Building Atoms Unit name:____________________________________per____ Interactive Science Notebook III Page Item Check In Value Pts. Lost 1 Table of Contents no check for this 0 0 2 Things 2 Know (UPDATED!) no check for this 0 0 3 Atom Basics no check for this 0 0 4 Sizes of Particles & Mini-Rutherford Activity 2 5 Video Guide: Atoms & Elements 2 6 LHC info no check for this 0 0 7-8 Chapter 11 section 1 worksheet 4 9 Atomic Theories & Models 2 10 Chapter 11 section 2 worksheet 2 11-12 Isotopes 2 13 Practice Atoms 2 14-15 Atom Factory 1 9 16 Atomic Math 2 17 Atom Factory 2 20 18 What are Ions? no check for this 0 0 19 Atomic Dimensions 2 20 Atom Factory 3 19 21 Elements 2 Know no check for this 0 0 22 Parts of Atoms 2 23 Quarks with EMAIL assignment 4 24 Four Forces in the Atom no check for this 0 0 25-26 Chapter 11 Review 4 27-28 Science Log 6 29 Mind Map 8 30-31 Outside Reading Article & Extended Response 12 1 Parent Signature & Dated Night before Quiz 6 Total 110 1 Parent signature ___________________________________date_______________
Transcript
Building Atoms Unit name:____________________________________per____
Interactive Science Notebook III Page Item Check InCheck In Value Pts. Lost
electromagnetic, atoms, positive, quarks, one, two, eight, H
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) with the intention of testing various predictions of high-energy physics, including the existence of new particles predicted by supersymmetry. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometers (17 mi) in circumference, as much as 175 meters (570 ft) beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. It is funded by and built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories. Picture 1 shows the LHC from the air, Picture 2 is one place where the particles actually collide. Pictures 3 and 4 are images of the collisions
Atomic Theories and Models Models are often used in science to help visualize things that cannot be seen otherwise. For example, because of the incredibly small size of an atom, scientists must use models to try to understand how atoms actually look. John Dalton's model of the atom shows it as a small spherical particle. This concept of the atom has been changed several times over the years as new information is discovered.
In the early 1900s, J. J. Thomson improved on Dalton's early atom model with his Nobel prize-winning discovery that atoms have small subunits called electrons. His work led to the "plum pudding" model of an atom. In this model the atom has a thick filling of positive charge with electrons spread throughout.
A little over ten years later, Ernest Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small dense nucleus of positive charge around which the negatively charged electrons circulate. His was the "solar system" model of an atom. Two years later the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (who had worked under Thomson at one time) developed Rutherford's model even further. He proposed that electrons circle the nucleus in definite energy levels. These electrons can gain or lose energy by jumping or falling from different levels. Scientists called this the Bohr model of an atom.
Finally, the present-day model for the atom, the electron cloud model, was developed; Two main contributors were Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger. It states that electrons circle the nucleus in energy-level regions, or clouds, rather than in well-defined orbits.
Below you will find drawings showing four models of what an atom looks like. Under each drawing. Write the name of the scientist(s) that developed each theory
ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; the different possible versions of each element are called isotopes. For example, the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium, has no neutrons at all; there's also a hydrogen isotope called deuterium , with one neutron, and another, tritium , with two neutrons.
Protium Deuterium Tritium
Question: How many isotopes can one element have? Can an atom have just any number of neutrons?
The number of isotopes varies from atom to atom. There are "preferred" combinations of neutrons and protons, at which the forces holding nuclei together seem to balance best. Light elements tend to have about as many neutrons as protons; heavy elements apparently need more neutrons than protons in order to stick together. Atoms with a few too many neutrons, or not quite enough, can sometimes exist for a while, but they're unstable
Question: I'm not sure what you mean by "unstable." Do atoms just fall apart if they don't have the right number of neutrons?
Well, yes, in a way. Unstable atoms are radioactive : their nuclei change or decay by spitting out radiation , in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.
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ISOTOPES The table below lists isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Refer to the table to answer the questions that follow,
1. According to the table, how many isotopes does hydrogen have? ______
2. How many isotopes does oxygen have? _________
3. Which isotopes of the three elements are the most abundant in nature?
4. For which isotopes have scientists not been able to determine the atomic mass? Can
you think of a reason for this?
5. According to the table, how are isotopes named?
6. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of carbon? __________
7.What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of oxygen? __________
8. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of hydrogen?_____________
9. One of these isotopes has been used by scientists as a standard for the atomic mass unit
(amu)Can you guess which one? Why?
10. Suppose you tested a sample of oxygen to determine its atomic mass, If the mass came
out to be 16.112 amu would you conclude that the sample consisted of only one isotope?
Why or why not?
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Atom Factory InstructionsREAD ME
Work by yourself to complete the Atom Factory #1 Lab on the computers. Donʼt ask questions until youʼve tried REAL hard... hint the number of protons = electrons, for now
1. Log in as student (if needed), 2. Connect to your server3. Go to the LINKS page on my website (see ISN 2 for address)4. Click on Atom Factory 1 to download the worksheet 5. SAVE AS... the file to Your Server folder6. Put your name in the header7. Read all instructions on the computer copy.8. Complete both pages on the Computer9. Save and print to SIR ISAAC 10.LOG OFF your server.11.Cut out and put in ISN over this page and on the next
page. YES COVER THIS PAGE WITH PAGE 112.Return to seats and work on HW13.Followed-all-instructions Bonus:________________
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page 2 of Atom Factory 1 here
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Atomic MathCalculate the answers , EACH ANSWER LEADS TO THE NEXT.
1. Multiply the atomic number of hydrogen by the number of electrons in mercury, which has an atomic number of 80.
answer:___________
2. Divide this number by the number of neutrons in helium, atomic number 2, mass number 4.
answer:___________
3. Add the number of protons in potassium, atomic number 19.
answer:___________
4. Add the mass number of the most common isotope of carbon.(see Isotopes on ISN 12)
answer:___________
5. Subtract the number of neutrons in sulfur, with atomic number 16, mass number 32.
answer:___________
6. Divide by the number of electrons in boron, atomic number 5, mass number 11.
answer:___________
7. This number is the atomic number of which of these elements ?
fluorine: atomic number 9 neon: atomic number 10 sodium: atomic number 11
final answer:_______________
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Atom Factory 2
Attach Here
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What are ions?ion (EYE-uhn, EYE-on)
An atom (or group of atoms)that has either lost or gained one or more electrons, so that it has an electrical charge. Ions can be either positively or negatively charged.
A neutral atom or group of atoms becomes an ion by gaining or losing one or more electrons. Since the electron and proton have equal but opposite charges(negative 1 and positive 1), the charge of an ion is always expressed as a whole number of charge and is either positive or negative. If an atom or group of atoms loses electrons it will have a net positive charge and is called a cation. If an atom or group gains electrons or loses protons, it will have a net negative charge and is called an anion.
Let’s take a Lithium (Li) atom. It has an atomic number of 3. That means it has 3 protons. Each proton in positively charged. For Lithium to have no net or overall charge it must have a balanced number of negatively charged electrons, thus it needs 3 electrons to be electrically neutral, demonstrated here.
Atomic DimensionsThe table below contains information about several elements. Use this table to review the concepts of atomic number, mass number, subatomic particles, isotopes, ions, neutrality and atoms. In each case, use the information has provided for you and a periodic table to fill in all the blanks.
# Element Name
Symbol Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of
Protons
Number of neutrons
Number of Electrons
Charge
1 Aluminum 27 13 13
2 Bromine 35 80 45 36
3 Uranium 92 146 92
4 Helium 2 4 -1
5 Helium 2 5 2
6 Lithium 3 7 2
7 Tungsten 184 110 74
8 Xenon 79 54 neutral
9 Magnesium 12 24 +2
10 Carbon 6 6 neutral
11 Carbon 14 6 8 +3
12 Nitrogen 7 14 neutral
13 Potassium 19 40 -2
14 Gold 197 -3
15 Sodium 22 neutral
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Atom Factory 3
Attach here
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ELEMENTS-2-KNOWPlace these elements’ names on one side, and the symbols on the other side of your flash cards. You must know the spelling and symbols
Mn manganeseFe iron H hydrogen He helium Li lithium Co cobaltBe beryllium Ni nickelB boron Cu copperC carbon Zn zincN nitrogen Pb leadO oxygen Bi bismuthF fluorine Br bromine
Ne neon Sr strontiumNa sodium Ag silverMg magnesiumSn tinAl aluminum I iodineSi siliconP phosphorus S sulfur Cl chlorine Ar argon K potassiumCa calcium Cr chromium Ba barium W tungsten Pt platinumAu gold Hg mercury U uranium
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What are the parts of an atom?Complete the following.
1. The first scientist to suggest that atoms contain smaller particles was_____________.
2. Positively charged particles are called____________________.
3. Bohr proposed that electrons in an atom are found in _________________________.
4. Negatively charged particles are called_______________
5. Rutherford found that an atom is made up mostly of________________________
6. The center, or core, of an atom is called the ______________________
7. Surrounding the core of an atom is a cloud of very small particles called ______________
8. Today, energy levels are used to predict the location of ___________________.
9. Neutral particles are called ____________________
10. Rutherford found that___________________are located in the core of an atom.
Write "Yes" or "No" in the correct columns to identify whether each statement is true for
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Proton
Neutron
Electron
1. Found in the nucleus
2. Positively charged
3. Moves in energy levels
4. Negatively charged
5. Does not have an electric charge
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QUARKS & Other Weird ParticlesAs you have read, many scientists have contributed to our knowledge of atoms and particles even smaller than atoms. From the early ideas of Democritus to the modern Cloud model of atoms, we have made quite a journey! This has been the journey to answer a “simple” question...What is the fundamental particle?
In other words, what is the most basic particle of matter? The smallest thing? The thing that can’t be broken down any further? Some of the most important milestones are reviewed here:
In 1911 Rutherford used alpha particle radiation to test a thin sheet of gold foil. He found that most of the particles passed easily through the foil but there were times when some particles bounced back. He reasoned that this showed that most of the atom was composed of empty space but that occasionally an alpha particle collided with the small hard center of the atom. This proved that the atom was not the answer to the “simple” question.
So...we discovered protons, neutrons and electrons. Great, but scientists weren’t finished yet! In the 1930s, 40s, and 50s nuclear physicists studied the forces that held atoms together and radioactive decay. The field of Particle physics developed as an outgrowth of this investigation. These scientists were interested in the make-up of nuclear particles, like protons & neutrons. However, to study these particles great energy had to be generated, and so, during the 1950s through the 1970s, giant accelerators were built, like the one at Fermi Lab in Batavia, Illinois, just 50 miles southwest from Northbrook! Particles were accelerated at tremendous speed and then shot at a target or directed into the path of another particle traveling in the opposite direction. As a result of these collisions, hundreds, yes hundreds, of new particles were discovered that were smaller that protons & neutrons. Therefore, they are not the fundamental particles either.
Here are some of the weird names of these particles: hadrons, leptons, quarks, neutrinos, muons, positrons, photons, gluons, and Higgs bosons. Currently we know of 36 types of quarks and 12 types of leptons(including electrons). These particles, quarks & leptons are all about the same size and so far we have not been able to break these particles apart.
Particle physicists are striving to find a link between the particles and the four forces. This is called the Unification Theory, even Einstein couldn’t figure this one out! The four forces are gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong. Gravity is the attraction of all matter to all other matter. The electromagnetic force is the attraction or repulsion of charged(positive or negative) matter. The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay of a nucleus. The strong force is the force that hold quarks and the nucleus of atoms together.
The answer to the simple question is closer than ever before, but also much more complex. Scientists are hard at work all over the world trying to find the final answer! Maybe you will help to lead the world to the final answer...
Question: Do you think we will find the answer to this question? Explain Email Mrs. Stout the answer with subject “particle” followed by your class period, particle5 for example. Always put a header in your emails to Mrs. Stout.
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Chapter 11 Review
11.The isotope of uranium used in nuclear reactors, uranium-235, contains 92 protons. Another isotope, uranium-238, contains _?_ electrons. a.92 c.143 b.95 d.146
USING VOCABULARY To complete the following sentences, choose the correct term from each pair of terms listed, and write the term in the blank.
1. A beehive with bees buzzing around it could be used as a rough
of the atom. (model or theory)
2. A positively charged particle with a mass of 1 amu is called a
. (neutron or proton)
3. Different of an element have different numbers of neutrons. (electrons or isotopes)
4. The region in an atom that contains most of the mass is called the
. (nucleus or electron cloud)
5. The number of protons in an atom determines its . (atomic number or mass number)
6. The weighted average of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element is called the
. (mass number or atomic mass)
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer.
7. What did Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr all have in common?a. They each identified new elements.b. They each identified new isotopes of atoms.c. They each contributed to the development of the atomic theory.d. They each conducted experiments in which particles collided.
8. In Thomson’s “plum-pudding” model of the atom, the plums represent a. atoms. c. neutrons.b. protons. d. electrons.
9. An atom of gold with 79 protons, 79 electrons, and 118 neutrons would have a massnumber of a. 39. c. 197.b. 158. d. 276.
10. Which of the following has the least mass?a. nucleus c. neutronb. proton d. electron
Mind MapUse Word Processing and the following terms to create a mind map aka concept map: electrons, protons, neutrons, atom, clouds, nucleus, positive, negative, neutral
Attach Map here15 cm wide x 17 cm tall
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Outside Reading Article
Find a current article (2004-present)that relates to our current ISN.To find articles you can use these two great research resources:
1. Go to the NBJH homepage then Click on Library Resource Center and then use the DATABASES for Magazine/Internet/Newspaper
---or---
2. Use “Sato’s Science Search Engine” linked on Mr. Sato’s site
3. Tape or staple Outside Reading Article over this page
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Extended Response
attach
EXTENDED RESPONSE here
Response should be one/two paragraphs that includes:•KEY IDEAS from the article.•CONNECTIONS from the article to
1. The current science chapter2. Something from this unit we did in class or lab3.Your own life
•EXTENSION OF IDEAS•GOOD BALANCE of References and Connections•Conclusion•Printed work is preferred.
