Building Services Installations Course

7/28/2019 Building Services Installations Course

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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE

BUILDING SERVICE

INSTALLATIONS


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BUILDING INSTALLATIONSCLASSIFICATION


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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION

BY FUNCTION

- Heating installations

- Ventilation and air conditioning installations

- Sanitary (plumbing) installations- Electrical installations

- Natural gas feed installations

- Refrigeration installations


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A) Heating installations

Serve for creating and maintaining a thermal comfort

inside a given space.

B) Ventilation and air conditioninginstallations

Have the role of removing the polluted air due to man ortechnological processes and keep the temperature andhumidity between given limits.

C) Sanitary installationsAre used in order to ensure the cold and hot water feed ofbuildings, as well as collecting and evacuating waste waterand drainage.


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D) Electrical installations

Serve the electrical energy feed of buildings.

E) Natural gas feed installations

Have the role off ensuring natural gas feed for consumption equipments inthe buildings .

F) Refrigerating installationsServe for decreasing and keeping a given spaces temperature at a certain

level, below the natural environments temperature.


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INDOOR CLIMATE.COMFORT PARAMETERS

COMFORT CONCEPT

THERMAL COMFORT;

CHEMICAL AIR COMPOSITION - GENUINE

AIR;

NOISE LEVEL;

ESTHETICHAL DEMANDS - FURNITURE,

INTERIOR DECORATIONS, COLOURS.


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THERMAL COMFORT

THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS

Indoor air temperature ti (0C);

Air velocity vi ( m/s);

Medium radiation temperature of spacedelimitation elements mr(

0C);

Air relative humidity i ( %).


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THERMAL COMFORT

Optimum values for thermal comfort parameters

Indoor air temperature ti (0

C);- SR 1907/2 -1997 - ti =20-22

0C;

- Thermal gradient 2,5 0C/m

Air velocity vi

( m/s);

- Vi=0,1 0,15 m/s

Medium radiation temperature of spacedelimitation elements mr(

0C);

- mr= ti - 6 0C Air relative humidity i ( %)

- i= 30- 70 ( %) optimum= 60 ( %) .


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HEATING INSTALLATIONS



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CLASSIFICATIONConventional classifications split heating systems into three

groups as follows :

LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS;

CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS;

GLOBAL HEATING SYSTEMS .


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HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION

LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS represent heating systems in

which thermal agent is generates in the same place where it is used,in other words, in the rooms that need to be heated.

Stoves made of ceramic ware or metal parts.

Fireplaces

Electrical heaters.


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3

2

1

CERAMIC STOVES


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FIREPLACES


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ELECTRIC HEATERS


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HEATING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION

CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS may also be classified as:

Hot water heating systems;

Steam heating systems; Air heating systems.


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A central heating system usually contains:

- heating source;

- distribution network;

- indoor heating installation.

Thermal energy necessary for a building, or a group of buildings

it is obtained in a centralized manner, by a single heating boiler whichrepresents the heating source.


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Heating

source

Distribution network

Interior heating

installation

Central heating system


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Hot water heating system may be classified according with

the following criteria:By the manner the heat transfer towards rooms is made:

by convection and radiation (static elements

heating); by convection (air heating or convectors);

by radiation (using radiant panels).


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Radiator heating system


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Air heating


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Radiant panels heating system


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By the manner in which the hot water circulation is made :

natural (gravitation); forced (pumping).

By the number of pipes that supply the heating equipments: double pipes;

single pipe.


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Hot water heating withpumping circulation

Hot water heating

system with natural

circulation


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Double pipes heating

system

Single pipe heating

system


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By the type of heating equipments:

radiators;

floor convectors;

registers (horizontal or vertical piperadiators);

curved pipes radiators;

radiant panels.


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By the manner of preparation, distribution and hot water supply :

systems with centralized preparation,

distribution and network adapters forapartments (in the case of multi-family households);

systems with centralized preparation and

distribution but individual network adaptersusing thermal modules for each apartment (inthe case of multi-family house holds);

systems with individual preparation,

distribution and network adapters forapartments (in the case of multi and singlefamily house holds).


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By the distribution of pipes manner:

radiant;

tree structure;

circular.Tree structure


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By the nature of materials the pipes are made of:

steel; plastic materials.

By functioning and exploitation manner of the installation:

manual; semiautomatic;

fully automatic.


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Steam heating systems may be classified according with

the following criteria:By steam pressure

low pressure;

medium pressure; high pressure.

By distribution type

superior distribution; inferior distribution.


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By steam circulation manner

free condensation return; forced condensation return.

By condensation pipes type dry condensation pipes;

wet condensation pipes.


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Air heating systems may be classified according with the

following criteria:By the air circulation manner:

normal circulation (gravitation) ;

forced circulation (fans).By fresh air ratio :

re-circulated;

fresh; mixed.


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Air heating with natural (normal) circulation


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Air heating with forced circulation


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Global heating systemsthermal energy is obtained in the

same time with electrical energy in high power stations and heat

transportation is made using long distance transport networks.

By their means:

Urban;

Industrial.


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HEAT LOAD

CALCULATION



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HEAT LOAD CALCULATION

Heat load for a room, Q, expressed in W, is given by the following

formula:


ioc

t QAAQQ +

++=

1001 [W];


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Qt thermal flow lost by transmission, considered in a stationary thermalsystem, corresponding to the temperature difference between indoor andoutdoor of space delimitation elements [W];

Qi thermal load necessary for heating the air infiltrated from leakywindows and doors, or by opening them, from the outdoor conventionaltemperature[W];

Ao Orientation additional coefficient;

Ac Cold surfaces effect compensational coefficient;



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+

= sMt Q

R

eiAmCQ

'

m thermal mass multiplier for outdoor space delimitating elements;

A the area of each space delimitating element, determined according with STAS 6472/3

[m2];

i indoor conventional temperature according with SR 1907 2 [0C];e outdoor surfaces temperature, [oC], which can be one of the following :

outdoor conventional temperature according with the appendix of the present

standard;

indoor conventional temperature for the adjoining rooms according SR 1907-2;R- corrected specific thermal resistance for the space delimitating element taken into

consideration ,established according with STAS 6472/3, [m2 K/W];

Qs- thermal flow lost through ground [W];

CM- heat load correction coefficient, depending on specific construction weight.

Thermal flow lost by transmission


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Thermal mass multiplier for outdoor spacedelimitating elements is given by thefollowing formula:

m = 1,225 0,05 DD thermal inertia coefficient for thespace delimitating element according

with STAS 6472/3.For the space delimitating elements with D>4.5,

we shall consider m = 1 ; for outdoor joinery weshall consider D = 0,5; for the space

delimitating elements in contact with theground as well as the ceilings over not heated

basements we shall consider m = 1


O C C O


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Thermal flow lost by ground, Qs, [W],


bcj

bc

ji

s

bc

bc

ei

s

s

M

p

pi

ps AR

e

nA

Rn

mC

RAQ

+

+

=

1


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tint.

(ti)

text.

(te)

pard.

pard.

o

o

1m

sol. S

Qbc

Qp


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Ao orientation additional coefficient, for thepurpose of differentiating heat load for rooms with diversified

exposure to solar radiations;

Ac cold surfaces compensating additionalcoefficient, for the purpose of correcting thermal balance ofhuman body in rooms where space delimitating elements have littlespecific resistance, it favors increased heat loss by radiation.




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Orientation additional coefficient, Ao, only affects on the thermal flowlost by space delimitating elements of rooms with underground walls and can have the

following values:

Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW

Ao 5 5 0 -5 -5 -5 0 5



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Cold surfaces effect compensation additional coefficient,

Ac, only affects on the thermal flow trough space delimitating elements whose medium

thermal resistance ,Rm, does not overrate 10 m

2

K/W.


)(

t

Meit

m

Q

CAR

= [m2K/W]

At Total room area (meaning the sum of all delimitating surfaces), [m2];i, e ,CM i Qt have previous definitions .



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Thermal charge for heating air infiltrated by leaky

doors or windows, or by opening them, from outdoor to

indoor temperature Qi, is determined as maximum valuebetween thermal loads Qi1 and Qi2 [W], where:




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Qi1 Thermal load for heating, from outdoor to indoor

conventional temperature, the air infiltrated by leaky doors

and windows, or by opening them, calculated taking into

consideration the number of air exchanges necessary to

obtain physiological comfort, with the following formula:


( )[ ]

++=

1001

1

c

ueipMaoi

AQcqVCnQ



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Qi2 - Thermal load for heating, from outdoor to indoorconventional temperature, the air infiltrated by leaky doors and

windows, or by opening them, calculated taking into

consideration the conventional wind velocity with the following formula :


( )

+

+

=

100

134

2

c

ueiMi

AQiLvECQ



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nao number of air exchanges required for obtainingphysiological comfort; cp specific heat at a constant air temperature i , [J/KgK];

air density at an air temperature of qi , [Kg/m3];

E height correction factor; i i e have previous definitions;

i air infiltration multiplier through backlashes,

L length of doors and windows backlashes posed on thewalls exposed to wind, [m];

v wind conventional velocity, [m/s];

Qu thermal load for heating air entered by opening exterior,[W].


3

4

m

smK

W



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Thermal load required for heating the airentered by opening exterior doors fromoutdoor to indoor conventionaltemperature,Qu, is given by the following formula:

Qu = 0,36 Au n (i - e) CM, [W];

Au total exterior opening doors aria, [m2]; n number of openings per hour, based on particularities of

the building;

i,e,CM have previous definitions.



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Building Installation

Approximation Heat Load

Calculation


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Approximation Heat Load Calculation

For approximation heat load calculation Q ,

calculated using indices take into consideration building

type ( residential or offices ) , by form and dimensions (

levels number , developed area and volume building ),

thermal insulation and climate area building .

A i ti H t L d C l l ti


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Residential buildings calcul relation is:

Q= VGN (mi-e) [W]

V - Interior building heating volume , [m3];

GN Overall standartized coefficient of thermal insulation of the building ,determined according to the number of levels N and the ratio of building

area A and volume V [W/m3K];

mi -

Average interior air temperature [0C];

e - Outdoor convetional temperature [0C];

A i ti H t L d C l l ti


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Other buildings, except residential , calcul relation is:

Q= VG1 (mi-e) [W]

G1 Effective coefficient of thermal insulation of the building [W/m3K];



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Heating elements dimensioning



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The number and size of heating elements isdetermined in such manner that the heat

transferred equals the heat lost, Q, calculated

at rated conditions (au pair).



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The calculation method has ,for all heatingtypes, the same theoretical basis, but it differs

by heating elements construction type asfollows :

Heating elements containing more than one body

parts (pieces) (radiators, SP convectors, CRP panelconvectors, etc.);

Heating elements having as main feature length(curved pipes radiators, registers, plinth convectorsetc.);

Heating units heating elements with a singlecomponent (convectors).


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- krepresents transfer heat total multiplier ofheating elements, expressed in [W/m2 K];

- S is the surface where the heat transfer takesplace ,expressed in m2/element, m2/m or m2/

piece;- tmed represents the average temperature

difference between thermal agent and the

room calculating temperature.



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The average temperature difference for hot

water is given by the following formula :

tmed = [ K sau0C];

ir

idtttt

rd

n

tt

1



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If the ratio < 1,4

ir

id

tt

tt

ti

tt

tmedrd

+=

2 [ K or0

C];



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The calculating method according STAS 1797 79 appeals theconcept of nominal unit flow

qn = kStm

expressed in W/element, W/m or W/piece and established innominal conditions accepted by international standards ,in

which every heating element is tested :- room temperature (thermal cell where the testing is made)ti = +20

0C;

supply hot water temperature td = +900C;

return hot water temperature tr = +700

C;steam temperature ta = + 100

0C.



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Radiators dimensioning



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According with STAS 1797-79 we determine the

number of components for a radiator ,n, using the

formula:

vhmrctn

corp

ccccccaq

Qn

=



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arepresents the correction multiplier depending onthe number of components of an element, taking

into consideration that qn was established for a

radiator with 10 components, and that in a bigger

radiator, the unit flow decreases; the multiplier a is

given by the following formula established

experimentally:

a= 0,94 + 0,6/n



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g g

qnunit nominal thermal power for cast iron

radiators600/200/2 152 W/piece

624/4 - 128 W/piece

218/9 - 124 W/piece



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ct- correction multiplier for using the radiator for another averagetemperature difference tm than the one established in nominal conditions,

given as follows:

Temp.thermal ag.

tt / tr

Inside temperature ti,0C

5 10 12 15 16 18 20 22 25

90/70 1,347 1,228 1,182 1,113 1,090 1,045 1,000 1,956 1,89



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g g

Cc- correction multiplier for another heat loss of the thermalagent, different by the nominal heat loss;

For usual installations, cc = 1 same as for steam installations ;

cr correction multiplier based on the connection manner forhot water supplied radiators, a manner which influences

thermal agent circulation.



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g g

Cm- correction multiplier based on the mounting manner ofthe radiator, which influences the heat transfer by convection

by favoring or inhibiting the gravitational air circulation and

inhibiting heat transfer by radiation due to screen effect;

Ch altitude correction multiplier

013.18,02,0

p

ch+=



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Cv- correction multiplier based on the paint nature whichinfluences the heat transfer by. It has the value 0,95 for light

oil paints, 1 for dark oil paint and 0,9 for metallic pigment

paints. The use of aluminum bronze paints is not

recommended.

The number of components for a radiator resulted from a

calculation formula is rounded to an integer.



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Curved pipes radiators and

registers dimensioning



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It aims determination of pipe length necessary for making the

curved pipe radiator or register. Also using the concept oh

nominal unit flow, qn,expressed in W / m it returns:

Qcorp = l qn [ W]

n

corp

q

Ql =

[ m]



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Central water

heating systems

Water heating systems


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Heating installation with naturalcirculation drawings

Heating installations with forcedcirculation drawings



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Heating installation with natural

circulation drawings

Heating installation with natural circulation

drawings


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Water heating installation, double-piped, natural circulation, mixed distribution and

open expansion tank


drawings


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C heating boiler;B water exchanger with accumulation;

VED opened expansion tank;

CA air discharge pipe;

CPP waste pipe;CC connection pipe;

CSD safety inlet pipe;

CSI safety outlet pipe;

1 distribution inlet pipe;

2 distribution outlet pipe;

3 inlet pipe;

4 outlet pipe ;

5 inlet valve;

6 outlet valve;7 radiator valve;

8 - radiator;

Ca- air discharge pipe.


drawings


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The installation contains:

heating boiler placed in the basement room,

tree structured distribution network

supply pipes for heating equipments.



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By distribution type of both supply and return (inlet

and outlet) main pipes, heating installation with

natural circulation can have:

inferior distribution ;

superior distribution ;

mixed distribution .

Most of the heating installation are executed in

double piped systems, meaning they use two supply

pipes for the heating equipments.




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g

The main supply and return pipes, as well as theconnection pipes for the heating equipments are

fitted with a slant, so that when the installation is

filled with water the air shall be eliminated throughthe opened expansion tank.




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As far as safety is concerned, this was mostly

accomplished using an open expansion tank. Still, there are options for ensuring safety with

an closed expansion tank, but it will be

integrated in a safety system made of safetyvalves .


drawings


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Water heating installation, double piped, with natural circulation, inferior distribution

and closed expansion tank




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C - heating boiler;

B - water exchanger with accumulation;VEI - closed expansion tank;

VA - air separator;

R - valve;

SS - safety valve.




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The opened expansion tank has the role oftaking over the volume variations of the water

due to increased temperature,

thus maintaining continuous contact of the

installation with the atmosphere and airseparating the installation.

Feeding of the installation must be executed

in the lower point of the return pipe.




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For the choice of inferior distribution system there is

the ventilation system at the superior side of the

supply pipe for each pipe where the air is collected

and exhausted through the horizontal pipe

connected to the supply safety pipe.

In order to avoid unwanted circulating waterbetween the main pipes, the connection with the

safety pipe is made in a sack.




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For a superior distribution system, circulationis more active due to adding the thermal

pressure resulted at cooling the water in the

heating equipment with the thermal pressure

resulted at cooling water both in supply andreturn pipes.




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Fuel used for the heating boiler may be one of

the usual ones:

gas fuel,

liquid fuel,

solid fuel.




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This type of heating systems has theadvantage of a simple steel pipe installation

and cast iron or steel reinforcements. On the

other side, there is de disadvantage of large

diameter pipes, therefore a bigger materialconsumption.




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Heating installations with natural circulationcontinue to function in the buildings executed

years ago, but along with the rehabilitation

works they will be replaced with other heating

systems.



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Heating installations with forced


Heating installations with forced circulation

drawings


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This type of installations have the same structure as thenatural circulation installations, except that on the supply orreturn pipe one ore more pumps will be installed.

More than one pump will be mounted for the purpose ofensuring good functioning. Forced circulation installation canbe made in single or two-piped systems, and their distribution

can also be inferior, superior or mixed. The system offers the advantage of smaller pipe diameters,

comparing to natural circulation installations, and it is highlyrecommended for wide surface buildings.

Heating installations with forced



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In the following, we will see drawings of awater heating installation , double piped,

forced circulation, opened expansion tank and:

inferior distribution,

superior distribution,

mixed distribution.

heating installation with closed expansiontank and safety valve.


drawings


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Water installation, double piped, with mixed distribution and opened expansion tank


drawings

C heating boiler;P circulating pump;


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g ;P circulating pump;

B water exchanger with accumulation;

VED opened expansion tank;

CA air discharge pipe;

CPP waste pipe;

CC connection pipe;

CSD safety inlet pipe;

CSI safety outlet pipe;

1 distribution inlet pipe;2 distribution outlet pipe;

3 supply column;

4 return column;

5 connection inlet pipe;6 connection outlet pipe;

7 radiator valve;

8 - radiator;

Ca- air discharge pipe.


drawings


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Water installation with forced circulation, double piped, inferior distribution and closed

expansion tank.


drawings


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C heating boiler;

P circulation pump;

B water exchanger with accumulation;

VEI closed expansion tank;

VA air separator;R - valve;

SS safety valve;

Ca air discharge pipe .


drawings


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Heating system with forced circulation is alsoused in apartment buildings with centralized

heating system.

For single family house holds, or buildings

with a smaller number of apartments, thesystem is used only for old or considered as a

solution for the existing ones.



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Individual system for centralized

heating

Individual system for centralized heating


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Centralized individual heating

represents a new concept in heating

installations which combines the

advantages of individual heating with

the performances of collective

(centralized) heating.



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Components:

1. heating source represented by boiler together with

the thermal agent preparation and distribution equipment. 2. primary distribution network containing the distribution

network placed at the boilers level and the supply columnfor the thermal-hydraulic modules.

3. thermal-hydraulic module containing measuring,distribution and metering equipments placed in a nicherelated with each apartment.

4. secondary distribution network or, the so called,individual apartment knot to which heating elements areconnected.



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I-boiler; II-primary distribution; III-thermal-hydraulic modules; IV-apartment knot


I boiler,II primary distribution;


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III hydraulic module;

IV secondary distribution network (apartment knot);

1 - boiler;

2 - thermal agent circulating pump;3 - distributor; 4 - collector;

5 - supply pipe for primary;

6 - return pipe for primary distribution;

7 - hydraulic module;8 - inlet;

9 - outlet;

10 - radiator valve;

11 - air valve;

12 - radiator;

13 - supply distribution pipe for secondary network;

14 - return distribution pipe for secondary;


Th i l i f li d i di id l h i


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The particularity of centralized individual heatingsystem is the ability of thermal energy consumptioncontrol for each apartment. Heating consumptionrecords can be made from a common aria, outdoors,such as the stair case. This demand is claimed by allinhabitants of apartment buildings or big residence

assembles, for each wants to pay no more than theyconsume, and the centralized individual heatingsystem is able to do satisfy that . Hence, it results theoption of horizontal distribution, specific for each

apartment.


I th f ll i ill t th h t i ti f thi h ti


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In the following we will enumerate other characteristics of this heatingsystem:

the common boiler contains the necessary equipments for thermal agent

and hot water preparation, as long as the distribution; the primary distribution network, which is one for the entire building,makes the connection between heating source and he secondary networkthrough thermal-hydraulic modules;

thermal-hydraulic modules have the role of separating consumers and

recording thermal energy consumption; secondary distribution network, or apartment knot, can be made indifferent constructive variants;

records of thermal energy consumption, hot as well as cold water can bemade due to water meter and heat meter placed at the level of each

thermal-hydraulic module.


Heating boilerIt t th f th l f h ti th


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It represents the source of thermal energy for heating , theplace where its prepared and distributed thermal agent forheating and water warming. In the boiler takes place the

transformation of primary energy (fuel) with help from anentire assembly of equipments and devices. In the interior ofthe boiler take place technological processes for supplyingheat in the buildings installations, consequently heat and hot

water for consumers.

Taking into consideration the role played by the boiler, it isabsolutely necessary that technical matters should beconsidered at its conception, such as-equipments,functioning schemes, working manner and exploitation.



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Based on thermal power, boilers can be

classified as:

Micro-boilers with thermal power up to 30KW;

Mini-boilers with thermal power between 30and 50 KW;

Small boilers with a maximum thermal power

of 300 KW.


h fl h h f b l


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Factors that influence on the choice of a boiler

are:

total thermal power, respectively necessaryheat of the source;

type and power of boiler; type of fuel;

location of the boiler; automation level.


Due to the fact that a boiler must ensure heating, aswell as warming the water, based on necessary of


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heat one can choose one or two boilers.

For thermal capacities bigger than 100 KW one willappreciate the need for more that one boiler, even

one will take into consideration the need for a spare

boiler. Based on the fuel type used, the efficiency of

boilers differ, varying between 90% for liquid or gas

fuel down to 80% for solid fuel.


L ti f b il i b ildi i d id d


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Location of boiler in a building is decided

based on functional and economical criteria,

taking into consideration also the gas exhaust

(evacuation) and fuel supply.


Central heating boilers


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Central heating boilers

Central heating boiler have the role of

transforming fuels chemical energy in

thermal energy using a burner and also

transmitting that energy to a thermal agent.


Based on the nature of thermal agent:

Water boilers;


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Hot water boiler;

Steam boilers.Based on the material they are executed:

Cast iron boilers;

Steel boilers;

Stainless steel boilers.


Based on the fuel used: Solid fuel boilers;


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Solid fuel boilers;

Liquid fuel boilers;

Gas boilers.

Based on construction manner:

Horizontal boilers;Vertical boilers;

Fire-tub boiler;

Water tub boiler, etc.


By pressure drive:Low pressure;


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p ;

Medium pressure;

High pressure.

By usage domain:

Central heating boilers;Industrial boilers.


Cast iron sectioned boilers are made from elements


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Cast iron sectioned boilers are made from elementsassembled by nipples that compose the furnace and the

boiler. The material the boiler element is made of is a special type of

cast iron ,eutectic, that ensures a homogenous heat transfer

, avoiding cracking due to thermal pressure and

condensation.



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Cast iron segment with three wayburned gas circulation

Individual system for centralized heating1-metal case with thermal insulation2-boiler body made from cast iron segments3-automation system Vitotronic 300

4-boiler back-folding door1 2 3 4


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digital automation block

Vitotronicthermal transfer surfaces made of

special gray cast iron

high quality thermal insulation

flame tube made of stainless steel


Steel sectioned boilers are made of steel seamlesspipes that form convective thermal transfer surfaces At


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pipes that form convective thermal transfer surfaces. Atmodern models these surfaces are composed from one

seamless pipe pressed in the interior of another one, thusresulting a better thermal connectivity. Through longitudinalribs of the interior pipe the thermal transfer surface increases2.5 times comparing with that given by a smooth surfaced pipe.

The contact points between the two pipes are proportioned in amanner that, at the posterior part of the boiler, where burnedgas temperature is no longer high, heat transfer towards theboiler water decreases, avoiding gas temperature loss below

dew point of the vapors contained.



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Blast air burner

Automation system

Third gas circulation path with convectivemultilayer surfaces

Thermal insulation very efficient

Second circulation path

Wide water walls

Burning room (first circulation path)


Condensation boilersare in part of the

stainless steel boilers category. These type of boilerswith heat recovery components, represent a new


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with heat recovery components, represent a newconcept in what concerns the usage of classical fuel

types.Thermal efficiency of these boilers is determinedbased on inferior calorific power of the fuel, whichdoesnt take account of the latent heat of vapours in

the burned gas. If this calculation is applied, forcondensation boilers, one can obtain a thermalefficiency bigger than one unit. This aspect might beavoided if thermal efficiency of all boilers should be

calculated based on superior calorific power.



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1 heat exchanger plates for intensifyingheating process; 2 modular radiant

burner; 3 digital automation system; 4 condensation exhaust pipe; 5 heatexchanger for water warming; 6 twoways circulation pump; 7 stainless steelheat exchanger.


MODERN SOLUTIONS FOR BOILERS WALLS INTEGRATED UNITS


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WALLS INTEGRATED UNITS

The apartment boiler is an assembly that includes :

the system of producing thermal agent for heating,

the system of hot water preparation,

pumping system,

expansion system,

safety system.


Apartment boiler are mounted on the wall and can be

classified as follows:- based on the burning room type:


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with open burning room;

with closed burning room;- based on burned gas exhausting mode:

with natural exhaust gas; with forces exhaust gas;

- by hot water hater type:with instant preparation these are made in two variants

:with plate heat exchanger and bi-thermal heat exchanger;

with water heater exchanger with accumulation.

Individual system for centralized heatingFig. A presents an apartment boiler with closed burning room and plate

heat exchanger for heating water, characterized by : electronic flame control by monitoring thermal agent withtemperature sonde;


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electronic ignition and surveillance using an ionizing electrode;

ability of pre-setting maximum heating power, an useful option forsmall and medium apartments where the heat necessary is smallerthan the heating water necessary;

stainless steel plate heat exchanger for heating water;

closed expansion tank and 3 bar safety valve;

three way valve for thermal agent redirecting towards sanitary heatexchanger operated by differential pressure created by opening oneconsumer;

thermal agent circulation pump with variable volume;

stainless steel burner;


-automatic by-pass for heating installations (for pump protection whether

with thermostatic valves or-in more complex installations using three wayvalves );

-freezing protection thermostat (balanced at 600C);


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-gas valve with double shutter which automatically closes when ionizationelectrode doesnt detect the flame;

-safety thermostat (balanced at 1000C);

- water absence alarm pressure switch and fan and pump post-circulationdevices ;

- burned gas thermostat and differential pressure switch mounted

between the burning gas inlet and the burned gas outlet;

- supervising functioning,signalizing errors and self diagnose at thecontrol board level;

- intelligent electronic management system and remote controller.


One step air blower for alternating current


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Fig. A Apartment boiler with closed burning room, induced draughtand plate heat exchanger for heating water

Efficient heat exchanger resistant for corrosionExpansion tank

Burning room

Blast air modulating burner for reducing polluting

substances emissionPlate heat exchanger for water heating

Automation with diagnose system


Fig. B illustrates the hydro module composed from plate heat

exchanger and circulating pump and Fig. C illustrates the frontalcontrol panel which, using an optical interface, can be easily

connected with a notebook giving the possibility of


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connected with a notebook giving the possibility of

programming via internet , mobile phone, etc and also

facilitating maintenance/repair/service.

Fig. B Hydro module Fig. C Automation panel


Fig. D Functional diagram for an


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apartment boiler with closed burningroom, induced draught and bithermal

heat exchangerA heating inlet; B hot water inlet; C

gas inlet; D water inlet; E heatingoutlet; 1 bi thermal heat exchanger;

2 gas modulant valve ; 3 temperature sonde; 4 gas valve;; 5 supply valve; 6 safety valve ; 7 -fusemeter; 8 water pressure switch;9 circulation pump; 10 - burner; 11

expansion tank; 12 differentialpressure switch; 13 - fan; 14 automatic air vent ; 15 safety

thermostat; 16 hot water

temperature sonde; 17 - by-pass.


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In the case of a bigger hot water necessary there is the option of using a

accumulating hot water heater.The water heater has a capacity of 40 to 60

liters and can supply the reduced consumption for a short period of time

without soliciting the boiler. Most of the times the heater is part of the

boiler, but it also can be an independent element. Fig. F presents the

diagram of an apartment boiler with incorporated heater.



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1) Pressure switch, 2) 3 bar safetyvalve, 3) circulating pump, 4) gasmodulating electro valve, 5) 8 liters

closed expansion tank, 6) expansiontank safety valve, 7) burned gaschamber, 8) burning gas accesschamber, 9) exhaust burned gas

pipe, 10)supply air pipe, 11)

differential safety pressure switch forthe burned gas exhaust fan, 12)exhaust fan, 13) air valve, 14) heat

exchange wing, 15) burning room,16) ceramic insulation, 17) stainlesssteel burner, 18) motorized three wayvalve, 19) heating circuit hydro meter,

20) manual air valve, 21) magnesiumanode, 22) curve, 23) 60 liters heater

Fig. F Functional diagram of an apartment boiler

with water heater



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Mounting boilers inside an apartment is executed with regard to

Design and Execution Regulation for gas supplying system I6-98.

As in apartments it is mandatory the use of induced draught burned

gas, Fig. G presents some valid options for its connection.

MODERN SOLUTIONS FOR BOILERS WALLS

INTEGRATED UNITS


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Fig. G Connection possible options for induced draught boilers.3 vertical passing trough roof, 4 connection through exterior wall, 5 concentric intake and outlet chimney,6 intake separated from outlet gas.



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Heating elements

Heating elements

Heating elements are those components of aheating installation with the role of

transmitting in the room to be heated the


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transmitting in the room to be heated the

heat released be the thermal agent. Heatingelements transfer heat in two manners: by

convection, trough the air that comes in

contact with its surface and by radiation.


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Heating elements

Most used from the static heating elements

group are radiators


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group are radiators.

Based on the material they are made of there

are three used types:

cast iron;steel ;

aluminum.


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Heating elements


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Steel radiators: a) panel radiators, b) elements radiators

Heating elements

Most used are panel radiators characterized by theirhigh thermal power according to the overall size


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surface.

One radiator contains 1,2 or 3 interior convectors.One panel is formed from two parallel embossed ironsheets, where there are created one distributor and

one collector united by vertical channels for thermalagent circulation.

Radiators are made by combining these panels and

convectors.

Heating elements


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Type 11 1 panel with 1 convector;Type 21 2 panels with 1 convector;Type 22 2 panels with 2 convectors;Type 33 3 panels with 3 convectors;

Steel panel radiator, constructive models


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Heating elementsExcepting models we presented, there are panel steel radiators that offer

practical solutions for narrow spaces. These models have heights between

150 mm up to 2100 mm, widths of 450, 600 and 750 mm.


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Heating elements

A special class of radiators are bathroom radiators userfor small spaces, mounted vertically , with a particular design,having also a decorative role They are produced in different


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having also a decorative role. They are produced in different

constructive shapes with supplementary elements (metallicbars, mirrors, different types of supports) in order to offer thepossibility of drying towels and event take the rooms shape(corner radiators or wall-type radiators). These radiators can

be painted in different colors, or chromate versions. Thermal powers for these radiators vary between 500 and

1900 W and their dimension vary between 450 750 mmwidth and 700 1700 mm height.

Heating elements


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Decoration steel radiators for bathrooms

Heating elements

Aluminum radiators have particular

properties due to material they are made of and to


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improve fabrication technology.The main qualitative characteristics are design,

high thermal efficiency due to increased thermal

conductivity of aluminum, reduced water contentwhich diminishes thermal inertia as well as smaller

weight and surface occupied comparing to thermal

power developed.

Heating elements


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Aluminum radiators with height between 350 and 800 mm

Heating elements

Constructive, aluminum radiators are available in the range 350, 500,

600, 700, 800 mm which represents the distance between axis. There aremodels especially designed to solve the heating problem in rooms where

the surfaces available for radiators mounting are narrow. The respective

radiators heights vary between 900 up to 2000 mm and thermal power

t k l f 235 t 437 W / l t


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takes value from 235 to 437 W / element .

Aluminum radiators with heights between 900 and 2000 mm

Heating elements


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Fan coil units

Heating elements

Heating and air-conditioning were treated as

separate systems. The connection element is


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nowadays the fan coil unit (fan coil) which changesthe manner of studying heating and air-conditioning

as a unit.

Fan coil is a terminal element of a heating and/orair0conditioning installation which has two basic

components: one heating battery (coil) and a fan.

Heating elements


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1. adjustable outlet grille, 2. heating coil, 3. condensation collector,4. electric fan, 5. air filter, 6. fresh air intake

Heating elements

Working principle is simple : the outgoing air troughfan is supplied by heating coil in the room. Generallythe fan coils are mounted under windows and use


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the fan coils are mounted under windows and usethe re-circulated air, but there are models that allowinterference of fresh air, or exclusive fresh air supply.

There are many constructive types: vertical,

horizontal, as well as models designed for hidden(masked) mounting in walls or false ceilings,especially in large rooms or if they serve for more

than one room .

Heating elements


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Fan coils constructive typesa) vertical, b) horizontal, c) masked mounting models

Heating elements

Fan coils with masked mounting in falseceiling previously presented can be used for

larger or more than one room. These models


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come very close as far as functionality and sizeas the inferior limit of one piece air handling

units. Just like these, fan coils use supply and

exhaust ducts, air intakes, air diffusers andexhaust air holes.

Heating elements


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1. fan coil, 2. conditioned air exhaust air, 3. re-circulated supply hole 4. supplyfresh air duct, 5.re-circulated air supply duct, 6. conditioned air exhaust duct


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Heating elements


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Electronic control device for fan coil

Control of air velocity or water flow can be made manually, from the switch, ortap or automatically. Automatic control supposes the existence of anthermostat which allows setting the fan on/off and/or shutting the tap.Evolvedsystems impose fitting fan coils with a control device that act on the tap of eachbattery and on the fan.



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Central heating installations pumps


Thermal agents circulation inside heating

installations is ensured by circulation pumps.Their role is to overcome linear and local

hydraulic resistance in the most unprivileged


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y p g

circuit of the heating installation. For small

and medium capacities there are usually used

pipe mounted pumps (in-linepumps) with variable speed, low electrical

energy consumption, silent and very reliable.


The main characteristics of a pump are:fluid flow

rate G, expressed in m3 / h and

pressure difference between supply

and exhaust expressed in N /m2 or in


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bars. In some cases one uses the notion of :

pumping height H as the equivalent of pump

pressure expressed in liquid column height. It is also

important to know the shaft motors power P, in kw,

speed n, supply voltage and electric power

frequency.



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Ccharacteristics of a pump with humid rotor and variable speed


Circulation pumps must always be chosen in such

manner that the functioning point places on thecharacteristic Q/H corresponding to maximum motor

speed, in its point ,or closest to maximum efficiency.


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Choosing the pump



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Examples of thermal agent circulation pumps

Pumps with humid rotor Pumps with dry rotor


Thermal agent flow resulted from calculations can be varied

with more pumps in parallel connection. Parallel mounting iscurrently used for the purpose of achieving a flexiblefunctionality, as well as increased safe exploitation.

In the case of two identical pumps parallel mounted in thesame network, the common characteristic curve of the two

ll b b b bl h fl f


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will be obtained by doubling characteristic flows for a certainpumping height. It is also possible the parallel mounting fortwo pumps with different characteristics, on the conditionthat maximum pumping height will be the same. Functioning

point for the two pumps parallel connected is the intersectionpoint of pumps common characteristic curve with networkcharacteristic curve.

Pumps must be chosen in the manner that the functioning

point be positioned in the maximum efficiency aria.

EXPANSION TANKS


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EXPANSION TANKS


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EXPANSION TANKS

A safety system with opened expansion tank has the

following functions : overtaking water volume variations, due to normaltemperature variations heating-cooling and ensuring a waterreserve which covers for reasonable period of time the small,inevitable loss;


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exhausting in atmosphere the steam resulted as lesssupervising the boiler, errors, malpractice, negligence,automation breakdown, etc.

maintaining the installation filled, once filled up, up to a levelthat exceeds higher consumers level, in an inferiordistribution installation, respectively, pipe network level, incase of a superior distribution installation;

exhausting air during filling up the installation, as well as

supplying it during emptying it, in the manner that no air norwater sacs are formed.

EXPANSION TANKS For the choice of ensuring heating installations with safety

valves and closed expansion tank, safety systemsfunctions are satisfied as follows :

overtaking volume variations and the small water reserve bythe closed expansion tank;

maintaining at full capacity the water in installation by thepress re e erted b the air c shion o er the ater from the


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pressure exerted by the air cushion over the water from theclosed expansion tank , which, in this case may be mounted atthe inferior part of the installation, close to the boiler;

upper limitation of installation pressure using safety valves

mounted on the boiler before every shutting element; exhausting air at filling and supplying it at emptying the

installation trough ducts, tanks and air valves.

EXPANSION TANKS

Closed expansion tank is provided with an elastic membrane between eater cushionand water


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Closed expansion tank types

a-rectangular type, useful volume 6-16lb-disc type, useful volume 6-20lc- cylinder type, volume 6-300l

1-connection to boilers return pipe;2-tank wall;

3-elastic membrane;4-water surface with variable volume;7-support

5-air surface with variable volume6-compressed air valve

EXPANSION TANKS

A closed expansion tank is mounted at the inferiorpart of the installation, close to the boiler. Upperlimitation of pressure is made using safety valves

mounted on the boiler previous every shutting


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mounted on the boiler previous every shuttingelement.

Exhausting air at during filling and supplying air atexhaustion is made with manual or automatic air

valves. Constructively, closed expansion tanks can be

rectangular, disk, or cylinder type, and their volume

vary between 6 up to 5000 liters.


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Heat exchangers


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Heat exchangers

Heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are units used for hotwater preparation for the option of

accumulation installation (water heater) asll i h l i Lik i h


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accumulation installation (water heater) aswell as without accumulation.Likewise, heatexchangers are used in heating systems for the

superior parts of high buildings or for heatingbuildings part of centralized heating systemsthat use hot water or stem as primary agent.

Heat exchangersWater heaters are heat exchangers with water

accumulation used for hot water preparation and theyare constructed in two shape types: horizontal and

vertical. The heat exchange surface, respectively, the

coil will be dimensioned in a manner that will ensure


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coil, will be dimensioned in a manner that will ensurewarm water flow in accordance with the temperature

difference from the secondary circuit (+10 0C cold

water temperature, +600

C warm water temperature )and with the temperature difference from the primary

circuit.

Heat exchangers

Magnesium anode or external currentanode

Surface completelythermal insulated

Superior coilWater heating from boiler


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Horizontal water heater Vertical water heater

g b

Ceraprotect protection

Inferior coil connected tosolar panel

Cleaning pass

Heat exchangers

Water heater capacity varies from 80 up to 1000 liters.

Water heater body is made from anticorrosive protected steel, and for supplementary cathode protection a magnesiumanode is used, or, optionally an anode fed from an externalsource.

Heat losses are diminished by completely covering the heaterwith a thermal insulated layer As a construction option water


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Heat losses are diminished by completely covering the heaterwith a thermal insulated layer.As a construction option, waterheaters can performed as bivalent water heaters in systemswith solar panels combined with boilers.Heat supplied by the

solar panel is transferred in the heater trough the inferior coil.As an option some heaters can be provided with an electricalheating system.


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Heat exchangers

1.Steel interior tank DUPLEX DIN 144622.Steel exterior tank

3.Rigid polyurethane foam insulation4 Inlet heating agent (primary)


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Tank in tank heater

4.Inlet heating agent (primary)5.Outlet heating agent (primary)6.Cold water inlet (secondary)

7.Hot water outlet (secondary)8.Control thermostat9.Control thermometer

10.Control thermostat bulb11.Control thermometer bulb12.Air valve13.Metalic coating

14.Hot water recirculation valve

Heat exchangers

Heat exchangers without accumulation.

The most common in this range are plate heatexchangers. They are simple devices used forthermal energy transfer between two fluids, made of a

pack of identical stainless steel plates, with sealing,aligned at the both superior and inferior part of two


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pack of identical stainless steel plates, with sealing,aligned at the both superior and inferior part of twosupporting pipes between two pressure plates, one ofthem fixed and another mobile. The pack is sealed with

sealing guys. Between the plates a free space is left forfluid circulation; they are kept equidistant from humps,scratches or dimples.

Heat exchangers

Each plate has two walls, one representing the front,

the other one the back of the plate.

Fluid 1 flows all along the front of the plate andbathes it and fluid 2 flows along the back of the same


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g pbathes it and fluid 2 flows along the back of the same

plate, in counter-flow with fluid 1: in this manner the

heat is transfer along the entire surface of the plate,while the gaskets tighten the border of the plate and

in the same time separate the fluids.

Heat exchangers


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A plate heat exchanger design

Heat exchangers

Plate heat exchangers are used in heating for thermal pointsmodernization, for heating or preparing heated water, in the

heating and cooling processes, in heat recovery, for thermaltests on fluids (e.g. pasteurization) and in situations wereworking fluids are corrosives( using plates executed fromaustenitic stainless steel, resistant to corrosives

environments).


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Stainless steel plates are 0,5 0,6 mm thick, which allowsachieving a very good transmission coefficient as well as areduced thermal emission, but also lead the fluid in the heatexchanger. They are made of rubber resistant at up to 150 0Ctemperature (propyl-ethylene), silicon rubber or food industryrubber .

Heat exchangers


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Heat exchanger plates Plate heat exchangers

BUILDING INSTALLATION COURSE

LOW TEMPERATURE RADIATION


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HEATING SYSTEMS

Low temperature radiation heating systems

Radiant floor heating by including heating

elements inside the floor ;

Radiant ceiling heating - by including heating

elements inside the ceiling;di ll h i b l d h


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g; Radiant wall heating by including heating

elements or radiant panels (opened or closed

radiant panels ) inside the walls.


Using delimitating elements of a surface as

radiant elements imposes, from

physiological reasons, the limitation ofsurface temperatures as follows


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p y gsurface temperatures as follows :

40 0 C for ceiling heating;

29 0 C for floor heating;

70 0 C for walls heating.


Radiant panel heating systems are system

where the thermal agent conductive pipe orl i h i i b d h fl


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electric heating wires are buried in the floors

(whether floor, ceiling or walls).


Low temperature radiation heating, aside the fact thatgives the possibility of using thermal agents with lowparameters, also presents advantages in what thermalcomfort is concerned :

reduced temperature gradient;

more uniform temperature repartition over the delimitatingsurfaces;


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;

rising interior temperature at the level of delimitating surfacesand achieving a better thermal comfort for a room air

temperature with 1 up to 3 0C smaller than usual, which is animportant comfort factor;

space saving is made and superior architectural esthetic isensured;

solves the energy problem by giving the chance of coolingrooms during summer, which is a serious problem as far ascomfort is concerned.


Reduced temperature on heating surfaces imposedthe use of wider surfaces for heating, a work forwhich the delimitating surfaces fitted successfully,

thus obtaining :di t ili h ti i hi h th di


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radiant ceiling heating in which case the mediumtemperature cannot exceed + 40 0C ;

radiant floor (under floor) heating, in which case themedium temperature is limited at +30 0C ;

radiant wall heating, in which case temperature can

reach up to + 700

C .


Radiant floor heating


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g


Radiant floor heating installations have the

following components:

the heating floor panel;


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distributors-collectors (which are the commonelement of more heating circuits);

adjustment equipment ;

thermal energy source.


A radiant floor panel contains:

the insulation layer (for thermal and acoustic insulation);

the insulation protection layer ;


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heating pipes ;

thermal flow allotment and emission slab (heating slab);

final floor ;

other elements, such as : diffusion layer, marginalinsulation, etc.


The temperature at the floor level is limited,

from physiological reasons at up to +30 0C,based on the destination of the room


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based on the destination of the room.



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A heating floors structure

1)Interior coating, 2) plinth, 3) area strap, 4) final surface, 5) mortar layer, 6)

cement layer, 7) heating pipe, 8) covering foil ( PE foil or red rosin paper), 9)thermal and acoustic insulation layer, 10) hydro insulation, 11) concrete plate,12)soil.



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Heating system with vario compact naps plate


sistem cu ine de fixare


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Heating system with wire screen



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Heating system with mounting rails



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The mounting rails system ensures rising the pipe up to 5mm, and thus a

minimum height for the cement layer. Sustaining clamps and clips

guarantee a solid fixing of the pipe.


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Pipe fixing Pipe fixing with clamps and clips



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Wire screen system Rotating clips


Border insulation

Before the slab, along the walls, an insulating strap will be laid, aroundframes and pillars. Insulation will be laid from the base floor (sub floor) till

the final floor, allowing a maximum displacement of 5 mm.


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Overview for a house-downstairs



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Overview for a home-upstairs


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Heating floor system


Radiant ceiling heating


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This type of heating system allows achieving a

more homogenous air temperature, as well as a

more reduces air circulation, which are considered

important advantages as far as thermal comfort is

concerned.


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For the heating surface the hole ceiling is

available ,except for the cases where there are large

windows (glass surface) when supplementary

heating surfaces will be added (for example inside

the exterior walls).


Main advantage is given by elimination ofexterior heating elements, thus obtainingmore free space, more architectural freedom.

The space gained, for social buildings, can beconsidered an important space saving.


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p p g

Another advantage is given by the option ofcooling the ceiling during summer, thus areversible ceiling.


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Electric heating ceiling

Water heating ceiling


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Radiant wall heating


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Radiant wall heating


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Radiant wall heating can be used in different

variants :

individually; in combination with radiant floor heating


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system;

in combination with radiators heating system.



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Radiant wall heating variants


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Wall heating structure

BUILDING INSTALLATION COURSE

VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS


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VENTILATION SYSTEMS

NORMAL VENTILATION


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MECHANICAL VENTILATION


NORMAL VENTILATION

Unorganized normal ventilation systems

ventilation is accomplished by opening doors and

windows, by leaky rooms, offices, warehouses,

working places, etc.


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Organized normal ventilation systems

ventilation is made through gaps or special

constructions, windows, scuttles, ventilation

chimneys in kitchens, bathrooms, industrial

buildings,etc.



General mechanical ventilation systems usesfans for air circulation that serve the entire building and make thecirculation for the entire air volume in industrial buildings, social,cultural, commercial, administrative, etc.

Local mechanical ventilation systems act on the airsupply source, sweeps the air around the source, absorbs the


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pp y , p ,harmful substances before the air comes back in the room (industrial furnaces, weld tables, industrial zinc bathing, varnishremovals, grinders, wood processing etc.) .

Mixed mechanical ventilation systems applyboth general and local ventilation.


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General ventilation installation with air handling unit


MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS


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SYMPLE INLET/OUTLET


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MIXED HEATING / COOLING-DRYING/HUMIDIFICATION


By the pressure difference between insideand outside the ventilated room we have:

BALANCED VENTILATIONinlet flow= outlet flow

OVERPRESSURE VENTILATION


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OVERPRESSURE VENTILATION

inlet flow > outlet flow

DEPRESION VENTILATION

outlet flow > inlet flow


VENTILATION INSTALLATIONDRAWINGS


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1. intake

2. collector pipe3. noxious air exhaust fan4. protection cap of outletnoxious air pipe5. dust filter

6. heating coil7. warm air force fan8. pipe network9. discharge openings


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g p g10. heat recuperator

General mechanical ventilation system


1. intake2. collector pipe


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p p3. noxious air exhaust fan4. protection cap of outlet noxiousair pipe5. dust filter6. heating coil

7. warm air force fan8. pipe network9. discharge openings10.mixing chamber



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Basic drawings for general ventilation installation



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Basic drawings for an air cooling installation



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Ventilation installation with air dehumidification



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Ventilation installation with air dehumidification without fresh air inlet



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Air handling unit


COMPONENTS OF A VENTILATIONINSTALLATION

A ventilation installation contains: air ventilation unit ;

duct (pipe) network;


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ventilation grids ;

regulating devices;


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Air ventilation units

Air ventilation units are placed in specially

designed places, in the interior or exterior ofbuildings

Air ventilation units introduce fresh air. They


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contain modules in which equipments aremounted.



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Modular air handling unit



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Modular air handling units- components


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Casing

Aluminum frame with rounded corners

Panels slotting directly into the frame

No fixing screws


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Panels

50 mm sandwich panels injected polyurethane insulation (42 kg/m3 foam

density) or mineral wool (40 kg/m3 or 100 kg/m3)

Special executions for fan section extra noisereduction


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G2 metallic (eff. 75%, EU2)

G3 (efficiency 85%, EU3)

G4 (efficiency 90%, EU4)

SYNTHETIC PREFILTERS:


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BAG FILTERS

Rigid or soft bags

Class F7

Class F9


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Available Filters:

Absolute filters

Roll filters

Carbon filters

Electrostatic filters


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UV lamps

Water coils

DX coils

Steam coils

Electric coils

Heat exchangers (coils, batteries):

7/28/201

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