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Burj KhalifaAhmed Osama KhattabMohamed Hatem ShamsMohamed Yosry Mohamed

ContentsLateral Loads4Long-Term Effects and Construction Sequence51Structural Analysis and Design2Structural System11Foundations3

Contents9101Concrete Material7Coupling Beams and Outriggers16Construction8

Structural SystemDesigners purposely shaped the structural concrete Burj DubaiY shaped in planto reduce the Wind Forces.

Structural SystemThe structural system can be described as a buttressed core

Structural SystemThe center hexagonal reinforced concrete core walls provide the torsional resistance.

Structural SystemThe center hexagonal walls are buttressed by the wing walls and hammerhead walls, which behave as the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments.

Structural SystemOutriggers at the mechanical floors allow the columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads.

Structural Analysis and DesignThe structure was analyzed for gravity (including P- analysis), wind, and seismic loads using ETABS version 8.4. The model consisted of the reinforced concrete walls, link beams, slabs, raft, piles, and the spire structural steel system

Structural Analysis and DesignThe dynamic analysis indicated the first mode is lateral side-sway with a period of 11.3 s (Figure 5). The second mode is a perpendicular lateral side-sway with a period of 10.2 s. Torsion is the fifth mode with a period of 4.3 s.

Structural Analysis and DesignUnder lateral wind loading, the building deflections are well below commonly used criteria.

Structural Analysis and DesignThe reinforced concrete structure was designed in accordance with the requirements of ACI 31802The structural steel spire was designed for gravity, wind, seismic and fatigue in accordance with the requirements of AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (1999).The Dubai Municipality (DM) specifies Dubai as a UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region (with a seismic zone factor Z = 0.15 and soil profile Sc).

Structural Analysis and DesignDr. Max Irvine developed site-specific seismic reports for the project, including a seismic hazard analysis.The potential for liquefaction was investigated; it was determined that liquefaction is not considered to have any structural implications for the deep-seated tower foundations.

FoundationsThe tower foundations consist of a pile-supported raft. The solid reinforced concrete raft is 3.7 m (12 ft) thick and was poured utilizing C50 (cube strength) self-consolidating concrete (SCC).The raft was constructed in four separate pours (three wings and the center core).

FoundationsThe tower raft is supported by 194 bored cast-in-place piles. The piles are 1.5 m in diameter and approximately 43 m long, with a design capacity of 3000 tonnes each. The tower pile load test supported over 6000 tonnes

FoundationsThe site geotechnical investigation consisted of the following phases: Phase 1: 23 boreholes (three with pressure meter testing) with depths up to 90 m; Phase 2: three boreholes drilled with cross-hole geophysics; Phase 3: six boreholes (two with pressure meter testing) with depths up to 60 m. Phase 4: one borehole with cross-hole and down-hole geophysics; depth = 140 m.

FoundationsThe groundwater in which the Burj Dubai substructure is constructed is particularly severe, with chloride concentrations of up to 4.5% and sulfates of up to 0.6%, higher than sea waterThe concrete mix for the piles was a 60 MPa with 25% fly ash, 7% silica fume, and a water:cement ratio of 0.32. The concrete was a fully self-consolidating concrete to limit the possibility of defects during construction.

Wind EngineeringThe wind tunnel program included:rigid-model force balance testsfull multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model studiesmeasurements of localized pressurespedestrian wind environment studiesand wind climatic studies.

Wind EngineeringThe aeroelastic and force balance studies used models mostly at 1 : 500 scaleThe building has six important wind directions

Wind EngineeringForce Balance Test

For the Burj Dubai the results of the force balance tests were used as early input for the structural design and detailed shape of the tower.

Wind EngineeringIt was noticed that the force spectra for different wind directions showed less excitation for winds impacting the pointed endThis was borne in mind when selecting the orientation of the tower relative to the most frequent strong wind directions for Dubai and the direction of the set backs.

Wind EngineeringVortex Shedding is an unsteady flow that takes place in special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of the cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body.

Wind EngineeringVortex Shedding is an unsteady flow that takes place in special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of the cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body.

Wind EngineeringAeroelasticity The study of the mutual interaction that takes place within the triangle of the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces acting on structural members exposed to an airstream, and the influence of this study on design. simply, it is the same set of conditions causing a flag to flutter, or a reed to tremble in fast-flowing water.

Wind EngineeringAeroelasticity

Wind Engineering

Wind EngineeringThese are wind tunnel results for a 400ft building compared to ASCE loads, the wind tunnel loads are less than the code loads for the majority of the building. The wind tunnel method has also improved design safety by identifying higher loading for the structure.

Long Term and Construction Sequence AnalysisThe creep and shrinkage prediction approach is based on the GardnerLockman GL2000 (Gardner, 2004) model with additional equations to incorporate the effects of reinforcement and complex loading history.15 separate three-dimensional finite-element analysis models, each representing a discrete time during construction

Long Term and Construction Sequence AnalysisLong-term creep and shrinkage testing, over one year in duration, have been performed by the CTL Group, under contract with Samsung, on concrete specimens to better understand the actual behavior of the concrete utilized for the project.

Long Term and Construction Sequence AnalysisDesign Considerations:Vertical Members were sized such that the self-weight gravity stress on the perimeter columns matched the stress on the interior corridor walls.Since the shrinkage in concrete occurs more quickly in thinner walls or columns, the perimeter column thickness of 600 mm (24 in.) matched the typical corridor wall thicknessThe five sets of outriggers, distributed up the building, tie all the vertical members

Long Term and Construction Sequence AnalysisCompensation methodology:For horizontal compensation, the building is being re-centered with each successive center hex core jump. The re-centering compensation will correct for all gravity-induced side-sway effects (elastic, differential foundation settlement, creep, and shrinkage) which occur up to the casting of each story.

For vertical compensation, each story is being constructed incorporating a modest increase in the typical floor-to-floor height.

Long Term and Construction Sequence AnalysisConcrete creeps and shrinks, so the rebar must attract additional compressive stress

Long Term and Construction Sequence AnalysisGravity-induced horizontal side-sway is extremely sensitive to the following:

Differential foundation settlements Construction sequence Differential gravity loading Variations in the concrete material properties

Construction Sequence

Construction Sequence

Construction Sequence

Construction Sequence- Cranes and Concrete Placement Booms

Construction Sequence- Cranes

Construction Sequence- Cranes Dismantling

Construction Sequence- Cranes Dismantling

Construction Sequence- Concrete Pumping

Construction Sequence- Concrete Pumping

Construction Sequence- Surveying and MonitoringLower levels (classical)

Higher Levels (GPS)

Construction Sequence- Surveying and Monitoring

Construction Sequence- Surveying and Monitoring

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Thank You !www.themegallery.comAhmed Osama KhattabMohamed Hatem ShamsMohamed Yosry Mohamed