearch 75,259,081 85,562,146 92,649,701 100,762,512 109,744,829

BroadInstituteresearch 6,935,104 13,656,981 680,132 0 0

Total Industry 82,194,185 99,219,127 93,329,833 100,762,512 109,744,829


$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Research

Expe

nditu

resinM

illions

FiscalYear

Campus Broad CampusConstantDollars



Industrial Performance Center TheIndustrialPerformanceCenter(IPC)isdedicatedtothestudyofinnovation,productivity,andcompet-itivenessinthenationandaroundtheworld.TheCenterspecializesinbringingtogethermultidisci-plinaryteamsofresearchersinengineering,science,management,andthesocialsciencestocarryoutinnovative,appliedresearchonindustrialgrowthandtransformation,nationalandregionaleconomicgrowthandcompetitiveness,andinnovationperfor-mance.TheIPCseekstohelpleadersinbusiness,government,education,andothersectorsofsocietybetterunderstandglobalindustrialdevelopmentsandcreatepracticalnewapproachesforstrength-eningpublicpolicies,businessstrategies,technicalpractices,andeducationalprograms.

Leaders for Global OperationsTheLeadersforGlobalOperations(LGO)programisaneducationalandresearchpartnershipamongglobaloperationscompaniesandMIT’sSchoolofEngineeringandSloanSchoolofManagement.Itsobjectiveistodiscover,codify,teach,andother-wisedisseminateguidingprinciplesforworld-classmanufacturingandoperations.The24-monthLGOprogramcombinesgraduateeducationinengineer-ingandmanagementforthosewithtwoormoreyearsoffull-timeworkexperiencewhoaspiretoleadershippositionsinmanufacturingoroperationscompanies.Arequiredsix-monthinternshipcom-prisingaresearchprojectatoneofLGO’spartnercompaniesleadstoadual-degreethesis,culminat-ingintwomaster’sdegrees—anMBA(orSMinmanagement)andanSMinengineering.

MIT International Science and Technology InitiativesTheMITInternationalScienceandTechnologyInitiativesprogram(MISTI)enlargesstudents’opportunitiesforinternationallearningthroughon-campusresourcesandinternshipsinforeigncompaniesandlaboratories;supportsfacultycollaborationswithresearchersabroad;andworkswithcorporations,government,andnonprofitorganizationstopromoteinternationalindustry,education,andresearch.Morethan400studentsparticipateannuallyinMISTIinternships,preparingfortheirstayabroadwithintegratedcoursesinforeignlanguagesandcultures.Seepages90–91for moreinformation. MIT Sloan Fellows Program in Innovation and Global LeadershipThisfull-time,12-month(June–June)immersiveMBAprogramisdesignedforhigh-performingmid-careerprofessionals.Theprogramtypicallyenrollsmorethan100outstandingindividualswith10–20yearsofprofessionalexperiencefromatleasttwodozennations,representingawidevarietyoffor-profitandnonprofitindustries,organiza-tions,andfunctionalareas.Manyparticipantsaresponsoredbyorhavethestrongsupportoftheiremployers,buttheprogramalsoadmitsindepen-dentparticipants,manywithuniqueentrepreneur-ialexperiencesandperspectives.Theprogramischaracterizedbyarigorousacademiccurriculum,frequentinteractionswithinternationalbusinessandgovernmentleaders,andavaluableexchangeofglobalperspectives.

Service to Industry

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Office of Corporate Relations MIT’sOfficeofCorporateRelationspromotescreativecollaborationamongMIT,industry,andgovernment.ItsIndustrialLiaisonProgramenablesmemberfirmstodrawuponMITexpertisetoinformtheirowntechnologystrategies,andatthesametimehelpsfacultymembersstayabreastofthelatestindustrialdevelopments.

MIT Professional EducationMITProfessionalEducationprovidesshortcourses,semesterorlongerlearningprograms,andcustom-izedcorporateprogramsforscienceandengineer-ingprofessionalsatalllevels.TaughtbyrenownedfacultyfromacrosstheInstitute,MITProfessionalEducationprogramsofferprofessionalstheoppor-tunitytogaincrucialknowledgeinspecializedfieldstoadvancetheircareers,helptheircompanies,andhaveanimpactontheworld.

System Design and ManagementTheSystemDesignandManagementprogrameducatesengineeringprofessionalsintheprocessesofengineeringanddesigningcomplexproductsandsystems,andgivesthemthemanagementskillstheyneedtoexercisethesecapacitiesacrossorga-nizations.SponsoredbytheSchoolofEngineeringandtheSloanSchoolofManagement,theprogramoffersajointmaster’sdegreefrombothschools.Studentscanpursuethesedegreeseitheroncampusorthroughahybridon-campus/off-campuscurriculumthatusesvideoconferencingandweb-basedinstruction.

Strategic Partnerships In1994,MITbegantobuildnewkindsofresearchpartnerships,creatinglonger-termallianceswithmajorcorporationsthatwouldallowthesecompa-niestoworkwithMITtodevelopprogramsandstrategiesthataddressareasofrapidchange.Inreturnfortheirresearchandteachingsupport,thecorporationsshareownershipofpatentableinventionsandimprovementsdevelopedfromthepartnership.Inanumberofthesealliances,fundsareearmarkedforspecificeducationprojects.

Aselectionofthesepartnershipsaredescribedbelow.

DuPontEstablishedin2000,theDuPontMITAlliance(DMA)bringstogethereachinstitution’sstrengthsinmate-rialsandchemicalandbiologicalsciencestodevelopnewmaterialsforbioelectronics,biosensors,biomi-meticmaterials,alternativeenergysources,andnewhigh-valuematerials.DuPontalsoworkswithMIT’sSloanSchoolofManagementtodefinenewbusinessandpolicymodelsfortheseemergingtechnologies.Eachyear,theDMAsupportsfirst-yeargraduatestudentsthroughit’sDuPontFellowsprogram.

Eni S.p.AInFebruary2008,analliancewassignedbetweenEniandMIT.ThisalliancebroughtthecreationoftheEni-MITSolarFrontiersCenter(SFC).TheSFC,headquarteredontheMITcampus,promotesresearchinadvancedsolartechnologiesthroughprojectsrangingfromnewmaterialstohydrogenproductionfromsolarenergy.EnicollaborationwithMITpromotesthecreationoftechnologicalandculturalsynergiesthroughamultidisciplinaryapproach.Inparticular,thecooperationbetweenMITresearchersandthoseoftheResearchCenterforNonConventionalEnergy,EniDoneganiInsti-tute,promotestheexchangeofexpertisethroughthepursuitofcommonobjectives.InadditiontotheSFC,EnisupportsprojectsinenergyresearchatMITontraditionalhydrocarbons,methanehydrates,globalclimatechange,andtransportationoptions.


Ford Motor CompanyFordandMIThavebeencollaboratingsincethe1950s.In1998theFord-MITAlliancewasformal-izedandhascreatedamodelformutuallybeneficialuniversity-corporateresearch.FordandMITcol-laborateonabroadrangeoftechnical,business,andpolicytopicsfocusedonthefutureoftransportation,including:vehicleautonomy,activesafety,materialsscience,energystorage,powertrainefficiency,enter-prisemodeling,andhealthandwellness.

NovartisNovartisandMIThavelaunchedalong-termre-searchcollaborationaimedattransformingthewaypharmaceuticalsareproduced.Thepartnership,knownastheNovartis-MITCenterforContinuousManufacturing,willworktodevelopnewtechnolo-giesthatcouldreplacetheconventionalbatch-basedsysteminthepharmaceuticalsindustry—whichoftenincludesmanyinterruptionsandworkatseparatesites—withcontinuousmanufacturingprocessesfromstarttofinish.TheNovartis-MITCenterforContinuousManufacturingcombinestheindustrialexpertiseofNovartiswithMIT’sleader-shipinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.

Strategic Partnerships (continued)

Project Oxygen Alliance ApartnershipamongtheMITComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratoryandsixcorpo-rations—Acer,DeltaElectronics,Hewlett-Packard,NipponTelegraphandTelephone,NokiaResearchCenter,andPhilipsResearch—ProjectOxygen’sgoalistomakecomputationandcommunicationresourcesasabundantandeasytouseasoxygen.WorkingalsowithsupportfromtheDefenseAd-vancedResearchProjectsAgency,theprojectseekstofreepeoplefromcomputerjargon,keyboards,mice,andotherspecializeddevicestheyrelyonnowforaccesstocomputationandcommunication.Forexample,theresearchersarecreatingspeechandvisiontechnologiesthatenablehumanstocom-municateasnaturallywithcomputersastheydowithpeople.

Quanta ComputingTaiwan-basedQuantaComputerInc.,theworld’slargestoriginaldesignmanufacturerofnotebookcomputers,andMITComputerScienceandArti-ficialIntelligenceLaboratorybegantheT-Partyprojectcollaborationin2005.Thegoalofthisprojectistomakethedreamofhavingcompleteaccesstoyourownpersonalizedenvironment—yournotes,presentations,music,TVrecordings,photoalbums,recipes—fromanywhereintheworld,anytimeareality.Thetechnologiestheyareexploringtosupporttheirvisionfallintofivecategories:connectivity,devices,applications,automation,andnaturalinteractions.

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MIT-Singapore 79MITGreaterChinaInitiative 79MIT-IndiaInitiative 80OtherGlobalInitiatives 81OpenCourseWare 82InternationalScholars 83InternationalStudents 84InternationalStudyOpportunities 87InternationalAlumni 88InternationalEntrepreneurs 89MITInternationalScienceandTechnologyInitiatives 90CampusResearchSponsoredbyInternational

Organizations 92

5 Global Engagement


Global EngagementTheexpandingglobalconnectionsofthe21stCen-turyprovideMITwithincreasingopportunitiestoengageinprojectsandcollaborationsoutsidetheU.S.AsformerPresidentSusanHockfieldnotedinaspeechdeliveredtotheConfederationofIndianIndustriesinMumbai,India,inNovember2007,

It has never been more clear that the future of innovation will be told in many, many different lan-guages. In a world with so much talent, no one has a monopoly on good ideas. As researchers, if we are driven to find the most gifted collaborators and the most intriguing ideas, we must be prepared to look far beyond our own backyards. And as educators, if we fail to help our students learn to live and work with their peers around the world, then we have failed them altogether.

MITstrivestoencouragethefreeflowofpeopleandideasbyengagingininternationalresearchcollabo-rations,providinginternationalstudyandresearchopportunitiesforitsstudents,andhostinginterna-tionalstudentsandscholars.ThefollowingaresomeofMIT’smanyinternationalresearchcollaborations.

International Innovation InitiativeTheInternationalInnovationInitiative(I3,pro-nounced“I-cubed”)providesafocalpointforinteractionsbetweenMITresearchersandtheglobalventurecapitalcommunity.ThemissionofI3istoexploreandestablishopportunitiesfortheMITeducationandresearchcommunitytocometogetherwithinternationalpartnerstostimulateinnovativetechnologicalapproachestopresentandfutureglobalproblemsmovingtechnologiesfromthelaboratorytothemarketplace.

MIT Energy InitiativeMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI),establishedinSeptember2006,isanInstitute-wideinitiativedesignedtohelptransformtheglobalenergysystemtomeettheneedsofthefutureandtohelpbuildabridgetothatfuturebyimprovingtoday’senergysystems.MITEIstrivestoaddressthetechnicalandpolicychallengesofthecomingdecades,suchasmeetingtheworld’sgrowingdemandforenergy;minimizingrelatedimpactsontheenvironment;andreducingthepotentialgeopoliticaltensionsassoci-atedwithincreasedcompetitionforenergy.

Tosolvetheseproblems,MITEIpairstheInstitute’sworld-classresearchteamswithvariedentitiesacrosstheglobalresearchspectrum.Forexample,theInitiativeislaunchinganewmulti-disciplinaryprogramaddressingtheenergychallengesofthedevelopingworld.Ithasalsoformedinternationalallianceswithresearchinstitutionsinkeyregionsoftheworld.OneofthesealliancesistheLowCarbonEnergyUniversityAlliance,whichisapartnershipamongMIT,TsinghuaUniversity,andtheUniversityofCambridge.MITEIisalsoaresourceforpolicymakersandthepublic,providingunbiasedanalysisandservingasanhonestbrokerforindustryandgovernment.

ThefollowingareexamplesofMITEI’sresearch:

MITresearchersandtheircollaboratorsfromSouthAfricaandEnglandhavedemonstratedthatitispossibletocreateelegant,energy-efficientbuild-ingswithlittleenergyconsumptionandessentiallynoenergy-intensivematerials.

MITresearchersareworkingwithChiquitaBrandsInternationalInc.tohelpgaugethecarbonfoot-printofthesupplychainthattransportsbananasbytruckandshipfromCentralAmericatotheUnitedStates.ThecasestudywillleadtoaWeb-basedtoolthatwillhelpothercompaniescalculateandpoten-tiallyreducetheenergyconsumptionofproductsmovedbyland,water,and/orair.

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MIT-Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design In2010,MITandtheSingaporeUniversityofTech-nologyandDesign(SUTD)officiallybeganapart-nershipthatincludesbotheducationandresearchcomponents.Undertheeducationcomponent,MITwillshareitsexpertisewithSUTDinabroadrangeofareas,includingpedagogy,curriculumdevelopment,andfacultyrecruitmentanddevel-opment.MITwillalsoassistindesigningprogramstoencourageinnovationandentrepreneurship.AkeyfeatureoftheresearchcomponentisthenewSUTD-MITInternationalDesignCentre(IDC).TheIDCisajointresearchprojectwithfacilitiesatbothuniversities.TheIDCaimstobecometheworld’spremierscholarlyhubfortechnologicallyintensivedesignandserveasanucleusforthegrowthoftheMIT-SUTDCollaboration.

Singapore-MIT AllianceTheSingapore-MITAllianceisaglobalpartnershipingraduateeducationcreatedbyMIT,theNationalUniversityofSingapore,andNanyangTechnologicalUniversity.Settinganewstandardforinternationalcollaborationingraduateresearchandeducation,theallianceeducatesyoungengineerstoserveasleadersinatechnologicallyadvancedeconomy,andcreatesacohortofstudentsandfacultywithcreativityandentrepreneurialspirit.

Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology CentreTheSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology(SMART)CentreisaresearchenterpriseestablishedbyMITinpartnershipwiththeNationalResearchFoundationofSingapore.TheSMARTCentreservesasanintellectualhubforresearchinteractionsbetweenMITandSingaporeatthefrontiersofscienceandtechnology.Thispartner-shipallowsfaculty,researchers,andgraduatestudentsfromMITtocollaboratewiththeircoun-terpartsfromuniversities,polytechnics,researchinstitutes,andindustryinSingaporeandthroughoutAsia.TheSMARTCentreisMIT’sfirstresearchcentreoutsideofCambridge,Massachusetts,anditslargestinternationalresearchendeavor.

TheMITGreaterChinaInitiativehasoutlineda20-yearplanforcollaborationwiththeregion,investinginthreekeyareas:internationalizingtheMITcur-riculum,facilitatingpartnershipsandjointresearchventuresbetweenChinaandMIT,andproducinghigh-level,regionalfieldexpertiseforChineseandAmericanscientistsandengineers.

SomeoftheinitiativesbetweenMITandChina,includingthefollowing:

Tsinghua-MIT-Cambridge AllianceAcollaborationbetweenMIT,TsinghuaUniver-sity,andtheUniversityofCambridgeintheareaoflowcarbonenergyresearchwasestablishedinOctober2009.TheAlliancewilladvancecollabora-tiveprojectsincarboncaptureandsequestration,nuclearpower,efficientbuildings,biomass,andheatmanagement.Thecoreprogramwill,inaddi-tiontoworkshopsandseedfunding,supportaveryimportantinitiativetoprovideandutilizeanalyticaltoolsforunderstandingtheimpactsofcarbonpolicyinChina.

MIT China Educational Technology InitiativeThegoalofMITChinaEducationalTechnologyInitia-tive(CETI)istopromoteculturalexchangebetweenAmericanandChinesestudentsbyexploringsci-enceandtechnology.Eachsummersince1996,CETIsendsMITstudentstohighschoolsinthecitiesandtownsacrossmainlandChina,HongKong,andTai-wan.Teachinginteamsofthree,someofthepastCETIparticipantshavetaughtcurriculumsonwebdesign,programming,robotics,electricalengineer-ing,sustainabledevelopment,civilengineering,biology,aerospaceengineering,andmore.

MIT Greater China Initiative


MIT-India Initiative Translational Health Science and Technology InstituteTheTranslationalHealthScienceandTechnol-ogyInstitute(THSTI)inDelhiismodeledaftertheHarvard-MITDivisionofHealthSciencesandTech-nology(HST).FundedbytheIndiangovernment,THSTIwillbeamultidisciplinary,multiprofessionalresearchandtrainingcenterwithclosetiestoHST.HSTwillhelprecruitandtrainnewfacultymembersforTHSTI,andthetwoinstitutionswillcollaborateonresearchandeducationalendeavors.

MIT Urban Laboratory IndiaTheMITUrbanLaboratory(UrbLab)Indiaisacollab-orativeeffortbetweenMITandthesouthernIndiantownofErode.UrbLabrespondstothechallengesassociatedwithIndia’srapidgrowth,increasingin-dustrialization,andurbanization.TheprojectbuildsonalonghistoryofcooperationbetweenIndiaandMIT.AsaresultofMIT’sefforts,theIndiangovern-menthastakenstepstobetterintegratephysicalplanningandeconomicplanningatthelocallevel.Futurecollaborationswilltargetenvironmentalandurbanrenewal.

TheprimarymissionoftheMIT-IndiaInitiativeistofostercollaborationbetweenthefacultyandstudentsatMITandthoseatacademicandresearchinstitutionsinIndia.Amongitsspecificgoalsareenablingthecreationoflong-termprojectsinvolvinggroupsfrombothMITandIndianinstitutionsandpromotinginclusivegrowth,sustainabledevelop-ment,educationalleadership,entrepreneurship,newmodelsofgovernance,andadvanced,results-focusedresearchinIndia.

ThefollowingaresomeofthemanyelementsthattheInitiativeencompasses.

J-PAL South AsiaJ-PALSouthAsia,aregionalofficeoftheAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLab(J-PAL)atMIT,isafocalpointfordevelopmentandpovertyresearchbasedonrandomizedtrials.J-PALSouthAsiaisbasedattheInstituteforFinancialManagementandResearch,aleadingbusinessschoolinChennai,India.In2011,J-PALSouthAsiawasselectedtohosttheSouthAsiaregionalcenterfortheCenterforLearningonEvaluationandResults(CLEAR).CLEARisaglobalinitiativecoordinatedbytheWorldBankthataimstostrengthenthemonitoringandevalua-tioncapacityofgovernmentandcivilsociety.

MIT-India ProgramTheMIT-IndiaProgram,partoftheMITInterna-tionalScienceandTechnologyInitiatives,arrangessummerinternshipsinIndianresearch,corporate,andnonprofitsettingsforMITstudents.Thepro-gram’seffortsrangefromgivingMITstudentsanimmersionexperienceinIndianresearchsettingstoorganizingIndia-basedseminarsinwhichleadingrepresentativesofIndiaandMITdiscusskeyissuesaffectingIndia’sgrowthanddevelopment.

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Alliance for Global SustainabilityTheAllianceforGlobalSustainabilityisaninter-nationalpartnershipbetweenMIT,theUniversityofTokyo,theSwissInstitutesofTechnology,andChalmersUniversityofTechnologyinSwedentodevelopnewtechnologiesandidentifypolicydirec-tionsthatencourageglobaleconomicdevelopmentwhilepreservingandenhancingtheenvironment.

Global Supply Chain and Logistics ExcellenceNetwork TheMITCenterforTransportationandLogistics(MIT-CTL)createdtheMITGlobalSupplyChainandLogisticsExcellence(SCALE)Networkasaninter-nationalallianceofleadingresearchandeducationcentersdedicatedtothedevelopmentofsupplychainandlogisticsexcellencethroughinnovation.Thisinternationalsupplychainmanagementpro-gramnowencompassesfourcentersaroundtheworld:MIT-CTLinCambridge,theZaragozaLogis-ticsCenterinSpain,theCenterforLatinAmericanLogisticsInnovationinColombia,andtheMalaysiaInstituteforSupplyChainInnovation.Eachcenterfostersrelationshipsbetweenstudents,faculty,andbusinesses,teachingstudentstorunsuccessfulsupplychainsforcompaniessuchasWalmart,BASF,andStarbucks.FacultymembersfromMIToverseeeachcenter—travelingbackandforthbetweenthem—buteachismanagedandrunbylocalfacultyrecruitedandtrainedbyCTL.

Other Global Initiatives MIT Portugal ProgramTheMITPortugalProgramwaslaunchedinOctober2006bythePortugueseMinistryofScience,Tech-nology,andHigherEducationasalarge-scaleinternationalcollaborationinvolvingMITandgovernment,academia,andindustryinPortugal.Theaimoftheprogramistodevelopleadinghighereducationandresearchprogramsrelatedtoengi-neeringsystems.TheprogramissupportedbyanationalinitiativeinvolvingPortugueseuniversitiesandresearchcenters,which,togetherwithMIT,targetsbioengineeringsystems,sustainableenergysystems,engineeringdesignandadvancedmanu-facturing,andtransportationsystemsaskeyareasforeconomicdevelopmentandsocietalimpact.

Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology In2011,athree-yearcollaborationbeganbetweentheSkolkovoFoundation,SkolkovoInstituteofScienceandTechnology(SkTech),andMITtodevelopanewgraduateresearchuniversity.ThenewinstitutionaimstobreaknewgroundinbringingtogetherRussian,U.S.andglobalresearchandtechnology,andinintegratingteaching,research,innovation,andentrepreneurship.EducationandresearchatSkTechwillbeorga-nizedaroundmultidisciplinarytechnologicalchal-lenges,ratherthantraditionalacademicdisciplines.Thenewinstitutionwillfocusonthefollowingprograms:energyscienceandtechnology,biomed-icalscienceandtechnology,informationscienceandtechnology,spacescienceandtechnology,andnuclearscienceandtechnology.ResearchcentersundertheSkTechorganizationalumbrellawillbemultidisciplinaryandmulti-institutional.Ineachcenter,faculty,researchers,andstudentsfromoneormoreRussianuniversitieswillcollaboratewithfaculty,researchers,andstudentsfromoneormoreuniversitiesoutsideRussia.AdefiningcomponentofSkTechwillbeitsCenterforEntrepreneurshipandInnovation(CEI),whichwillintegrateeduca-tion,research,andpracticeinentrepreneurshipandinnovation,asappliedtotheresearchresultsoftheSkTechresearchcenters.MITwillassistincreatingtheCEIorganizationandeducationprogram.


Launchedin2002,OpenCourseWare(OCW)makesmaterialsforMIT’scoursesfreelyavailableontheWeb.Materialsfrommorethan2,000MITcours-es—includinglecturenotes,multimediasimulations,problemsetsandsolutions,pastexams,readinglists,andselectionsofvideolectures—arenowpostedontheOCWwebsite.OCWrecordsanaver-ageofover40,000visitsaday,withnearlyamillionuniquevisitorseverymonth.

AbouthalfofOCWusageoriginatesoutsideofNorthAmerica.OCWmaterialsareusedextensivelyinChina(110,000visitspermonth),India(100,000visitspermonth)andtheMiddleEast(77,000visitspermonth).OCWmaterialshavebeentranslatedintoChinese,Spanish,Portuguese,PersianandThai.OCWalsodistributesandmaintainsmirrorcopiesofthesiteatuniversitiesinbandwidth-constrainedregions,primarilySub-SaharanAfrica.Todate,theOCWstaffhasdistributedmorethan200suchmirrors.

MITispursuingtwomissionswithOCW—sharingitseducationalmaterialsfreelyandopenly,and,bycreatingamodelotheruniversitiescanfollowandadvance,promotingauniversallyavailablestore-houseforhumanknowledge.About43percentofOCW’svisitorsidentifythemselvesasself-learners,42percentasstudentsenrolledinacademicprograms,andninepercentaseducators.

Thefollowingareexamplesofwayseducators,students,andself-learnersintheinternationalcommunityuseOCWcontent:

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AsecondaryschoolmathematicsteacherinKualaLumpur,Malaysia,KianWahLiewintroduceshisstudentstoarangeofcomplexconcepts,suchasmatrices,determinants,anddifferentialequations.“Isometimesusethelecturesintheclassroom.Iletthestudentswatchalecture—forexample,the18.03DifferentialEquationsvideo—accompaniedbymyownexplanations,”Liewsays.Havingaccesstothelectureshasimpactedhisownteachingstyle,Liewsays.“TheWesternstylespendsmoretimeon

‘ideas’than‘examples.’Here,wespend20percentofthetimeintroducingideasand80percentindem-onstratingtheseideasthroughexamples.AtMIT,mostofthetimeisspentonclarifyingtheideas,andveryfewexamplesaregivenduringthelectures.”

Zaria, NigeriaKunleAdejumoisfinishinguphisfourthyearofengineeringstudiesatAhmaduBelloUniversityinZaria,Nigeria.Thoughtheuniversityboastsalargeandwell-maintainedphysicalinfrastructure,itsInternetaccess—likethatofalmostallNigerianuni-versities—isextremelylimited.WhenAdejumowasfirstintroducedtoMIT’sOpenCourseWarethroughaCD-ROMintheuniversitycomputerlabhehadonly20minutestolookthroughthematerial.“Forexample,lastsemester,Ihadacourseinmetallurgi-calengineering,”offersAdejumo.“Foroneofthelectures,havingtodowithionmaking,Ididn’thavenotes,andIcouldn’tfindtheinformationIneeded,soIwenttoOCW.Iwasabletodownloadacourseoutlineonthis,andalsosomereviewquestions.Iactuallytookthesetotheuniversityandgavethemtothelecturertoanswer.Hewasabletoanswerthesequestions,andhelpedmegainadeeperunderstandingofthematerial.”ToimproveaccesstoOCWforotherNigerianstudents,AdejumohopestoworkwithalocalradiostationtobroadcastOCWcoursematerial,aswellaspublicizethesite.

Saint Lucia RobertCroghan,anentrepreneurinSaintLucia,hasspentthepastseveralyearslookingforawaytohar-nessgeothermalenergycreatedbyadormantvol-canounderneaththeislandtocreateanalternativeenergysourcefortheregion.Croghanisnowdevel-opingahigh-voltagegridthatwoulddeliverenergytoseveralislandsthroughanunderseacable.CroganusedOCWtoresearchthetopicofgeothermalheatsources.“WhenIsawOpenCourseWare,”Croghanconcludes,“itwentrighttotheverycoreofwhatIbelieve:ifwehoardinformation,wecan’thaveprog-ress.Wegetstagnant,anditgetsaccumulatedinthehandsofafew.Andifthathappens,wemissallsortsofincredibledevelopmentsandopportunities.”http://ocw.mit.edu/

OpenCourseWare

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International Scholars MIThostsmanyinternationalresearchersandfacultywhocometotheU.S.forteaching,research,collaboration,andotherpurposes.Theseinclude“visiting”scientists,professors,artists,andscholars,aswellaspostdoctoralfellowsandassociates,lecturers,instructors,researchassociatesandscien-tists,andtenure-trackfaculty.DuringtheyearJuly1,2011throughJune30,2012,MIT’sInternationalScholarsOffice(ISchO)served2,175internationalscholarsaffiliatedwithMITandtheiraccompa-nyingfamilymembers(“international”isdefinedasnon-U.S.citizen,non-U.S.permanentresident).

Thisreflectsanincreaseofapproximately5.3percentoverlastyear(2,060).AccordingtothemostrecentInstituteofInternationalEducationOpenDoorsreport(2010–2011),MITranked11thnationallywithregardtothenumbersofinterna-tionalscholarsatU.S.institutions.Postdoctoralassociatesandpostdoctoralfellowsaccountedfor55percentofMIT’sinternationalscholars.

ForeignnationalscholarscametoMITfrom90countries,withthehighestnumberscomingfromChina,Korea,India,Germany,Canada,Japan,Italy,Spain,France,andIsrael.Thetoptencountriesoforiginoftheentireinternationalscholarpopula-tionintheU.S.areroughlythesame.Scholarsfromthesetop10countriesconstituted68percentofMIT’sinternationalscholarpopulation.ThegreatestnumberofinternationalscholarscametotheSchoolofEngineering,followedbytheSchoolofScience,interdisciplinarylaboratoriesandcenters,andtheSloanSchoolofManagement.Seventy-sevenpercentofinternationalscholarsweremenand23percentwerewomen.

Top Ten Countries of Origin, 2011–2012Country CountChina 420Korea 174India 144Germany 137Canada 121Japan 114Italy 105Spain 93France 90Israel 75

International Scholars by Geographic Region

Asia45%

Europe37%

AmericasandCaribbean

9%

Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania

9%


MIThaswelcomedinternationalstudentsessentiallysinceitsinception.ThefirststudentfromCanadacametoMITin1866,thesecondyearMITofferedclasses.Thisstudentwasfollowedbyasteadystreamofstudentsfromaroundtheglobethrough-outthe19thcentury.By1900,some50foreign-bornstudentshadtraveledtoMassachusettsforstudy;however,thenumberincreaseddramaticallyafterWorldWarIIwhenaninfluxofthesestudentsbeganattendingtheInstitute.Therapidriseofinterna-tionalstudentsfromEastAsia,ledbystudentsfromChina,changedthedemographicsofthisgroupbeginninginthe1950s.

Changesinimmigrationlawin1965openedupthedoorstoasteadilyincreasingpoolofinternationaltalent.Asworldeventsandpoliticaldecisionsim-pactimmigration,sodoMIT’sinternationalstudentpopulationfluctuatesinresponsetoachanginginternationalenvironment.Worldwarsdecreasetheinternationalstudentpopulation,whilepeace-timepressures,suchaschangingimmigrationlaws,thedemiseoftheironcurtain,theVietnamWarprotests,andtheAsianfinancialcrisiscausetheirrespectiveebbsandsurges.

International Students

US to International Students by Geographic Region of Home Country

2012

Asia14% Europe

6%AmericasandCaribbean

4%Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania

3%

USCitizenorPermanentResident73%

Asia3%

Europe3%

AmericasandCaribbean

3%Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania

2%

USCitizenorPermanentResident89%

US to International Students by Geographic Region of Home Country

1962

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TheUnitedStateshasbeenthedestinationofchoiceforinternationalstudentsandscholarsforthepast50years.Thenumberofforeignstudentshasrisensteadilysincethe1970s,and,accordingtothe2011OpenDoorsReportpublishedbytheInsti-tuteofInternationalEducation,therewere723,277internationalstudentsenrolledinU.S.collegesdur-ingthe2010–2011academicyear.Thesamereportfoundthattheseinternationalstudentscontributed

over$20billiontotheU.S.economythroughlivingexpensesforthemselvesandaccompanyingdepen-dents,aswellasthroughexpendituresontuition,books,fees,andothereducation-relatedexpenses.AccordingtotheOpenDoorsReport,63.4percentofinternationalstudentsreceivethemajorityoftheirfundsfrompersonalandfamilysources.

International Students by Geographic Region of Home CountryAcademic Years 1904–2012

0

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fStude

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Asia Europe AmericasandCaribbean Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania


ManyinternationalstudentsremainintheU.S.aftergraduation.Thegraphbelowshowsthepost-grad-uationplansofinternationalstudentsgraduatingin2011,asreportedinasurveyadministeredbyMIT.Overall,70percentofinternationalstudentsplantoremainintheU.S.aftergraduation.

International Students(continued)

ThemajorityofinternationalstudentsatMIThaveF-1Visastatus.Themajorityofinternationalnon-studentscholarsatMITweresponsoredonMIT’sJ-1exchangevisitorprogram.

Percentage of 2011 International Student Graduates Remaining in the U.S.by Degree and Post-Graduation Plans

100%

76%

97%

53%

74%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

GraduateStudy Working GraduateStudy Working Working

Bachelor's Master's PhD

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International Study Opportunities JustaswithotheraspectsofanMITeducation,thereisabroadrangeofglobalactivitiesforstudentstochoosefrom.Theserunthegamutfromtraditionalstudy-abroadprogramstoinnova-tiveshorttermprojects,butmostareinfusedwiththeInstitute’sphilosophyofmensetmanus.Inthespringof2011,41percentofstudentsgradu-atingwithabachelor’sdegree,and30percentofstudentsgraduatingwithamaster’sdegreereportedhavingeducationalexperiencesabroad.

Thefollowingareexamplesofprogramsthatprovidestudentswithexperiencesabroad:

Cambridge-MIT Exchange ThroughtheCambridge-MITExchangeProgram(CME),undergraduateMITstudentscanspendtheirjunioryearstudyingattheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland.TheUniversityofCambridgeconsistsof31self-governingcollegeswherestudentsliveandstudyinasupportiveeducationalenvironment.ParticipatingdepartmentsincludeAeronauticsandAstronautics;Biology;BrainandCognitiveSciences;ChemicalEngineering;Chemistry;CivilandEnviron-mentalEngineering;Earth,Atmospheric,andPlane-tarySciences;Economics;ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience;History;MaterialsScienceandEngineering;Mathematics;MechanicalEngineering;andPhysics.

Departmental ExchangesTheDepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronauticsoffersstudyattheUniversityofPretoriainSouthAfrica.TheDepartmentofArchitecturehastwoexchangeprograms,onewithDelftUniversityofTechnologyintheNetherlandsandtheotherwiththeUniversityofHongKong.TheDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringhasanexchangeprogramwithOxfordUniversity.TheDepartmentofPoliticalScienceandPrograminScience,Technol-ogy,andSocietyarestartinganexchangeprogramwithSciencesPoinParis,France.

D-LAB and the Public Service Center TheD-LabandthePublicServiceCenterhelpstu-dentsundertakehands-onpublicserviceprojectsindevelopingcountries.Seepage104formoreinfor-mationonD-Labandpage103formoreinformationonthePublicServiceCenter.

Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology CentreThe Singapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTech-nology(SMART)CentreallowsresearchersfromMITtocollaboratewiththeircounterpartsfromuniversities,researchinstitutes,andindustriesinSingaporeandAsiatoperforminterdisciplinary,experimental,computational,andtranslationalresearch.FiveInterdisciplinaryResearchGroups(IRGs)areundertheSMARTCentre,eachheadedbyaseniorMITfacultymember:InfectiousDisease,theCentreforEnvironmentalSensingandModel-ing,BioSystemsandMicromechanics,FutureUrbanMobility,andLowEnergyElectronicSystems.WithmanyMITfacultymembers,postdoctoralfellows,PhDstudents,andstaffparticipatingatSMART,theseIRGsarehelpingpromoteavibrantknowl-edge-basedatmosphereinSingapore.

MIT-Madrid ProgramTheMIT-MadridProgramgivesstudentstheoppor-tunitytostudyinMadridforthespringtermduringtheirsophomoreorjunioryear.Dependinguponmajorandinterests,studentscanchoosescienceandengineeringcoursesattheUniversidadPolitéc-nicadeMadridand/orhumanities,arts,andsocialsciencescoursesattheUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid;instructionandcourseworkareinSpanish.TheseareleadinguniversitiesinSpain,eachwithitsowndistinguishedtraditionandhistory.

Other Study Abroad OptionsMITstudentsmayalsoapplyforadmissiondirectlytoforeigninstitutionsthatofferstudyabroadprogramsortoastudyabroadprogramadministeredbyanotherU.S.institutionorastudyabroadprovider.


International AlumniMITalumniandscholarshavemadeextraordinarycontributionsintheirhomecountries,theU.S.,andtheworld.Thefollowingaresomeexamples:

Kofi Annan, SM Management 1972KofiAnnan,theseventhSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsandrecipientoftheNobelPeacePrize,wasborninKumasi,Ghana,andattendedtheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyinKu-masibeforecompletinghisundergraduatestudiesatMacalesterCollegeinSt.Paul,Minnesota.HeundertookgraduatestudiesineconomicsattheInstitutuniversitairedeshauteetudesinternation-alsinGeneva,andearnedhisSMinManagementasaSloanFellowatMIT.AnnanworkedfortheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheGhanaTouristDevelop-mentCompany,buthasspentmostofhiscareerattheUnitedNations.In2001,KofiAnnanandtheUnitedNationsreceivedtheNobelPeacePrizefor“theircontributionstoabetterorganizedandmorepeacefulworld.”

Benjamin Netanyahu, SB Architecture 1975SM Management 1976CurrentPrimeMinisterofIsraelandformerlyIs-rael’sambassadortotheUnitedNations,BenjaminNetanyahuwasbornin1948inTelAviv,IsraelandgrewupinJerusalem.HeservedasIsrael’sambas-sadortotheUnitedNationsfrom1984to1988,duringwhichtimeheledtheefforttodeclassifytheUnitedNations’archiveoncrimescommittedbyNaziGermany.Netanyahu,amemberoftheLikudparty,wasIsrael’sPrimeMinisterfrom1996until1999.DuringhistermasPrimeMinister,Netan-yahuimplementedpolicythatcombinedfightingterrorwithadvancementofthepeaceprocess.Itscornerstonewastheconclusionofwell-measuredagreementswiththePalestiniansthatinsistedonreciprocity.Duringhisthree-yearterm,thenumberofterrorattacksdrasticallydecreased.

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, MCP 1978PhD Planning 1981CurrentlytheManagingDirectorofWorldBank,NgoziOkonjo-IwealawasthefirstwomantoholdthepositionofFinanceMinisterinNigeria.Duringhertermfrom2003to2006,shelaunchedanag-gressivecampaigntofightcorruption.Sheimple-mentedaseriesofeconomicandsocialreforms,includingazero-tolerancepolicyforcorruption;internationalandlocalgovernmentalcontractbid-ding;privatizingstate-ownedrefineries;andtheExtractiveIndustryTransparencyInitiative,whichaimstobringopennesstotheoilsector.Underherleadership,thecountryhastripleditsreservesfrom$7billionto$20billion;theannualGDPgrewat6percent;andinflationisdownfrom23percentto9.5percent.Okonjo-IwealastartedhercareerattheWorldBank,whereshewasthefirstwomanevertoachievethepositionsofvicepresidentandcorpo-ratesecretary.

I. M. Pei, SB Architecture 1940IeohMingPei,influentialmodernistarchitectandfounderofthefirmPeiCobbFreed&Partners,wasborninChinain1917.HecompletedhisBachelorofArchitecturedegreeatMITin1940.Peihasde-signedmorethan60buildings,includingtheJohnFitzgeraldKennedyLibraryinBoston,Massachu-setts,theGrandLouvreinParis,France,theMihoMuseuminShiga,Japan,theBankofChinaTowerinHongKong,andtheGatewayTowersinSingapore.

Tony Tan, SM Physics 1964FollowinghisdegreesfromMITandhisPhDfromtheUniversityofAdelaideinappliedmathematics,TantaughtmathematicsattheUniversityofSinga-pore.TanwaselectedtotheParliamentofSingaporein1979,andhasservedinnumerousleadershippositionsintheSingaporegovernment.InDecem-ber1991,TansteppeddownfromtheCabinettoreturntotheprivatesectorastheOverseas-ChineseBankingCorporation’sChairmanandChiefExecutiveOfficer.HerejoinedtheCabinetin1995asDeputyPrimeMinisterandMinisterforDefense.InAugust2003,TanbecameDeputyPrimeMinisterandCo-ordinatingMinisterforSecurityandDefense.

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International Entrepreneurs A2009KauffmanFoundationreportontheEntre-preneurialImpactofMITfoundthefollowing:

Alumni who were not U.S. citizens when admitted to MIT founded companies at different (usually higher per capita) rates relative to their American counter-parts, with at least as many remaining in the United States as are returning to their home countries....

About 30 percent of the foreign students who attend MIT found companies at some point in their lives. This is a much higher rate than for U.S. citizens who attend MIT. We assume (but do not have data that might support this) that foreign students are more inclined from the outset to become entrepre-neurs, as they had to seek out and get admitted

to a foreign university, taking on the added risks of leaving their families and their home countries to study abroad. (MIT has only its one campus in Cambridge, Mass., and, despite collaborations in many countries, does not operate any degree program outside of the United States.) We esti-mate that about 5,000 firms were started by MIT graduates who were not U.S. citizens when they were admitted to MIT. Half of those companies created by “imported” entrepreneurs, 2,340 firms, are headquartered in the United States, generating their principal revenue ($16 billion) and employment (101,500 people) benefits here.

Estimated Number of Companies Founded by International MIT Alumni

Location Total UnitedStates 2,340Europe 790LatinAmerica 495Asia 342

UnitedStates59%Europe

20%

LatinAmerica12%

Asia9%

Location of Companies Founded by International MIT Alumni


MITInternationalScienceandTechnologyInitia-tives(MISTI)program,MIT’sprimaryinternationalprogram,connectsMITstudentsandfacultywithresearchandinnovationaroundtheworld.Work-ingcloselywithanetworkofpremiercorporations,universitiesandresearchinstitutes,MISTImatchesover600MITstudentswithinternshipsandre-searchabroadeachyear.Afterseveralsemestersofculturalandlanguagepreparationoncampus,MISTIstudentsplungeintorigorous,practicalworkexperi-enceinindustryandinacademiclabsandoffices.Projectsaredesignedtoaligntheskillsandinterestsofthestudentwiththeneedsofthehost.MISTIalsoorganizestheMISTIGlobalSeedFunds,whichencourageMITstudentstoworkonfaculty-ledinternationalresearchandprojects.MISTIprogramsareavailableinAfrica,Belgium,Brazil,Chile,China,France,Germany,India,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Russia,Singapore,Spain,andSwitzerland.

MISTI’sapproachtointernationaleducationbuildsonMIT’sdistinctivetraditionsofcombiningclass-roomlearningandhands-onexperienceinUnder-graduateResearchOpportunities(UROPs),coopera-tiveprogramswithindustry,practiceschools,andinternships.Incontrasttootheruniversities’inter-nationalizationprogramsthatmainlyinvolvestudyabroad,MISTImatchesindividualstudentswithworkorresearchopportunitiesintheirownfields.http://web.mit.edu/misti/

Hereareafewexamplesfromthemorethan4,000studentsMISTIhasplacedsinceitbeganbysendingahandfulofinternstoJapanattheendofthe80s:

ChemicalEngineeringstudentNathaliaRodriguezworkedongenetherapyformusculardystrophyatGenpole,aFrenchbiotechcluster.

MatthewZedler,aMechanicalEngineeringgradu-ate,examinedChineseautogrowthandenergyatCambridgeEnergyResearchAssociatesinBeijing.

PhysicsmajorJasonBryslawskyjdesignedsupercon-ductingmagneticbearingsforelectricmotorsatSie-mensinGerman.HewrotetwopatentsatSiemens.

AmmarAmmar,anEECSundergrad,designedandtestedaGoogle/YouTubeprojectatGoogleIsrael.

Photo Credit: MISTI

MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives

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MISTI Annual Internship Placements 1994 - 2012

Year* Japan China Germany India Italy France Mexico Spain Israel Brazil Chile Korea Russia Singapore MISTI

1983-1994 318 318

1995 33 2 35

1996 42 22 64

1997 36 27 22 85

1998 28 45 38 6 117

1999 35 34 33 16 1 119

2000 37 46 37 17 5 142

2001 23 59 38 11 9 29 169

2002 29 48 51 0 12 31 171

2003 37 14 50 6 14 49 170

2004 33 34 59 16 8 45 1 196

2005 30 27 69 24 13 34 9 206

2006 33 29 84 26 5 44 10 1 2 234

2007 32 33 85 38 33 35 19 27 302

2008 34 62 75 35 28 45 26 38 15 358

2009 30 53 96 42 26 81 24 48 33 433

2010 38 54 88 55 44 84 29 49 37 5 483

2011 24 65 107 47 50 97 36 49 50 6 531

2012 27 82 109 50 53 94 41 51 67 17 27 5 10 18 651

Total 872 654 932 339 248 574 154 212 137 11 27 5 10 18 4,784

MISTI Student Internship Expansion

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

*TheMISTIyearrunsfromSeptember1-August31


Campus Research Sponsored by International Organizations Current Selected Projects Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPMAgroupofMechanicalEngineeringfacultyhaveenteredintoaseven-yearresearchandeducationalcollaborationwithKingFahdUniversityofPetro-leumandMinerals(KFUPM)inDhahran,SaudiArabia,leadingtothecreationoftheCenterforCleanWaterandCleanEnergyatMITandKFUPMwithinthedepartment.TheCenter’sresearchfocusesonwaterdesalinationandpurificationandonlow-carbonenergyproductionfrombothsolarenergyandfossilfuels.Additionalresearchactivitiesinvolvedesignandmanufacturing,withafocusontechnologiesrelatedtowaterandenergyproduc-tion.Thiscollaborationbeganinfall2008.Duringthefirstyear,adiversegroupofapproximately20MITfacultyparticipatedintheCenteralongwith35MITgraduatestudentsand10MITpostdocs.Inad-dition,theCenterincludesaprogramtobringSaudiArabianwomentoMITforresearchandeducationalactivities.TheCenterisdirectedbyJohnH.LienhardVandco-directedbyKamalYoucef-Toumi.

Reinventing the WheelAnewbicyclewheeldesignedbyMITresearcherscanboostarider’spowerwhiletrackingtherider’sfriends,fitness,smog,andtraffic.Thewheel,calledtheCopenhagenWheel,storesenergyeverytimetheriderbrakes,whichcanthenbeusedtoassisttherideringoingupahilloraddaburstofspeedintraffic.Inadditiontostoringpower,theCopenha-genWheelusesaseriesofsensorsandaBluetoothconnectiontotherider’siPhonetocollectdataaboutthebicycle’sspeed,directionanddistancetraveled,aswellaspickingupdataonairpollu-tion,andeventheproximityoftherider’sfriends.Theresultingdatacanbothhelptheindividualrider—forexample,byprovidingfeedbackonfit-nessgoals—andhelpthecity(iftheuseroptstosharetheinformation)bybuildingadatabaseofairquality,popularbikingroutes,andareasoftrafficcongestion.TheCopenhagenWheelwasdevelopedbyCarloRattiandwasfundedbythecityofCopen-hagen,theItaliancompanyDucati,andtheItalianenvironmentministry.

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Campus Research Sponsored by International Organizations (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008-2012

International Sponsor Type 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Foundationsandothernonprofits 11,299,312 17,314,194 23,170,052 20,233,545 25,025,346

Government 17,444,906 26,299,968 32,633,438 32,471,318 37,712,878

Industry 25,582,009 31,988,543 40,642,427 45,603,282 48,133,890

Total 54,326,226 75,602,705 96,445,918 98,308,146 110,872,115


$0

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nditu

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InternationalIndustry ConstantDollars


94

95

PrinciplesofMITUndergraduateFinancialAid 96WhoPaysforanMITUndergraduateEducation 97FormsofUndergraduateFinancialAid 98SourcesofUndergraduateFinancialAid 99

6 Undergraduate Financial Aid


Undergraduate Financial AidPrinciples of MIT UndergraduateFinancial Aid

Asaresultoftheseguidingprinciples,theInstitutehashistoricallyassumedanincreasinglyhigherpercentageofnetundergraduatetuitionandfees,whichreducesthecosttothestudent.However,2011and2012sawslightincreasesinnettuitionandfeeswhencomparedtototaltuitionandfees,asexhibitedbythechartbelow.

*Nettuitionandfeescalculatedasgrossundergraduatetuitionandfeesreceived,minusMITundergraduatescholarships.

ToensurethatMITremainsaccessibletoallquali-fiedstudentsregardlessoftheirfinancialresources,MITiscommittedtothreeguidingfinancialaidprinciples:

•Need-blindadmissions:MITrecruitsandenrollsthemosttalentedandpromisingstudentswith-outregardtotheirfinancialcircumstances.

•Need-basedfinancialaid:MITawardsaidonlyforfinancialneed.Itdoesnotawardundergraduatescholarshipsforacademicorathleticachieve-mentsorforothernon-financialcriteria.

•Meetingthefullneed:MITguaranteesthateachstudent’sdemonstratedfinancialneedisfullymet.

Net Undergraduate Tuition and Fees as a Percentage of Total Tuition and Fees*

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Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate Education In2011–2012,theannualpriceofanMITeducationtotaled$55,670perstudent—$40,460fortuitionandfees,$11,775forroomandboard,anestimated$2,763forbooks,supplies,andpersonalexpenses,andaper-studentaverageof$400fortravel.With4,363undergraduatesenrolled,thecollectivepriceforundergraduateswas$242.9million.Ofthisamount,familiespaid$121.1million,or50percent,andfinancialaidcoveredtheremaining50percent.SinceMITsubsidizesthecostofeducatingunder-

graduatesthroughitstuitionpricingandcontinuestobethelargestsourceoffinancialaidtoitsunder-graduates,theInstituteistheprimarysourceforpayingforanMITundergraduateeducation,andfamiliesthesecondarysource.

Additionally,forstudentswhoreceivedMITschol-arships,thefamilyshareismainlybasedonfamilyincomewithneedierfamiliespayingasignificantlysmallershareoftheprice.

*Medianfamilyincomeforthe2011–2012MITscholarshiprecipientsis$82,389.†Averagescholarshippackageequalstheaveragescholarshipfromanysource(institutional,federal,state,andprivate)forMITscholarshiprecipientsonly.††FamilyshareofpriceiscomputedasthedifferencebetweeneachMITscholarshiprecipient’sexpensebudgetandtheiraveragescholarshippackage;itmaydifferfromthecalculatedfamilycontribution.

Family income of MIT undergraduates*

Number of MIT scholarship recipients

Percent of Undergraduates

with MIT Scholarship

Average scholarship package†

Family share of price††

Financial aid share of price

$0-25,000 380 98% $49,952 10% 90%$25,001-50,000 460 100% $48,195 13% 87%$50,001-75,000 385 97% $44,298 20% 80%$75,001-100,000 370 97% $37,621 32% 68%$100,001-125,000 320 95% $31,696 43% 57%$125,001-150,000 306 91% $24,049 57% 43%$150,001-175,000 212 83% $18,511 67% 33%$175,001-200,000 108 65% $15,515 72% 28%$200,001andup 128 8% $10,618 76% 24%Totals 2,669 60% $15,168 41% 59%

Average 2011–2012 Scholarship Packages and Share of Price by Family Income for MIT scholarship recipients


Forms of Undergraduate Financial AidTheprimaryformoffinancialaidtoMITunder-graduatesisgrantsorscholarships—termsthatareusedinterchangeably,althoughgrantsaregiftaidbasedonneedandscholarshipsaregiftaidbasedonmerit.Theshareofundergraduatefinancialaidintheformofgrants/scholarshipsissteadilyrisingwithMIT’seffortstoreducestudentself-help(i.e.loanandjobexpectations).Since2005–2006theshareofundergraduateaidintheformofgrants/scholarshipsrosefrom80.9to86.6percentwhiletheshareintheformofstudentloansfellfrom11.1to6.7percent,andterm-timeworkdecreasedfrom8.0to6.7percent.

Fromthestudents’perspective,grantsarethesoleformofaidthatunambiguouslyincreasesthefinan-cialaccessibilityofcollege,sincetheydon’trequire

repaymentanddon’tincreasethestudents’indebt-edness.ThepreponderanceofgrantaidatMITsetstheInstituteapartfromthenationaltrendtowardstudentloansastheprimaryformofundergraduatefinancialaid.

Overthelastacademicyear,22percentofunder-graduatesborrowed$8.2millioninstudentloansfromallsources.Theaverageloanwas$8,480.Stu-dentemploymentfromon-campusjobsandFederalWork-StudyProgrampositions(whichincludebothon-andoff-campuswork)totaled$8.2million,with63percentofundergraduatesworkingandearninganaverageof$2,971each.

Types of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates2011–2012

Amounts of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates, 2011–2012

AidType Amount($)GrantsandScholarships 105,467,161StudentLoans 8,217,126Term-timeemployment 8,153,365Total 121,837,652

GrantsandScholarships

86%

Studentloans7%

Term-time employment

7%

99

Undergraduate Financial Aid

MIT Briefing Book

Sources of Undergraduate Financial AidIn2011–2012,MITprovided77.7percentofundergraduatefinancialaid.Thefederalgovern-mentprovided12.7percent,andtheremaining9.6percentcamefromstateandprivateresources.MITalsodiffersherefromthenationaltrendofrelyingonthefederalgovernmentasthelargestsourceoffinancialaid.

MIT Financial AidNinety-threepercentofthefinancialaidthatMITprovidescomesintheformofgrants.In2011–2012,approximately61percentofMITundergraduatesreceivedanMITgrant,averaging$32,917each.ThesegrantscomeprimarilyfromMIT’sendowedfunds,giftsfromalumniandfriends,andgeneralInstitutefunds.

Federal Financial AidTheU.S.DepartmentofEducationisthesecond-largestsourceoffinancialaidtoMITundergradu-ates.MITparticipatesintheFederalPellGrantandtheFederalSupplementalEducationalOpportunityGrant,allofwhichprovideneed-basedaid.Approxi-mately20percentofMITundergraduatesreceivePellGrants.AsofJune30th,2011,theAcademicCompetitivenessGrantandtheNationalScienceandMathematicsAccesstoRetainTalentGrantPro-gramswereeliminated.

MITundergraduatesalsoreceiveRobertC.ByrdScholarships,thefederallyfunded,state-adminis-teredgrantswhichrecognizeexceptionallyablehighschoolseniors.

FortypercentofthefederalaidthatMITundergrad-uatesreceiveisintheformofloans.In2011–2012,approximately20percentofMITundergraduatesre-ceivedafederalloan,whichaveraged$7,118each.

MITisalenderundertheFederalPerkinsLoanProgram,whichprovidessubsidizedstudentloans;andtakespartintheFederalDirectLoanProgram,

whichoffersbothsubsidizedandunsubsidizedloans.ItalsoparticipatesintheFederalWork-StudyProgram,whichprovidesstudentjobs,includingpaidcommunityservicepositions.Alloftheseprogramsarepartnershipsbetweenthegovernmentandparticipatinginstitutions,whereinstitutionsmatchthefederalcontributionswiththeirownfunds.MIThasparticipatedintheseprogramssincetheirincep-tionandvaluestheirroleinmakinganMITeduca-tionaccessibletoallqualifiedstudents.

Inaddition,MITundergraduatesreceivefederalaidfortheirparticipationintheAirForce,Army,andNavyROTC.Thisaidisnotbasedonneed.

Private and State Financial AidPrivatesourcesoffinancialaid—includingcharitableandcivicorganizations,corporations,foundations,banks,andotherfinancialinstitutions—arethethird-largestsourceoffinancialaidtoMITunder-graduates.Thisaidincludesprivategrantsandalter-nativestudentloans(socalledtodistinguishthemfromfederalloans).

Studentsreceiveprivatescholarshipsinrecogni-tionoftheiracademicaccomplishments,athleticormusicalskills,careerinterests,andmanyothercri-teria.Alternativeloansordinarilyareunsubsidizedandarebasedonthecostofeducation,lessotherfinancialawards,withoutanyadditionalconsider-ationforfinancialneed.

Severalstates,inadditiontoMassachusetts,allowtheirresidentstoreceiveastategrantwhileattend-ingMIT.ThesestatesincludeConnecticut,Delaware,Maine,NewHampshire,Pennsylvania,RhodeIslandandVermont.Moststategrantsareneed-based.NostateloanoremploymentprogramsareavailabletoMITundergraduates.


ThefollowingchartsummarizesthesourcesandtypesoffinancialaidMITundergraduatesreceivedin2011–2012.

†Thetotalcolumnandrowareunduplicatednumbersofstudents.

Sources of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates, 2011–2012

AidSource Amount($)MIT 94,632,625Federal 15,524,612State 214,812Private 11,465,603Total 121,837,652

Grants and Scholarships Student Loans Term-time Employment Total†Source Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students Amount ($) StudentsMIT 87,856,306 2,669 201,400 68 6,574,919 2,322 94,632,625 3,567

Federal 7,767,350 1,036 6,178,816 868 1,578,446 522 15,524,612 1,960State 214,812 115 N/A N/A N/A N/A 214,812 115Private 9,628,693 1,280 1,836,910 95 N/A N/A 11,465,603 1,349Total† 105,467,161 3,238 8,217,126 969 8,153,365 2,744 121,837,652 3,901

Undergraduate Financial Aid 2011–2012

MIT78%

Federal13%

Private9%

*Statefinancialaidamountsforlessthanonepercentofaid.

Sources of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates* 2011–2012

101

PublicServiceCenter 103KeyPrograms 104SelectedRecentProjects 105

7 Service to Local, National, and World Communities


Service to Local, National, and World CommunitiesFoundedwiththemissionofadvancingknowledgetoservethenationandtheworld,MIThasbeenstronglycommittedtopublicservicefromitsstart.MembersoftheMITcommunityhelpedbuildtheBostonPublicLibraryinthelate19thcenturyanddamtheCharlesRiverearlyinthe20thcentury.ResearchanddevelopmentduringWorldWarIIincludedradarsystems;submarineandaircraftdetectionsystems;along-rangenavigationschemebasedonradarprinciples;theSCR-584radarfordirectinganti-aircraftfire;theGroundControlledApproachSystemforlandingaircraftinlowvisibility;andtheDraperGunSightwhichpositionsagunattheproperleadangletofireatmovingtargets.

In1985,EricChivian,aphysicianinMIT’smedicaldepartmentandafounderofInternationalPhysi-ciansforthePreventionofNuclearWar,shareda

NobelPeacePrizeforthegroup’sservicetohuman-ity.Morerecently,AmySmith,anMITalumnaandmechanicalengineeringinstructorinMIT’sEdgertonCenter,wonaMacArthur“geniusgrant”forhercommitmenttoinventingsimpletechnologiestosolveproblemsintheworld’spoorestplaces,suchaslowcostwater-purificationsystems,orasimpleandefficienttechnologyforgrindinggrain.

WhileMITfaculty,students,andstaffregularlyengageinconventionalprojectssuchasraisingmoneyforhurricanevictims,renovatingoldhousing,orrestoringlocalnaturereserves,MIT’sscientificandtechnologicalorientationgivesitspublicserviceoutreachaparticularemphasis.Manyofitspublicserviceprogramsarespecificallydevotedtoinventingnewtechnologiesandapplyingnewknowledgethatwilladvancesocialwell-being.

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Service to Local, National, and World Communities

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MIT Public Service Center ThePublicServiceCenter(PSC)offersMITstudentsmultiplewaystoassistcommunitiesbeyondMITwhileexpandingtheirowneducationandlifeexperiences.Theguidance,resources,andsupportofferedbythePSChelpstudentstoidentifypublicserviceoptionsthatsuittheirpassionsandabilities.

ThePSChelpsstudentsgainhands-onexperi-encesthatservecommunitiesandthestudentsthemselvesinlife-transformingways.Throughfellowships,internships,andgrants,theIDEASGlobalChallenge,programssuchasFourWeeksforAmericaandtheFreshmenUrbanProgram,commu-nityservicework-studypositions,andadvisingresources,studentshavetheopportunitytoengageinavarietyofopportunities.

Fellowships, Value-Added Internships, and Grants InlocationsasnearasBostonorasfarasIndia,therearemanyopportunitiestoworkoncommuni-tyissues,whetherdesigningcommunityspacesfordomesticviolencesurvivorsinBoston,scrutinizinglaborpracticesintheelectronicsindustryinMexico,ortestinganelectronicpillboxinIndia.

IDEAS Global Challenge Studentsformteamstoworkwithacommunitypartnertodesignandimplementinnovativeproj-ectsthatimprovethequalityoflifeincommunitiesaroundtheworld.Since2001,theIDEASGlobalChallengehasawardedover$400,000tomorethan75teamstomaketheirideasareality.Asaresultofimplementationfundsawardedtoteams,communi-tiesaroundtheworldhavedirectlybenefitedfromtheseinnovations.

Programs, Planning, and VolunteeringThroughlocaloutreachprograms,MITstudentscanworkwithaK–12scienceclassroom,serveasamentortoadolescentsinmathandscience,orteachachildtoread.IntheFourWeeksforAmericaprogram,studentsworkwithTeachforAmericateachersduringtheIndependentActivitiesPeriodtohelpdevelopinnovativewaystoteachscienceandmathandincreaseclassroomlearning.StudentLeadersinService,partofAmeriCorps,allowsstudentstovolunteerinthecommunityinexchangeforaneducationaward.Also,PSCstaffadvisestudentsaboutinternationalandlocalvolunteeropportunities,servicegroupmanage-ment,grantsandproposalwriting,andotherareasthathelpMITstudentsandgroupstoparticipateincommunityservice.


Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action LabTheAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLab(J-PAL)isanetworkofaffiliatedprofessorsaroundtheworldwhoareunitedbytheiruseofrandomizedevaluationstoanswerquestionscriticaltopovertyalleviation.J-PAL’smissionistoreducepovertybyensuringthatpolicyisbasedonscientificevidence.J-PALworkstoachievethisbyconductingrigorousimpactevaluations,buildingcapacity,andinformingpolicy.J-PALisorganizedbothbyregionalofficesandbyresearchthemescalledPrograms.J-PAL’sheadquartersisacenterwithintheMITDepartmentofEconomics,withindependentregionalofficesinAfrica,Europe,LatinAmerica,andSouthAsiathatarehostedbylocaluniversities.J-PAL’sprogramsincludeagriculture,education,energyandenviron-ment,finance,health,labormarkets,andpoliticaleconomyandgovernance.

D-LabD-Labisaprogramthatfostersthedevelopmentofappropriatetechnologiesandsustainablesolutionswithintheframeworkofinternationaldevelopment.D-Lab’smissionistoimprovethequalityoflifeoflow-incomehouseholdsthroughthecreationandimplementationoflow-costtechnologies.D-Lab’sportfoliooftechnologiesalsoservesasaneduca-tionalvehiclethatallowsstudentstogainanopti-misticandpracticalunderstandingoftheirrolesinalleviatingpoverty.D-Labseekstogiveeachstudentadeepandmeaningfulexperienceandiscommittedtomakingalong-lastingimpactinthecommunitieswheretheywork.Thiscannothappenremotely,andthusD-Labprovidesanopportunityforfieldworktoeachstudentandmaintainsstrongrelationshipswithpartnerorganizations.Asaresult,D-Laboffersaveryuniqueeducationalopportunityforuniversitystudents.D-LabispartoftheInternationalDevelop-mentInitiativeatMIT(seefollowingentry).

Key Programs International Development Initiative InternationaldevelopmentisagrowingareaofinterestforstudentsandfacultyandakeypartofMIT’sgoalofadvancingglobaleducation.TheInter-nationalDevelopmentInitiative(IDI)contributestothevibrantinternationaldevelopmentecosystematMIT.IDIaimstoservetheMITcommunitythroughfourcorefunctions:programs,mentoring,getinvolved,andnetworking.OneoftheIDIprogramsistheannualMuhammadYunusInnovationChal-lengetoAlleviatePoverty.Theprogramhighlightsapressingneedoftheworld’spoorandenablesMITstudentstodevelopsolutionsthroughavarietyofmechanisms,includingPublicServiceFellowships,theIDEASGlobalChallenge,andD-Lab.

International Development Grants Thesegrantssupportinternationaldevelop-mentprojectsthatinvolveMITstudents.Faculty,students,andotherMITcommunitymemberscanusethemtocovermaterials,travel,andotherexpensesinprojectsthatservecommunitiesindevelopingregions.

Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship TheLegatumCenterforDevelopmentandEntre-preneurshipatMITwasfoundedonthebeliefthateconomicprogressandgoodgovernanceinlow-in-comecountriesemergefromentrepreneurshipandinnovationsthatempowerordinarycitizens.Thecenteradministersahighlycompetitivefellowshipprogramforgraduatestudentswhointendtolaunchenterprisesindevelopingcountries.Thecenteralsoconvenesanannualconference,offerseduca-tionalprograms,andawardsseedgrantstosupportstudentteamsworkingoninnovativeprojectsinemergingeconomies.

105

Service to Local, National, and World Communities

MIT Briefing Book

Selected Recent Projects Cell Phone Applications in Developing Countries Withmorethan4billionusersworldwide,cellphoneshavebecomeoneoftheworld’smostreadilyavailabletechnologies.MITstudentsareusingthesecommondevicestobringlife-changingtechnologytodevelopingcountries.StudentsfromMITMediaLab’sNextLabprogramhavecreatedanopensourcemedicaldiagnosisapplicationcalledMobileCare,orMoca.Theapplicationgivesresi-dentsofunderdevelopedruralareaseasyaccesstodiagnosticmedicalcare.Zaca,alsoaNextLabproject,aimstoeconomicallyempowerfarmersintheMexicanstateofZacatecas.Theapplicationconnectsfarmerstoapeer-to-peernetworktohelpthemobtainfairpricingfortheircrops.YetanotherNextLabproject,Celedu,shortforcellulareduca-tion,isteachingchildreninruralIndianvillagestoreadusingcellphone-basedgamesandquizzes.AdnanShahid,afellowattheLegatumCenterforDevelopmentandEntrepreneurship,isdevelopingacellphonerecyclingprograminPakistan.AnotherLegatumfellow,RaviInukonda,isdevelopingaprogramtobringmobileservices,suchasupdatesonwaterandpowershutdownsandcurrentmarketratesforproduce,toruralphoneusersinIndia.

Gasoline Storage Tank Leak Detection DevelopedbyAndrewHeafitz,agraduatestudentinMechanicalEngineering,andCarlDietrich,agradu-atestudentinAeronauticsandAstronautics,thisnewlow-costtechnologyenablesownersofgasolinetanksindevelopingcountriestocontinuallytestthewaterinthetanks’monitorwells,thusreducingtherisksofenvironmentalandhealthdamagecausedwhenthetanksleak.Ifthesystemdetectsgasolineinthewell,awindowinthewellcoverchangesfromgreentored;andbecausetheynolongerhavetounboltthecover,tankownerscancheckwellsforcontaminationmuchmorefrequently.Thenewsys-temreplacestheneedforbothunaffordableelec-tronicdetectionequipmentandthetediousprocessoftestingwatermanually.Asimplepractical,andinherentlysafemechanicalsystem,thetechnologyisparticularlyusefulforaverycost-sensitiveindustry.

Inexpensive Glasses: Sight for the Poor Asmanyas1.4billionpeoplearoundtheworldneedcorrectivelensesbutcan’taffordthem.Notonlyistheirqualityoflifesignificantlyreduced,buttheirproductivityalsoslows,theyaremorepronetoaccidents,and,insomecases,theycan’tfunc-tion.Asanalternativetofarmoreexpensiveglassmoldingmachinescurrentlyinuse,MITMediaLabgraduatestudentSaulGriffithinventedaportablemachinewithaprogrammablemoldthatformsalow-costacryliclensintheexactshaperequiredinabout10minutes.

Monitoring Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis with Personal Digital AssistantsTreatmentofdrug-resistanttuberculosisisatwo-yearprocessthatinvolvesclosemonitoringoftreat-mentschedules.Inareaswithoutelectronicrecords,thisprocessgenerateshugeamountsofpaperwork.JoaquinBlaya,aHarvard-MITHealthSciencesandTechnologyPh.D.student,workedwithMITfacultyandexpertsatBrighamandWomen’shospitaltocreateapersonaldigitalassistantapplicationtotrackthesetreatmentschedules.Theprogram’sgoalwastoimprovedoctors’accesstotimelyandaccuratetestresults.WhenitwaslaunchedinLima,Peru,theapplicationreducedtheaveragetimeittooktestresultstoreachdoctorsfrom23daysto8days.TheprogramhassincebeenimplementedinallfiveofLima’sdistricts.


Passive Incubator for Premature Infants Everyyear,4millioninfantsdiewithinthefirst28daysoflife.Ofthisnumber,3.9millionliveinthedevelopingworld.Complicationsofprematurity—mostfrequentlyheatlossanddehydration—cause24percentofthesedeaths.Electricincubatorscanminimizethisproblem,butinthedevelopingworldthelackofelectricityinmostruralregionsandthefrequentlossofpowerinurbanareasrenderthistechnologyworthless.Usingphase-changematerialthatonceheated,forexamplebywoodorcoalfire,maintainsitstemperaturefor24hours,anddevisingwaystouseindigenousrawmaterialsforanoutershell,ateamofMITstudentsaredesigningalow-costincubatorthatwilloperatewithoutelectricity.ThestudentsnowarereviewingtheirdesignwithMédecinsSansFrontièresinSriLanka,andoncetheyhavebuiltaworkingmodel,theywillmeetwithSriLankanstoimplementfieldtests.

Selected Recent Projects (continued)

Portable Pedal-Powered Corn Processor InTanzaniaandotherpartsofAfrica,processingthecornharvestisalabor-intensiveprocessthatcanlastaslongastwoweeks.Abicycle-poweredmachine,adaptedbyMITundergraduateJodieWu,canmakethisprocessupto30timesfaster.Wudesignedthebicycleadd-onasaD-Lab:Designclassproject,creatingamachinethatwasbothafford-ableandportable.Previousmodelshadrequiredcompleteconversionofabicycle,makingthebikeunrideable.Wurefinedthecornshellersoitcouldbeattachedtothechainofaregularbicycleandthenlaterremoved.Wuthenspentasummervisit-ingvillagesinTanzaniaintroducingthedevice.

Institutional

Research

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