B&S Chapter 5Student’s Copy ppt.

TISSUES

Tissues are group of cells similar in structure and substance

Arranged in a pattern, and specialized for specific task

Histology

Study of tissue

•

Epithelial (Epithelium)

Protects body and organs, lining of intestines, respiratory, urinary and blood vessels

Classified by shape and arrangement of cells:

Squamous (shape)

Flat and irregular

Cuboidal (shape)

square

Columnar (shape)

Long and narrow

Simple (layer)

Single layer

Stratified (layer)

Layers,

Think of

Filo dough

Transitional (layer)

Crepe-like

Like the

bladder

Put em’ all together…

• The shapes and layers can be put together

• Stratified squamous like the skin

• Simple columnar like the lining of the intestine

• Simple squamous like the hand

Mitosis of Cells

Skin is able to modify itself rapidly due to mitosis of cells

Epithelium repairs itself quickly due to all the wear and tear those cells take

The cells of some of the epithelium secrete mucus, sweat, digestive juices

The dig. Tract does this to help absorb food

The resp. tract does this to protect from foreign objects getting in to our resp. tracts

Glands

Epithelial cells are the secreting cells of many glands__________• Endocrine –_ductless glands that release

hormones directly into bloodstream like the pancreas, releases insulin to the bloodstream

• Exocrine – release secretions into organs, body cavities or outside of body. Also like the pancreas, releases enzymes through common bile duct to the duodenum for digestion

Connective Tissue

Supporting fabric of organs and other parts of body

Connective Tissue

Has large amount of nonliving material between cells – intercellular material

• Connective Tissue is classified according to its degree of hardness

SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Is loosely held together with semi-liquid material between the cells and it includes adipose and areolar tissue such as…

SOFT CONN. TISSUE

• Adipose stores fat, insulator, padding

• Areolar is loosely held together, found in membranes around vessels, organs,between muscles and under skin

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Provides strength and elasticity

Fibrous Conn. Tissue

• Has Collagen – white, flexible protein, found in elastic capsules around organs, periosteum around bone

Types of fibrous conn. tissue

• TENDON: holds muscle to bone

• LIGAMENT: holds bone to bone. Ligaments look like ropes, ropes can hold bone to bone because the rope or ligament is so strong (in your Leg is a bone, ligaments hold bones to bones) or (ligament is like cement, it’s strong like bones

•OTHER FROMS OF FIBROUS CONN. TISSUE

•Fascia (bands) – bands or sheets that support and hold membranes in place

•Superficial fascia – contains fat. Under skin

Deep fascia – no fat, covers and protects muscle with muscle sheaths

Blood vessels, spinal cord, and brain are encased in fascia tissue

•

Repair of fibrous tissue

– New blood vessels form in area of wound– Replaced by white fibrous connective tissue– Scar formed (may be stronger than original

tissue)

SCAR

• Repair begins when blood is clotted and a scab forms at the surface to protect the underlying tissue.

• From the damaged capillaries, new vessels form and branch out to the injured tissue

• Cells that produce are made= collagen. Collagen closes the gap of wound and a scar forms

KELOID

• EXCESS production of collagen forms and a large, raised scar called a keloid forms

Hard Connective Tissue

Cartilage –Common form – gristle, tough

elastic, translucent between spine segments, ends of bones, ears, nose cartilage covered by layer of fibrous tissue

Bone – osseous tissueSimilar to cartilage but

impregnated with Ca salts that harden. Within bone- blood vessels, nerves and marrow.

Liquid Connective Tissue

Blood and lymph

Nerve Tissue

• Central organizing system – brain

• Nerves communicate with brain

• Nerves from all areas join here to form spinal cord

Neuron

• Basic structural unit

• Consists of nerve cell body + branches called fibers

Cell body is in center of the neuron, axon is the long stick-like body pictured in blue and gold-carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body and off to the small synaptic end (on far lower right of neuron)dendrite is the sprawling out structures that look like branches-carries nerve impulses through the branches to the center of the neuron and to the cell body

DENDRITE

• Carries messages or nerve impulses from the brain, to the cell body and through the cell body

AXON

• Carries messages away from the cell body and on into the synapse where pain for example, can be felt

Nerve tissue (cluster of neurons)

Supported by ordinary connective tissue except in the brain and spinal cord

•

Neuroglia

• Is supporting tissue of the brain and spinal cord

• This tissue resembles kleenex tissue that surrounds nerves, neurons, and spinal cord

Peripheral nerves – outside of spinal cord

• Neurilemma – thin coating on some axons on peripheral nerves

• Repair themselves (slow and uncertain process)

Myelin

Insulates nerve fibers – white in color

Unmyelinated

Some axons, all dentrites, all cell bodies of the brain

Referred to as gray matter

Muscle Tissue

Produces movement by contraction

Skeletal muscle – voluntary muscle that contracts at will

Cardiac muscle (myocardium) – involuntarySmooth muscle (visceral) – forms walls of

organs of the ventral cavity (exclude the heart) example: Digestive tract

Did you know?

There is muscle tissue at the base of body hair

Makes a goosebump when air passes between the space and hair over the body. The muscle contracts causing a bump

Muscle tissue repairs itself slowly and often with connective tissue

Membranes –thin sheets of tissue

• May cover surface, partition, lining of hollow organs

• May contain cells that secrete lubricants to ease organ movement as in the joints

• Epithelial membranes – outer surface is epithelium, then a layer of connective tissue (strength), and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

• The outer surface of the epithelial membrane is made of epith. cells, then there is sometimes a layer of connective tissue (for strength) covering that and sometimes even a layer of smooth muscle

– Mucous membrane (mucosa) line tubes that open to outside of body example – digestive tract, respiratory tract

Mucus serves to protect from foreign substances

– Serous Membranes – serosa – Lines the closed ventral body cavities

• Pleurae – lines thoracic cavity • Pericardium – sac which encloses the heart• Peritoneum – lines the walls of abdominal cavity,

covers the organs of the abdomen. Forms supporting and protective structure for the organs

• Mesothelium – epithelium covering serous membranes (smooth, lubricated – decreases friction of organ movement)

Really Important!!!

– Parietal layer – membrane attached to the wall of the cavity or sac

– Visceral layer – attached to the organs

Membranes and disease

• Peritonitis – infection of the peritoneum (after appendicitis). Can lead to sepsis and death

• Membranes can act as pathways for infection• Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane in

joints is inflamed and swollen. Cartilage is replaced by fibrous connective tissue over time

Tumors/Neoplasm – abnormal growth of cells

Benign – confined cells adhere and may be encapsulated grow as a single mass (better chance of removal). “Benign means you’re fine”

BUT…

Can cause damage by growing a compressing healthy tissue example - brain

Malignant tumor – can cause death no matter where they occur. “mal” = bad

Cells spread by lymph or blood

Cancer cells reach their new location and begin to grow (metastasis)

Classifications of Tumors

Carcinoma – occur in epithelial tissue

Spreads by lymph

Sarcoma – found in connective tissue

Spread by blood – often to lungs

Melanomas – originate in birthmark or mole

Gliomas – originate in connective tissue of brain

Lymphoma – originate in lymph

Lipoma – originates in adipose tissue

Cancer Symptoms

• Unaccountable weight loss, unusual bleeding or discharge

• Persistent indigestion, chronic hoarseness or cough

• Changes in the color or size of moles, sore which doesn’t heal, lumps, white spots in mouth

Detection and Treatment of Cancer

• Biopsy – remove tissue for examination• Ultrasound – reflected high frequency

sound wave• Computed tomography (C.T. scan) x-rays

used to produce cross section pictures• MRI –(magnetic resonance imaging) use

magnetic fields and radio waves to show changes in soft tissues

TREATMENT OF CANCER

• Surgery

• Radiation

• Chemotherapy

• Use of lasers

The End