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Business E-books: What Can Be LearnedFrom Vendor Supplied Statistics?Amber Lannon a & Dawn McKinnon aa McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaVersion of record first published: 28 Mar 2013.

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Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, 18:89–99, 2013Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 0896-3568 print / 1547-0644 onlineDOI: 10.1080/08963568.2013.767121

Business E-books: What Can Be Learned FromVendor Supplied Statistics?

AMBER LANNON and DAWN MCKINNONMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Many studies show that e-book awareness and usage is growing.Using vendor-supplied usage statistics for business and economicse-books, the authors sought to determine if a few titles accountedfor a large percentage of usage. If proven, the authors hoped tobe able to develop collections strategies to maximize e-book usage.Focusing on three providers, SpringerLink, NetLibrary, and eBrary,results showed that annually, a small number of titles accounted fora large percentage of usage. However, over the collection’s lifetime,a higher percentage of titles were used. A small collection of PatronDriven Acquisition eAudio books were also examined.

KEYWORDS electronic books, e-books, collection development,academic libraries, library collections, Patron Driven Acquisition

INTRODUCTION

The McGill Library is a member of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL)with a collection containing 3.6 million print volumes, more than 1 millionelectronic books (e-books), and 88,000 e-journals, with an acquisition bud-get of $14 million. The Library purchases e-books from numerous vendorsincluding eBrary, SpringerLink, EBSCO, Ovid, Elsevier, Books24×7, and oth-ers. All of these books are available through the library catalogue and canbe accessed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with an Internet connection. In2011, off-campus authentication was via a Virtual Private Network. Much likethe print collection, the majority of the e-book collection has been built onthe “just-in-case” model, either selected by title or purchased in large bundle

Submitted: 2 April 2012; Revision Submitted: 25 October 2012; Accepted: 3 December2012.

Address correspondence to Amber Lannon, Head of Operations, Humanities and SocialSciences Library, McGill Library, McLennan Library Building, McGill University, 3459 McTavishStreet, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C9, Canada. E-mail: amber.lannon@mcgill.ca

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packages. Additionally, a small experiment with Patron Driven Acquisition(PDA) of eAudio books was undertaken with NetLibrary in 2010/2011.

In 2008, in consideration of a growing space problem and decliningusage of the print collection, the Management Library adopted a collectiondevelopment strategy to purchase e-books in lieu of print books wheneverpossible. E-book and print versions of the same title were purchased inparallel when it was expected that the demand for the title would be high.This dramatically increased the number of e-books in the collection.

The Desautels Faculty of Management at McGill University in Montreal,Quebec, is ranked as one of the top international business schools by Busi-nessWeek, Canadian Business, Forbes, The Economist, and the FinancialTimes. Founded in 1906, the school is home to numerous research centersand academic programs at the undergraduate, masters, executive, and PhDlevels. The Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) and Masters of Business Admin-istration (MBA) programs encompass significant study-abroad componentsthat encourage students to study in other countries. Additionally, 35% ofthe BCom students and more than one half of the MBA students are inter-national and spend holidays, internships, and summers outside of Canada.For liaison librarians serving the Desautels Faculty of Management, the new“e-preferred” collection development strategy was welcomed, as businessstudents and faculty were already heavily using online journals, partially dueto the international population. Librarians assumed that additional electronicresources would likewise prove popular.

PURPOSE

As students and faculty can access the Library’s databases, online journals ande-book collections from anywhere in the world with an Internet connection,liaison librarians felt that the change in collection development policy to“e-preferred” would be welcomed by the management patrons. However,we suspected that a small number of e-book titles were accounting for ahigh percentage of our usage. To determine if the e-books were being usedas predicted, business librarians undertook a usage study of the businessand economics e-book collection in 2011.

BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

E-books are not new technology in libraries; however, the market is chang-ing quickly. Research shows that e-book usage has been steadily increasing(Bailey, 2006) and that the acceptance of e-books has now reached a “levelwhere they have become an important library service” (Shelburne, 2009,p. 59). Shelburne’s (2009) study found that more than half of the

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Business E-books 91

undergraduates at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign had usede-books; furthermore, students in eBrary’s Global Student E-book Surveyreported that they used e-books at least once a week (eBrary, 2008). TheUniversity of California–Springer e-Book Pilot Project found that 58% of re-spondents used e-books (Li, Poe, Potter, Quigley, & Wilson, 2011). Amongfaculty at business schools, Camacho and Spackman’s 2009 study at BrighamYoung University showed that more than one half the faculty had used e-books, and of those who had, 69% had used an e-book in the past month.These and other studies clearly demonstrate that rather than just passivelyaccepting the addition of e-books students and faculty are actively choosingto use them.

In several studies of e-book collections, it has been noted that they oftencontain more titles in the business and economics categories than in othersubjects. In Spague and Hunter’s (2009) report of e-books at University ofIdaho Library, the business and economics category had the highest hold-ings by far—double the number of titles in the second place category and5 times the number of titles in most other categories. Likewise, Grudzienand Casey’s (2008) 3-year study of e-books also showed that the “business,management and marketing” sections contained the highest number of titlesin the collection (p. 462). However, highest number of titles does not alwaystranslate to highest usage—in the University of California’s Springer e-BookPilot Project, respondents in the physical sciences and engineering reportedthe highest rate of usage at 68% whereas those in business and law reportedusage of 47% (Li et al., 2011). The variation in usage between subject areasis still not well understood and is only one reason why institutions shouldanalyze their collections to ensure they are meeting their users’ needs.

The most frequent use of e-books is in textbooks and is highest amongundergraduates (Estelle & Rowlands, 2009). E-book studies have also shownthat electronic versions are not read cover to cover, rather users tend toscan e-books (Estelle & Rowlands, 2009; Springer, 2008). For users, the ben-efits of e-books are the convenience and the search capabilities (Rowlands,Nicholas, Jamali, & Huntington, 2007). For libraries, e-books offer reductionsin personnel requirements, processing, and storage. According to the LibraryJournal 2010 survey of e-book penetration, the drivers behind increasedacquisition of e-books in academic libraries are faculty request, attractivepricing of bundles, and usage/projected usage (Library Journal, 2010). De-spite the perceived benefits, there remains significant challenges to usinge-books including user confusion over the different platforms, turnawaysdue to licensing restrictions, and digital rights management (DRM). DRM im-poses printing and copying restrictions, which are different from publisherto publisher. In the past, discovery was another issue for e-books, but mostlibraries now make them available through the library catalogue.

Although it is largely accepted that we are beyond the tipping pit ofacceptance of e-books, there is still not a deep body of knowledge on usage

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and impact. As noted in other studies, there is difficulty in comparing andanalyzing the usage that vendors provide (Shelburne, 2009). Increasingly,platforms are offering Counting Online Usage of NeTworked Electronic Re-sources (COUNTER) book reports that should lead to more studies like thisone in the future.

The basic model in academic libraries for accessing e-books is similarto accessing a database: current students and faculty have access on campusas well as off campus with authentication. The basic model for purchasing issimilar to print: academic libraries typically choose titles that support teachingand research. Ownership for the library is mostly in perpetuity. Althoughthe library saves money on storage and processing, the purchase cost isgenerally higher than for a print book. Most publishers offer options topurchase individual titles or bundles.

A more recent development in e-book purchase models is PDA, meaningpatrons decide what e-books the library should include in its collection. Thelibrary loads a list of predefined titles into the catalogue, and the user findsthe title and accesses the item. After a certain number of uses, the library isautomatically billed for the title, and it is added permanently to the collection.The library is not billed for e-books that are not accessed.

Over the last decade, libraries have been moving toward user-driven or“just-in-time” strategies for collection development, in consideration of thereality that the majority of print monographs in research libraries never circu-late (Kent, 1979; Levine-clark, 2010). One commonly cited and quoted studyrevealed that 20% of the print collection receives 80% of the use (Trueswell,1969), which seems to be holding true still today (Levine-clark, 2010). Just-in-time strategies have included but are not limited to “suggest a purchase”programs and purchasing based on interlibrary loan (ILL) analysis as wellas PDA. Presently, many academic libraries are facing considerable spacecrises and growing demands for user spaces. As such, libraries, including theMcGill Library, are turning to e-books in an attempt to increase collectionswhile also meeting the library’s objective of conserving space for users ratherthan book stacks.

As we increase spending on e-books and move toward e-book ap-proval plans, more analysis is needed not just on attitudes toward e-booksand awareness of e-books, but also on whether we are purchasing the rightmaterial. To that end, librarians liaising with the Desautels Faculty of Man-agement investigated what percentage of titles in our e-book collectionswere actually being used.

METHOD

In this study, usage data of titles was retrieved for e-books on the eBrary,NetLibrary and SpringerLink platforms. All three collections consist of ti-tles covering business and economics, as well as technology, engineering,

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humanities, life sciences, and social sciences. Using the vendor’s reportingtools, we analyzed reports on the business and economics categories basedon call number ranges. This data was then exported in tab-delimited format,sorted, and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. To determine if a small numberof titles accounted for a high percentage of usage, we examined the per-centage of business titles that were accessed and the number of times thesetitles were accessed. To determine if the business titles were representativeof the entire McGill Library collection, we also compared data in the businessand economics categories to all subjects. For additional information, we alsolooked at “turnaways,” or the number of times a user was denied access toa particular title.

“Lifetime” usage is defined as usage data for as many years as we couldaccess for our collections: 2001 for NetLibrary, 2003 for eBrary, and 2007 forSpringerLink. “Annual” usage refers to data collected from August 2010 toJuly 2011 inclusive.

A small collection of PDA selected eAudiobooks from Netlibrary wasalso examined. Although the library also has a significant collection of busi-ness e-books from Books24×7, it was excluded because the platform re-quires users to sign up for an account before viewing content, and it waswould influence the results. This hypothesis is worth testing in future studies.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Annual Usage of the Business Collection

From August 2010 to August 2011, about 25% (182 of 623 e-books) of theNetLibrary business collection was used, and these books were accessed1862 times (Figure 1). By comparison, only 15% of SpringerLink businesstitles were used, but the actual number of titles was much higher: 672 ofthe 4487 SpringerLink e-books were used. Total eBrary usage statistics weremuch lower: just more than 2% was used (174 of the 7802 titles).

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NetLibrary SpringerLink eBrary

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FIGURE 1 Percentage of Business E-book Collections Accessed in One Year.

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NetLibrary eBrary SpringerLink

FIGURE 2 Average Number of Times a Business E-book With One or More Uses WasAccessed in One Year.

This shows that part of the librarian’s predictions were correct: only asmall number of titles were used. This is most evident with the SpringerLinkcollection, which was accessed nearly 4 times as often as NetLibrary and10 times as often eBrary (more than 7000 times compared with NetLibrary’s1862 and eBrary’s 756 unique accesses) (Figure 2). Likewise, of the e-booksthat were used, SpringerLink books were accessed an average of 10 times,whereas eBrary and NetLibrary e-books were borrowed an average of 5 and3 times, respectively.

Licensing may affect the number of times a title was available, as oureBrary collection has more multiple-user titles than NetLibrary, and Springer-Link offers unlimited simultaneous uses. Another factor could be content:SpringerLink is a publisher, and we purchase material through approvalplans, and NetLibrary titles were primarily hand-selected based on coursereadings. By contrast, eBrary titles were mainly purchased as part of largebundles for the entire library not tailored to approval plans. This could sup-port a purchasing model where e-books are chosen via predefined approvalplans, or PDA, rather than purchasing large bundles using the “just-in-case”model. This trend continued with books that were used many times: of thebooks that had been borrowed 5 or 10 times, eBrary and SpringerLink bookswere more heavily used than NetLibrary again, as shown in Figure 3.

Turnaways

We also analyzed “turnaways,” that is, the number of times a user is de-nied access to an e-book because it was not available due to another useraccessing the item. SpringerLink was excluded from this analysis, as McGillhas unlimited simultaneous access to their material. Over the lifetime ofthe collection, users have been “turned away” from McGill NetLibrary titles13,314 times. Turnaways of NetLibrary business titles represent 38% of allNetLibrary turnaways at McGill. The trend continues when we look at in-dividual titles: 11 titles have turnaways greater than 100, and one title has

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Business E-books 95

02468

101214

Borrowed 5 ormore �mes

Borrowed 10 ormore �mes

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NetLibrary

eBrary

SpringerLink

FIGURE 3 Percentage of Business E-books Borrowed More Than 5 or 10 Times in One Year.

turnaways greater than 900 (Table 1). A quick investigation of these titlesshowed that they contained required readings for courses. As previouslynoted, access to NetLibrary materials is limited to one to three simultane-ous users, thus with limited access and many students requiring the samematerial at the same time, a high number of turnaways could be expected.By comparison, the eBrary turnaways were few: just four titles were turnedaway a total of 11 times over the lifetime of the collection. This result isnot surprising, as our eBrary collection comprises more titles that allow formultiple- or unlimited simultaneous access.

TABLE 1 Titles in McGill’s Netlibrary Collection With More Than 100 Turnaways

Number ofTurnaways Title Author

902 Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemesto Improve the Human Condition HaveFailed

Scott, James C.

853 Ban the Humorous Bazooka Sebell, Mark Henry;Yocum, Jeanne

734 Turning Points: Decisions Shaping theEvolution of the International PoliticalEconomy

Brawley, Mark R.

404 China’s Great Economic Transformation Brandt, Loren; Rawski,Thomas G.

277 A Guide to Econometrics Kennedy, Peter208 Fixed Income Securities: Tools for Today’s

MarketTuckman, Bruce

205 A Course in Game Theory Osborne, Martin J.;Rubinstein, Ariel

169 Macroeconomics Barro, Robert J.134 Working Knowledge: How Organizations

Manage What They KnowDavenport, Thomas H.;

Prusak, Laurence103 M-business: The Race to Mobility Kalakota, Ravi; Robinson,

Marcia

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TABLE 2 Netlibrary Business E-book Uses, Lifetime of the Collection

Number of Uses Books Books as a % of Collection

0 29 45 or more times 508 6810 or more times 353 4720 or more times 184 2530 or more times 111 1540 or more times 85 11

Lifetime Usage of the Collection

Although the “lifetime” is different for each provider, librarians felt that an-alyzing a longer time period than one year could provide additional insightinto usage trends of the collections. Data for NetLibrary purchases began in2001, eBrary in 2003, and SpringerLink in 2007.

NetLibrary offered the longest “lifetime” data and it showed that businesstitles were heavily used: these e-books have been accessed a total of 17,612 times. Since 2001, only 29 titles (4% of the collection) have never beenaccessed. A significant 68% of the collection has been accessed 5 or moretimes and nearly one half (47%) has been accessed 10 or more times. Theaverage number of uses per titles was 24 (Table 2).

Although NetLibrary’s titles are in high use (in terms of percentage),SpringerLink at the highest number of unique title accessed (Table 3). Addi-tionally, the SpringerLink “lifetime” is the shortest, starting only in 2003.

In contrast, the eBrary books had a much lower lifetime usage thanNetLibrary and SpringerLink (Table 4). Since 2003, only 254 of the 7802 titleshave ever been used, meaning that 97% of the collection has never beenaccessed. Of the e-books that were borrowed, the average number of usesper title is six, but for the entire collection the average number of uses is lessthan one.

Thus, the hypothesis for this research article was proven true forSpringerLink and eBrary: a small number of titles were accounting for ahigh usage. This was not true for NetLibrary, as most of the titles wereaccessed during the lifetime of the collection.

Although not proven, librarians hypothesized reasons why there mightbe differences in lifetime usage statistics between the providers. At McGill

TABLE 3 SpringerLink Business E-book Uses, Lifetime of the Collection

Number of uses Books Books as a % of Collection

0 3868 725 or more times 1370 2510 or more times 1095 2020 or more times 652 1230 or more times 389 740 or more times 253 5

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Business E-books 97

TABLE 4 eBrary Business E-book Uses, Lifetime of the Collection

Number of Uses Books Books as a % of Collection

0 7548 975 or more times 65 110 or more times 35 Less than 120 or more times 16 Less than 130 or more times 7 Less than 140 or more times 7 Less than 1

Library, the business e-book collections for NetLibrary were titles primarilyselected by librarians, rather than purchased in a bundle. Content was of-ten required or recommended course material. Likewise, while 72% of theSpringerLink material was not used, titles that were accessed were heavilyused. SpringerLink titles are not individually selected but are purchased di-rectly from a publisher through a fine-tuned approval plan. On the contrary,most eBrary titles were purchased through large e-book packages, ratherthan selected by librarians, patrons, or approval plans. This could be onereason why the eBrary lifetime collection has much lower usage than theother two collections, but further analysis would need to be completed todetermine if this was true.

Comparing Business E-books With the Entire E-book Collection

Although we were unable to easily obtain statistics for the Library’s entireNetLibrary collection, across all subjects, the eBrary and SpringerLink trendswere similar between the business collection and the Library’s whole e-book collection (Figure 4). This may indicate that analysis completed on thiscollection could be used to make collection development decisions in othersubject areas. Of all of the McGill titles accessed over the past year, 14% wereaccessed 5 or more times compared with 13% and 10% in the eBrary andSpringerLink collections, respectively. Titles that were accessed 10 or moretimes were nearly the same: 6% for the entire collection and 7% and 6% for

0

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Borrowed 5 or more �mes Borrowed 10 or more �mes

Perc

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eBrary Business e-books

En�re McGill e-book Collec�on(All subjects)

FIGURE 4 Borrowing of Business E-books Compared to E-books in Entire McGill Collection.

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98 A. Lannon and D. McKinnon

the eBrary and SpringerLink, respectively. This suggests that the eBrary andSpringerLink business collections are representative of how our students andfaculty are using e-books in other subjects.

Patron Driven Acquisition

McGill Library also has a small collection of eAudio books purchased throughPDA, which includes 49 business and management titles. Usage of PDAeAudio books was considered separately as the format differs greatly fromregular e-books. This collection has been accessed 142 times, representing20% of the usage of McGill’s entire PDA eAudio collection. The lifetime ofthis collection was only 3 years at the time of the study; however, thesebooks have fairly high use: 41% of the titles were accessed 3 or more times.Further investigation is needed to determine if the high usage is due to theeAudio format, the content, or the PDA model.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A future for e-books in management and business collections is not in ques-tion, as research shows that e-books are accepted in libraries (Shelburne,2009), and usage is increasing (Bailey, 2006). Rather, the question is, haveusers turned toward the e-books that academic libraries are purchasing—areour collections appropriate for our users?

Our analysis showed that titles from SpringerLink and NetLibrary areheavily used, whereas titles from eBrary had low usage. As 97% of theeBrary e-books have never been accessed, it is unclear if purchasing largebundles of e-book collections can be justified. Rather, usage statistics supporta purchase model based on selection of titles through e-book approval planswith publishers, based on predefined criteria and PDA. Furthermore, the briefanalysis of e-books across subjects in the eBrary and SpringerLink collectionsshowed a similar statistical trend to that of the business collection and couldhelp librarians in other subject areas with collection development.

Based on this analysis, libraries wanting to select materials that will beheavily used should purchase electronic versions of required course readingsand other materials that will directly support teaching and curriculum, andchoose licenses with unlimited or multiple users.

Further investigation could be made to determine what percentage ofthe textbook collection is available as e-books, and to determine if the PDAmodel works as well with regular e-books as it does with eAudio books.Additional usage research should also be completed on e-book providers.Also, as McGill Library continues to offer multiple “copies” of e-books fromdifferent providers, it could be interesting to research whether requiring

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a login to view the material is considered by users when selecting whichversion to view. As libraries increasingly rely on e-books, it is imperative thatlibrarians continue this type of research and update collection developmentpolicies to include practices that will ensure high use of this material.

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Rowlands, I., Nicholas, D., Jamali, H. R., & Huntington, P. (2007). What do facultyand students really think about e-books? ASLIB Proceedings, 59(6), 489–511.

Shelburne, W. (2009). E-book usage in an academic library: User attitudes andbehaviors. Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services, 33, 59–72.

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