Bullying: Prevention & Intervention Action Planning Tim Lewis, Ph.D. University of Missouri OSEP...

Bullying: Prevention & Intervention Action Planning

Tim Lewis, Ph.D.University of Missouri

OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Intervention & Supports

www.pbis.org

http://www.pbis.org/

Bullying Defined

“A student is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other students” (Elliott, 2002)

Types of Bullying

1. Physical2. Verbal3. Emotional 4. Sexual

Harassment

Illegal act when an individual is verbally or nonverbally taunted and demeaned in relation to certain attributes such as gender, race or ethnicity, religion, and/or sexual orientation

Teasing• Most teasing among 8-10 year olds is mean spirited • Friendly, acceptable teasing appears more characteristic among

adolescents• Teasing among boys typically includes themes of intimidation, power,

control, etc.• Teasing among girls typically involves themes of social cruelty, deception,

hurt feelings, being left out• Some teasing is deliberate – some set up by spontaneous/accidental

circumstance• Everyone is teased at some point – others are often targeted

– Overreacting to teasing– Being atypical– Having atypical physical or behavioral attributes– Being socially or athletically unskilled

• Most teasing is done by groups to an individual

(Walker, Ramsey, & Gesham, 2004)

Teasing• Teasing among friends is sometimes o.k. while teasing strangers is not• Physical size is a major factor among boys• Adaptive responses to teasing include:

– Ignoring– Asking them to stop– Leaving the situation

• Maladaptive responses to teasing include:– Teasing back– Name calling– Getting mad– Crying, hitting or tantrum– Threats

• 8-10 year olds have firm belief in their effectiveness to stop teasing, but in actually have no effect or make it worse

(Walker, Ramsey, & Gesham, 2004)

Bullies and Peers

• Perpetrator• Victim• Bystander - do not directly participate but

reinforce the bully• Non-participant - do not participate, simply

present, but take no action to prevent

Victims

• Passive-submissive – anxious, fearful, withdrawn, bully reinforced by occasioning the behavior

• Provocative – display annoying and aggressive responses & thereby inadvertently reinforce the bully

Gender Differences

• Boys = “direct” physical / verbal intimidation• Girls = “indirect” gossip and rumors

• Males = larger numbers of both bullies and victims

Bullys Victims

Individual Impulsive, dominant, lacks empathyPositive attitude toward violenceDifficulty conforming to rulesPhysical strength (males)Gradual decrease in academic achievementAssume leadership roles in core groups of peers (female)More likely to bring weapons to school (52% males, 30% females)70% report weapons outside of school

Cautious, insecureDifficulty asserting themselves among peersPhysical weakness (males)Increase likelihood to carry weapons to school (36% males, 15% females)

Family Lack of parental involvementOverly-permissiveHarsh disciplineLack of parental supervision

Peer Friends/peers with positive attitudes toward violenceExposure to models of bullying

Lack of close friends

School Lack of supervisionIndifferent attitude toward bullying

Presence of aggressive studentsLack of supervisionIndifferent attitude toward bullying

Outcomes of bullying

• Short term– Bully - reinforced – increases future bullying– Victim - somatic symptoms, fearful, avoidance

• Long term– Bully

• 60% grades 6-9 had been convicted of an aggressive crime in adulthood

• More likely to be violent (Nansel et al, 2004).

• More likely to have children who bully– Victim

• depression, poor self esteem, suicide, school drop out• Ostracized by peers

Recommendations From the Field

Recommended strategies for Teachers (U.S. Department of Education, 1998)

• Provide students with opportunities to talk about bullying• Involve students in establishing classroom rules against bullying• Provide classroom activities and discussion around the harmful effects of

bullying• Develop a plan to ensure students know what to do if they observe bullying• Teach cooperation/compromise social skills• Take immediate action when bullying observed/reported• Confront bullies in private• Notify parents of both the bully and victim – seek to resolve the conflict at

school• Refer both bully and victim to counselor if appropriate• Provide protection for victims (e.g, buddy system)• Listen to parents who report or express concerns about bullying and

investigate immediately• Avoid attempts to mediate in bullying situations – power imbalance in the

bully dynamic precludes this from happening

Bully Prevention Keys

• School & home that is characterized as “warm” but sets firm limits for unacceptable behavior

• When violations occur, non-hostile, nonphysical sanctions be consistently applied

• Careful monitoring of student activities • Adults should act as responsible authorities during all

adult-child interactions, especially when bullying occurs

Bully Intervention Basics

• Bully - discourage / appropriate sanctions• Victim – teach strategies to appropriately

avoid/escape situations that involve bullying & place in activities in which they can succeed to boost confidence

By-standers – make them aware of their supporting role and discourage them

Non-participants – teach them to discourage bullying and to not show approval if observed

Action Planning

Start with Your Data

Is Bullying a Problem

• Student Data– Problem – Scared– How often– Types

• Staff Data– Problem– Types & Frequency

No Yes0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

14.9%

85.1%

Have you ever seen someone bullied in our school?

Never Sometime Often Every Day0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

4.6%

50.4%

23.4%

18.6%

How often are people bullied in our school?

Called Names Threatened Stole Hit Ignore0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

87.8%

43.9%

33.5%

52.2%

46.4%

What have bullies done at school?

Very Much A Little Not Much None0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

21.0%

50.7%

23.4%21.0%

How much of a problem is bullying at our school?

All the Time Sometimes Never0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

2.4%

26.2%

69.8%

I have felt scared in my school.

monthly weekly daily several times daily0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

0.00%

6.90%

32.76%

60.34%

How often does bullying occur in our school?Fr

eque

ncy

very much a little not much none0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

41.38%

53.45%

1.72%0.00%

How much of a problem is bullying at our school? Fr

eque

ncy

Daily Weekly Monthly Rare/seldom0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

34.48%

39.66%

17.24%

3.45%

Physical BullyingFr

eque

ncy


10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

89.66%

3.45%1.72% 1.72%

Verbal BullyingFr

eque

ncy


5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

24.14%

31.03%

13.79%

18.97%

Sexual BullyingFr

eque

ncy


5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%37.93%

27.59%

10.34%

5.17%

Cyber BullyingFr

eque

ncy


20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

120.00%

96.55%

13.79%

1.72% 0.00%

Gossip/Rumor BullyingFr

eque

ncy


10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%75.86%

15.52%

1.72% 1.72%

Exclusion BullyingFr

eque

ncy

Are There High Risk Settings

• Student & Staff Location

Classroom Playground Bathroom Walking to School Hallway Cafeteria Bus0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

48.7%

15.7%

38.4%

16.9%

78.1%

66.1% 67.3%

Where does bullying happen at our school?

Classroom Hallway Playground Cafeteria Bathrooms Bus Walking to School0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

70.69%

93.10%

56.90%

94.83%

82.76%

93.10%

50.00%

Where does bullying happen at our school?Fr

eque

ncy

Where Do Student Seek Help

• Who• Have they contacted an adult

My Teacher Any Teacher Principal Counselor Family Friend0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

60.7%

38.4%

47.5%

60.3%

73.6%

67.6%

Who do you feel you could go to if you were bullied?

Where Do Adults Perceive Students Seek Help

• Who• Most likely

Teacher Principal Counselor Family Friend0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

74.14%

18.97%

68.97%

58.62%

79.31%

Who would a victim go to? Fr

eque

ncy

Comments

• 60 students commented that they see bullying in gym, P.E., and the locker room

• “I felt embarrassed. I really didn't want to be in that situation”

• “I hate it, it hurts me a lot!!!!”• “No one does anything enough to stop them

anyway. There is too much of it.”

Comments

• “Not enough enforcement of the rules so more bullying is done.”

• “Sometimes grown-ups don't understand or you can't tell them what you are going through because you are afraid they will get mad at you.”

• “When there is bullying going on in the classroom some of the teachers see it and they hear but they don't do anything”

Interventions

• Staff aware of District policy & procedures• Top 5 strategies would use• 5 Strategies would not use• Other strategies listed

Yes No Unsure0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

65.52%

0.00%

32.76%

Does your district have a policy to deal with bullying?Fr

eque

ncy

Definitely Would Probably Would Not Sure Probably Would Not Definitely Would Not0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

22.2%

40.0%

20.0%

13.3%

4.4%

I would advise the victim to assertively stand up to the bully


10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

88.0%

6.0% 6.0%

0.0% 0.0%

I would tell the bully to stop


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

40.8%

30.6%

24.5%

4.1%

0.0%

I would help them resolve their differences


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

50.0%

2.0% 2.0%

8.0%

46.0%

42.0%

I would treat the matter lightly


10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

31.9%

53.2%

14.9%

0.0% 0.0%

I would advise the victim to stay away from the bully


10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

47.9%

27.1%

20.8%

4.2%

0.0%

I would make sure the bully was punished


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

10.0%

42.0%

28.0%

18.0%

2.0%

I would convene a meeting


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

12.0%

34.0%

38.0%

14.0%

2.0%

I would help the bully achieve greater self-esteem


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

12.0%

20.0%

24.0%

34.0%

10.0%

I would encourage the victim to make more friends


10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

89.8%

10.2%

0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

I would make it clear to the bully that his/her behavior will not be tolerated


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

4.0% 4.0%

18.0%

38.0%

36.0%

I would leave it for someone else to sort out


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

18.0%

34.0% 34.0%

10.0%

4.0%

I would share my concerns with the bully and ask him to behave more caring


10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

42.0%

50.0%

4.0% 4.0%

0.0%

I would seperate the bully and the victim


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

6.0%

28.0% 28.0%

26.0%

12.0%

Suggest that the victim not show that he/she is bothered


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

12.2%

34.7%

38.8%

10.2%

4.1%

I would call the bully's parent


10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

0.0%

3.9%

17.6% 17.6%

60.8%

I would let the students sort it out


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

26.0%

40.0%

26.0%

6.0%

2.0%

Discuss with the bully options to remedy the situation without bully-ing


5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

50.0%

8.0%

18.0%

44.0%

18.0%

12.0%

I would find the bullying something more interesting to do

Action Plan

1. Replacement behaviors for noted types of bullying behavior– Linkage to school-wide/class-wide set of

expectation

2. Lesson plans/teaching strategies (with schedule)

Action Plan

3. Supervision of high risk locations– Current supervision/ needed resources– Training & support

4. Strategies for “victims”5. Instructional strategies & consequences for

bullying– Instruction– Environmental supports– Consequences

Implement and Monitor

• Current Data collection captures bullying?– Office referral– Student/staff report

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