Bro632 Electronic Media Management class01:history

Electronic MediaManagement

BRO632 | Thursday | 06-10 pm

MOHD “BOB” AZHAR ISMAIL

Class 001/Sept 2012

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Thursday, September 13, 2012

Electronic Media?


It’s here!!!


Electronic media are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end-user (audience) to access the content. This is in contrast to static media (mainly print media), which today are most often created electronically, but don't require electronics to be accessed by the end-user in the printed form. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public are better known as video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD-ROM and online content. Most new media are in the form of digital media. However, electronic media may be in either analog or digital format.

Although the term is usually associated with content recorded on a storage medium, recordings are not required for live broadcasting and online networking.

Any equipment used in the electronic communication process (e.g. television, radio, telephone, desktop computer, game console, handheld device) may also be considered electronic media.

Source: Wikipedia


MANAGEMENT?


man·age·ment / ˈmanijmənt/

Noun:

1. The process of dealing with or controlling things or people: "the management of deer".

2. The responsibility for and control of a company or similar organization: "the management of a newspaper".

Source: Dictionary.com

Management in Electronic Media is where we managed and control the workflow of task and system while maintaining the process to avoid disturbance to

the force.Source: unknown


ORIGINS OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA


Definitely not this type of origin


THE NEED OF COMMUNICATING


The desire to communicate is a part of being human. We have

always needed to express ourselves but it took a long time before we

could do so successfully.

Source: Electronic Media: Then, Now, And Later. 2nd EditionISBN 978-0-240-81256-4



About 100,000 years ago, we developed the

capacity to communicate using speech.



About 40,000 years ago, we drew

pictures on the walls of caves.



Through the ages, we’ve used various systems to send messages like smoke signals, semaphores (flags), pigeons, and human messengers, each of which had its own advantages and disadvantages.



Question:What are the disadvantages of the said method of communication mentioned?


As we became more verbal and communicative and each person’s sphere of contacts expanded, efforts to communicate became more sophisticated.




Writing came into use about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago.

With written language, we no

longer had to rely solely on memory.



4000BCE, in Ancient Near East, people were writing on clay tablets, which were portable and durable records of transactions and observations.

Around 3000BCE, the Egyptians used the fibrous

plant papyrus as a type of primitive paper.

At the time, a form of picture writing called

hieroglyphics evolved.

Ancient History

About 2000BCE, the Egyptians developed an alphabet of 24 characters.



Mid fifteenth century, Johannes Gutenberg, a metal worker in Europe, developed a system to print multiple copies of an original page using a system of movable type. Using a modified wine press, Gutenberg printed pages for books by putting together individual letters. The letters were then coated with ink and pressed onto paper using the press. The result was a printed page that could be duplicated many times with high quality and low cost. For the first time, one individual with a printing press could reach many people with high-quality copies of a book or newspaper.

Chapter 1: Tuning in to E lec tronic Media 3

There’s evidence that as early as 4000 BCE people were writing on clay tablets, which were portable and durable records of transactions and observations. One thousand years later, the Egyptians used the fibrous plant papyrus as a type of primitive paper. At the time, a form of pic-ture writing called hieroglyphics evolved. About 2000 BCE, the Egyptians developed an alphabet of 24 characters. In the western United States, early Native Americans carved pictographs in rocks to show others what they saw and how they lived their lives.In the middle of the fifteenth century, Johannes Gutenberg, a metal worker in Europe, developed a sys-tem to print multiple copies of an original page using a system of movable type. Using a modified wine press, Gutenberg printed pages for books by putting together individual letters. The letters were then coated with ink

and pressed onto paper using the press. The result was a printed page that could be duplicated many times with high quality and low cost. For the first time, one individ-ual with a printing press could reach many people with high-quality copies of a book or newspaper.

In 1844, Samuel F. B. Morse developed a system of com-munication that used electricity and allowed people to send messages over long distances almost instan-taneously. The invention—the telegraph—could send messages from one source point to other points using a system of dots and dashes—short on/offs and long on/offs to spell out words one letter at a time. The telegraph worked well as long as the distant point had the equip-ment and a skilled operator to receive and translate the coded message into words. Twenty-two years later, in 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, a device that then (as now) only required a person to speak into the mouthpiece. Both of these inventions were designed to facilitate person-to-person (or one-to-one) communication over distances.

As books and newspapers became popular, the practice of communicating to many people at once became com-mon. This one-to-many model of communicating was not a balanced two-way model, however. The audience (the many) could possibly communicate back to the sender, but this communication, known as feedback, was limited. As such, the one-to-many model became known as mass communication. The mass media constitute the channel that uses a mechanical device (e.g., a printing press) or electronic device (e.g., broadcast transmitter) to deliver messages to a mass audience.

FIG. 1.3 Native American pictographs from a rock wall in Arizona. Photo courtesy Lea Parker.

SETI, which stands for search for extraterrestrial intelligence, took over this function for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) when a budget crisis caused NASA support to be withdrawn. SETI is a nonpro!t organization that monitors the radio spectrum for signals from other star systems in the hopes that it will hear a radio signal from intelligent life on another planet. It uses a huge receiving station located in Arrecibo, Puerto Rico, to monitor millions of radio channels simultaneously, mostly by computer.

SETI hasn’t found anything yet. Perhaps extraterrestrial beings don’t use radio waves to send signals. Maybe they prefer cable or some other technology that cannot be detected with the equipment used at the SETI site. The point here is that humans have a strong desire to communicate with others (humans or extraterrestrials), and they are willing and able to spend the time and money to make that contact.

To learn more about SETI, go to www.seti.org.

FYI: Human Desire to Communicate with Aliens

FIG. 1.4 The !rst printing press was built in the !fteenth century.


In 1844, Samuel F. B. Morse developed a system of communication that used electricity and allowed people to send messages over long distances almost instantaneously. The invention—the telegraph—could send messages from one source point to other points using a system of dots and dashes—short on/offs and long on/ offs to spell out words one letter at a time.


In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, a device that then (as now) only required a person to speak into the mouthpiece. Both of these inventions were designed to facilitate person-to-person (or one-to-one) communication over distances.


As books and newspapers became popular, the practice of communicating to many people at once became common.

This one-to-many model of communicating was not a balanced two-way model, however. The audience (the many) could possibly communicate back to the sender, but this communication, known as feedback, was limited.

As such, the one-to-many model became known as mass communication. The mass media constitute the channel that uses a mechanical device (e.g., a printing press) or electronic device (e.g., broadcast transmitter) to deliver messages to a mass audience.


The information source (a person) uses a transmitter (a telephone) to send a signal through a channel (telephone wires) that is received by a receiver (another telephone) and then heard at the destination (a person). In mass communication, the information source (say, a weathercaster at a television station) uses a broadcast television transmitter to send a signal using broadcast waves through the air (channel) that is received by a television receiver and then seen and heard by the viewer (destination). Additional concepts, such as noise that can interfere with the process, were added to the model to make it more generalizable.

InformationSource Transmitter

NoiseSource

Channel

InformationSource Transmitter

Shannon and Weaver Mathematical Modelknown also as a linear model

Signal ReceivedSignal Message

Source: Based on Shannon & Weaver, 1949.


Schramm and Osgood (Schramm, 1954) used a simplified model to explain communication. Using only three basic elements—a message, an encoder, and a decoder—this model demonstrates the reciprocal nature of communication between two people or entities. It shows how communication is a two-way process in which the participants act as both senders and receivers of messages.

Schramm–Osgood Communication Model

Source: Based on Schramm, 1954.


In an attempt to create a model to explain mass communication, Schramm (1954) used one source to represent an organization that s e n d s o u t m a n y i d e n t i c a l m e s s a g e s t o t h e a u d i e n c e composed of many individual receivers, who are connected to groups of others and pass along information about the messages from the initial receiver. The dotted lines in the model represent feedback from the receivers, which is delayed and not explicit. The organization must then infer the meaning of the feedback (such as ratings for a program) and act accordingly.

Schramm Mass Communication Model



Radio


RADIO


In the early twentieth century, Guglielmo Marconi developed radio telegraphy, which could send a signal from point to point. This technology was similar to Morse’s telegraph but without the wires. Soon after radio telegraphy became viable, other inventors produced a system for transmitting the human voice and other sounds, such as music. Radio signaled the beginning of broadcasting and eventually the start of commercial electronic media. Newspapers, magazines, clubs, and even schools promoted radio and stimulated interest in the new medium. In the late 1920s, the fascination with radio grew as music and other programs hit the airwaves.


RADIO


Radio enjoyed its place as the only instantaneous and electronic medium for over 30 years. During this time, it developed most of the programming formats (some of which were later used for television), enjoyed financial success, and was a mainstay in American culture.

Radio’s stature changed after World War II, when television broadcasting got off to a roaring start. Many of the popular shows on network radio shifted over to television, providing the new medium with an audience already familiar with the program.


RADIO in Malaysia

Source: 1.Thesis- by Muhammad Pauzi Bin Abd Latif UPM -20052. http://hweiming.blogspot.com

Malaysia was one of the earliest British colonies to operate a radio broadcasting service. However, the British government did not show much interest in radio in its early stage of development (Asiah Sarji, 1994)

A m a t e u r s e l e c t r i c c o m p a n i e s , telecommunication personnel, and radio enthusiasts were among those who started the ball rolling.

In 1921 A.L Birch, the chief electrical engineer of the Johore state government, experimented with a Peto Scott type of wireless set obtained from overseas (Malay Mail July 30 1921). In 1923 he formed the Johore Wireless Society, which triggered the formation of nearly one dozen radio societies throughout Malaya. News music, and songs from the phonograms were among the first programmes broadcast.

In 1931, the Kuala Lumpur Amateur Radio Society (KLARS) acquired its own transmitter a crystal controlled “Marconi S3A” through government channels and begun broadcasting using it in May 1931.

The Post and Telegraphs Department of the Fe d e r a t e d M a l ay S t a t e s ( F M S ) w a s responsible once again for providing the new equipment to the amateurs. In 1933 more permanence was given to the amateurs when they were allocated space to construct a studio next to the transmitting room at Petaling Hill, Kuala Lumpur.

Sir Shenton Thomas who opened the Studio of Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya and its transmitter at Caldecott Hill, Singapore, on 11th March 1937. The British Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya was then taken over by the Straits Settlement and became a part of the British Information Ministry better known as the Malayan Broadcasting Corporation.


http://hweiming.blogspot.com


RADIO in Malaysia


The broadcasting facilities came in handy for the Japanese during their occupation of three years and eight months. They used the existing radio channels in Penang, Malacca, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban and S i n g a p o r e t o t r a n s m i t J a p a n e s e propaganda.

After the Japanese surrender, the British military administration took charge of broadcasting. On April 1, 1946, the day the Malayan Union came, the government setup the Department of Broadcasting or Radio Malaya (Glattbach & Balakrishnan, 1978: Sarji 1994).

On 1st April 1946, the Department of Broadcasting was established in Singapore. When emergency, caused by the outbreak of social riots was declared in 1948, it became necessary to further enhance and develop radio services.




RADIO in Malaysia


In the early 50's, broadcasting activities in Malaya were operated from its temporary studio in Jalan Young (now know as Jalan Cenderasari) in Kuala Lumpur and later in 1956, were moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur. It was here that broadcasting in Malaysia grew with the establishment of several stations throughout the country including Sabah and Sarawak. Commercial advertisements were first aired on radio in 1960. This became a new source of revenue for the Government. An interesting point to note is that 'deejays' began to use the i n t r o d u c t i o n " I N I L A H R A D I O MALAYSIA" (This is Radio Malaysia) to greet listeners at the very first time Malaysia was formed in 16th September 1963.




Television


In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television systems relied on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television.

he concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone.

Television

John Logie Baird FRSE (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system, and also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube.

Particularly in Britain, many historians credit Baird with being the first to produce a live, moving, greyscale television image from reflected light. Baird achieved this, by obtaining a better photoelectric cell and improving the signal conditioning from the photocell and the video amplifier.

Source: Wikipedia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonoscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonoscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_conditioning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_conditioning

Please read up the rest on Television History and about John Logie Baird in Wikipedia

Television


Television in Malaysia


Broadcasting further carved another milestone when Television services (Radio Televisyen Malaysia) were introduced on 28 December 1963 from its temporary studio at Dewan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Ampang.

The opening was done by the Prim Minister Tuanku Abdul Rahman at 6pm and the first person who appear on the TV Screen was 9 M 2 R I ( R a j a I s k a n d a r ) w i t h t h e establishment of one TV network, Saluran 5 TV Malaysia

At that time the transmission was from 6.00pm to 9.00pm on the week days and on weekends from 6.00pm to 11.00pm. Initially its area of coverage was confined only to the capital city. Later between 1964 and 1965, the nation witnessed the greater expansion of TV transmitters.






Broadcast operations then moved office to Angkasapuri Complex which began its telecast on 6th October 1969.

Radio and Television were merged under the Ministry of Information. The growth of the first channel, Rangkaian Satu encouraged the second channel to be established on 17th November 1969.

In 31st December 1978, colour TV was introduced and on 1st January 1982, Full c o l o u r b r o a d c a s t t r a n s m i s s i o n w a s introduced. Whereas, East Malaysia received their first broadcasting programmes in 1971 (Sabah) and 1975 (Sarawak).

The first private commercial broadcasting station was established in June 1983 by Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad and was named as TV3. This was the decade of privatisation. It all began with the shifting to new administration from the former Prime Minister Tun Hussein Onn’s to the new administration of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. This new administration’s firm belief in privatisation sped up the establishment of many private broadcasting stations.






Current Television Station

Radio Televisyen Malaysia

AlHijrah Media Corporation

Worldview Broadcasting Channel (Malaysia) Sendirian Berhad

Asia Media

Media Prima

Astro

DETV

Fine TV

Hyppen.wikipedia.org.TV

UniFi

Vision Four

and many Internet TV




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview_Broadcasting_Channel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview_Broadcasting_Channel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Media

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Media

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Prima

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Prima

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_(Malaysian_satellite_television)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_(Malaysian_satellite_television)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DETV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DETV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_TV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_TV

Other Electronic Media


Origins of Internet


These guys may not be the internet creator but German scientist during the war contributed so much of today’s technology.

Vacuum tube for 1st generation computer was developed right after the war to calculate ballistic trajectories and in 1952, UNIVAC was used for election coverage

1939-1945


Counter Intelligence brought up the pace in creating many technological breakthrough in electronic media and a franchise of 007.

1947-1991


After Soviet Union launched Sputnik satellite, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed in 1958 to manage and direct research to strengthen the military.

In 1966, MIT Professor Bob Tyler hired a team to link up 3 computers he worked on. The team realized the 3 computers needed Interface Message Processor (smaller computer inside) to translate data.

Two years later, National Science Foundation took over ARPANET and people began to refer it as the "INTERNET"

Internet


In 1971, Raymond Samuel Tomlinson created electronic messages that could be sent to "mailboxes" on separate computers and the rest is history.By combining TCP/IP, hypertext and domain name system to create hypertext markup language (html), Tim Berners-Lee created the WWW.Up to early 1990s, only government and universities are allowed to use internet. In 1992, US Govt privatized the internet allowing individuals and corporations to profit from use.


Internet in Malaysia

Source: 1.Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol 6 no 2 Dec 2001” 1-192.www.apnic.net. Issue 9. February 2004

3.www.internetworldstats.com/asia/my.htm . 24 June 2010

The story of the commercial internet in Malaysia began in 1990, when Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic System (MIMOS) l a u n ch e d J A R I NG ( J o i n t Ad v a n c e d Integrated Networking). It was not until 1992, however, with the installation of a satellite link between Malaysia and the USA that Malaysia users gained easy access to the global internet.

As enthusiastic supporter of Internet Technology, Malaysian Government has employed a range of policies to encourage Malaysian businesses to venture online. It has also invested in large projects such as the Multimedia Super Corridor, a 50km area stretching north from KLIA which attracted more than 900 local and international IT and communication companies.


http://www.apnic.net


http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/my.htm


Internet in Malaysia

Source: 1.Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol 6 no 2 Dec 2001” 1-192.www.apnic.net. Issue 9. February 2004

3.www.internetworldstats.com/asia/my.htm . 24 June 2010

The growth in the number of Internet hosts in Malaysia began around 1996. According to the first Malaysian Internet survey conducted from October to November 1995 by MIMOS and Beta Interactive Services, one out of every thousand Malaysians had access to the Internet (20,000 Internet users out of a population of 20 million) (Beta Interactive Services, 1996). In 1998, this number grew to 2.6% of the population. The total number of computer units sold, which was 467,000 in 1998 and 701,000 in 2000 indicated an increasing growth (Lee, 2000c).

There are now seven ISPs within Malaysia offering dial-up, broadband and mobile broadband connectivity and as 2010 there were an estimated 16.9 million Malaysian Internet Users.

2010 Malaysia Internet Usage and Population Growth







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