Brown Bag Luncheon sep 9... · Comply with Drone Registration Requirements Conduct Preflight...

Drones for Environmental Assessment

Brown Bag Luncheon

T R R

September 9, 2016

1

Presentation Overview

Introduction

• Steve Ellingson

Regulatory Overview

• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

• Other Federal Requirements

• State/Local Requirements

Potential Environmental Applications

• Market Growth and Use

• Examples

2A&WMA Georgia Chapter

3

Regulatory Overview

Air & Waste Management Association

September 2016

4

What is a Drone (aka Small Unmanned Aircraft System)

A&WMA Georgia Chapter

▪ Visual line of slight ▪ Operate by "Exemption" ▪ Numerous Requirements

▪ Less than 55 lbs ▪ Good for 2 Years ▪ Effective 8/29/16

▪ Stay 5 miles from airport

Part 107

(remote pilot)

Recreation

Hobby

Commercial

(flight-for-hire)

Sec. 333

(private pilot)

5

Summary Timeline of Drone Regulation

Dow v. U.S.(no reasonableexpectation ofprivacy)

Drone Flightat UVA

(Drones not Regulated?)

FAA Modernization& Reform Act

Proposed Rule(80 FR 9544)

5/19/86

Registration Rule(80 FR 78594)

Final Rule(81 FR 42064)

GA Drone Law(HB 779, vetoed)

Effective Date(FAA Part 107)

10/17/11 2/14/12 2/23/15 12/16/15 5/3/16 6/28/16 8/29/16


A&WMA Georgia Chapter 6

Remote Pilot in Command (rPIC) Requirements

Must Hold Remote Pilot Airman Certification with Drone Rating

To Get Certification• Demonstrate Aeronautical Knowledge

‒ Pass Knowledge Test, or‒ Hold Current Pilot Certification and

Complete Online Training• Complete Successful TSA Vetting• Be at Least 16 Years Old

Other• No Alcohol Use or Alcohol/Drug

Convictions• No Interfering Physical or Mental

Conditions• Use English Language

Source: www.fanpop.com

Confidential Business Information 7

Remote Pilot in Command (rPIC) Responsibilities

Operate within Part 107 Rule, etc. Comply with Drone Registration

Requirements Conduct Preflight Inspection May “Daisy-Chain” Flights

• Inflight Handoff to Another rPIC

Upon Request Provide Drone, Documents, and Records for Testing or Inspection

Report Injury, Loss of Consciousness or Property Damage

May Deviate from Part 107 Rule in Emergency


Potential Three-Person Drone Flying Team

http://www.nasa.gov

1. Remote Pilot in Command (rPIC)• Must Maintain Visual Line of Sight

(VLOS)

2. Person Manipulating Flight Controls • Must be Directly Supervised by rPIC• rPIC Must be Able to Immediately

Take Control

3. Visual Observer (VO)• Supplement Situational Awareness

and VLOS


Summary of Operating LimitationsRemote Pilot in Command; Optional Visual Observer and/or Control-Manipulator

Fly < 100 mph Ground Speed,

Drone Registration Stay ˂ 400 ft Above Ground Level, or w/i 400 ftof Structure

Pre-Flight Checklist and Maintenance Minimum Visibility 3 miles

Suitable Medical Condition, No Impairment, and Carless or Reckless Operations

Stay Away from Clouds (< 500 ft vertically and 2,000 ft horizontally)

Maintain Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) Prohibited Operation Over People

Class G National Air Space Limitation (no Class B, C, D, or E w/o ATC approval; TFR/NOTAMS, etc.)

Operations from Moving Vehicles in Sparsely-populated Area Only

Daylight Operations Can Transport Property (no Haz Mats) w/ Limitations

Total Take-off Weight < 55 lbs Can Deviate from FAA Rules in Emergency

Report Accidents w/i 10 Days See also: FAA Summary of sUAS, 6/21/16


Potential Opportunity for Waivers

Plan Early; FAA Will Try to Process within 90 Days• Operating form Moving Vehicle/Aircraft*• Daylight Operation• Visual Line of Slight*• Visual Observer• Operate Multiple Drones• Yield Right-of-Way• Operation Over People• Operation in Certain Airspace• Other Limitations

‒ 100 mph, 400 ft, 3 miles, near clouds

* = Requirement cannot be waived for carrying packages

11A&WMA Georgia Chapter

Safe Use of National Air Space

POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS▪ Class G vs. B,C,D or E Air Space▪ Alert Area▪ Warning Area▪ Restricted Airspace▪ Prohibited Airspace▪ Military Operation Area▪ Controlled Firing Area▪ National Security Area▪ Regional/Local Airport Advisory▪ Temporary Flight Restriction

(NOTAM)▪ Parachute Jump Area

12

Metro. Atlanta Drone Flight Considerations


Kennesaw Mtn.Nat’l Battlefield Park

Dobbins AirReserve Base

ATL Airport

Source: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/where-drones-fly-legally-united-states-180954454/?no-ist

Confidential Business Information 13

Dynamic Changes to Airspace Limitations

Any Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)?• Check Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)

Before Each Flight

Philadelphia, PA• June 25 to 29, 2016 • Class A Airspace 30 Mile Radius• Class B Airspace 10 Mile Radius • Class C Airspace 3 Mile Radius

On Pre-Flight Checklist?

NOTAM List: https://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov/PilotWeb/

TFR List: http://tfr.faa.gov/tfr2/list.html

Temporary Flight Restriction


Limited Federal Preemption, But . . . .

FAA Only Regulates Use of National Air Space to Ensure Safety of Flight and People/Property on Ground• Some Areas Where Consultation is

Recommended

State, County City, Local Authorities Can Establish Other Requirements • Land Use, Zoning, Privacy, Trespass,

Hunting/Fishing, Voyeurism, Law Enforcement, etc.

• Georgia Example (HB 779, vetoed)‒ Cannot Weaponize Drones‒ Privacy Protections‒ Preempt Local/County Ordinances


Example: Other Federal Requirements

Requirement Reference Requirement Reference

Pre-Operational Checks of Mobile

Equipment

30 CFR 56.14100 Conduct Preflight Inspection 14 CFR 107.15

Accident Reporting w/i 15 Minutes 30 CFR 50.10 Accident Reporting w/i 10 Days 14 CFR 107.9

Death or Reasonable Potential of

Death

Serious Injury of Loss of

Consciousness

Any Other Accident Property Damage More Than $500

Report to MSHA Report to Regional Operations Center

Mine Safety & Health Admin. (MSHA) Federal Aviation Admin. (FAA)


A&WMA Southern Section State’s Legislation

SB 1777 Misdemeanor for drone use to conduct video surveillance of a person hunting/fishing. SB 1892 Misdemeanor for drone use to intentionally conduct surveillance of individual or property.

SB 796 Law enforcement can use drones w/ search warrant, to counter terrorist attack and prevent imminent danger to life.

HB 153 prohibits drones to capture images of open-air events and fireworks displays; prohibits the use over correctional facility.

SB 2106 Creates crime using drone to fly w/i250 feet of critical infrastructure. HB 2376 clarifies permissible for person to use drone on behalf institution of higher education

SB 2022 Using a drone to commit "peeping tom" activities is a felony.

HR 80, HR 81, SR 172 Resolutions to recognize the benefits of a thriving drone industry in state

Source: http://www.ncsl.org


Range of State-Specific Requirements

Source: http://www.ncsl.org


Potential Liability Concerns

FAA and Other Law/Regulatory Violations Tort Liability for Accident

• Personal Injury and/or Property Damage

Invasion of Privacy• Operating Above Non-Participating People

Trespass or Nuisance Insurance

• Covered by Commercial General Liability Policy?• Do You Need Drone-Specific Endorsement?• Some States Treat Drones Like Motor Vehicles and Impose Minimum

Insurance Requirements

• Can You Shift Risk to Subcontractor?• How Will They be Vetted and Selected?• Do They Have Ability to Defend/Withstand a Judgement?


Potential Liability Concerns - Continued

Drone Ownership and Operations by Your Company Know and Follow FAA and Other Laws/Regulations

Obtain and Maintain rPIC Status Use Applicable Best Practices

Additional Conditions of Drone Use• No Alcohol within 8 Hours of Flight• Blood Alcohol Must be < 0.04%• Potentially Impaired by Antihistamines or Decongestants• Other Medical Conditions (Epilepsy)

• Direct and Indirect Costs• Purchase, Register and Maintain Drone• Recurring Employee FAA Testing, TSA Vetting, Training, etc. • Plans: Pre-Flight, Health & Safety, Emergency Response, etc. • Data Processing Software

20

Potential Environmental Applications

Air & Waste Management Association

September 2016


Projected Drone Market Growth and Use

Top Five Markets

Projected Growth

Source: FAA Aerospace Forecast, FY16-36


Package Delivery By Drones

Amazon, Alphabet/Google, Walmart, Flirtey & 7-Eleven, and Others• Goal: 5-Pound Package in 30 Minutes• Ongoing Testing with Medical Supplies,

Emergency Food/Water, Candy Bars, Dog Treats, etc.

Must Follow Operating Limitations• Needs Remote Pilot • Total Weight Less Than 55 Pounds*• Maintain Visual Line of Sight*• No Hazardous Materials• Not Over Non-Participating People• Must Stay Intrastate

Will Drone Delivery be Economical?

* = Requirement cannot be waived by FAA


Data and Sample Gathering Capabilities

Sensor Type Typical Uses

Optical Camera (visible light) Photography, photogrammetry, mapping 3D-modeling

Thermal Imaging [infrared (IR)] Building heat leaks, broken solar panels, animals, search and rescue

Multispectral (visible, IR and some ultra violet)

Precision agricultural, crop health monitoring

Laser (LiDAR, LADAR) Surveying, high-resolution mapping

Other Sensors/Equipment Emissions, radiation, gas, electromagnetic, vapor

Sampling Equipment Air (summa canisters, Tedlar® bags),water, etc.


Drone Finds “River of Blood” In Texas

Recreational Drone Pilot Testing Camera• Found Blood in Creek

Downstream of Slaughter House• Called National Response Center

Began Investigation of Slaughter House• County District Attorney, TX Parks

& Wildlife, TCEQ and USEPA• Found Underground Pipe Flowing

to Creek• Eighteen-count Indictment

Against Company and Two VPs

Swine SlaughterHouse

Blood in Creek

Pip

e

Source: Dallas Morning News, 12/16/12


Drone Finds Waste Sites in Mojave Preserve

Results of prior homesteading

Location of Joshua Trees

Waste site

Waste site

Source: U.S. Geological Survey, UAS Project Office

A. B.

C. D.


Drones for Wildlife Research

Infrared image of caribou Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)of wetlands

Source: Christie et al., Front Ecol. Environ., 2016, 14(5): 241-251

A. B.


Ecohydrology of Arid WatershedsVegetation classificationby multispectral camera

Digital elevation model (DEM)from three-dimensional point cloud

Watershed and subwatershed elevations Simulated volumetric soil moisture

Source: Vivoni, et al., Ecosphere, Oct’14, Vol. 5(10), Article 130


Drones Monitoring Mining Sites

Normalized differencevegetation index (NDVI)

Tailingspond

A. B.

C. D.

Source: U.S. Geological Survey, UAS Project Office


River Habitat Mapping by Drones

Orthoimagemosaic

DigitalElevationModel(DEM)

Water depth

Current velocity

Habitat Suitability(Brown Trout)

Source: Whitehead et al.


Drones Monitoring Sage Grouse Leks

SageGrouse

Sage grouseon lek

Sage grouseon lek

A.

D.

B.

C.Source: USGS Open-File Report 2104-1205


Drone to Monitor Glaciers

20102011

Orthoimage mosaics, 10-meter contours

Source: Whitehead et al.


Drones Collecting Water Samples

Source: http://research.unl.edu/annualreport/2014/water-slurping-drones-have-broad-potential/


Air Sampling Using Drones

Source: http://www.whoi.edu/news-release/whalecopter

Marine air emissions

Whale’s breath

Direct sampling

Ozone

Temperature

Drone altitude

Source: Kosmatka et al., 2011

Source: Scentroid.com

Source: Baxter & Bush, 2014


Site Assessment Capabilities

Phase I for Forestland or Rural(Undeveloped) Property• Properties More 120 Acres• Streamlined Site Reconnaissance

• Real-Time Data Collection with Mobile Devices• Photographs, Checklists and Notes, and

Location Information

• Aerial Flyovers Using Small Drones• Suspect Areas Flagged for Later “Ground

Truthing”• Estimate Extraction and Stockpile

Volumes

Questions?

Steve [email protected]

O: 770.270.1192 x 112 ▪ C: 678.512.9688

mailto:[email protected]


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