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By: Erika Liebel
Republic of Texas is Born
March 2, 1836Interim Government
David G. Burnet – PresidentLorenzo de Zavala – Vice
President
David G. BurnetInterim President
Interim = Temporary
Sam Houston Elected to 2 terms Sympathetic to
American Indians Favored
Annexation Down-sized
military Financial cutbacks Tried to
decommission the Texas Navy a 2nd time
Mirabeau B. Lamar The “Education
President” Against annexation Massive debt –
Issued Redbacks (Texas Money)
Moved capitol from Houston to Austin
Hostile toward American Indians
Supported Texas expansion separate from the U.S.
Anson Jones Obtained
recognition of the Republic of Texas
The “Silent President” secretly promoted annexation
Decommissioned the Texas Navy
President of Texas at the time of annexation.
Texas Rangers• A group of law
enforcement officers originally formed by Stephen F. Austin to keep peace in the colonies
• The least expensive way to protect the Texas frontier
Edwin Moore• Commander of
Texas Navy in 1839
• Suspended then court-martialed by Houston- found not guilty
• Wrote book To the People of Texas (personal vindication)
• Prosecuted financial claims against Texas
Jack Coffee Hays• Noted Indian fighter
• Commanded 1st Regiment of Texas Mounted volunteers
• One of the most dangerous & influential Texas Ranger
• Sided with Anglos in all disputes
Chief Bowles• Known as “Peace
Chief”
• United several Cherokee tribes
• Petitioned the Spanish for a land grant for Cherokee inhabited land in east Texas.
• Expelled by Mirabeau Lamar and died while resisting expulsion at the Battle of Neches
William Goyens• Keen business man
• Father was a free mulatto, and his mother was a white women
• Cherokee interpreter – helped negotiate treaty with Sam Houston
• One of the few free African-Americans in Texas
Mary Maverick• Alabama born
Texas pioneer, attorney, wife, mother, activist
• Kept detailed diaries of her experiences on the Texas frontier and later turned them in to memoirs
Jose Antonio Navarro
• 1 of the 3 Mexican signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence
• Only Hispanic delegate to the convention of 1845
• Texas State Senator
Events
Cordova Rebellion Plot of rebellion against the
Republic of Texas - 1838
Cordova Rebellion East Texas group
who was loyal to Mexico were not allowed to assemble or carry arms.
Vicente Cordova & followers proclaimed they would not tolerate violations of their rights.Rusk allied with Lamar – no members of Cordova’s group were arrested and went into hiding.
Thomas Rusk ordered 150 men to proceed toward Cherokee territory to find the insurrectionists against Houston’s orders
Cordova Rebellion
Cordova & Chief Bowles allied with Mexico to harass Texas
33 insurrectionists with Spanish surnames were arrested for Treason
The Cherokee War & removal of indians began shortly after
Council House Fight
This incident contributed to
continued frontier violence
Council House Fight
1840 - Comanche peace representatives arrived in San Antonio where Texans demanded release of white captives, and ordered Comanches out of Central Texas.
Comanches returned with a few prisoners – Texans demanded the rest of the captives be released Texas soldiers entered the Council House where negotiations were going on and held the Chiefs hostage until prisoners were returned.
Council House FightTexan soldiers
killed most of the Comanches in the
Council House courtyard
Santa Fe Expedition
1841 – Mirabeau Lamar’s attempt to
divert trade from the Santa Fe Trail to
Texas and to exert political control of the
New Mexico settlements by having
them join the Republic of Texas.
Santa Fe Expedition
Congress would not approve the idea so Lamar offered merchants protection of their goods. • Lamar and other Texans accused Juan Seguin of being a spy for Mexico, causing him to flee Texas for Mexico.
• This renewed interest in Texas by the US and Mexico.
Essentially Lamar’s appointees supported Mexico and the whole expedition and trade route fell into Mexican hands
Texas Navy Launched in 1836
to protect lines between US & Texas with the purchase and commission of 4 vessels
By 1837 all ships had been lost at sea, run aground, captured or sold to settle repair bills
The Republic purchased 6 more ships that defended the Texas coast until a truce signed with Mexico in 1843 and then the US agreed to protect Texas
Public DebtRepublic of Texas
inherited debt from the provisional and ad interim governments in the form of loans & claims for services and supplies.
More than doubled during Houston’s first presidency, (1.2 million to 3.25 million) Lamar’s presidency added another 4.85 million. Through many attempts to lower debt at the time of annexation public debt had risen to 12 million and was absorbed by the US.
Roles of Racial & Ethnic Groups
Anglos – Took the majority of the leadership roles during the Revolution & Republic Era
• Indians – Frontier wars – in conflict with Anglos over land. Most were expelled from Texas during Lamar’s Presidency
Roles of Racial & Ethnic Groups
Mexicans – Tejanos served in the Texas army and served as liaison between Mexicans and Anglos/ Mexicans fought against Texans and viewed them as traitors. Many Mexicans lost their land and left Texas because they no longer felt wanted.
• African-Americans – Slaves and/ or supporting Anglos in the Revolution - later buffalo soldiers
Issues
IssuesLocation
of the Capitol
Lack of Recognit
ion
Slavery
Became an issue for annexation, split the population.
Constant battle for Texas administration which prevented the standing of Texas for financial issues, left Texas vulnerable for invasion
Disputes between Houston & Lamar on location of capitol prevented focus on greater issues & incurred expenses for the change in capitol
IssuesUnrest in
the Army
Conflicts with American Indians
Public Debt
Texas could not afford operating expenses, annexation could solve debt problems. Couldn’t collect tariffs on foreign goods
Safety of citizens, expense for protection, added to unrest and vulnerability for invasion
Unreliable protection due to furloughs and postponed salaries. Houston fired soldiers who wanted to fight Mexico
IssuesBorder Disputes
with Mexico
Since Texas had problems with the Army, protection and invasion became an issue, annexation could provide military protection. No-man’s land (area between Nueces & Rio Grande since both countries claimed different borders
Other IssuesU.S. President James K.
Polk supported Texas annexation
U.S. settlers wanted Texas fertile land
American merchants wanted Texas as a stop on their way to the ports of California
Massive public debt caused Texans to need financial support from the US
Frontier wars and threat of invasion from Mexico presented the need for protection by the US